]t{Sm-fPn ˛ hmeyw 2

1

Pn. -tN-Sn-bØv

]tSm-fPn ˛ hmeyw 2(BZn-a-k-`m]n-Xm-°-∑m¿)

(-B-Zy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿, -Ir-Xn-Iƒ,- ssZ-h-im-kvX-w)

OIRSI

No. 289

]uc-kvXy-hn-Zym-]o-Tw-tIm- -bw

2006

2 3

c G. Chediath, 2006.

Printed at : Bethany Press, Kalathipady, Kottayam - 686010

Ph. 0481 - 2571355

Price : Rs. 125/-

ISBN : 81 - 88456 - 26 - 8

G.CHEDIATH, PATROLOGY - 2

(AADIMASABHAPITHAKKANMAR / The Early Christian Fathers)

A publication of the Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, P.B.No.10.

Vadavathoor, Kottayam. 686010. Kerala.India.

D≈-S°wAh-Xm-cnI 10

Biwk 11

BapJw 12

A[ymbw 1: \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw 13At¥ym-Iy≥ kn\Uv (325) 14, \nJym (325) 16, hnizm-k-]-amWw 16, Bcn-b-\n-kw-˛-h-f¿® 17, \mep-L-´-ßƒ 18, Sb¿-- -˛ Pdp-ktew kn\-Up-Iƒ 18, At¥ym-Iy≥ kn\Uv (341) 18,km¿Zn°m kn\Uv 21, \o≠ hnizm-k-]-amWw 22, kn¿anbwkn\Uv 22, anem≥ kn\Uv (355) 23, aq∂mw kn¿anbw kn\Uv(357) 23, a‰p kn\-Up-Iƒ 23, Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-ßƒ 24,In.-h. 325˛\pw 381˛\pw CSbv°p IqSnb kn\-Up-Iƒ 25.

A[ymbw 2: Bcn-bkv 27Poh-N-cnXw 29; IrXn-Iƒ 29: \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_nb-kn-s\-gp-Xnb IØv 29, Ae-Ivkm-≠-dn-s\gpXnb IØv31, Xmenbm 32. tIm¨Ã≥ssS-\p≈ IØv 34. Bcn-b-\nkw˛Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ ]iv\-ßƒ 34, skmtkm-as‚ km£yw 35.

A[ymbw 3 : hn. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ 37IrXn-Iƒ 37; ssZh-imkvXw 38.

A[ymbw 4: hn.-A-Ø-\m-tkymkv 40Poh-N-cnXw 40; IrXn-Iƒ 42: 1.hnizmk ka¿∞-\-˛-Xm-Xzn-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 42: hnPmXn-b¿s°-Xnsc 42, Bcnb¿s°-Xnsc 43,Ah-Xm-c-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Bcnb¿s°-Xn-scbpw 44; 2.Ab-Ym¿YXmXzn-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 44: 3.Ncn-X-]-chpw Xm¿°n-I-hp-amb IrXn-Iƒ 45: Bcnb¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ At∏m-fPn 45, tIm¨Ãm≥kyq-kn-\p≈ At∏m-fPn 46, Hfn-t®m-´-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ At∏m-

4 5

fPn 46, Bcn-b≥ NcnXw 46; 4.`mjy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 46; 5.B[ym-flnI IrXn-Iƒ 47: hn. At¥m-Wn-tbm-kns‚ Poh-N-cnXw 47,I\ym-Xz-sØ-∏‰n 47, a‰v B[ym-fln-I- Ir-Xn-Iƒ 48, ]kw-K-ßƒ 48. 6.IØp-Iƒ 49: s^Ã¬ IØp-Iƒ 49, kn\-U¬IØp-Iƒ 49, NmIn-I-te-J-\-ßƒ 50, ssZh-im-kvX˛Xm¿°nIIØp-Iƒ 50, B[ym-flnI IØp-Iƒ 51. ssZh-imkvXw 52:XnXzw 52, hN-\hpw a\p-jy-c-£bpw 55, InkvXp-imkvXw 55,]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv 56, amtam-Zok 56.

A[ymbw 5: kotdm-˛-]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ Nn¥-I-∑m¿ 58BapJw 58.At¥ym-Iy≥ hnZym-]m-T-ime 59. tI-k-dn-b≥ hnZym-]m-T-ime 99.1. kmtam-km-´-bnse ]utemkv 602. A-t¥ym-Iy-bnse am¬°n-tbm≥ 603. eqkn-b≥ 604. sUmtdm-tØ-bqkv 615. At¥ym-Iy-bnse Gkyqkv 616. knkn-°p-knse Fhp-tWm-an-bkv 627. t_tdm-bm-bnse AIm-Nn-bpkv 648. ]vsXmsf-am-bn-knse At¥ym-°pkv 659. t_mkvXm-bnse ssS‰kv 6510. Km_m-em-bnse skth-cn-b≥ 6611. Pdp-k-te-anse slko-°n-bpkv 6712. A∏-sa-bm-bnse t]mfn-tIm-Wn-tbmkv 69

A[ymbw 6: At¥ym-Iy-bnse hn.-H-kvXm-tXymkv 70

A[ymbw 7: Gjym-ssa-\-dnse Fgp-Øp-Im¿ 731. -\n-s°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv 742.- \n-Jym-bnse sXtbm-·nkv 753.- A-kvtX-cn-bpkv tkm^nÃv 764.- A≥ko-dm-bnse a¿sk-√pkv 775.- A≥ko-dm-bnse t_kn¬ 786.- Xn-bm-\m-bnse Fhp-tX-cn-tbmkv 807.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse t]m¢pkv 808. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse P∂m-Un-bkv 81

9.- sk-eq-jy-bnse t_kn¬ 8210.- sa-tXm-Un-bpkv 8311.- C-t°m-Wn-b-Ønse Bw^n-tem-°n-bkv 8312.- A-am-sk-bm-bnse AkvtX-cn-bpkv 8513.- a-°m-cn-tbmkv ams·kv 85

A[ymbw 8: tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv 86Poh-N-cnXw 86. IrXn-Iƒ 87: 1.Ncn-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 88: Zn\-hr-Øm¥w 88, k-`m-N-cn-Xw 89, ]-ekvXo\m-bnse c‡-km-£n-Iƒ 90; 2.tIm¨Ã≥ssSs\- ]-‰nbp≈ IrXn-Iƒ 90: tIm¨Ã≥ssSs‚ Poh-N-cnXw 91, hn-ip-≤-cpsS kaq-l-Øn\v 91,tIm¨Ã≥ssS-\p≈ Biwk 92; 3.At∏m-f-sP-‰n-°¬ IrXn-Iƒ 92: s]mXp-hmb ]mY-an-Im-apJw 93, kp-hn-ti-j-Øn-s\m-cp°w 93, kp-hn-ti-j-Øn\v sXfnhv 93, ]-Xy-£o-I-cWw 94,s]m¿ô-cn-s°-Xnsc 94, ln-sb-tcm-s¢-kn-s\-Xnsc 94; 4.`mjy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 94: F-h≥tP-en-°¬ Im\≥ 95, H-sWm-am-kvXn-t°m≥95, th-Z-]p-kvX-I -tNm-tZym-Ø-c-ßƒ 96, k-¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw96, Gim-bm- mjyw 96, _-lp- m-cy-Xzhpw ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS henbIpSpw-_-ßfpw 96, Db¿∏n-s\-∏‰n 96; 5.XmXzn-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 96;6. ]kw-K-ßfpw teJ-\-ß-fpw 97.

A[ymbw 9: Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ ]n≥-Km-an-Iƒ 981. -tI-k-dn-bm-bnse AIm-Nn-bpkv 982. -tI-k-dn-bm-bnse Pem-kn-bpkv 993. -tI-k-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tkmbvbpkv 994.- F-ta-km-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv 100

A[ymbw 10: e-h-Zo-Iy-bnse As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv 101Poh-N-cnXw 101. IrXn-Iƒ 101: `mjy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 101; At∏m-f-P-‰n-°¬ Ir-Xn-Iƒ 102; Xm¿°nI IrXn-Iƒ 102; XmXznI IrXn-Iƒ 102; Ihn-X-Iƒ 103; IØp-Iƒ 103. ssZh-imkvXw 103.

A[ymbw 11: kem-an-knse hn.-F-∏n-^m-\n-bkv 106Poh-N-cnXw 106. IrXn-Iƒ 107: A≥sIm-dm-Øpkv 108, ]\m-cn-tbm≥ 109, Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ß-fpw 109, ]¥≠v cXv\-ßƒ109, I-Øp-Iƒ 109, cq]-ßƒs°-Xnsc 110.

6 7

A[ymbw 12: alm-\mb hn.-t_-kn¬ 111BapJw 111, Poh-N-cnXw 111. Ir-Xn-Iƒ 115: 1.ssZh-im-kv-X-]cw 115: F-hp-tWm-an-b-kn-s\-Xnsc 115, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\]‰n 116; 2.B[ym-flnIw 116: k∑m¿K-imkvXw 116, c≠p k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ 116; 3.]-t_m-[-\-]cw 117: bphm-°-tfmSv 117, Bflo-b-a-I-\p≈ D]-tZiw 117; 4.]kw-K-ßƒ 117: B-dp-Zn-hkkrjvSn-hn-h-cWw 117, k¶o¿Ø-\ -tlm-an-en-Iƒ 118, Gim-bm-tlm-an-en-Iƒ 118; 5.IØp-Iƒ 118; 6.B-cm-[-\-Iaw 119. ssZ-h-

imkvXw 119: XnXzw 119, Ip¿_m\ 120, ]m]-tam-N\w 121.t_knepw k\ym-khpw 121. t_-knepw kmap-ly-]-h¿Ø-\ßfpw 122.

A[ymbw 13: hn.-Kn-Kdn \kym≥k≥ 125Poh-N-cnXw 125. IrXn-Iƒ 127: ]`m-j-W-ßƒ 127. I-hn-X-Iƒ 127. I-Øp-Iƒ 127. ssZ-h-imkvXw 129: XnXzw 129,In-kvXp-im-kvXw 131, I\y-I-a-dnbw 133, Ip¿_m\ 133,Kn-Kdn F∂ hy‡n 134.

A[ymbw 14. hn.-Kn-Kdn \o m 138Poh-N-cnXw 138. IrXn-Iƒ 139: 1.XmXznI IrXn-Iƒ 139. 2.`m-jy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 141. 3.B-[ym-flnI IrXn-Iƒ 143. 4.]kw-K-ßfpwI-Øp-Ifpw 144. ssZ-h-imkvXw 146: XXz-imkvXhpw ssZh-im-kv-Xhpw 146, XnXzw 147, I-\y-I-a-dnbw 147, Imem¥yw 147.an-Ãn-knkw 148.

A[ymbw 15: ZnZo-apkv 150Poh-N-cnXw 150. IrXn-Iƒ 150: XnXz-sØ-∏‰n 151, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n 151, a\n-t°-b¿s°-Xnsc 151, \jvS-s∏´ XmXzn-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 152, `mjy--Ir-Xn-Iƒ 152. ssZh-imkvXw 152: XnXzw153, InkvXp-imkvXw 153, ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv 154, k` 154, D¤-h-]m-]hpw amtam-Zn-kmbpw 155, I\y-I-a-dnbw 155, a\p-jy≥155, Imem¥yw 155.

A[ymbw 16. knt\-kn-bpkpw t\mÆpkpw 1561.- kn-t\-kn-bpkv 1562.- t\m-Æpkv 158

A[ymbw 17: Pdp-k-te-anse hn.-kn-dn¬ 159Poh-N-cnXw 159. IrXn-Iƒ 160: aXm-[ym-]\ ]kw-K-ßƒ 160,tIm¨Ãm≥kyqkn\p≈ IØv 161, ]`m-j-W-ßƒ 162.ssZ-h-imkvXw 162: InkvXp-imkvXw 162, ]-cn-ip-≤m-flmhv163, am-tam-Zokm 164, Ip¿_m\ 165.

A[ymbw 18: X¿tkm-knse Znb-tZm¿ 167

A[ymbw 19:- sam-]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse Xnb-tUm¿ 170Poh-N-cnXw 170. IrXn-Iƒ 171: 1. ]g-b-\n-b-a-`m-jy-ßƒ 171:D-ev]-Øn-`mjyw 171, k-¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw 171, ]¥≠v sNdn-b-]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS `mjyw 172. 2. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-`m-jy-ßƒ 173:tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ `mjyw 173, ]u-tem-kns‚]Øv sNdnb teJ-\-ß-fpsS `mjyw 173, \mev henb teJ-\-ß-fpsS `mjyw 173. 3. XmXzn-I- Xm¿°n-I- Ir-Xn-Iƒ 173: aXm-[ym-]-\ -]-kw-K-ßƒ 173, Xn-cp-A-h-Xmcw 174, a‰p IrXn-Iƒ175. ssZh-imkvXw 176: InkvXp-imkvXw 177, a-\p-jy≥ 178,⁄m\-kv\m-\-hn-izm-k-]-amWw 178, Ip¿_m\ 179, ]m]-tam-N\w 179. Xnb-tUm¿ F∂ hy‡n 180.

A[ymbw 20: hn.-tPm¨ InskmkvtXmw 186Poh-N-cnXw 186. IrXn-Iƒ 189: 1.tlman-en-Iƒ 190: Dev]Øn191, k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ 191, G-im-bm 192, aØm-bn 192, tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-tijw 192, \-S-]Sn 193, tdmam-te-J\w 193, sImdn-t¥mkv teJ\ßƒ 194, K-em-Xy-te-J\w 194, F-t -ky-te-J\w194, ^n-en-]y-te-J\w 194, sIm-tfm-ky-te-J\w 195, sX-k-tem-\n-Iy-te-J\ßƒ 195, A-P-]m-e-I-te-J-\-ßƒ 195, F_m-b-te-J\w 196. 2.Xm-Xzn-I-˛-Xm¿°n-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 196: ssZh-Øns‚AKm-ly-kz-`m-h-sØ-∏‰n 196, aXm[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ 196, bq-Z¿s°-Xnsc 196. 3.[m¿an-I-]-Xn-]m-Z\ßƒ 197, 4.s]-cp-∂mƒ]kw-K-ßƒ 197. 5.kvXp-Xn-]-`m-j-W-ßƒ 197. 6.km-µ¿`nI]`m-j-W-ßƒ 198. 7.]-Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒ 199: ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-sØ-∏‰n 199, k-\ym-k-Po-hnXw 201, I-\ym-Xzhpw ssh[-hyhpw 201,Ip-ń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkw kw_-‘n-®v 202, th-Z-\-sb-∏‰n 202,bq-Z¿°pw hnPm-Xn-b¿°p-sa-Xnsc 203. 8.IØp-Iƒ 203.9.A-b-Ym¿Y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 204. ssZh-im-kvXw 204: InkvXp-imkvXw 205, I-\y--I-a-dnbw 206. D¤-h-]m]w 206, ]m-]-tam-N\w 206, Ip¿_m\ 207.

