THE

ANI\UAL REGISTEROF WORLD EVEi\TS

A Reuiew of the Year1956Eiliteil by

SIR IVISON MACADAM

Assisteil byMARGARET CLEEYE

LONGMANS, GREEN AND COLONDON . NEW YORK . TORONTO

l9s7

@. m,umrqr illr

I' r1fu liri-rillluLL rltll

ffifrrum urLnrur

@@U iurri

ffimq:m'm tliiiixiilltui,l

@ttlL lr,urLurl

. lfrhillrr,rr ii.ffiprq{l'auil111

ffimmd. li:rilurrrr,

Mmm$ ,tU

Uml Jlixrrlliii

ll @r,ilr

&, IpHllllt/iutiffi ;ll,l,trrrrrr

[ ffiElqmruir

M luu:r

Mttmtluuuml

MllllulllIltlllil

mL ili,lilUllrrrr

!trt @0l||fl

ruimrml,.Eil iMU

,offidlllllu#

ux ruu]

fuii,enn@uLrD: ;iifitir

!ilililflhmr

ditmrffifrpnmrr

@i,flmiirw

hffimmn"tuilfrr,Mhrf,&,rymmrUd"'d'ffi

Hungary ZEgauspices of the rnfur-G-overnmental committ_oe for European Migration.,ln 2t December the Vi.u_pr;ri;;;;;h;

_U.S.A. a*iv;d in Vienna toliscuss means of further ,[;;i;;ir" *iirr}r" Austrian Government.Both direcilv with-th" so"r"l-coveryrment and in the forum of theL-nited Nations"Austria presse;;h" ;;;ftr the restoration of normar'onditions in Hunoary. - rn return .rru-*u" accused. by Moscow and.: he l oval sateui res" of" "ioruii"g h;; ;;;rtt)L "r"J riri.,ril',]l".hu.g"*;ere made that she bad arowei *"upo". u"d para-m,itar.y units to be'rfiltrated across rhe fronrier ";J;;;;;r-"Tf,"Jc1"rr;'J"},o], oni_ November, repudiating- tfres"

-stut"ilu"tr, a State Depi,rtment: nokesman decrared that rhe violati,on -oJ-irr"' t".rii#rr "Lifl"lriry ""-re.internal sovereigntv of A"rt"ia wo"i; il ""gr;a-#;;iTr" urir"a:tates a,s a gravo threat to peaco.

EIINGAR,YEvents in Hunoary in t g56 moved. in a graduary increasing accerer-,ndo. The vear Xpened o, u ,roiu li froa".r,|"" ffi;;;ged de--ialinization"of noricy, "u"ai*tiy ."riied through-!y an unchanged:eam of StatinistJ. ii; ;;;;Iir," ""ii .r p"r*o'ruuij, w"rJiotirorty,:lthough unemphatically,

""prul""a by'M Rd,kosi on 1r March to thoentrat Commi*ee :l th;.WoIF"r*; F;*;.. -A large ;;;;i poliricat:risoners, mainlv but not entirely ex_S6cial Democrats, were released.nd some victims t":--yl"a** .lr;;; came too late, including M.kyP- R'jk,, *"Tg given ceremonious- posthumous 'rehabilitation ,..I- he press and writers were anowed cons'ideraury ir"r"u-*Jlru"ao- to:riticize the bureaucracy.

on the other hand nbne of the leaders of Hungary were dismissed,'scept General Mihr{,ry.n'arkas, who was made ,&paou; f; his col-i:agues in connexio" #itr, tlg !"ir. triJ. posthumous rehabilitationsrcluded not only , national , Cori^""iui:, brt- B6d K;;;H;ngary,srost un-national Bolshevik boss of

'grg, and r.i* t"""ori.t-in-chief,lzamu6ly. some 60 'intelleciuai. i *nl-toot their freldo- too freely=ere austerelv censrrred. The Budget, introduced. o" s

-r"b;ary byl'I' olt, continued to lav "hi;i";;;?;;i o, trr" deveropment of heav.yrdustry, and the coliectivizatil -;i agriculture was pressed on"':rabated. The second n'ive-year pru", oi-*iriril;ilffi#ir.o"a oo:'i April, was on the_same lines, with especial p"io;i;; ;il; to thoesplora-tion and exploitation' or to"ut raw materials and sources of:')$-er, th ese includi n g Hungary'.