8 9

A[ymbw 21: s\kv-tXm-dn-bkv 209BapJw 209. IrXn-Iƒ 211: eo_¿ slcm-¢n-sZkv 211. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ ]iv\-ßƒ 212: lyp-t∏m-Ãm-‰n-Iv-˛-kzm-`m-hn-ssIIyw213, ssZ-h-Lm-X-IXzw 214, ssZ-h-am-Xm-hv 214. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ \ymb-hmZw 215.

A[ymbw 22: sskd-knse Xnb-sUm-sd‰v 217Poh-N-cnXw 217. IrXn-Iƒ 218: `mjy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 218. At∏m-fs-P-‰n-°¬ IrXn-Iƒ 220. tUm‹m-‰nIv˛Xm¿°nI IrXn-Iƒ 221.-N-cn-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 222. -]-kw-K-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw 223.

A[ymbw 23: hn.-sX-tbm-^n-ekv 224

A[ymbw 24: Ae-Ivkm-≠nbm-bnse hn.-kn--dn¬ 226Poh-N-cn-Xw 224. IrXn-Iƒ 227: ]g-b-\n-b-a`m-jy-ßƒ 228.]pXn-b-\n-ba `mjy-ßƒ 228. Bcy¿s°Xn-sc-bp≈ IrXn-Iƒ229. s\kvtXm-dn-b¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ IrXn-Iƒ 229. Pqen-b-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ hnizmk ka¿-Y\w 231. t\mºp-Ime teJ-\-ßƒ231. ]kw-K-ßƒ 231. IØp-Iƒ 232. ssZh-imkvXw 232: ssZh-im-kvX coXn 233. InkvXpimkvXw 233. I\y-I-a-dnbw 234.

A[ymbw 25: CuPn-]vXnse k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ 2351. hn. At¥m-Wn-tbmkv 2362. AtΩm-Wmkv 2373. hn. ]t°m-an-bkv 2384. tlm¿kn-sbkn 2385. Xnb-tUm¿ 2396. CuPn-]vXnse a°m-cn-bqkv 2397. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-mbnse a°m-cn-bqkv 2408. t]m≥Xq-knse Fhm-Kn-bkv 2409. ]√m-Un-bkv 24210. s]eq-kn-b-Ønse Ckn-tZm¿ 24411. AXn-s∏-bnse sj\qZv 24512. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS samgn-Iƒ 24513. ¢nkvam-bnse am¿ HutK≥ 246

A[ymbw 26: Gjym-ssa-\-dnse aq∂v k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ 2471.- A≥ko-dm-bnse \oeq-kv 2472.- B_m a¿t°mkv 2503.- s^m-Øo-knse Znb-tZm-°pkv 252

A-[ymbw 27: tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse \mev Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ 2531.- ko-Znse ^nen∏v 2532- ^n-sem-kvtXm¿Pn-bpkv 2553.- skm-Im-´kv 2564.- skm-tkm-a≥ 257

A[ymbw 28: Fta-km-bnse s\ta-kn-bpkv 258a\p-jy-s\-∏‰n 258

A[ymbw 29: Xvapbn-knse skdm-]n-tbm≥ 260Fhp-t°m-tem-Kn-tbm≥ 260

A[ymbw 30: aq∂p kn\-Up-Iƒ: 2651.- A≥kodm 2652-. -s\-tbm- sN-km-dnbm 2703.- KmwK 272

A\p-_‘w 2751.- sZ¿- -_-eosk ]∏o-dkv 2752.- a¿t°m-kns‚ A\m- d 2753.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ hnizm-k-]-amWw 276

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 277Npcp-s°-gp-Øp-I-fp-sS- ]q¿W-cq]w 280klm-bIKŸ-ßƒ 280Index of Names 282

10 11

BiwkIgn™ Im¬\q‰m-≠v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°v BZn-a-ssI-kvXh ssZh-

im-kvX-⁄-∑msc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ A£o-W-i-a-Øn¬ apgpInIgn-bp∂ ]WvUn-X-ssh-Zn-I-\mWv _lp-am-\-s∏´ tNSn-b-Ø-®≥. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\v t]Pp-I-fn-eqsS ]c-s∂m-gp-Inb ssZh-im-kvX-ssI-hgnAt±-l-Øn-s‚ -XqenIbn-eqsS ae-bm-f-Øn\v hc-Zm-\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.H∂mw\q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw]IpXn apX¬ F´mw\q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]-Ip-Xn-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-amWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cp-tS-Xv. B Ime-b-f-hn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ hnip-≤cpw hn⁄m-\n-I-fp-amb ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ ]eXpw ae-bm-f-Øn\v Ic-K-X-am-bXv tNSn-b-Ø-®s‚ ]h¿Ø\w\nan-Ø-am-Wv. icm-icn ssZh-im-kvX-hm-b-\-°m-cs‚ apºn¬- B-Zn-a-k-`-bpsS ssZh-im-kvX-temIw Xpd-∂p-h-bv°p-∂Xv shdp-sX-b-√. k`-bpsS]pcm-X\ ssZh-imkvXNn¥bpsS Nph-Sp-Iƒ ad-∂p-sIm≠v k©-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v hnNn-¥-\-Øn\pw hyXn-bm-\-Øn\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°p∂Xv al-Ømb e£y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. hnI-e-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂Xv Dd-hn-S-ß-fp-ambn _‘w A‰p-t]m-b-h-cn-em-Wv.- B-i-b-Zm-cnZyw Im¿∂p-Xn-∂p∂ ssZh-imkvX ipjvIico-c-Øn\v t]mjWw In´m≥ ]‰nb taJ-e-bmWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS temIw. kpdn-bm-\n, Ko°v, eØo≥, tIm]v‰n-Iv, FtXym-]y≥, A¿ta-\n-b≥, tPm¿Pn-b≥, Ad_n F∂o `mj-I-fn-em-Wv k-`-m]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. FX ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°vAh-sbms° ]Tn-°m\pw hmbn-°m\pw km[n°pw? tNSn-b-Ø-®s‚hnh¿Ø\ IrXn-Iƒ Gsdbpw Cw•o-jv, eØo≥ F∂nhbn¬ \n∂m-sW-¶nepw Ko°v, kpdn-bm\n aqe-ß-fp-ambn Ign-bp-∂X HØp-t\m-°m\pw ian-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw. ]pcm-X-\-Im-esØ ssIkvXh ssZh-imkvX IrXn-Iƒ B¿°pw FØn-t\m-°m-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn Xcp-∂-Xn¬ tNSn-b-Ø-®≥ ÿntcm-’m-ln-bm-Wv. A®s‚ Cu ssZh-imkvX X]ky ae-bmf ssIkvXh Z¿i-\-ßƒ°v hf¿®bpw hnfhpw \¬Is´ F∂m-iw-kn-°p-∂p.

s]m^. tUm. tXmakv Iq\Ωm°¬]uc-kv-Xy-hn-Zym-]o-Tw,PB.No.10, hS-hm-Xq¿,tIm´bw 686010sk]vXw_¿ 4, 2006

Ah-Xm-cnIBZna ssIkvXh k`-bpsS ktµiw B[p-\nI Xe-apd Kln-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ivfol-∑m¿ hc-®p-Im-ńb Cutim-an-in-lm-tbbpw Ahn-

SpsØ c£m-I-c-k-tµ-i-tØbpw sXm´-SpØ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ A\p-`-hn-

®-dn-™-h-cm-Wv BZna-k- -bnse ssIkvX-h¿. hnÆn¬\n∂v a∂n-se-Ønb

Cu c£m-I-c-k-tµ-iw Ah-cn-ep-f-hm-°nb ]Xn-I-cWw, Ah¿ Cu ktµ-

i-Øn\p \¬Inb ]Xyp-Øcw apX-em-bh Ccp-]Xp \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-

∏p-dØp Pohn-°p∂ B[p-\n-I\v Bthiw ]I-cp-sa-∂-Xn\p kwi-b-an-

√. Bg-Øn¬ thtcm-Snb hr£-amWv InkvXp-k-`. thcp-I-sf-tØ-Sn-

bp≈ ]m®n¬ Cu Xe-ap-d-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-bm-W-t√m. ssIc-fn-bn¬ Cu

Xe-Øn¬ klm-b-I-amb KŸw A[n-I-an√. B Ipdhp \nI-Øm-\p≈

kwcw-`-Øns‚ XpS°amWv Cu IrXn. ]m›m-Xy-`m-j-Ifn¬ BZn-a-k-`-

bnse Fgp-Øp-Im-sc-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ \nc-h[n KŸ-ßƒ D≠v.

F∂m¬ A]q¿hw Nne¿s°m-gnsI a‰m¿°pw AØcw IrXn-I-sf-°p-

dn®v Kmly-an-√. BZn-assIkvXh-k-`-bnse Nn¥-Isc ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS

ap≥]n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I, Ah-cpsS PohnXw, Nn¥m-coXn, IrXn-Iƒ,

kw`m-h-\-Iƒ, ]cm-P-b-ßƒ, InkvXz -\p -`hw F∂nh A∏msS

]I¿ØpI F∂n-h-bmWv Cu KŸ-Øns‚ e£yw. ]WvUn-X-\mb

KŸ-I¿Ømhns‚ ]cn-iaw ê-a-Wn-bs´ F∂v Biw-kn-°p-∂p.

s]m^. tUm. πmknUv sP.-s]m-Sn-]md (+1985)

12 13

A[ymbw 1

\nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw

Gjym-ssa-\-dnse \nJym-bn¬h-®v1 In.-h. 325-˛¬ k`m-N-cn-X-ØnseHcp henb kq\-l-tZmkv IqSn. alm-\mb tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ NI-h¿Øn(+337) BWv CXp hnfn-®p-Iq-ń-b-Xv. 318 ]nXm-°-∑m¿ CXn¬ kw_-‘n®pF∂mWp ]mc-º-cyw.2 kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ kw_-‘n® an°-hcpw ]uc-kvXy-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]m›m-Xycpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. sIm¿tZm-hm-bnse tlmkn-bq-kv (+375)- ˛- a-X-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ][m-\-s∏´ D]-tZ-i-I-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw -˛-Im¿tX-Pnse sNNo-en-b≥ (+345) Iem-_n-bm-bnse a¿t°m-kv, Zotbm-\nse \nt°m-kn-bq-kv, kvXotZm-bnse tZmav\q-kv, tdma≥ sshZn-I-cmbhoØq-kv, hn≥sk‚ v.

Bcn-bkv F∂ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ sshZn-I≥ ]pX-s\-∏‰n ssZh-Zq-jWw ]Tn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ Ie-°-ap-≠m-bn. k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw kXy-hn-izmk]Jym-]\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-Isc k`-bn¬ \n∂p ]pdw-X-≈p-∂-Xn-\p-amWv\nJym-bn¬ kq\-l-tZmkp IqSn-b-Xv. hnizm-k-kw-_-‘-ambn ]pXnbkn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°m-\-√, ]ns∂tbm, Xßƒ°p Inńb ]t_m-[\wA`w-Kpcw ]n≥X-e-ap-dbv°p ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°m-\mWv Ah¿ bXv\n-®-Xv. kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ ambw tN¿°m≥ ]mSn√; AX-\p-h-Zn-°-cpXv; kXy-hn-izmk ]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ ]mfn® ]‰m≥ ]mSn√ XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ k¿h-i-≤bpw tIµo-I-cn-®p. Hcp hnizmk]am-Whpw Ccp-]Xv Imt\m-\-Ifpw ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Xøm-dm-°n. \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWwAwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-hsc k`-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm°n: Bcn-bkv, sXmtfam-bn-knse sk°≥Zq-kv, a¿a-dn-°m-bnse sXtbm-\mkv F∂n-h¿ \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-am-W-Øn¬ H∏p-h-®n-√. Ahsc C√n-dn°w F∂ ]tZ-i-tØ

BapJwBZn-a-k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS kPo-h-kzcw ZnK-¥-ß-fn¬ ams‰m-en-

s°m-≈p-∂p. NI-hm-f-ßsf t`Zn-®p-sIm≠v bpKm¥yw hsc B i_vZw]Xn-[z-\n-°p-∂p. kXy-Øn\p km£yw hln-°pI F∂ Iml-f-k-am\i_vZw Xe-ap-d-Isf DW¿Øp-Ibpw I¿a\n-c-X-cm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ae-ap-I-fn¬ Ib-dn-b-t∏mƒ Hcn-°¬ B i_vZw tI´p. B i_vZ-sas∂ hnfn-®p. Rm≥ DW¿∂p -t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ ap∂n¬ I≠ Nne-cpsS NnX-ßƒhc-®p-h-bv°m≥ _≤-s∏´p. Aßs\ Cu IrXn Hcp bmYm¿Yy-am-bn.

\mepw A©pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Pohn® k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cmWv CuKŸ-Ønse ]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw. sP.-Izm-Ãs‚ ]tSm-fPn F∂ IrXn-bpsS aq∂mw hmeysØ apJy-ambpw B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv CXv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. BZna ssIkvXhk -bnse F√m Nn¥-I-scbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ KŸ-Øns‚ c≠mw `mK-am-Wn-Xv. ]tSm-fPn hmeyw H∂vBWv H∂ma-tØ-Xv.

c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ hn`m-h\w sNbvX \ho-I-cWwHcp bmYm¿Yy-am-bn-Øo-cm≥ InkvXo-b-k-`-bpsS D¤-h-Øn-te°p IpXn-°pI A]-cn--Xym-Py-amb kwK-Xn-b-tX. ]nXm-°-∑m-cm-Ip∂ Dd-∏p≈ ASn-Ø-d-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \ho-I-cWw imiz-Xo-I-cn-°-s∏Spw; ÿmbn-bmbêw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn°pw; \√ \mfsb ]Wn-Xp-b¿Øpw. k`m-\-ho-I-c-W-ßfp-sS-sb√mw ASn-ÿm\w k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ B-bn-cn-°-Ww.

Cu IrXn°p cq]w \¬Ip-hm≥ klm-bn® F√m-h-tcbpw \µn-]q¿hw kvacn-°p-∂p. Cu IrXn- ]u-c-kvXy-hn-Zym-]oTw ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -Ønb ]kn-≤o-I-cW hn`m-K-Øns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿_. tXmakv aÆq-cmw-]-d-ºn-e-®\pw kl-]-h¿Ø-I¿°pw IrX-⁄-X-bpsS Iq∏p-ssI. CXn-s‚ te- -Hu´v `wKn-bmbn \n¿h-ln® jm\n kn.B©-tem-kn\pw _Y\n ]knse A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw F√m ]h¿Ø-I¿°pw \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kt¥m-j-]q-¿hw CXp klr-Z-b-k-a£wka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

Pn. tNSn-bØvsk‚ v tacokv ae-¶-c- taP¿ sk-an-\-cn,-\m-em-©n-d, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw - 695015.3-0˛1-0˛2006

14 15

°v \mSp-I-S-Øn. \nt°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, \nJym-bnsesXtbm-·nkv F∂n-hcpw Ah-km\w H∏p-h-®p. Bcn-b-kns‚ ]t_m-[\w hfsc sX‰n-≤-cn-®mWv a‰p-≈-h¿ a\-kn-em-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv; AXp-sIm≠v Abmƒs°-Xnsc-bp≈ hn[n AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-sW∂vCcp-hcpw hnk-ΩXw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p. NI-h¿Øn Ahsc 325 Ah-km-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn tKmfn-te°v (^m≥kn-te-°v) \mSp-I-S-Øn. F∂m¬ 328˛¬Ah¿ kz¥w cq]-X-I-fn¬ Xncn-sI-sbØn.

Bcn-bkv Xs‚ ]mj-WvUX ]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßnbt∏mƒ, Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm≥ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ 318-˛¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬GXm≠v \qtdmfw saXm-∑mcpsS Hcp kn\Uv hnfn®p-Iq-ń. Bcn-b-kvkn\-Uns\ [n°-cn-®-t∏mƒ, saXm-∑m¿ Abmsf ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n.Abmƒ DSs\ ]e-kvXo-\-bnepw a‰pw D≈ Xs‚ kvt\ln-X-cpsS ]°-seØn Xs∂ ]n≥Xp-W-bv°p-∂-hsc tXSn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

At¥ym-Iy≥ kn\Uv (325)

\nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kn-\p-ap-ºv, At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®v 325˛¬ 56 saXm-∑mcpsS Hcp kn\Uv IqSn. Ah-cn¬ 49 t]¿ ]n∂oSv \nJym-bnepw kw_-‘n-®p.3 kn\-Un-\p-tijw Ah¿ F√m saXm-∑m¿°p-ambn Hcp k¿°p-e¿ Ab-®p. AXn¬ Hcp hnizm-k-]-am-Whpw D≠v. AXn-]-Im-c-am-Wv.4

hnizmkw C]-Im-c-am-sW∂v Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂p: “]nXmhpw k¿h-i-‡\pw AKm-ly-\pw hyXn-bm-\-c-ln-X\pw am‰-an-√m-Ø-h-\pw ]]-©-Øns‚ kwc-£-I-\pw `c-W-I¿Øm-hpw \oXn-am-\pw \√-h-\pw `qhm-\-ß-sfbpw Ah-bn-ep≈ F√m-‰n-s\bpw \n¿an-®-h-\pw \nb-a-Øn-s‚bpw]hm-N-I-∑mcp-sSbpw ]pXnb DS-º-Sn-bp-sSbpw I¿Ømhpamb GI-ssZ-h-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°-Ww. GI-Pm-X-\mb ]pX-\pw I¿Øm-hp-ambtbipInkvXphnepw (hn-iz-kn-°-Ww); C√m-bva-bn¬ \n∂-√, ]nXm-hn¬\n∂mWv Ahn-Sp∂v PmX-\m-b-Xv. Ahn-Sp∂p \n¿an-°-s∏-´-X√; bYm¿Y-Øn¬ ]pX\m-Wv. Ahm-Nyhpw A¤pXm-h-l-hp-amb coXn-bn¬ Ahn-Sp∂v PmX-\m-bn. P\n-∏n® ]nXmhpw P\n® ]pX\pw amXta AXdn-bp-∂p-≈p. (]p-X-\-√msX ]nXm-hn-s\-bpw ]nXm-h-√msX ]pX-s\bpw BcpwAdn-bp-∂n-√). Ahn-Sp∂v \nXy-ambn kvYnXn- sN-øp-∂p. Ahn-Sp∂v C√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp ka-bhpw D≠m-bn-ń√. Ahn-Sp∂v amX-amWv kv]jvS-ambkmZriyw F∂v hn. -K-Ÿ-Øn¬ \n∂v \mw ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v, ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂vP\n-°m-Ø-h-\mbn Ah≥ \n¬°p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂¿Y-Øn-e-√, ZsØ-Sp-°¬ hgn-bp-a√ ˛ A-ßs\ ]d-bp-∂Xv A`-‡-hpw ssZh-Zq-j-W-hp-amWv- ˛ Ahn-Sp∂v kXy-ambpw ss\bm-an-I-ambpw ]pX-\mbn P\n-®-h-\m-sW∂v hnip-≤- KŸw hnh-cn-°p-∂p.”

“Aßs\, Ahn-Sp∂v hyXn-bm-\-c-ln-X\pw am‰-an-√mØh\p-am-sW∂pw C—-bm-tem, ZsØ-Sp-°¬ hgntbm D≠m-b-X√, ]ns∂-tbm, P\n-®-h-\m-sW∂pw \mw hniz-kn-°p∂p; C√m-bva-bn¬ \n∂v D≠mbn F∂coXn-bn-e-√, Ah\p tN¿∂ coXn-bn¬ P\n-∏n-°-s∏´p F∂mWv \mw a\- n-em-°p-I. Ah-\n-eqsS bmYm¿Yy-Øn-se-Ønb at‰-sX-¶nepw hkvXp-hns‚ kmZr-iy-Øn-tem, kzm`m-h-Øn-tem, Iqń-t®-c-entem, A√ ˛ A-ßs\ Nn¥n°m≥ t]mepw ]mSn-√ ˛ ]ns∂-tbm, F√m Adn-hn-t\bpwNn¥-tb-bpw ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßtfbpwImƒ D∂-X-amb coXn-bn¬, P\n-°mØ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v Znhy-h-N-\-hpw kXy-]-Im-i-hpw \oXnbpw F√m-h-cp-sSbpw c£-I-\p-amb I¿Øm-thip-InkvXp P\n-s®∂v \mw G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p. Ahn-Sp∂v ]nXm-hns‚ C—-bp-sStbm as‰-¥n-s‚-tbm kmZr-iy-a-√,adn®v Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ kØ-bn¬ \n∂p≈h\m-Wv. ssZh-h-N-\-ambCu ]pX≥ ssZh-am-Xm-hmb adn-bØn¬ \n∂v ico-c-Øn¬ P\n®va\pjy\mbn. Ahn-Sp∂v IjvS-s∏´p acn®p; acn-®-h-cn¬ \n∂p D∞m\wsNbvXv, kz¿K-Øn-te°v FSp-°-s∏´p; AXyp-∂-X- knw-lm-k-\-Øns‚he-Øp- m-K-Øv C-cn-°p∂p; Ahn-Sp∂v Pohn-°p-∂-h-scbpw acn-®-h-scbpwhn[n-°m≥ hcpw.”

“IqSmsX, \ΩpsS c£-I-\n-se-∂-t]mse GI]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-epwGI- I-tØm-en°m k`-bn-epw ico-c-Øns‚ D∞m-\-Øn-epw ico-c-Øn¬\∑-tbm, Xn∑tbm Bbn Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿ ]h¿Øn-®-Xn\v ]Xn-êw\¬Ip∂ hn[n-bnepw hniz-kn-°m≥ hnip-≤-KŸw \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. “ssZh-]p-X≥ Hcp krjvSn-bm-Wv, bmYm¿Yy-Øn-te-°p -h-∂p, \n¿an-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv, kXy-ambn P\n-∏n-°-s∏-´-h-\-√, Ah≥ C√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcpkabw D≠mbn-cp∂p”Fs∂ms° Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw ]d-bp-Ibpw ]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-hsc Rßƒ i]n-°p-∂p. ImcWw Ahn-Sp∂v D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂pw Ds≠∂pw ]Im-i-am-sW∂pw Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.Xs‚ kz¥w C—-bm¬ Xs∂ Ahn-Sp∂v hyXn-bm-\m-Xo-X-≥ B-b-Xp-t]mse ]pX-\√íFs∂√mw ]d-bp-∂-h-scbpw Rßƒ i]n-°p-∂p.ImcWw F√m kwK-Xn-I-fnepw \ΩpsS c£-I≥ Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ OmbBbn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Cu Imcy-Ønepw Ahn-Sp∂v ]nXm-hns‚ Omb-bmbn ]Io¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.”í

]pX≥ krjvSn-b-s√-∂pw C√m-bva-bn¬ \n∂p-≠m-°-s∏-´-X-s√∂pwAhm-Ny-ambn ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v P\n-s®∂pw F√m kwK-Xn-I-fnepw Ahn-Sp∂v ]nXm-hns‚ Omb-bm-sW∂pw Cu hnizm-k-]-amWw kv]jvS-ambn]Tn-∏n-°p∂p. CXv Bcn-b-kns‚ ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ°v XnI®pw FXn-cm-

\nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw

16 17

Wv. ]n¬°m-e-Øp-≠mb F√m kn\-U¬ hnizm-k-]-am-W-ßƒ°pwapt∂mSnbm-bn-cp∂p CXv. At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ kv\m\m¿∞n-Iƒ°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hnizm-k-]-am-W-am-bn-cn°mw CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w.

\nJym (325)

Cu kn\Uv Ign™v Ipsd amk-ßƒ°p-tijw \nJym-bn¬ kn\-Up-Iq-Sn. BZyw A≥ko-dm-bn¬h®v IqSm≥ Btem-Nn-s®-¶nepw5 \nJym-Xs∂ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. 325 sabv 20˛-\mWv kn\Uv XpS-ßn-b-sX∂vskmIm-´kv ]d-bp-s∂-¶nepw,6 Pq¨ 19-˛\mWv XpS-ßn-b-sX-∂mWv `qcn-]-£m-`n]mbw.7 t\csØ Xøm-dm-°nb hnizm-k-]-amWw HIvtSm-_¿10˛\v c≠mw ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ hmbn-°pIbpw N¿®-Iƒ°p-tijw AwKo-I-cn-°pIbpw sNbvXp.

hnizm-k-]-amWw

\nJym-hn-izm-k-]-am-W-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn GXv ]mtZ-inIhnizm-k-]-am-W-amWv kzoI-cn-®sX∂v JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-bm-\m-hn-√.GtXm kotdm-˛-]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ k`-bnse hnizmk]am-W-Øn¬ Bcn-b≥- -hn-cp-≤ -L-S-I-ßƒ Iqń-t®¿ØmWv AXv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂XvF∂mWv s]mXp-sh-bp≈ A`n-]m-bw.8 tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ hnizm-k-]-amWw Nne Nn√d hyXn-bm-\-ß-tfm-Sp -IqSnFSpsØ∂v Hc-`n-]mbw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw C]-Im-c-amWv:

“k¿h-i-‡n-bp≈ ]nXmhpw Zriym-Zr-iy-ß-fpsS \n¿am-Xm-hp-ambGIssZh-Øn¬ Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ ]pX-\pw ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v P\n-®-h-\pw GI-Pm-X-\pw ]nXm-hns‚ kØ-bn¬ \n-∂p-≈-h-\pw ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ ssZh-hpw ]Im-i-Øn¬ \n-∂p≈ ]Im-i-hpw kXy-ssZ-h-Øn¬ \n-∂p≈ kXy-ssZ-h-hpw P\n-®-h\pw krjvSn-b-√m-Ø-h-\pw kØ-bn¬ ]nXm-hn-t\mSv ka-Xz-ap-≈-h-\pw, X∂m¬ BIm-i-Ønepw `q-an -bn-ep-ap≈ kI-ehpw \n¿an-°-s∏-´-h\pamb GII¿Ømth-ip-In-kvXp-hnepw Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Ah≥ a\p-jy-cmb \ap-°pw \ΩpsS c£-bv°pw th≠n Xmtg-bv°n-d-ßn, ico-c-sa-SpØv a\p-jy-\m-bn. Ah≥ IjvS-s∏´v acn-°p-Ibpw ho≠pw aq∂mw-\mƒ Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬°p-Ibpw kz¿K-Øn-te°v Itc-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp.Poh-\p-≈-h-scbpw acn-®-h-scbpw hn[n-°m≥ Ah≥ ho≠pw hcpw. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hnepw Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. “Ah≥ C√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp kabwD≠m-bn-cp∂p”Ft∂m “P\n-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v Ah≥ C√m-bn-cp∂p”

Ft∂m, “C√m-Xn-cp∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v Ah≥ \n¿an-°-s∏´p”íFt∂m“Ah≥ as‰mcp kmcmw-i-Øn¬ AYhm kØ-bn¬ \n∂mWv” Ft∂m“Ah≥ Hcp krjvSn-bmWv” Ft∂m “am‰-Øn\pw hyXn-bm-\-Øn\pwhnt[-b-\mWv”Ft∂m ssZh-]p-X-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp∂ F√m-h-scbpw ImtXm-en-Ihpw ss«ln-I-hp-amb k` ]pd-¥-≈p-∂p.”í

tamtWmsK-t\ (-G-I-Pm-X≥) FIv tXkv Dkn-bmkv Xq ]tXmkv(]n-Xm-hns‚ kØ-bn¬ \n∂v) sXHm≥ Ate-Xn-t\m≥ FIv sXDu Ate-Xn\q (k-Xy-ssZ-h-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ kXy-ssZ-hw) sKt∂-sX≥Xm Ds]mbv-G-sX≥Xm (P-\n-®-h\pw \n¿an-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-\pw) tlmtam-D-kn-tbm≥ tXm]mXní(]n-Xm-hp-ambn ka-k-Ø) F∂o Bcn-b≥ hncp-≤-]-Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ CXn¬ ImWmw.9 AXp-t]mse Bcn-bkns‚ Nne A_≤ ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ ]tXyIw FSpØp i]n-®n-´p-≠v.10

tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkví (k-a-k-Ø) F∂ ]Zw AtX hm°p-I-fn¬thZ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ]tbm-K-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ]ecpw FXn¿∏p-]-I-Sn-∏n-®p. AXp-t]mse sshhn-[y-am¿∂ A¿∞-amWv ]kvXpX ]Zwkw_-‘n®v hyXykvX ]›m-Ø-e-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p≈ ]nXm-°-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ah-km\w F√m-hcpw AXv kzoI-cn-s®-¶n-epw, Hmtcm-cp-ØcpwAh-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-®p. XZv^-e-ambn \nJym-bv°p-ti-jhpw hfsc \mf-tØ°v Bcn-b≥ Nn¥ BZn-a-k- -bn¬ tImfn-f°w D≠m-°n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

Bcn-b-\n-kw-˛-h-f¿®

Bcn-b≥ Nn¥bv°v km¿h-XnI ]N-cWw e`n-°m-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ Nne¿ A]-K-Yn-°p∂p: (1) ssZh-h-N-\sØ kw_-‘n®v IrXy-ambn ssZh-imkvXw hnI-kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. (2) AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-t∏mseXe-sb-Sp-∏p≈ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ Bcn-b≥ ]iv\w DS-se-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ C√m-bncp∂p; AØ-\m-tkymkv Xs∂bpw saXm-\m-b-tijwhfsc\mƒ Hfn-hn-em-bn-cp-∂p. (3) Bcn-bkns‚ kl-]m-Tn-I-fmb saXm-∑m¿ At±-lsØ ]e coXn-I-fn¬ klm-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. (4) Bcn-b-kns‚ ëssZh-imkvX dmj-W-enkwí D]-cn-πh Nn¥m-K-Xn-°msc Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂p. (5) Bcn-bkv Hcp Bflob a\p-jy-\mbn Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂p; k\ym-kn-\n-I-fp-sSbpw a‰v a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ Abmƒ°v kzm[o\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. (6) ]e tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn-amcpw sIm´m-c-tk-h-Icpw Bcn-b≥ Nn¥m-KXn ]pe¿Øn, Bcn-b-\n-ksØ Xmtem-en-®p. (7) Bg-amb hnizm-k-Xo-£vWX ap‰n-\n-∂-h-c-√m-bn-cp∂p F√m saXm-∑mcpw. (8) Ahy-‡X \nd™ ssZhim-kvX-]-Z-ß-fmWv s]mXpsh ]c-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.