""*iyaisco vered ";";1";;uposits,:he produce of whichlas.err6"yore tne#; was going to Russia.rn June the pace guickenld. oi zi ,lonJ trrE ;p;;fi 6i""lo ,, &-oup of leading interiectuals and *it"r. which hJil; f"rmed,:iginally as a secret coterie, t*o_yuu". previously, came out into tho: cen and held a tumultuous meeting in_yiictr """;i ,tffi #r.t, *"ru-ade on the r6gime in generat, and"on u. n*toJi;il;ffi#. Theser-tacks were pointedr/reaorted in the yugosrav d;;.--Mnf. Rr{,kosi,nd Gerd we.re summorud to Uo..o*,-u"d on their return Rri,kosi, on

254 X,OR,EIGN HISTOR,Y

Jj Jyiy,.ha,nded in his resignrtjgr u! nirst Secretary of the lfungariamrvorkers' Pa!y, appealing- to _his advancing years Lnd failing h:eah,h-but al-qo confess-ing that he had erred in the fields of cult of peisonalityand violation of socialist legality. several further changeslere *a&in the Government,, the Politbureau, and the partjz Secretariar-Parliament was convoked on B0 July and was promised many reforms:a legal and penal system approximating moie nearry to tie norrnetrcoaception of-justice, a further amnesty, elections by constitueneiem(although still only on a single list), more serious consultation dParliament, greater autonomy for local authorities, fewer fortaildeductions from workers' pay.- some of these reform. *""" actuallrintroduced by enactment.

- These mo.,es, howeve-r, represented no real concession to Hungarienopinion or conditions. M. Rrikosi had simply been sacrificed to tbmpersonal spite of Marshal rito, with whom-the changes in personnchad heen agreed. rt, was probably also to please Mirshai rito tr,rt

|I. -Qftirgy Marosan, a renegade Socia1 Demociat, and M. J. KAd6r. Efuohad been imprisoned by M. Rd,kosi for his alleged national and ritoMsympathies, were brought into the Politbureau. But the effect of thfuwas balanced by the inclusion with them of M. J. R6vai, for severalyears after 1945 the Party publicist in chief and, above all, bs tbmchoice of M. Gerti as successor to M. Rr{kosi in the party secretarjat-x'or M. Gerri was at least as orthodox a Muscovite as M". Rrikosi enl,fundamentally being much the more intelligent man of the two, a mtrGimportant one. As to policy, M. Gerri stated emphaticany that tharwere to be no concessions on matters of principle, and none to H-fmre l{agy and his following.

such soothing effects as the changes might have exercised were inany case soon wiped out by the advent, of a series of economic mfuq*fortunes. The harvest turned out to be catastrophic : wheat and 4puwere-Z0per cent. below even the poo,r lgures of rgs5 (and then Hung#r'had had to import bread-grains), while fodder crops were even so(*;and a bad maize harvest in rlungary always necessitates reducing rforIive-stock population. x'or some of these failures bad weathe" -i^ urPlupu, but faulty f,llnning had also played its part : for years the l*'uthad been starved of fertilizers, natural and artificial. poiand defau-Ltailon her deliveries of coal, and there w&s no hard currency available tmmake up the shortage from western Europe. one important oil-fiefldwas found to be water-l-ogged, while the output of oth-ers was falliuq;The miners were asked to work overtime, but in September fi,fupassenger trains, besides many buses, had to be taken off for thrcGweeks.. For all this public_ opinion biamed Russia and its agents. It rrmkno'wn that {gspit-e the -home shortag-e, Hungary wa. itill erpom@foodstuffs to Russia.- ,The shortage of hard

"-or"ency was duelto rhfover-centralization of foreign trade on Russia and her satellites. Tt*'over-exploitation and the faulty maintenance of the oil-fields and tfoacoal-mines were Russia's doing. Russia's action in approprialing fmherself the produce of the uranium mines was bitterry= reiented.' rn

mlm,trm"mffidn"mrumnTIilm&mfmrfiid5lrili.

ml|.llifilld

mllrifiilldlll],lrr

MWfJIImm :'f''ftmumrufi'mrulfl]ri

@rmm, fttlLrt

mol@I(tilr

n flfuum;r,

I mturlIft'hirnmru6l

dfiflrsrurGilniilruulr

W dtu$tmm;ii rmu'rMll*lfuil,lr

!ffi@, mI

@Rm0 Dllr["dliu"Tfl,qr

{ry.I@lflqgdiluurIr

mi illiit

rlhrrumflrxrtlffirtltriS,&trurudhusm mfil|ffim,,

fumuillllthlq],n

hfffitulur'MUltlui

d.iilffiulrffiffimrr0.&m

HwngarY 255

face of a1l this, the announcement that' B'ussia was 'helping' with

100.000 tons of oif u"i * **'U tou" in raw materials and hard cunency

aii'""irri"g to mi[igate the resentment'..'This grew -'o"ut"i"'f"pt"*i;;'.- The Trades Union Congress'

meeting on t0-I1 S"pt;;f#i"ry"a91 a radical revision of t'he wage

svstem and genuinc ;;#ffifuF rv d'3yo"kers' own represenLatives

in the conduct or irrd,i.try''Th" pea.ants .ut otug"a deliveries' The

Writers' congress, "i"i;'S"pi;t'"'' "r""tJ outs[oken critics of the

r6sime as its officers' ;parently, still to i".o".l]:---Th" Soviets' chief concern was' al

]Iarshal Tito with t;;-t";;i"""d rule of ffieir own agents in trungary'

-\t the end of s"pt"'[#'u"a ir'" u"g':"i'q of oct'o6er meetings took

nlace in Russia b"t##; fufr"A;t6:Ktd6;' and Hid5us for }lungarv'

\nn. uit oyan and d'1"" i;il;t;;?1'q ffi;['i rito' rhe bodies of

Raik and tt" otr'"'i'iJti*t "rtrt" is+s i'itl *ere now exhumed and

.is"en a grand State iti;;;;;o" o b"ton"'' u"a General Farkas and his

-on wer" arrested' '6;"t; o"t"n"t u' x"nv was re-admitterl to the

1\-orkers' Party, urra"# ;h"";; a?t' M'Uercj' with two of his lieu-

:enants, set off for Belgrade, where ,1", * fact obtained frolt Marshal

Tito a pact' of *oittuT "o"-i"t"'-'"ntion' -as

between the Communist'

i",.;1aif-'HJtnf.""H:',Ti; -g'u""11 of Hungarv decided to hold a

-:eat meelirs i^ d;i;;#' ii';. J"]:gu,t* p"replring it drew up 16

'iemands, to be puhtisied a= their prJrru**" for a- new Hungary'

- hese were , s""j";i;;;;:-'" tiil" ri.'" "?o"t'v ; publication of secret

-umercial ugt""*""itlnd miiitarV^guiie'tiois ; denunciation of the

r,'u-arsaw Treaty t"d1:il#t'.ii"" Jr Hff;;;' on the Aust'rian model ;

:e,ations with the di:si;;;Jf"g".1*;ii tJ be on a basis of equalitv

,r,L mutual non-interference ; a ""* p'o"itional Government'' under

l.I. \agy, shoulclffi;ilt""d to f'# "i""tio"s in which the parties

- :he I945 .ouu,,J',"iiltira p""rgiqate : M' Rri'kosi and his foltowers

-. - I'e called ,o u"tJil"';;;:'i;;;-f'om'their posts ; freedom of press

..- I ilstruction ; independent courts o{utiit"';'-tt"? tptl:lil religious

' :'.=Iction , rt"""Ili'"*iijtuiio"^ witil the west ; restoration of

a,:n:arian ,rutiorrui""*ti"*., ""tl"r*t, "t"', and removal of Soviet

.--i,iens ; the uranium -mines to p9 yaer Hungarian management' ;

:-:': of strike for t'he workers ; re-'i'sion oi "o'*t ind wag-es ; cessation

.: -:,rcecl deli-reries a;j l"U""ti"irrtlo, on1n" land ; comfiete solid"arity

;.. .n" rou'huliti:"##;"P::l demonstration of sympathy with

::,.:,1 on 23 octo#;ffi io'muxu ;il^th; occasion io present the

:,r::rarrme to trre potric. It wq,s ,;';tri; ]eaflet' lorm and widely' '::r'ttecl "" t;"o;;";oJ""igttt' ""i-g'"x crowds 'attended'

the

:=- . -'tratioo, uJ"*##'t#tt"E""tt I"*?,,at' and similar ones from

.:: ildters' u,'io"] *"t;;;;";;i' - p'J

"ftr'e crowd then flocked t'o

: ,'-,=ent sq-";;iJ';h;.i ri m- x"g"'"*h" "o"ntually came out and

.':il iire crowd; ffiJ;ffi f gtrr3.ri'."i themselves 1o demolishing,

-: - :=-ish. ,h" g"i;;;";til9";i stari"; -otr'ers again flocked' to the

?---:-:ii station il;;""d that their p'og'otimu be broad'cast'

268 X'OREIGN IIISTORYrnstead thev heard a trucurent speech ir"* Itr. Gerci, denouncing thedemonstratdr. u. 'r*."i.t.;.^^ rf" a,v.o. tsGt"-s"1";;; guard onthe studios tried to.dispe_rse the ."o*d *itl;#;;;";';'"t a delega_tion forced its wav into-the lqt-dpg *irh;ili}j"|. Y. ' it'*,is pointthe tragedy occr-rired : an A.v.o.oofficer shot and k,red one of thedelegates, and later live shots were-fired into the crowd. \[orkmenfrom the csener munitions factories and soldiers, who were ca,ed todisperse the'clemonstrators uut, insieaa, rrat"rrrilJ-*itti'in"*, ai*-tributed arms among the crowa, *to'ttrrs found themselves trans-formed by the author]ties, own ,.tio", ,"a quite contrarv to their ownoriginal intention, from peaceful, if ;;;dt, T;;";#;;or.."i.rto armedrevolutionaries.