18 19

\mev L´ßƒ

Bcn-b≥ ]iv\-Øns‚ Ime-L-´sØ \mem-bn- Xn-c-n°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.(1) In.-h.318 apX¬ 325 hsc: Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Bcn-b≥ Nn¥ ]N-cn-®p- sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. shdpw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]iv\-am-bn-cp∂ Bcn-b-\nkw Hcp km¿h-XnI ]iv\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Bcn-bkns‚ kvt\ln-X-cmb saXm-∑m¿ CXn¬ \√ ]¶phln-®p. (2) In.-h.325 apX¬ 330 hsc:kXy-hn-izmkw hnP-bn® Ime-L-ám-Wn-Xv. Bcn-b-\nkw A_-≤m-`n-]m-b-ambn apZ-Ip-Ø-s∏-´p. Bcn-b≥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°msc \mSp-I-S-Øn. (3)In.-h.330 apX¬ 362 hsc: Bcn-b≥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cpsS Xm¬°m-enIhnP-b-Im-e-L-´w. C°m-eØv skan-˛-B-cn-b≥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m¿ \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw am‰n-h-®n´v, H∂n\p ]ndsI H∂mbn hnizmk]am-W-ßƒD≠m-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Nne tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn-am¿ CØcw ]h-W-X-Isft]m’m-ln-∏n-°pIbpw ]uc-kvXy-tZ-isØ kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb saXm-∑m-sc \mSp-I-SØpIbpw sNbvXp. an°-bn-S-ß-fnepw Bcn-b≥ saXm-∑m¿ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn. (4) In.-h.362 apX¬ 381 hsc: hn.-A-Ø-\m-tkym-kv,I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ BZn-bm-bh¿ Bcn-b-\n-ksØ ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn \nJymhnizmk]amWw Dd-∏n-®p. alm-\mb Xnb-tUm-jykv(1) NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Ime-tØmSp IqSn (379-˛395) Bcn-b-\nkw tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn¬ \n∂v XpS-®p- am-‰-s∏-´p.

Sb¿-˛-P-dp-ktew kn\-Up-Iƒ (335)

Sb-dn¬11 h®v \S∂ kn\Uv Bcn-bkns\ k`-bn-te°p XncnsIkzoI-cn-°m≥ NI-h¿Øn-tbmSp ip]m¿i sNbvXp. ]kvXpX h¿jwXs∂ Pdp-k-te-an¬ as‰mcp kn\-Up-IqSn.12 Sb-dnse kn\-Un¬ hnhn[`mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂mbn Adp-]-tXmfw saXm-∑m¿ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. A≥]-Xp-t]¿ CuPn-]vXp-Im-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ahsc IqSmsX tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, At¥ym-Iy-bnse^vfm®n-√-kv, \nJym-bnse sXtbm-·n-kv, s\tdm-Wn-bm-bnse \¿No-kp-kv, jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse ]sXm- o-e-kv, aq¿km-bnse hmse≥kv, kn≥Pn-Zq-Wp-anse D¿km-Nn-bpkv (C-cp-hcpw C√o-dn-bm-°m¿), sXk-tem-\n-°-bnse Ae-Ivkm-≠¿, A≥ko-d-bnse a¿sk-√pkv F∂n-hcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Sb-dn¬ kw_-‘n-®-h-cn¬ ]ecpw Bcn-b≥ ]£-]m-Xn-Ifpw AØ-\m-tkym-kn-t\mSv ]I-bp-≈-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p; Ah¿ At±-lsØ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n.13

At¥ymIy≥ kn\-Uv (341)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\Uv (335) A≥-ko-d-bnse a¿sk-√q-kns\

ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n. tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ acn-®-t∏mƒ (337) AØ-\m-tkym-kn\pw a¿sk-√p-kn\pw XncnsI hcm≥ A\p-hmZw e`n-®p. F∂m¬Bcy≥ ]£-]m-Xn-I-fmb Fhp-tk-_n-b≥ saXm-∑m¿14 Ah-¿s°XnscD]-Pm-]-ß-fp-ambn cwK-Øn-d-ßn tdman-s\ -kzm-[o-\n-°m≥ ian-®p.F∂m¬ Pqen-b-kv ]m-∏m-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ IqSnb kn\Uv (340) Ccp-h-scbpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Fhp-tk-_n-b≥ saXm-∑m¿ Bcn-b≥]mjWvUX D≈-h-cm-sW∂p Ip-‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-s\-XnscHcp hnizmk ]Jym-]\w \S-Øn AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ Hcn-°¬ IqSnXd-]-‰n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p 341˛se At¥ym-Iy≥ kn\-Uns‚ e£yw.At¥ym-Iy≥ kn\-Un¬ 97 saXm-∑m¿ kw_-‘n-®p. Ah-sc√mw Xs∂Bcn-bkns‚ kvt\ln-X-\mb Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ ]£°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.tIm¨Ã≥-ssS≥ At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ ]Wn-I-gn-∏n® tZhm-ebØns‚ ]Xn-jvT-tbmSv A\p-_-‘n-®m-bn-cp∂p Cu kn\-Uv. AXn-\m¬ CXns\]XnjvTmkn\Uv F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.15 tIm¨Ãm≥kyqkv N-I-h¿Øn(+361) t\cn´v kn\-Un¬ kw_-‘n-®p. saXm-∑m¿ H∂n-\p- ]n-dsI H∂mbn\mev hnizm-k-]-am-W-ßƒ D≠m-°n. “shdpsamcp sshZn-I-\mb Bcn-bkns\ saXm-∑m-cmb Rßƒ Fßs\ ]n≥sN√pw”íF∂v tNmZn-®p-sIm≠v BZy-hn-izm-k-]-amWw cq]o-I-cn-®p.16

At¥ym-Iy-bnse c≠mw hnizm-k-]-am-Ww, F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ H∂p-IqSn AhnsS ]mkm-°n. BZy-tØ-Xns\ JWvUn-°p-∂-Xn\v F∂ hn[-amWv CXv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-sX∂v skmIm-´kv ]d-bp-∂p. Cu hnizm-k-]-am-W-Øn\v B[m-c-am-bn-cp∂Xv eqknbs‚ hnizm-k]am-W-am-bn-cps∂∂vHcp ]mNo-\-]m-c-ºcyap≠v. Cu kn\-Uns‚ HutZym-KnI hnizm-k-]-amWw CXp amX-am-Wv.17

I∏-tUmjy-bnse Xnbm-\m -cq-]Xm-[y-£≥ sXtbm-t^m-Wn-bqkvXs‚ kXy-hn-izmkw sXfn-bn-°m≥ AhnsS Hcp hnizm-k-]-amWw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. aq∂mw hnizm-k-]-amWwíF∂mWv C-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kn\-Un¬ kw_-‘n-®-h¿ CXpw AwKo-I-cn-®p. “Rm≥ C]-Imcw hniz-kn-°ps∂∂v ssZhw Adn-bp-∂p. Ahs\ Rm≥ km£n \n¿Øp-∂p”F∂p]d-™p-sIm-≠mWv CXp XpS-ßp-∂-Xv.18

“k¿h-i-‡\pw ]]-©-k-jvSmhpw \n¿am-Xm-hp-amb ssZh-Øn¬Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. F√m hkvXp-°fpw Ah-\n¬ \n∂m-Ip-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ GI-Pm-X-\pw ssZhhpw hN-\-hpw i-‡nbpw hn⁄m-\hpw BbI¿Ømthip-In-kvXp-hnepw -hniz-kn-°p-∂p; F√mw Ah-\n-eqsS BIp-∂p. Ah≥ bpK-ßƒs°√mw ap≥]v ]nXm-hn¬\n∂v kXy-ssZ-h-Øn¬


20 21

\n∂p≈ kXy-ssZ-h-ambn P\n-®p. Ah≥ ssZh-tØm-Sp-IqsS Hcphy‡n-bmbn (lyq-s∏m-kvX-knkm-bn) ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. Ah≥ Ah-km\-\m-fp-I-fn¬ Cd-ßn-h-∂v, hnip-≤ -K-Ÿ-a-\p-k-cn®v I\y-I-bn¬ \n∂pP\n-®p, a\p-jy-\mbn IjvS-s∏´p acn®p; Ah≥ acn-®-h-cn¬ \n∂pbn¿Øp, kz¿K-Øn-te-°v F-Sp-°-s∏-´p, Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ he-Øp-`m-K-Øn-cp-∂p. Poh-\p-≈-h-scbpw acn-®-h-scbpw hn[n-°m≥ Ah≥ alXz-tØmSpw i‡n-tbmSpw IqsS ho≠pw hcpw. Ah≥ bpK-ß-tfmfw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. Bizm-k-]-Z\pw kXymflmhp-amb ]cn-ip-≤m-flm--hnepw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Ahs\ Xs‚ Zmk--cpsS ta¬ h¿jn-°p-sa∂v ]hm-N-I∑m¿hgn ]h-Nn-®n-´p-≠v. Xs‚ injy-cpsS ta¬ Ab°p-sa∂v I¿ØmhvhmKvZm\w sNbvXn´p-ap-≠v. «ol-∑m-cpsS \S-]Sn km£n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mseAhs\ Ahn-Sp∂v Ab-®p. Cu hnizm-k-Øn¬ \n∂p hyXykvX-ambnhniz-kn-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h\v im]w... A≥ko-d-bnsea¿sk-√q-kv, ks_-√n-b-kv, kma-tkm- -°m-c≥ ]utemkv F∂n-h-cpsS Bi-b-ßƒ ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂-hcpw ]¶p-tN-cp∂ F√m-hcpw i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.”í

\mem-a-sXmcp hnizm-k-]-am-Whpw Cu kn\-Up-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØnAdn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.19 “k¿h-i-‡\pw ]nXmhpw F√m -h-kvXp-°-fp-sSbpwkjvSmhpw \n¿am-Xm-hp-amb GI-ssZ-h-Øn¬ Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.Ah-\n¬ \n-∂mWv BIm-i-Ønepw `qan-bnepw D≈ Hmtcm IpSpw-_hpwt]¿ hnfn-°s∏Sp∂-Xv. Xs‚ GI-Pm-X-\mb \ΩpsS I¿Ømthip-In-kvXphnepw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Ahn-Sp∂v F√m bpK-ßƒ°pw ap≥t]]nXm-hn¬ \n∂p P\n-®p. Ah≥ ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ ssZhhpw ]Im-i-Øn¬ \n-∂p≈ ]Im-ihpamWv. BIm-i-Ønepw qan-bn-ep-ap≈ Zriym-Zr-iy- h-kvXp-°-sf√mw Ah-\neqsS bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬ F-Øn-t®¿∂p.Ah≥ hN-\hpw hn⁄m-\hpw i‡nbpw Poh\pw kXy-]-Im-i-hp-am-Wv; Ah≥ \ap°pth≠n Ah-km-\- \m-fp-I-fn¬ a\p-jy-\m-bn, hnip≤I\y-I-bn¬ \n∂v P\n-®p. Ah≥ Iqin-°-s∏-´p, acn-®p, kwkv-°-cn-°-s∏-´p, aq∂mw Znhkw acn-®-h-cn¬ \n∂p-b¿Øp. kz¿K-Øn-te°v F-Sp-°-s∏-´p, ]nXm-hns‚ he-Øp- `m-K-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Poh-\p-≈-h-scbpw acn-®-h-scbpw hn[n-°m\pw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw ]hr-Øn°p X°-hÆw]Xn-êw \¬Im\pw bpKm-¥y-Øn¬ hcpw. Ahn-SpsØ `cWw Agn-hn-√m-ØXpw bpKß-tfmfw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. Imc-Ww, Ahn-Sp∂vCu bpK-Øn¬ amX-a-√, hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ bpK-Ønepw ]nXm-hns‚ he-Øp- m-KØv D]-hn-jvS-\m-bn-cn-°pw. Bizm-k-]-Z-\mb ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hnepw(hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p). F√m Imcy-ßfpw ]Tn-∏n-°m\pw A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°m-\pw, I¿Ømhv hmKvZm\w sNbvX-Xp-t]mse, Xm≥ kz¿K-Øn-te°v FSp-

°-s∏-´-tijw «ol--∑m-cpsS ta¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ Ab-®p. X∂n¬Bflm¿Y-ambn hniz-kn-°p∂ Bflm-°ƒ Ah≥ hgn ]hn-Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ‘]pX≥ C√m-bva-bn¬ \n-∂m-Wv, ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂-√, as‰mcpkØ-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv, Ah≥ C√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp kabw D≠m-bn-cp∂p’Fs∂ms° ]d-bp-∂-hsc ItØm-en-°m-k` A\y-cmbn Icp-Xp-∂p.”í

tXsh-kn¬ Bbn-cp∂ tIm¨Ã≥kv NI-h¿Øn°v Cu \memwhnizm-k-]-amWw FØn-®p-sIm-SpØp. kn\-Uns‚ HutZym-KnI hnizmk]amWw ImWn-°msX CXmWv NI-h¿Øn°p ka¿∏n-®-Xv. s\tdm-Wnbmbnse \¿No-kp-kv, I¬°-tZm-\n-bm-bnse amcn-kv, slcm-s¢-bm-bnse Xnb-tUm¿, Atc-Øq-km-bnse a¿t°m-kv F∂n-h-cmWv CXvtXsh-kn¬ (Kmƒ) FØn-®-Xv.20

Cu \mev hnizm-k-]-am-W-ßfpw tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkvíF∂ ]ZwDt]-£n-®p. Fhp-tk-_n-b≥ ]£-°m-cpsS ssZh-im-kvX-Nn-¥m-KXn C-h-bn¬ ]kv]-jvS-am-bn-cp-∂p. At¥ym-Iy-≥ kn\-Un¬ kw_-‘n-®-h-sc√mw \nJym-bv°v F-Xn-c√mbn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ AØ-\m-tkymkv ChscsX‰n-≤-cn®v X\n Bcnb-∑m-cmbn NnXo-I-cn®p; AXp-t]mse AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ a¿sk-√p-kns‚ ]£-°m-c-\mbn at‰Iq-ćpw NnXo-I-cn®p.21

km¿Zn-°m- kn-\Uv (342-/3)

km¿Zn-°mbn¬ h®v as‰mcp kn\-Up- Iq-Sn. C∂sØ _ƒtK-dn-bm-bnse tkm^n-bm-bpsS ]mNo\ \ma-amWv km¿Zn-°m. Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpap≈ saXm-∑m¿°v kuI-cy-]q¿hw ]s¶-Sp-°m-\mWv ]m›mXytdmamkmam-Py-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn \K-c-amb k¿Zn°m Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. Ing-°p-\n∂v 76 Fhp-tk-_n-b≥ saXm-∑m¿ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. ÿm\-`-jvS-cm-°-s∏´ AØ-\m-tkymk,v a¿sk-√pkv BZn-bm-b-hsc kn\-Un¬kw_-‘n-∏n-°-cp-sX∂v Ah¿ \n¿_‘w ]nSn-®p. ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬\n∂p≈ kwLsØ \bn-®Xv sIm¿tZm-_mbnse tlmkn-bkv Bbn-cp-∂p. Ccp-Iq-´¿°pw kzoIm-cy-amb Hssc-Iy-t^m¿ape D≠m-°m≥At±lw ian-s®-¶nepw km[n-®n-√. Ft¥m apS-¥≥ \ymbw ]d™vIu¨-kn-en¬ apgp-h\pw ]s¶-Sp-°msX ]uckvXy saXm-∑m¿ H∂-S¶w ÿewhn´p. AXn-\p-apºv Ah¿ H∂n-®p--IqSn temIw apgp-h-\p-ap≈saXm-∑m¿°pw sshZn-I¿°pw P\-ßƒ-°p-ambn Hcp NmInIteJ\wAb-®psImSp-Øp. AXns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KØv Hcp hnizm-k-]-amWwD≠v. AXv At¥ym-Iy-bnse \memw hnizm-k-]-amWw Xs∂-bm-Wv.AXn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂Xp Iqń-t®¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.22


22 23

“AXp-t]mse, aq∂p -ssZ-h-ßƒ Ds≠t∂m,ëIn-kvXp -ssZ-h-as√t∂m, bpK-ßƒ°p -apºv Ah≥ InkvXpthm ssZh-]p-Xt\mAs√t∂m, ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw ]cn -ip -≤m-flmhpw H-∂p- X-s∂-bmsWt∂m, ]pX≥ P\n-®-h-\s√t∂m, ]nXmhv Xs‚ C—-bmtem, sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-\mtem ]pXs\ P\n-∏n-®ns√t∂m ]d-bp-∂-hsc ItØm-en-°m-k` i]n-°p-∂p. ”

]uckvXy saXm-∑m¿ A-b® k¿-°p-e¿ teJ-\-Øns‚ qcn- m-KhpwAØ-\m-tkym-kn\pw a¿sk-√p-kn-\p-sa-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ahsc kn\-Un¬]s¶-Sp-∏n-°p-Ibpw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX tlmkn-bkv, Pqen-bkvF∂n-hsc k`m- -jvS-cm-°n-b-tijw Ah¿ ÿew hn´p. tijn-®-h-sc√mwH∂n-®p-IqSn AØ-\m-tkym-kv, a¿sk-√p-kv, Kmkm-bnse Akvs¢-]mkvF∂n-hsc ]p\x-]-Xn-jvTn®p. ]uc-kvXycpw Bcn-b≥ ]£-°m-cp-ambIptd saXm-∑m-cpsS ]ńI D≠m°n Ahsc ÿm\-`-jvS-cm-°n. tlmkn-bkpw km¿Zn-°m-bnse s]mtØm-sP-s\-kpw- IqSn Hcp hnizm-k-]-amWwD≠m-°n. km¿Zn-°m-bnse ]m›m-Xy-hn-izm-k-]-amWwí F∂v CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.23

\o≠-hn-izm-k-]-am-Ww

Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏´ as‰mcp hnizm-k-]-am-W-amWv\o≠- hn-izm-k-]-amWwí(F-IvsX-knkv amtIm-kvXn-t°m-kv).24 \mev]uc-kvXysaXm-∑m¿- Cu hnizm-k-]-amWw 345- ¬ anem-\n-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw ]uckvXy ho-£Ww ]m›mXy saXm-∑m¿°pw tIm¨Ã≥kv NI-h¿Øn°pw hnh-cn-®p -sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. km¿Zn-°m-bnse ]uckvXy hnizm-k-]-am-W-am-bn-cp-∂n-Xv. AXm-bXv At¥ym-Iy-bnse \memw hnizm-k]amWw. AtXm-Sp-IqsS thsd Iptd im]-ßfpw tN¿Øv hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]m›m-Xy-sa-Xm-∑m¿AXv kzoI-cn-°m≥ XZ-h-kcw k∂-≤-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√. kn¿anbw saXm≥s^mØo-\p-kns\ AhnsS IqSn-b-hcpsS kn\Uv apS-°n.25

kn¿anbw kn\Uv

H∂mw kn¿anbw kn\Uv (347/9) ÿesØ saXm-\mb s^mØo-\p-kns\ apS-°n. ]uckvXy saXm-∑m¿ amXw ]s¶-Sp-Ø c≠mw kn¿an-bw kn\-Uv (351/2) Hcp hnizmk-]-amWw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. kn¿an-bsØH∂mw hnizm-k-]-amWw F∂v CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. At¥ym-Iy-bnse\memw hnizm-k-]-am-Whpw 26 im]-ßfpw tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-Xv. s^mØo-\p-kns\ Hcn-°¬ IqSn apS-°n.26

anem≥ kn\-Uv (355)

Bƒkn¬ Iq-Snb kn\Uv (353-) AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ ho≠pwapS°n.27 ent_-cn-bqkv ]m∏m CXw-Ko-I-cn-®n-√. as‰mcp kn\-Up-IqSn]iv\-ßƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa∂v At±lw tIm¨Ãm≥kyq-kv NI-h¿Øn-tbmSv A`y¿∞n-®p. AX-\p-k-cn® 355-˛¬ anem-\n¬ Hcp kn\UvIq-Sn.28 sh¿sN-≈n-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv (+371) ]m›m-Xy-kw-L-Øns‚t\Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. a‰v N¿®-Iƒs°√mw ap≥t] \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-am-W-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw H∏p-h-bv°-W-sa∂v At±lw \njvI¿jn-®p. aq¿km-bnse hmse≥kv CXns\ i‡n-bmbn FXn¿Øp. henb X¿°-am-bn.C°m-e-ØmWv hn.-ln-ecn (+367) \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-am-W-sØ-∏‰n t\-cn´va\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse \nJym-bpsS h‡m-hmbn amcn-bpkvhnIvsXm-do-\pkpw cwK-Øp-h-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v \nJym-hn-izmkw Xs∂anem≥ kn\Uv AwKo-I-cn®p. F∂m¬ AXns‚ e-ambn lne-cn, ent_-cn-bp-kv, tlmkn-b-kv F∂n-h¿ \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´p. AØ-\m-tkymkv Hfn-t®m-Sn-t∏m-bn.29

aq∂mw kn¿anbw kn\Uv (357)

CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h-cn¬ an°-hcpw ]m›mXy-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿Xøm-dm-°nb hnizm-k-]-amWw F√m-h¿°pw Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.ÿesØ saXm≥ P¿ao-\n-bp-kv, kn≥Pn-Zq-Wp-an-se (-s_¬tK-Uv)D¿km-Nn-bqkv, aq¿km-bnse hmse≥kv F∂n-h¿ CXn¬ ][m\ ]¶p-h-ln-®p. Ah-km-\w ]d™-h¿ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Cu hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w ssZh-Øns‚ GIXzw hfscXd-∏n®v ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. tlmtam-D-kn-tbm-kv, tlmtambvDkn-tbmkvíF∂o]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-√. InkvXp-hns‚ ssZhXzw IrXy-ambn hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. ]pXs‚ P\\w IrXy-ambn hnh-cn-°m-™-Xn-\m¬, hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb hymJym-\-ßƒ°v CXvhgn-sX-fn-°pw. AXp-sIm≠v CXn\v kn¿an-b-Ønse ssZh-Zq-jWw F∂vlnecn t]cn´p. Bcn-b-\nkw t\cn´v ]kw-Kn-°msX AXn-s\bpw hf-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn® Hcp t^m¿ap-e-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. F∂m¬ \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw A\p-k-cn-®-h¿°v Cu Ah-Imiw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p-an-√.\nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw Xs∂ sX‰v AYhm ]mj-WvU-X-bmWv F∂Nn¥m-KXn ]cs° hf¿Øm≥ CXp klm-bn-®p. kmam-Py-Øns‚ Hc‰wapX¬ at‰-b‰w hsc Cu t^m¿ape ]kn≤-s∏-Sp-Øn.30

a‰p kn\-Up-Iƒ

A≥ko-d-bnse t_kn-ens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 358- ¬ Hcp tbmKw IqSn


24 25

as‰mcp t^m¿ape D≠m-°m≥ iaw \S-∂p. kn¿an-b-Ønse aq∂mw hnizm-k-]-amWw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp t^m¿ape D≠m-°m≥tIm¨Ãm≥kyqkv NI-h¿Ønbpw kΩ-Xn-®p.31 359-˛¬ kn¿an-b-Øp-Iq-Snb k_vIΩ‰n NI-h¿Øn-bpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Hcp t^m¿apeXbm-dm-°n, dnan-\n-bnepw skeq-jy-bnepw IqSm≥ t]mIp∂ kn\-Up-Iƒ°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. \memw kn¿an-b≥ hnizm-k-]-amWw F∂vCXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.32 Atc-Øp-km-bnse a¿t°m-kmWv CXns‚ Ah-km\ Um v‰v Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. dnan-\n-bn¬ IqSn-b-h¿ \nJym-kq-\-l-tZmkvAwKo-I-cn-®p.33 skeq-jy-bn¬ IqSn-b-h¿ At¥ym-Iy-bnse c≠mw hnizm-k-]-amWw HutZym-Kn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®p.34 F∂m¬ Hcp hn`mKw CXvAwKo-I-cn-°msX kn¿an-b-Ønse \memw hnizm-k-]-amWw kzoIcn-®p.hnhn[ hn`m-K-°msc tbmPn-∏n-°m≥ 360-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬Hcp kn\-Up-Iq-Sn.35 Ah¿ Hcp hnizm-k-]-amWw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. CXn\papºp≈ F√m t^m¿ap-e-Ifpw X≈n-°-f-™p. `mhn-bn¬ H∂v D≠m-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂v I¿i-\-ambn hne-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. temIw apgp-h-\p-ap≈ saXm-∑m¿°v CXv Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

XpS¿∂p≈ Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ Bcn-b-\nkw kmh-[m\w AkvX-an-°m≥ XpS-ßn. 381-˛se tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-tUm-Sp-IqSn ho≠pw\nJym-hn-izm-k-]-am-W-Øn-te°v k` XncnsI h∂p.36 I∏-tUm-jy≥]nXm-°-∑m¿ CXn¬ kmc-h-Ømb ]¶p-h-ln-®p.

Ahm-¥-c- hn-`m-K-ßƒ

Bcn-b≥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ aq∂v Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. (1) At\m-a-b¿ (A-t\m-sam-bvtbm-kv): ]nXmhpw ]pX\pwXΩn¬ kmayan√, -hy-Xym-k-ta-bp≈p F∂v Ch¿ ]Tn-∏n-®p. GkyqkpwFhp-tWm-an-bkp-amWv Ch-cpsS t\Xm-°-∑m¿. (2) slmsam-b¿ (slm-sam-bv-Hm-kv). hnip-≤- K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]pX\v ]nXm-hp-ambn kmay-ap≠v F∂p ]Tn-∏n-®p. ssZh-imkvX t^m¿ap-e-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ C°q- ¿ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. tIk-dn-bm-bnse AIm-Nn-bqkv Bbn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS t\Xm-hv. (3) slmsam-bv-D-kn-b¿ (skan- -B-cy¿): slmsam-bv-D-kn-tbmkv F∂ ]Zw Ch¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw XΩn¬kmayhpw hyXym-k-hp-ap≠v F∂v Ah¿ ]Tn-∏n-®p. A≥ko-d-bnset_kn¬, tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse amkn-tUm-Wn-bp-kv, eh-Zo-Iy-bnsetPm¿Pv, sk_-kvsX-bnse Fhp-kvXm-tXym-kv, knkn-°q-knse Fse-hp-kn-tbmkv F∂n-h¿ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ B-ZysØIq´¿ amX-amWv Bcy≥ ]mj-WvUn-Iƒ. \nJym-bpsS tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkv

F∂ ]Z-]-tbmKw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Chsc√mw Ad-®p-\n-∂p. F∂m¬381˛HmSp-IqSn F√m-hcpw Xs∂ \nJym hnizm-k-]-am-W-Øn-te°v XncnsIh∂p.