Early next morning it was announced that M. Nagy had beenappointed Minister president and so*e t-".ti""rr ;ti.*iiJ;-ts takeninto the Partv committee u"d s";;;;riat arra th""prriffiuau; but,the effect of ihe &nnouncement, was spo,ed by the retention of M.Hegediis as Deputv Minister p"esiaerri'ny ;" ;;p;;;t Jt#imenr tr,atM. Gerci's position "as x'irst S";;;;""y; t"rr" wl"[*.; i;6' was ,re_affirmed and strengthened ,,.a.rd bj, ihu_ u,pp"urunce in Budapest ofSoviet tanks, sumfroned., as'ho afte"r;;d. ;a_it;;;fi M:.H"gediis.Thus appeals to rhe 'insurgents 'r"o,o ni.i&;;Ar;htt.to'f,cr.;ur, urrdIlr. Zoltan Tildv and Ir." szakasits, the smailhorder and sociaristex-Presid'ents of lrungary, to ray ao*r.-1n"i" &rms, were ignored, andthe last' lopg of pe^ace was destr"oyed next morning when A.v.o. menand soviet tanks fired on,a.rarge",-unarmed. crowd in the parliamentsquare. The insurgents, their "i*u"r. **o,"" uy Lurry rr""i l"*"rrt.,including many.uniis griqi ri;yt;J;i*"r, potice, reslsred the Sovietfbrc.es,vigorously, and. fully heid their o*r, ir, *.;;;;;ers of thecapital. Meanwhite the revolt had spread to the "p;;;;;, wherelocal committees, shourdering the bur6aucracy aside', took charge inalmost every town and village". a* iti" so"i"t Loop. ,i"iiia*u ioaup"rtremained, with few excepti6ns, neutral, fitU" ,u.ii-lr*;;;-" exceptfrom the A.y.O., which.iir pllceg fi";J;" the crowds. These were inturn hunted down and l5irched, and *itirio t*" ", till"iuy" tt "Revolutionary Committu"J *uru i" .frurg" almost, everywhere.The villaEes seem quieilv to_ have ai..;r"; ;;#;i ff"ir rocalkollchoz and tien returnid to"work. --chJ

t"_"g", "entres, among which

$r9,r toaot the iead, drgw u-p lists of ae*ana*, which were transmittedto the Government. As tfe revolution had been wholly unpremedi_tated, those were unco-ord.inared, but ;;r;;;&';;iJ#:" Almostevery centre demanded, besides the remedy "i "t;;;; economicgrievances, the disbandment of the A.v.o; the withdrawal of the soviettroops, the denunciation of the warsaw r.*ty, u"a]r* "i#r"ns fora ge.luinely democratic government.The Government ga,vi w3y. ltep by step. On 24 October M. Geriiwas replaced by M. J6nos Kri,dri,rl bn tie r"rig;ig ;;;"^nl Nusy,besides promising exte,nsive internal ,ufo"-., said tha? nu"_orta opuonegotiations wirh the soviet union on the *ilIr;;pr#oiiio.rgu"o-soviet relations, including in particurar tiu ur.u"oation of Hungary by

the Soriet eo,as order hLa,imembers qt tLiarge maior"i:r\Yo-rker=''P-arrGor.ernment irsoon as the n,eon the coropielwas officiallr ean hour *u.li*of coalitiori ElCabinet of 5irNational Pea-io,Peasants h*-_garunderurrc.oCptPeople's Par,.q-reported ro hefrom hi. ptra,rc opnsoners reteOn 31 Oc:':,i;,mNorember _1{. liof three Saric,Iholders. a F*;r.*piritu.s rt{i.'* {;rthen cable:i :.r .

from the Ttr,ureState. u:rdey ltu1j1 .rimilar :,e_:m;:

The Sr-.r-ret r,ito sLip frr,n- :-:reenrerjras n"ri-qthe c.orur:rr. ;:,:b,erefore ir,u

'u-rdrrs *-li:: - -,sriharg flnrgg :.- ,:r4own s:,,-,:ks ,i crrt,:,i_t to rte [_r-irrl0FEIaEILI.S. n;ru jmi"irh ii nr,m leansHiers" i,_r;;:r.;ter lhe"r- were rrireL:lea ir i;,e ,e

,: t jeeriree ;:* ;jll-,:r: la:el. ..i:le l-r:;t::-tentr.l[*-=-"-- --; ,-._iu_ri1-e:ti,aL lr--la,m,ri- t- rFi: I ll Sa{:a,rr--"*:i i*--. ;-"__!-.N

Hungary 257

tfueImW.tutfoe

Mnffi[.dmrdtu-tmm-INIF.EIififfi]!