325˛\qw 381˛\pw CSbv°p IqSnb kn\-Up-Iƒ

h¿jw ÿew Dt±iyw

325 At¥ymIy Bcn-b-kn-s\-Xnsc

325 \nJym Bcn-b-kn-s\-Xnsc

328 Ae-Ivkm-≠nb AØ-\m-tkym-kn-\pth≠n

330 At¥ymIy H-kvXm-tXym-kn-s\-Xnsc

335 Sb¿ AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-Xnsc

335 Pdp-ktew AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-Xnsc

335 tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ a¿sk-√p-kn-s\-Xnsc

338 tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Fhp-tk-_n-b-cpsS tbmKw

338 Ae-Ivkm≠nb AØ-\m-tkym-kn-\pth≠n

339 At¥ymIy AØ-\m-tkym-kn-\pth≠n

340 tdma AØ-\m-tkym-kn-\pth≠n

341 At¥ymIy \mev t^m¿ap-e-Iƒ

342/3 km¿Zn°m Fhp-tk-_n-b¿s°-Xnsc

344 At¥ymIy ÿesØ Ão^-s\-Xnsc

345 anem≥ s^mØo-\p-kn-s\-Xnsc

347 anem≥ s^mØo-\p-kn-s\-Xnsc

347/9 kn¿an-bw (1) s^mØo-\p-kn-s\-Xnsc

351/2 kn¿an-bw (2) H∂mw t^m¿ape

353 Bƒkv AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-Xnsc

355 anem≥ \nJym-bv°p-th≠n

357 kn¿an-bw (3) c≠mw t^m¿ap-e-: ssZh-Zq-jWw

358 A≥kod kn¿-anbw aq∂mw- t^m¿ape

358 At¥ymIy At\m-a-b-cpsS tbmKw


26 27

A[ymbw 2

Bcn-bkv (256-˛336)

en_n-bm-°mc-\mb Bcn-bkv eqkn-bs‚ At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mT-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ssZh-im-kvX-]-cn-io-e\w t\Sn; XpS¿∂v Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ F-Øn, Uo°\pw sshZn-I-\p-am-bn-Øo-¿∂p. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ _uIm-en-knse CS-h-I-bpsS Npa-Xe Abmƒ°p e`n-®p. Abmƒ 318-˛HmSpIqSn Hcp ]pXnb Nn¥m-coXn P\-ß-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ ian-®p. Bcn-b-\nkw F∂dn-bs∏Sp∂ Abm-fpsS A_-≤kn≤m¥w k`- apgp-h≥ tImfn-f-°ap≠m-°n.

Abmsf∏-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv A°m-esØ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pwk`-bnse a‰v Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ \n-∂p-amWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Abm-fpsS IrXn-I-fpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p. Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnseAe-Ivkm-≠¿ (+328), tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv (+339), hn.A-Ø-\m-tkym-kv (+373), hn.ln-e-cn (+367), I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m¿,hn.-Ptdmw (+420), hn.-F-∏n-^m-\n-b-kv (+403), tIk-dn-bm-bnse Pem-kn-bqkv (+395), dpô-\kv (+410), ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bqkv (+439), skmIm-´-kv (+450), skmtkm-sa≥ (5˛mw \q.), Xnb-sUm-sd‰v (+466), knkn-°q-knse Pem-kn-bqkv (5˛mw \q.) kqƒ]o-Nnbqkv skth-cq-kv (+420) F∂n-h¿ Bcn-b-kn-s\bpw Bcn-b-\n-k-sØbpw ]‰n N¿®- sN-bvX-h-cm-Wv.

]nXmhpw ]pX\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Bcn-b-kn\v sX‰p-]-‰n: “ssZhXzw krjvSn-b-√m-ØXpw P\n-°m-ØXpamWv.”AXn¬ \n∂v Abmƒ sX‰-mb A\p-am-\-Øn-se-Øn. “hN-\-amb ssZh-]p-X≥ P\n-®-h-\m-I-bm¬, bYm¿Y-Øn¬ ssZh-a-√. Ah≥ Hcp krjvSn-bmWv (IvXnkvam); \n¿an-°-s∏-´-h-\mWv (s]mbvtbam). Ah≥ ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-Iƒs°√mw apº-\m-Wv. a‰p krjvSn-I-sf-t∏mse Ah\pwC√m-bva-bn¬ \n∂v Df-hm-b-Xm-Wv. Ah≥ ssZhn-I-k-Ø-bn¬ \n-∂√.

h¿jw ÿew Dt±iyw

358 anem≥ AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-Xnsc

359 kn¿an-bw (4) \memw t^m¿ape

359 dnan\n \nJymbv°pth≠n

359 skeqjym At¥ym-Iy≥ \memw t^m¿ape

360 tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ slmsam-b≥ kn\Uv

362 At¥ymIy Bcy≥ kn\Uv

362 Ae-Ivkm-≠nb \nJym-bv°p-th≠n

362 tkem tlmsam-b≥ kn\Uv

363 At¥ymIy \nJym-bv°p-th≠n

366 Ae-Ivkm≠nb \nJym-bv°p-th≠n

366 \ns°m-ta-Znbm Bcnb≥ kn\Uv

367 Xnbm\m tlmsam-D-kn-b≥ kn\Uv

375 A≥kod Bcn-b≥ kn\Uv

379 At¥ymIy Bcnb¿s°-Xnsc

381 tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ c≠mw km¿h-XnI kn\Uv

\nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw

28 29

klmbw tXSn. \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv (+341)- klm-b-Øn-s\-Øn. XZv^-e-ambn, CuPn-]vXn¬ amXw HXp-ßn-\n∂ Bcn-b≥]iv\w Hcp km¿h-XnI ]iv\am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Cu ]mj-WvUXAh-km-\n-∏n-°m-\mWv tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ NIh¿Øn 325- ¬ \nJym-bn¬kq\-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-ń-bXpw Ahn-sS -h®v Bcn-bkns\ k`m-`-jvS-\m-°nbXpw \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw tImUo-I-cn-®Xpw.

tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ kn\-Un-\p-tijw Bcn-b-kns\ C√n-cn-°w ]tZ-i-tØ°v \mSp-I-S-Øn. Abmƒ 328 hsc AhnsS Ign-™p. Sb-dnepwPdp-k-te-anepw IqSnb kn\-Up-Iƒ (335) Abmsf k`-bn-te°v XncnsIFSp-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. F∂m¬ \n›n-X-Zn-h-k-Øns‚ Xte-∂mƒ (336-˛¬) tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Hcp hgn-tbm-cØp h®v Abmƒ s]s´∂vacn-®p.

Abmƒ°v [mcmfw kvt\ln-X-∑mcp-≠m-bn-cp∂p: \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, \nJym-bnse sXtbm-·nkv, eh-Zo-Iy-bnse sXb-tUm-´-kv, s\tdm-Wn-bmbnse \¿No-kp-kv, tIkdn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, jntØm-s∏m-fo-knse ]sXm- n-eq-kv, I¬°-tZm-\n-b-mbnse amcn-kv, _do-Øp-knse KntKm-dn-tbm-kv, en±m-bnse Gkyq-kv, Sb-dnse ]ufo-\p-kv, A\-k¿_m-bnse AØ-\m-tkym-kv, X¿tkm-knse At¥m-Wn-bpkv BZn-bm-b-h¿ Ah-cn¬ ]ap-J-cmWv. Ah-cmWv Bcn-b-\n-ksØHcp FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ ]iv\-am°n am‰n-b-Xv.

IrXn-Iƒ

1.- \n-s°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn\v Fgp-Xnb IØv

Ae-Ivkm≠¿ 318- ¬ Bcn-b-kns\ ÿm\- -jvS-\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv. F∏n- m-\n-bkv ]\m-cn-tbm≥íF∂ IrXn-bnepw (69.6) Xnb-sUm-sd‰v Xs‚ k`m-N-cnXØnepw (1,5,1-˛4) CXp-≤-cn-°p-∂p. Chbv°p]pdsa c≠v eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw e`-n®n-´p-≠v. Ae-Ivkm≠¿Xßsf ]oUn-∏n-°p-s∂-∂pw At\Iw IjvS-X-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-cm-°p-s∂∂pw ]kvXpX IØn¬ Bcn-bkv Bh-em-Xn-s∏-Sp-∂p:

“kXy-hn-izm-knbpw ssZh-Øns‚ hnizkvX a\p-jy\pw G‰hpw]nb-s∏´ saXm-\p-amb Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn\v: ]cn-N -sIm-s≠-∂-t]mse\obpw Im°p-∂Xpw F√m-‰n-s\bpw P-bn-°p-∂-Xp-amb kXy-hn-izm-k-sØ-]Xn Ae-Iv-km-≠¿ ]m-∏m-bm¬ \oXn-c-ln-X-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Bcn-bkv, I¿Øm-hn¬ Biw-k-Iƒ Ab°p-∂p.í

Fs‚ ]nXmhv AtΩm-Wmkv \nt°m-ta-Zn-bm-bn-te°v t]mb-t∏mƒ

Ah≥ kØm-]-c-ambn ]nXm-hn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-\m-Wv. Ah≥ c≠mwssZh-am-Wv. ssZh-]p-X-\n-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp ka-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kØm-]-c-am-bn-´-√, Be-¶m-cn-Im¿-Y-Øn¬ amX-amWv Ah≥ ssZh]pX≥F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ssZhw F∂ ]Zw Ah-\n-¬ B-tcm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp icn-bm-bn-´√; GI-kXyssZhw Ahs\ ]pX-\mbn kzoI-cn-®p.ZsØ-Sp-°¬hgn ssZhn-I-k-Ø-bn¬ ]pX\v `mK-`m-Kn-Xzw In´p∂n√;ssZh-Øn\p Xpey-\m-cp-an-√. ssZh-Øn\pw temI-Øn-\p-an-S-bv°p≈ a[y-ÿm-\-amWv Ah-\p-≈Xv. krjvSn-bpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ ssZhw Ahs\krjvSn-®p. Ah≥ krjvSn-I¿a-Øn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ D]-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ]pXs‚ BZykrjvSn-bm-Wv. hN-\tØ-°mƒ XmW-\n-e-bn-emWv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ÿm\w”F∂p t]mIp∂p Bcn-b-kns‚Nn¥m-[m-c.

Cu hgn-]n-g® Nn¥, ssZh-im-kvX -dm-j-W-en-k-Øns‚ k¥-Xn-bm-Wv. D]-cn-π-h -Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°msc Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ CXv ]cym-]vXam-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ssIkvXh hnizm-k-Øns‚ Xmbvth-cv Ad-°p-∂-XmWv CsX∂p I≠v k`m-]n-Xm-°∑m¿ CXns\ FXn¿Øp. s\tbm-π-t‰m-WnIvíNn¥m-[mc h®p-]p-e¿Øn-b-h¿°v CXv kzoIm-cy-am-bn- tXm-∂n.AKm-ly-amb ssZhn-I-k-Øbpw ssZh-Xz-Ønse B¥-cn-I-Po-hn-Xhpwhy‡-am-°m≥ Cu kt_m¿Un-t\-j≥ Nn¥- k-lm-bn°psa∂-v Ah¿Icp-Xn.37 ks_-√n-bpkv F∂ en_n-bm-°m-c≥ ]Tn-∏n® kt_m¿Un-t\-j-\nkØns‚ h‡m-°ƒ°pw saeo-jy≥ ioivabn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cp-∂-h¿°pw38 Bcn-bkns\ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂p. Bcn-bkvIptd-\mƒ Hcp saeo-jy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse, At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ eqkn-bs‚ injy-K-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cp∂ ]ecpw Bcn-b-kns\ ]n¥m-ßn.sIm≈q-jy-\n-Ãp-Iƒ F∂-dn -b-s∏-ń -cp∂ C°q-´¿ Bcn-bkns‚h‡m°-fmbn amdn.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ XpS-ßn-b Bcn-b-\nkw CuPn-]v‰n¬ amXwHXp-ßn-\n∂ Hcp sNdnb ]iv\-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw, hf-sc-thKw ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-sf-sbms° ]nSn-®p-Ip-ep-°n. Bcn-bkv ]Tn∏n-®Xp ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p -hn-cp-≤-am-sW∂v ]nXm-°-∑m¿ hn[n-sb-gp-Xn. Cu A_-≤m- n-]mbwX≈n-°-f-b-W-sa∂v Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse saXm≥ Ae-Ivkm≠¿ Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

Ae-Ivkm≠¿ saXm≥ 318-˛¬ \qtdmfw saXm-∑m-cpsS Hcp kn\Uvhnfn-®pIqń, Bcn-bkns\ k`m-`-jvS-\m-°n. F∂m¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠dn¬Abmƒ ks_-√n-b-\nkw Btcm-]n®p F∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AbmƒAt¥ym-Iy-bn-ep≈ Xs‚ kvt\ln-X-cpsSbpw kl-]m-Tn-I-fp-sSbpw

Bcn-bkv Bcn-bkv

30 31

bn¬ \n-∂mWv F∂v Rßƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xn-\m-ep-atX! Ah≥ ssZh-Øns‚`mK-a√; GsX-¶nepw Xmgv∂- k-Ø-bn¬ \n-∂p-a√ F∂-Xn-\m-emWvRßƒ CXp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CXp-sIm-≠mWv Rßƒ ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tij-ap-≈Xp \n\-°-dn-bm-at√m! I¿Øm-hn¬ A`n-hm-Zy-ßƒ! eqkn-bs‚ Hcp klin-jy-s\∂ \ne-bn-epw, \ns‚ \maw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse bYm¿-YØn-ep≈ `‡-\mb hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn-epw, Rß-fpsSIjvS-X-Iƒ Hm¿°p-a-t√m.”39

2.-A-e-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnse Ae-Ivkm-WvU-dn\v Fgp-Xnb IØv:

\ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bn¬ \n∂v 310-˛¬ F-gp-Xn-b-XmWv Cu IØv. AØ-\m-tkymkpw (dnan-\n, skeq-jy- kn-\-Up-I-sf-∏‰n, 16) F∏n-^m-\n-bkpw(]m-j.69,7˛8) ln-e-cnbpw (Xn-Xzw, 4,12-˛13;6,5-˛6) CXv D≤-cn-°p-∂p: “Rß-fpsS `mKy-hm-\mb ]m-∏mbpw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse saXm-\p-amb Ae-Ivkm≠¿°v s]kv_n-‰¿amcpw Uo°∑mcpw IqSn I¿Øm-hn¬ A`n-hm-Z-\-ßƒ Ab-°p-∂p.í

\ΩpsS ]q¿h-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw `mKy-hm-\mb ]m-∏-mbmbAßn¬ \n∂pw Rßƒ ]Tn® hnizmkw CXm-Ip∂p: Rßƒ GI-ssZ-hsØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Ah≥ amXw P∑-hn-lo-\-\pw \nXy-\pw Bcw-`-ln-X-\pw kXy-hm\pw Aa¿Xy-\pw _p≤n-am-\pw \√-h-\pw k¿h-\m-Y-\pw \ymbm-[n-]-\pw c-Wm-[n-]-\pw F√m-‰n-t‚bpw c-W-I¿Ømhpw hyXn-bm-\- c-ln-X-\pw am‰-an-√m-Ø-h-\pw \oXn-am-\pw \∑ Xs∂-bm-b-h-\pw\nb-a-Øn-s‚bpw ]hm-N-I-∑mcp-sSbpw ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn-s‚bpwssZhhpw BIp-∂p. \nXy-Xbv°p ap≥t] ]nXmhv Htc-I-Pm-Xs\ P\n-∏n-®p. Ah-\n-eqsS Ahn-Sp∂p ]]©-tØbpw bpK-ß-tfbpw \n¿an®p:kmZr-iy-Øn-e-√, kXy-ambpw Ahn-Sp∂v Ahs\ P\n-∏n-®p. am‰w IqSm-sXbpw hy-Xn-bm\w Iq-Sm-sXbpw Xs‚ C—m-\p-k-cWw Bbn-cn-°p∂Xn\vAhs\ Ahn-Sp∂v \n¿an-®p. Ah≥ ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-I-fn¬ ]q¿W-\m-Wv, F∂m¬ krjvSn-I-fn¬ H∂pt]mse-b-√. Ah≥ k¥-Xn-bmWv;F∂m¬ D◊-bn-te°p h∂ hkvXp-°-fn¬ H∂pt]m-se-b-√. he‚o-\kv]Tn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse ]nXm-hns‚ k¥Xn Hcp _ln¿K-a-\-hkvXp A√.As√-¶n¬ am\n- ]Tn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse Cu k¥Xn ]nXm-hns‚ Hcp `mKtamka-k-Øtbm (tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkv) A√; ks_-√n-bkv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw tamWmUv hn`-Pn-®-Xp-a√; lnsb-cm-°kv]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Hcp Pzme-bn¬\n∂v as‰m-∂√; Hcp hnf-°ns‚ Zo]wc≠m-Ip-∂-Xp -t]m-se-bp-a√; t\csØ ÿnXn sNbvXn-cp-∂-h≥ ]n∂oSv]pX-\mbn P\n-®-tXm, ho≠pw krjvSn-°-s∏-´sXm A√. `mKy-hm-\mb

Ah≥ hgn \n\-s°-gp-Xp-∂-Xpw ssZh-Øn\pw Xs‚ InkvXp-hn\pw-th≠n ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcmSp \o ImWn-°p∂ kl-P-amb kvt\lhpw Zbm-a-kr-W-amb coXn-Ifpw A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂Xpw DNn-Xhpw Fs‚ henbI¿Ø-hy-hp-ambn F\n°p tXm∂n. Rßsf kw_-‘n®v saXm≥ henbH®-∏m-Sp-≠m-°p-I-bpw Rßsf hf-sc-b-[nIw ]oUn-∏n-°p-IbpwRßƒs°-Xn-sc h¿Øn-°pIbpw sNøp∂p F∂v \nt∂mSp ]d-bm≥Rm≥ BK-ln-°p-∂p. \nco-iz-c-∑m-sc- t]mse At±lw Rßsf \K-c-Øn\p ]pd-Øm°n; At±lw ]c-ky-ambn ]kw-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-X-I-tfmSv Rßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂n√ F∂-XmWv Imc-Ww. At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-amWv: ssZhw Ft∏mgpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p; ]nXmhpw ]pX\pwH∂n®v ÿnXn- sN-øp-∂p. ssZh-tØm-Sp-Iq-sS-bmWv P\n-°mØ ]pXs‚AkvXnXzw; P\n-®-h-\m-sW-¶nepw Ah≥ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-´-h-\-√. Nn¥-sImt≠m as‰s-¥-¶n-epw -sImt≠m ]nXmhv ]pX-t\-°mƒ apº√; ssZhwFt∏mgpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p; ]pX≥ ]nXm-hn¬ \n-∂p- X-s∂-bm-Wv.í

\ns‚ ktlm-Z-c-\mb tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, sXb-tUm-´-kv, ]ufo-\q-kv, AØ-\m-tkym-kv, KntKmdn-tbm-kv, Gkyqkv XpSßnIng-°p≈ saXm-∑m-sc√mw apS-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. Imc-Ww, ]pX\p aptºBcw`w Iq-SmsX ]nXm-hn\v AkvXnXzaps≠∂v Ahsc√m-hcpw ]d-™p.]mj-WvUcpw A⁄-cp-amb ^nsem-tKm-Wn-bq-kv, sl√m-\n-°q-kv, a°m-cn-bqkv F∂n-h-scm-gn®v F√m-hcpw Cß-s\-bmWv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]pX≥Hcp ]hm-l-am-sW∂v (effusion) Hcmfpw \n¿Ka\w BsW∂v (emis-

sion) as‰m-cmfpw P\n-®-h-\-s√∂v (unbegotten) thsdm-cmfpw ]d-bp-∂p.í

]mj-WvUn-Iƒ Hcm-bncw ]oU-\w -sIm≠v \sΩ òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmepw \ap-°n-sXm∂pw i≤n-°m≥ km[n-°-bn-√. F∂m¬ F¥mWv\mw ]d-bp-∂-Xpw hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xpw ]Tn-∏n-®-Xpw Ct∏mgpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw? ]pX≥ P\n-®-h-\mWv; Ah≥ P\n-°m-Ø-hs‚ `mK-a-√, Ah≥Xmgv∂ kØ-bn¬ \n∂√. ]ns∂-tbm, ]nXm-hns‚ Xs∂ Xncp-a-\-kn-\mepw Xncp-hn-jvS-Ømepw Ah≥ ka-b-ßƒ°pw bpK-ßƒ°pw apºvIr]bpw kXyhpw \nd™ ssZh-ambpw GI-Pm-X-\mbpw am‰-an-√mØ-h-\mbpw ÿnXn-sN-bvXncp∂p.í

krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw P\n-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw\n¿W-bn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v Ah-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah≥P\-\-hn-lo-\-\-√, ]pX\v Hcm-cw`w D≠v; F∂m¬ ssZhw Bcw-`-c-ln-X-\mWv F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn-\mWv Rßƒ ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Rß-fpsS]oU-\-Øns‚ bYm¿Y- Im-cWw CXmWv: AXp-t]mse Ah≥ C√m-bva-

Bcn-bkv Bcn-bkv

32 33

tkym-kv, dnan-\n, skeqjy kn\-Up-I-sf-∏-‰n, 15): “...At∏mƒ, ssZhw-,Xs‚ Xs∂ kz`m-h-Øn¬ k¿h-a-\p-jy-tc-°mfpw D]-cn-ÿ-\m-Wv. ka-\m-tbm, Xpey-\m-tbm, Xt∂m-Sp-IqsS al-Xz-Øn¬ H∂m-bn-cn-°p-∂-h-\mtbm X\n-°p -amXw Bcp-an-√. kz`m-h-Øm¬ P\n-®-h≥ aqew Ahs\\mw P\-\-ho-lo-\≥ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. Bcw-`-ap≈h≥ aqew Ahs\\mw Bcw-`-c-ln-X≥ F∂p ]Io¿Øn-°p-∂p. Ime-Øn¬ D≠m-b-h≥aqew Ahs\ F∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h-\mbn \mw Bcm-[n-°p-∂p. Bcw`-c-ln-X≥, D¤-hn® hkvXp-°ƒ°p-ap≥]v ]pX\v Hcm-cw`w D≠m°n;ZsØ-Sp-°¬hgn Ahs\ Ah≥ Xt∂mSp tN¿Øp ]pX-\m-°n. kØm-]-c-ambn (IØv lypt∏m-kvX-kn≥) ssZh-Øn-\p≈ ]tXy-I-sfm∂pwAh-\n-√. Imc-Ww, Ah≥ Ah\v Xpey-\√; Hcn-°-ep-a-√, ka-k-Ø-bp-a√ (tlm-tam-D-kn-tbm-kv). ssZhw hn⁄m-\n-bmWv; Imc-Ww, hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]t_m-[-I-\m-W-h≥.

ssZhw kakvX krjvSn-Iƒ°pw-˛-]p-X\pw Ah-\n-eqsS krjvSn-°-s∏-´-h-bv°pw-˛-A-Zr-iy-\m-Wv F∂-Xn\v [mcmfw sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v.]pX≥hgn AZr-iys\ Fßs\ Z¿in°mw F∂p Rm≥ hy‡-am-°mw.ssZhw ImWp∂ i‡n-sIm-≠pw, A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´-X-\p-k-cn-®v Xs‚ Ign-hn-\-\p-k-cn-®pw, ]pX≥ ]nXm-hns\ Z¿in-°p-∂p. Hcp XnXz-ap-≠v.F∂m¬ Htc Xc-Øn-ep≈ al-Xz-a-√. Ah--cpsS lypt∏m-kvX-knkv XΩn¬IqSn-°-e-cp-∂n-√. H∂v as‰m-∂n-s\--°mƒ A\-¥-ambn al-Xz-Øn¬ al-\o-b-a-tX. k-Ø-bn¬ ]pX-\n¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-\mWv ]nXmhv; ImcWwAhn-Sp∂v Bcw-`-c-ln-X-\m-Wv.

samWmUv D≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v a\- n-em-°pI. AkvXn-Xz-Øn-te°p hcp-∂-Xn\p apºv UnbmUv D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]pX≥ ssZhw A√m-Xn-cp-∂-t∏mgpw]nXmhv ssZh-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v CXn¬\n∂v DSs\ hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v ]pX≥ D◊-b√; (A-h≥ ]nXm-hns‚ C—-bm¬ ÿnXn-sN-bvX)GI-Pm-X-\mb ssZh-am-Wv. Ah≥ a‰-Xn¬ \n∂v A\y-\m-Wv. k¿h-⁄-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ CjvS-Øm¬ hn⁄m\w hnPvRm-\-ambn ÿnXn-sN-bvXp. AXn-\m¬ Ah≥ \nc-h[n Bi-b-ß-fm¬ k¶¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.Acq-]n, i‡n, hn⁄m-\w, ssZh-a-l-Xzw, kXyw, Omb, hN-\w. Ah≥]Im-ihpw Inc-W-hp-ambn k¶-ev]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p; ]pX\p Xpey\pw D]-cn-ÿ-\p-amb Bƒ P\n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-hp-‰-h-\m-Wv; F∂m¬ Ah≥ Iptd-°qSn tijvT\pw D∂-X\pw D]-cn-ÿ\pw Ign-hp-‰-h-\p-am-Wv. ]pX≥ F¥m-tWm, F¥m-bn-cn-°p-∂pthm, AXp ssZth-jvS-Øm-em-Wv. D≠m-b-t∏mƒapX¬ Ah≥ ssZh-Øn¬\n∂v AkvXnXzw kzoI-cn-®p.

Ah≥ i‡-\mb ssZh-am-I-bm¬ Xs‚ tijvTs\ kvXpXn-°p-

]m∏m, Cu A_-≤m-`n-]m-b-ßsf Aßp-Xs∂ k`-bnepw N¿®-I-fnepw]eXhW X≈n-°-f-™n-´p-≈-Xm-W-t√m. Rßƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv C]-Im-c-amWv: Ah≥ ssZh-Øns‚ CjvS-Øm¬ bp-K-ßƒ°pw Ime-ßƒ°pwap≥]v krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂p Poh\pw AkvXn-XzhpwalXzhpw ]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah≥ Xt∂m-Sp- IqsS -D≈h-bvs°√mw bYm¿Y-ambn AkvXnXzw \evIn. Ah\v kI-e-Øn-s‚bpwAh-Imiw sImSp-Ø-Xp-hgn P\-\-hn-lo-\-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ X\n-°p≈hsbm∂pw ]nXmhv \jvS-am-°n-bn√; ImcWw, Ah≥ kI-e-Øn-s‚bpw Dd-hn-S-am-Wv. aq∂v lyps∏m-Ã-sk-bnkv BWp-≈-Xv. kI-e-Øn-s‚bpw Imc-W-amb ssZhw Bcw-`-c-ln-X-\pw A\-\y-\p-am-Wv. F∂m¬]pX-\m-Is´ ka-b-ßƒ°p apºv ]nXm-hn¬\n∂p P\n-®-h-\pw krjvSn-°-s∏-´-h-\pw bpK-ßƒ°p-apºvv C√m-Xn-cp-∂-h-\p-a-tX. ka-b-ßƒ°pwF√m- h-kvXp-°ƒ°pw apºv P\n®v ]nXm-hn-\m¬ AkvXn-Xz-Øn-se-Øn-t®¿∂Xv Ah≥ amX-am-Wv. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ah≥ \nXy-\-√, ]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS P\-\-hn-lo-\t\m \nXyt\m A√. _‘-ß-sf-∏‰n Nne¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Ahs‚ AkvXnXzw ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSm-∏-a√; CØ-c-°m¿ P\-\-c-ln-X-cmb c≠p bmYm¿Yy-ß-sf-∏‰n kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. samWmUv BbssZhw F√m hkvXp-°ƒ°pw apº\pw F√m-‰n-s‚bpw Bcw-`-hp-am-Wv.AXp-sIm-≠v, Ahn-Sp∂v ]pX-s\-°mƒ apºp-≈-h-\m-Wv. k`-bn¬ Aß-bpsS ]kwK-Ønepw Rßƒ CXv tIń-´p-≈-Xm-W-t√m. Ahs‚ AkvXn-Xzhpw alXzpw Poh\pw ssZh-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv. F√mw Ah\p \evI-s∏-ń-cn-°-bp-am-Wv. Cu A¿-∞-Øn-emWv ssZhw Ahs‚ D¤-h-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ahs‚ ssZhhpw Ah\p apºp-≈-h\pw F∂ \nebv°v]nXmhv ]pX-s\-°mƒ D]-cn-ÿ-\m-Wv. Ah-\n¬\n∂v, DZ-c-Øn¬\n-∂v,Rm≥ ]nXm-hn¬\n∂p h∂p, Rm≥ hcp∂p F∂n-XymZn ]tbm-K-ßƒNne¿ a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv Ahs‚ ka-k-Ø-bmb Hcp mKw, Hcp _ln¿K-a\w Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ A¿Y--Øn-em-Wv. AX\pkcn®v, Ai-co-cn-bmb]nXm-hmb ssZhw k¶-e-\-hpw hn`-Pn-°m-hp-∂-h\pw hyXn-bm\ hnt[-b-\pw ùXn-I\pw ico-c-Øn\v kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-sems° kw`-hn-°p-∂-h-\p-a-tX.”40

3. Xmenb

\ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bn¬ h®mWv Xmenb (k-Zy) Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ D≤-c-Wn-I-fn-eqsSbmWv ][m-\-ambn Cu KŸsØ∏‰n \mwKln-°p-∂-Xv. GXm≠v ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬ Xs‚ ]mj-WvUX ]N-cn-∏n-°m-\mWv Bcn-bkv CsX-gp-Xn-bsX∂v ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bpkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p (k-`m. 2,2). KZyhpw ]Zyhpw IqSn-°-e¿∂-Xm-Im-an-Xv. (A-Ø-\m-

Bcn-bkv Bcn-bkv

34 35

skmIm-´kpw (k`m.1:5) skmtkm-a\pw (k-`.1.15.1-˛6) Bcnb-\n-k-sØ-∏‰n N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.45

skmtkm-as‚ km£yw

Bcn-b-\n-k-Øns‚ Bcw-`-sØ-∏‰n skmtkm-sa≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv D≤-cn°mw: 1. “Cu hn[-Ønepw a‰p ]e Xc-Ønepw InkvXp-aXw A`nhr≤n ]m]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. F¶nepw Nne X¿°-ßƒ aqewk`-I-fn¬ Ie°w D≠m-bn. `‡n-bpsS t]cn-epw ssZh-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈kºq¿W-amb Adnhp t\Sp∂p F∂ `mth-\bpw CXphsc ]cn-tim-[-\m-hn-j-b-am-Im-Xn-cp∂ Nne ]iv\-ßƒ N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-bn. Cu hmZ-]-Xn-hm-Z-ß-fpsS Imc-W-°m-c≥ Bcn-bkv Bbn-cp-∂p.