M.x][mfirMItrfi.ffiuffi*ilm-[, udffi-mmf,ninffim

rurrrlil.

mm[mnfilMewfurrUhB

hrfo"@jqmrE Mllill

ffi&

the Soviet troops. The troops in Budapest would withdraw as soonas order had been restored. On 27 October M. Nagy added threemembers of the Smallholders' Party to the Government, although thelarge majority of the members of that body still belonged to the\Yorkers' Party. On 28 October M. Nagy announced that the SovietGovernment had agreed to withdraw their troops from Budapest assoon as the new Hungarian army had been formed, and to negotiateon the complete evacua,tion of llungary, and at 4 p.m. on the 30th itwas officially announced that the evacuation of the capital had beganan hour earlier. The same day Nagy promised & return to the formof coalit'ion government, and announced the formation of an InnerCabinet of National Communists, Social Democrats, Smallholders, and\ational Peasants. The Smallholders, Social Democrats, and NationalPeasants began to reorganize (lhe last-named as the ' Pet6fi Party ')u:rder uncompromised leadership. They were followed by the CatholicPeople's Party and a Catholic Alliance. The Communist Party wasreported to be dwindling rapidly. Cardinal Mindszenty was releasedhom his place of internment and brought in triumphto Buda. Politicalprisoners were released. A Central Defence Committee was formed.On 3I October Budapest was really clear of Soviet troops' On I\orember M. Nagy foimed a genuine coalition Government, consistingof three National- Communists, three Social Democrats, two Smali-,lold.ers, a Pettifist, and Colonel Maleter, who had emerged as the;piritus rector of the freedom fighters, in charge of Defence. M. Nagy:hen cabled to the United Nations announcing Hungary's withdrawal:om the Warsaw Treaty and asking for her recognit'ion as a neutralSrlate, und.er the joint protection of the great Powers. A notification-n similar terms was conveyed to the Soviet Government.

The Soviet leaders, however, were not going to al1ow Hungary thus: r slip from their grasp. On 30 October Soviet reinforcements beganurtering north-easiern llungary in large numbers, and fanned out over-.e "oontry. Some of these came from deep in the Ukraine, and must_herefore [aye started from their bases several days before. Other':nits which had been reported as leaving the country we,re found to; ave done so only to refuel (the Hungarians hav_ing immobilized their_-rn stocks of oil) and return. The Hungarian Government protested:,_,rh to the united Nations and to the soviet Government against these*-orements, and demanded the complete evacuation of the country,*l:.ich it now declared to be neutral. The Soviets, returninp; evasive;aswers, continued their movements, until by the niglrt of 3-4 Novem--er they were in position, surrounding the main industrial and military-rmres in the country. At, 4 a.m. on the 4th they at'tacked their-: jectives simultaneously, catching the Hungarians una,wares. X'our:--rrs later, Soviet tanks had reached the Parliament in Pest, where; e Ciovernment had assembled. M. Nagy took refuge in the Yugoslav

Legation, and Cardinal Mindszenty, who had been wit'h him, in the-l,nerican Legation. Colonel Maleter, who had actually gone to discuss::e rrithdrawal of the Soviet troops with their commanders, neYer:r:-;rned from his mission.

Ml[hflotu"Wmirf

0dt6-UMmmilrt!6'krfuIilmdtl&fi-rym.lElnn-rw

25E X'OREIGN HISTORY

- M. K6dd,r, whoso defection at this point came as a surprise and{r-""I to_ many, and the leading,stalinisf Communists left in-Hungary(M. Gerci and some others }ad disappeared) had evidently been in ttiLsecret, for the attack had hardly opened when M. Ferencz Munnich, awell-known communist, broadcast from a soviet-controrled. station,probably in szolnok, announcing the formation of a new ' revolutionarypeasant-worker Government '. An hour later, M. Kridrir spoke on th-esame wireless, announcing the composition of the Govern]nent to behimself (Minister Presiden-t), M. Munnich (rnterior and Defence), M.Imre H.grvr{,th (X'oreign_Affairs), M. Istvan Kossa (X'inance), M. Antal$116- (In-dustry), M. Imre DOgei (Agriculture), M. Srindor R6nai(Trade), M. Gyrirgy Marosan (without-portfotio). Alt of these wereCorygglists, although M. Marosan had btgun as a Social Democrat.

M. Kridd,r said that 'reactionary forcesl had gained the upper handin the revolution, destroying its original intentlons, whichirLd beengood, and it had been necessary to cau in soviet troops to help restorepeace and order and to prevent the return of the iandowi.ers andcapitalists. When these tasks were &ccomplished, he would opennegotiations with the u.s.s.R,. and the other members of the wars-awFu?!V on the withdrawal of the Soviet troops from Hungary. He thusiTdicitlv (and later, explicitly) repudiated Hungary{ dlenunciationof the warsaw Treaty, nor did he offer coalition-goiernment or freeelections, but he dissociated his programme emphalically from that ofthe 'R6kosi-Gerii clique' and promised interiar reforms in variousfields., _The country, -nat1r?lly, say o_n11, that the hated Soviet tyrannyhad returned. The flghting which fo[owed the treacherous Russiancoup was on a scale and of an intensitv far exceeding that of thepreceding week. The soviets employed h"rrry artillery"and bombers.and their troops, many of whom were Asians, used their-arms ruthlesslrand indjscriminately. The Hungarian freedom fighters, most of whomwere of Ylung or even of tender age, fought ba]ck with the recklesscourage of fury and despair, while the wor[ers and miners backed. thecombatants by a-general strike of extraordinarSr completeness. ThL.time, moreover, the struggle waslot confined to Budafest, raghg fuIlras fiercely in the main provinciai industrial centres, s-uch as 6y5" u"aDunapentele_ (under the alias of sztalinvri,ros the pride of the"Rdkosir6gime), and the mining towns as in the capilal itself. X'urtherbitterness was injected into it when the soviets,ln the areas in rrhichthey gained the upper hand, took to rounding up and deportirgeastward persons known or presumed to have taken pdrt in the fighti:1".survivors whose ammunition was exhausted took io flight when :h-sbecame known. They were followed by many others to"whom fur"rlrylife under the Soviets seemed intolerable. as tire frontier with Au-.:tl-a,was, by a coincidence, physically open for the first time since lg4.j adfurther, for a while, a,lm^os-t unguarded, a great flood of refugees pouraracross it. Fy trru end of the year some 185,000 persorls had ihus-loue:;s.afety., and ma-ny thousands, after being girien ready assl.tancoe- ryAustria, found haven in countries of weslein Europe ind orersea,s.

The back of tthm

days, although su,:ibands having takeSoviets, commu:air;rconsiderable nru:oLth,at large stubborCyexcept that of th,Among these th,e leBudapest, rrhich uruas their authorie,+:from it. Frorr 19conducted betx-eenits price for carliiienactment of al-i rethe reinstatemeL:JIaieter. The -ars-illy-ni11i-. b-i'roacould not be n::irWarsaw Trearr5 m-at ot al n-ithdraln-a.,:,isoon as ' or,i.er"demanded b5 :h"ebasis the Co:u'et-L r.of rrork' bu: iih"i' 'r

itself was oir ";e"*reiurn before ::e $on ff \ore:rl:*-r r,n:rder a safe-i,r,-,::,tre:l ilai ion. nrir-:'r:r:DO. rrerrt on. a:rira.s-. demorstlaari,i::,at the ,lef ar: rtr

(-IE > Ih:-:,-*:r4L-,:rnril= ILlr::E;,':,.a 4! l', --";: tr:.'g"i* ardatr lan- ar] r.i'q

---l: Sdr: a!J- tE?*

.:r:::aril.; e\*lEn,e]D-_ -'-:- -* " -]-Dr -!: --E d

U!,r.:ai ![i:- r:rum1ig,r:-iT:';:;Li b;ji

r m:I-[ :-u,]-;3.-5 -:* e !-e

affi *rr :ryqE'{'l[.:EL -Ir'*mmurl i,

ffi,6fi::1L...Ummlil,r-tts rff- -..i*U *.[rre fulL rr:,;,,, E,-ffi mlit''finmUiri;

E -trlttull"-u,f tlrt"-:l:I lBF"; i]l'isrq I{1.. l"

hf,. Iti,ril.WrmL",i, "EEm ;,r *[fl@lf,inii,,] I.:1.

ur y*:,'6,hu[ffi' :

wfm"itt 1.,:.,

qr. [onr{ iThm,ru;,,r,1,1,.:,J'bIL-r

l[mlli0xF:Yi'qiffiil{rrti$,,,,1i1,,,.,'

gff qP..............ry' r'i*mMfdl[:irr*rllilM ;:,,*& Y5-uriwil"'mmm lil,lltul

l'miiuliititll.rlill

Mtgllrrm,,sllli .!m:-!#]ll

mromr,if"itr.Eilhf,,nuth ;ilruuL

ufuiiliturrutll'lftrrnrrllt]mplfll[ffi ruumu:

Ifl[mmilu.lllLLl:

ffimmu[iiifumn nMillll

HungarY 259

The back of the Hungarian resistance was bloken after about tendavs, although sporadic frghting went on Iong aftor that,, considerableb;ir& il"i"! trf."" to thJ hilkl whence they continued to. harass thesorrl"t., com"munications. In places they were allegedly-reinforc-ed-byconsiderable numbers of Soviit deserters. Meanwhile the population,il*g" .t"bbornly refused to recognize ul{ ?."lho,'ity,as b^inding o-n it"*."pI tfrri of the various Councils established afber 24 October.A;;;g tilese the lead naturally-fell to.the Central'Workers' Council ofg"drpl-t, which many local and v_ocational bodies- explicit'Iyrecogntzed;. |1,"]" authorize4.p6k"**un ; above_all, the strikers tooktheir ordersil"; ii. X'rom 12 \ovember onward, protracted negotiations wereconducted between this body and M. Kri,d6,r. The council at first putits nrice for calling off the general st'rike very high, dgmanding the;;.il;;";;t att reTorms proirised by M. Nagy up to 3 Novemb_er-plusthe reinstatement, of M. Nagy himself and the release of coloneliiuf"t"". The standpoint of -M' Kri'dr1r who, of course'- w&s bound'rrillv-nillv. bv instruttions from Moscow, was that, the Soviet troops;"..id;; il;iihdrr*n so long as 'disorder' prevailed, and that the\Yarsaw Treaty was intangible-; b3-t that he would ngg?tite for t'hotoiui *itfrara#al of the trips, within the framework of the Treaty, as

.oo, ,. ,order, w&s resf,ored; meanwhile, the internal reformsa"*r"a"a iy tn" council were, on,the whole, accep-bable. on thisbasis the councii voted, on 17 November, to recommend the resumptionoi*ort, but this was by no means-the ond of the crisis' The orderit."[ *a. only very partialty obeyed, Po]y of the yo*"t: t"f"ti1g 1:rerlun beforeihe soviet troops were withdrawn, a,nd a tiesh c,sls arose

"; i; No,re*b"r when M. i{ugy, on leaving-the Yugoslav Legat'ion'rnder a .afe-"onduct,, was kldntpped and a6ducted t'o an unspecifiedlestination, reported'to be Sinaii'iin B'umania' Tho guerilla warfare."", *""t on, |nd repeated incidents and demonstra'tions' inciuding a

:lass demonstration 6y the women of Budapest on 4 December' showed-h", th" defiant spirit"of the people was in no way-abated'

On 8 Decemb"" ih" Sovieis airested ma'ny lgading members of the_ ouncils throughoui-Eorgury. The councils thereupon again cal1ed

, -[

ftoo" g"rr?rut strikel i!t! Goou"'ment- replied' -by-proclaiming

-. artial law ,rra airsotvirrg all Workers' councils above the factory level.,1i-. ;.. followed by dass &ffests, -and a number of persons were.:].rrmarily executed for poss-ession of arms'- BI ihi. time thJn'xiJtf . noput. of foreign- helpl'+ fld-* i" view ofl.ler.hal Tito's pu..iolty, the help-lesstt"ts-of the united Nations, and- :" u-Uig"ous

-attitud6' of its r.ffro-A.iu, members. A -graduai drift:a-k to #ork had begun, but even men willing -to--w^ork were often:: :t,le to do so ; machlrre. had been destroyed by shell-fire or wrecking'::=". Ulown in or flooded, fuel and power were in short supply' More-.---i. utoot haif of altllungary's 'ii"""t and-a high proportion of her-,-;::-ger skilled workers weie casualties or rgfugeqs-' .

]I?anwhl, rvr. r,ta,i," had repeatedly re-affirmed. his own repudiation:: ":he , Rr{,kosi-Gerti ry*t"^ ' aid his will to introd.uce internal reforms'S,*'*ral important;;;.ir". had, in fact', been made' A tlecreo of

260 FOR,EIGN HISTOR,Y2l Novemberintroduced a-larg-e me&sure_ of workers, contror in industryand mining. On B Decemberihe compulsory d"h";ri..;?iu.* proao""were abolished and the farmers ."i".*olJ-rt p;;;ffi that theywgyld .be subjected to no more compursion, dire"ct T""i"JrrI.r, to entercollectivized enterprises. An artera'tion of the ,r";l;-i;;; exchangerate and a revisiori of the ""u"ir* "orrrtract were promised and, on BlDecember, further freedom for the farme.s and artisans and a revisionof the second x'ive-year plan in the direction of more prod.uction ofconsumer goods. M. K6dr{,r was reDorted to be ;;;f;ri'i"n with therepresentatives of the church". o, " """i.io" ;l-';ir'rEtutio.,.t,ipbetween church and state, urra "r."n to u" ,"goiiui-g^*it^rr"r"rders ofthe social Democrat, the smalrholders', and pettifist parties with a viewto their.entry into a coalition Government. Up to tfr" "ra of thePoltl, however, to,or". had agreed to ur,y settlement which did notinclude the immediate withdra*?t oi irr" S6"i"i t"";;;. "*'

rn a year of acute poriticar tension throughout Eastern Europe it,might be regarded as a n-egative achievement that the pattern of power inRumania remained undisiurbed, ,i tlu.t o, tt " .oriuJl.

-"iujdt "orgrrio-Dej, whose subservience to statin ""* "*"".p""ar"g''.;ti_Titoistpronouncements might have renderecl him expeniable ,ira", the newsoviet dispensation,- survived i" tt * t ey office of pt4y secretary tocarry_through the,le:_qssary policy adlustments. Nevertheless theofficial reaction to M. Khru."t "i""'u"r"piiaiation "l sGri""*?. muted ;neither public expression of rerief ,ro.'-.p""rtutior, oi g."utJ f.e"do*was encouraged, and^the report made iy M Ghe;.fiir_O": to theCentrat Commimee of the party in MarJh-Jia"""i'ir'i#ora .o.,_ventional acceptance of Moscow'i ai"""ti"e, "o-u;; ffi#;t*onitionto observe a stricter interpretati"" ;iih; r,""in#prii"i;fi ffi- whichStalin had deviated.

President Tito's,visit in-June, fo'owing his spectacular receptionby the soviet colrective readership, g."" trr" Ruminian crowds & r&reopportunity for spontaneous arP-pt-auJe. After talks il;;;;;;".t wirhPremier chivu stoica and M. cf."o.ghi, oej. and a tour of the proestioilfields, the visit end.ed,wirh u ioi"t'd".iarriio, or poiiii.r,i ura ""orro-mic co-op-eration. pledges- *"r" "*"t u"ged to revive crose contactbetween the Yugosra,, urid nr*urrr* corrrmunist parties ; agreementwas also announced to construet a pow", station at the rr6n Gateswhich would harness the Danube to trr"'r"r"fit of both countries.In October the Rumanian leaders lorrrr"y"a to Belgrade as presi_dent Tito's guests. By that iirr;,"d;"ver, events in poland hadalready giv-en rise to renewed caution u. to trre course Rumania shourdsteer in order to retain Russia's upp"orur without repursing yugosrarfriendship. fn the light- of th" Hil;;;;;n uprising, this caution waseven more manifest on the occasion 5r u. st6i"ut -*i*rr" iJ"uo..o,"in No'ember. A joint sovietiRum;;" statement endorsed the

presence of Soriereiaforced) and exinclucling Hungarnby Soviet a!-ree,mGorrernment i, lqla process comprim\evertheless. fuim,morements i_n rtIlungarian nrjrns4"ithe effect of the H:hand. insisted tb,mParty leaderi' enr$

One happ.r resrthe reiease io Af*long terms of in:@isee A.R. lv.ra- pemphasA laid onother voung p,ec,porbit of the f-.T-hiloongress i:r June"intellectuals. anl ,lins 15g1s issuatr aa

In the ecou.snicto gise prioritr, :otoc'us of eshortarirrcoltrectire farrn: tbringing the rr*r:al IthLat condirionLs ,:f .r

ft^om Ru-rsia at & [hr the Elulgaria,m.or1 production rmts,E

Itrri0 target of i:S Iplnliuenc.ing es:ffilxi,:ineluded durmg ti&rrong them ts" r:e.ation-. L*eiw-een I:f negotiatio!-. ;im,{

lLr:, rh,e m,lrrse rof .

:re L.S-S.P.. -,::,1q=l :nifl c'an:,Cerel,sFuc-rerrts. The rio,lm-rr r-api,{ derelq,pryr:- Predden: i[h,:"*: - iiac,l,lg:.ra1 l:o,l1;-+i.