2. CuPn-]vXn¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Hcp s]kv_n-‰¿ Bbn-cp∂pBcn-b-kv. Xs‚ \ho-t\m-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ saeo-jy-kns‚ ]£w tN¿s∂-¶nepw kXy-Øn\p th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Xo£vW-a-Xn-bmb Hcm-fmbnAbmƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-´p. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Abmƒ saeo-jy-kns\ Dt]-£n-®p. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-≥ saXm≥ ]tXmkv Abmƒ°p Uo°≥]´w\¬In. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv ]tXmkv, saeo-jy-kns\ k`m- -jvS-\m-°p-IbpwAbm-fpsS amtam-Znkm \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ Bcn-bkv \n»-_vZX ]men-°msX ]tXm-kns‚ \S-]-Snsb Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ Bcn-bkns\ ]tXmkv k`-bn¬ \n∂v _ln-jv°-cn-®p. ]tXm-kns‚ c‡-km-£n-Xz-Øn-\p- tijw A°n-s√-kn-t\mSv Bcn-bkv am∏n-c-∂p; Hcp Uo°-\mbn XpS-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®p; ]n∂oSv s]kv_n-‰-dmbnDb¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw Ae-Ivkm-WvUdpw Abmsfhf-sc-b-[nIw _lp-am-\n-®p.

3. Xm¿°n-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Bcn-bqkv A¿Y-iq-\y-amb hmZ-]-Xn-hm-Z-ß-fn-te°p FSp-Øp-Nm-Sn. apsºm-cp-Ø\pw ]d-bm≥ apXn-cm-Xn-cp∂ kwK-Xn-I-sfms° k`-bn¬ ]kw-Kn-°m≥ ss[cyw ImWn-®p: C√m-bva-bn¬\n∂mWp ssZh-]p-X≥ D≠m-b-Xv. Ah≥ C√m-Xn-cp∂ kabw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p, kzX-¥-_p≤n D≈-Xn-\m¬ \∑bv°pw Xn∑bv°pw Ah≥ i‡-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah≥ krjvSn-°-s∏-´-h\pw \n¿an-°-s∏-´-h-\p-am-Wv. CØcwBibw h®p-]p-e¿Øp-∂-h¿ P¬]n-°p∂ CXp-t]m-e-p≈ ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ Xń-hn-Sm≥ Abmƒs°mcp aSn-bp-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

4. kXy-hn-izm-k -hn-cp-≤-amb CØcw P¬]-\-ßƒ tIń´pw Bcn-b-kns\ imkn-°m-™-Xn-\v, CXp-tI´ Nne¿ Ae-Ivkm≠sd Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn, kwibap≈ kwK-Xn-I-fn¬ X¿°n-°p∂ hn`m-K-°m¿ F√mw Xß-fpsS A`n-]mbw s]mXp-hmbn ]d™p Xo¿°Ww F∂ Bi-b-am-bn-

∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, ssZhw Xs‚ ]pX\v AKm-ly-\m-Wv. Ah≥ F¥m-bn-cn-°p-∂p-thm, AXv Ah≥ Ah-\n¬ X-s∂-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv Ah≥Ahm-Ny-\m-Wv. AKmlyw F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂h ]pX\p hnh-cn-°m≥km[y-a-√, X∂m¬ Xs∂-bp≈ ]nXm-hns\ A]-K-Yn-∏m≥ ]pX\p Ign-bn-√. ]pX\p Xs‚- Xs∂ kØ F¥m-sW∂v Adn-bn√; ImcWw, ]pX-\m-I-bm¬ ]nXm-hns‚ CjvS-Øm¬ Ah≥ AkvXn-Xz-Øn-se-Øn. ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂p-≈-h≥, Xs‚ ]nXm-hns\ Adn-bp∂Xv bp‡-at√ F∂p hmZn-°p-∂-h-cpt≠m? Bcw-`-ap-≈-h≥ Bcw-`-c-ln-Xs\ Kln-°p∂Xv Akm-[y-am-sW∂v hy‡-am-W-t√m.”41

4. -tIm¨Ã≥ssS-\p≈ IØv

Bcn-bkpw kvt\ln-X-\mb Fhp-tkm-bn-bpkpw IqSn 327-˛s‚ Ah-km\w tIm¨Ã≥ssS\v Hcp IØ-b-®p. skmIm-´kpw (k`m.1,26)skmtkm-a\pw (k- m. 2,2ff.) CXv D≤-cn-°p-∂p. kXy-hn-izmkw sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ah¿ ]cn-i-an-°p-∂p. Hcp hnizm-k-]-am-Whpw Cu IØn-¬Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.42

Bcn-b-\n-kw-˛-A-h-ti-jn-°p∂ ]iv\-ßƒ

BZna ssIkvX-h-k-`-bnse ]WvUnX kZ-kns‚ Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ Xs∂ Bcn-b-\nkw F∂ A_-≤m-`n-]mbws]mń-∏p-d-s∏´p F∂Xv XnI®pw A¤pXw Df-hm-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. BIm-e-L-´-Ønse an°-hmdpw F√m Fgp-Øp-Imcpw Cu ]iv\-Øn-en-S-s]-´p. F√m-hcpw Xs∂ H∂p-In¬ Bcn-b-kns\ FXn¿Øp; As√-¶n¬]n¥m-ßn. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ D¤-hn-s®-¶nepw Bcn-b-\n-k-Øns‚thcp-Iƒ en_n-bm-bnepw kndn-bm-bnepw Bbn-cp-∂p. Gjym-ssa-\-dn-sebpw kndn-bm-bn-sebpw saXm-∑m¿ Bcn-b-kn-s\- Xmßpw XWepw\evIn kwc-£n-®p. Bcn-b-\nkØns‚ hf¿®-bn¬ Ah¿°pw kp][m-\- ]¶p-≠v.

Bcn-b-\n-k-Øns‚ D¤-h-sØbpw hf¿®-sbbpw kw_-‘n®p \nc-h[n ]T\ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw, C∂pw AXv Ahy-‡-am-bn- \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. BcmWv bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Bcn-b-\n-k-Øns‚ Kpcp? Nne-cpsSho£-W-Øn¬ 318-˛tem 320-˛tem BWv Bcn-b≥ X¿°w D¤-hn-®-Xv.a‰p Nne-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ 323˛-emWv Bcn-bkv Xs‚ saXm-\p-ambnG‰p-ap-´-en-\v H-cp-sº-´Xpw apS-°-s∏-´Xpw. Ah-cpsS t\m´-Øn¬ \nJym(325) hsc-bp≈ kw`-h-ßƒ hfsc thKw (18-˛22 amk-ßƒsIm-≠v)\S-∂p.43 s\tbm- -B-cn-b≥ NcnXw (336- 381) ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°pI ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-am-Wv. [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ ASpØ ImeØv D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.44

Bcn-bkv Bcn-bkv

36 37

cp-∂p Ae-Ivkm-≠-dn-t‚-Xv. \n¿_-‘n-®-√, t]c-W-hgn Ielw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°Ww F∂v A-t±lw A`n-]m-b-s∏-´p. Xs‚ sshZn-I-hr-µ-tØm-sSm∏w At±lw hnkvXm-c-Øn-\n-cp∂p; c≠p hn`m-K-°m-scbpw hnfn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ F√m X¿°-ß-fnepw kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw ]cn-]q¿W hnPbw t\Sm≥ ]cn-i-an-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Bcn-bkv Xs‚ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ°p-th≠n hmZn-®p. F∂m¬, ]pX≥ ]nXm-hp-ambn ka-k-Ø-bpw \nXy-Xz-Øn¬ Xpey-\p-am-sW∂p a‰p-≈-h¿ hmZn-®p. CØcw ]m[m-\y-ta-dnb kwK-Xn-Iƒ D∂-bn-°-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬, c≠m-a-sXmcp tbmKw IqSn-sb-¶nepw Hcp êhpw D≠m-bn-√. hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ D∂-bn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Ae-Ivkm-≠-¿ amdn-amdn I£n- tN-cp-∂-Xmbn tXm∂n.”skmIm´kpw CtX-∏‰n ]dbp∂p.46

A[ymbw 3

hn.Ae-Ivkm≠¿ (250-˛328)

\nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-knse Hcp kp][m\ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p Ae-Ivkm≠¿. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ A°n-s√-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 312-˛¬Ae-Ivkm≠¿ saXm-\m-bn. Bcnb≥ ]mj-WvUX DS-se-Sp-ØXv At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. C°m-eØp Xs∂ saeo-jy≥ ioivabpw CuPn-]vjy≥ k`-bn¬ ]iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Bcn-b-kns\ ]n≥Xn-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ]cn-i-an-®p. F∂m¬ Hcp êhpw D≠m-bn-√. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ kn\-Un¬ h®v318-˛¬ At±lw Bcn-b-kn-s\bpw Iq´-scbpw apS-°n. \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kv 325-˛¬ saeo-jy-kn-s\bpw Bcn-b-kn-s\bpw k`-bn¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øm-°n. Bcn-b-\n-k-hp-am-bp≈ t]mcm-´-Øn¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿°v hf-sc-b-[n-Iw t¢i-ßƒ kln-t°-≠n-h-∂p. At±lw 328-˛¬ acn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

(1) IØp-Iƒ: F∏n-^m-\n-b-kns‚ A`n-]m-b-]-Imcw (]m-j.69.4),Ae-Ivkm-≠-dn-t‚-Xmbn Fgp-]Xv IØp-I-fpsS Hcp kam-lmcw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bcn-b-\n-ksØ kw_-‘n® cs≠-Æ-sam-gn®v _m°n-sb√mw\jvS-s∏-´p. sskd-knse Xnb-sUm-sd‰v Xs‚ k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ (1,4)_nkm≥ky-Ønse saXm-\mb Ae-Ivkm-≠-dn\v Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Ab®Hcp IØv D≤-cn-°p-∂p. CuPn-]vXn\p ]pd-Øp≈ F√m saXm-∑m¿°pwCXns‚ tIm∏n-I-f-b-®p. Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn-\v F-Xn-cm-bn-´m-Wn-Xv. 324-˛¬Bbn-cn°mw CsX-gp-Xn-bXv. Bcn-b-\n-k-sØ-∏‰n Ahsc t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°m\pw Bcn-b-\n-ksØ X≈n-°-f-bm-\p-amWv Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ CsX-gp-Xnb-Xv. kma-tkm-´-°m-c≥ ]utem-kn¬ \n∂pw eqkn-b-\n¬ \n-∂p-amWv Bcn-bkv ]mj-WvUX ]Tn-®-sX∂v Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ]d-bp-∂p._nkm≥ky-Ønse Ae-Ivkm-≠dn-\m-Wv CX-b-®-sX∂p Xnb-sUm-sd‰v

Bcn-bkv

38 39

]d-bp-s∂-¶nepw, sXk-tem-\n-°-bnse Ae-Ivkm-≠-dn-\m-Wv Ab-®-sX∂vHc-`n-]m-b-ap-≠v. skmIm-´kv Ae-Ivkm-≠dns‚ as‰mcp IØv D-≤-cn-°p-∂p (k`m.1,6)-.

2. ]kw-K-ßƒ: HscÆw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw tIm]v‰n-°nepw e`n-®n´p-≠v. “Bflm-hv, ico-cw, I¿Øm-hns‚ ]oUm-k-l\w F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n”F∂mWv AXns‚ Xe-s°-´v. BapJw Bfl-i-co-c-ß-fpsS _‘hpw][m-\-`mKw I¿Xr-]o-Um-\p-`-hhpw N¿® sNøp∂p. saen-t‰m-bpsSs]klm ]kw-K-Øns‚ kzm[o\w CXn¬ Zriy-am-Wv.

ssZh-imkvXw

Bcn--bkns\ kma-tkm- -°m-c≥ ]utem-kn-s‚bpw At¥ym-Iy-bnseeqkn-b-s‚bpw injy-\m-bn-´mWv Ae-Ivkm-WvU¿ I≠-Xv. Bcn-bkv\ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn-\-b® IØn¬ C°mcyw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p-: Ae-Ivkm-WvU¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: “C√mbva-bn¬ \n∂√ ]pX-\p-≠m-b-Xv; Ah-\n-√m-bn-cp∂ Hcp ka-b-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p ”(1,4). “Ah≥ ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂p P\n-®-h-\mWv” (1,11). “Ah≥ ]nXm-hn\v Xpey-\mWv; ]nXm-hn-s\-t∏m-se-Xs∂ am‰-an-√m-Ø-h\pw hyXn-bm-\m-Xo-X-\p-am-Wv; Ah-\vH-∂n\pw Ipd-hn√; Ah≥ ]nXm-hns‚ bYm¿∞- Om-b-bmWv; Ah-\n¬\n∂v Hcp coXn-bnepw hyXy-kvX-\√” (1,12). “Rm\pw Fs‚ ]nXmhpwH∂m-Ip∂p (tbm-l.10,30) F∂p I¿Ømhp ]d-bp-tºmƒ Xm≥ ]nXm-hm-sW-∂√ I¿Ømhp ]d-bp-∂-Xv, c≠p hy‡n-I-fpw IqSn Hcp hy‡namX-am-Ip∂p F∂p-a-√. ]ns∂-tbm, ]nXm-hns‚ Omb G‰hpw ]q¿W-ambn ]pX-\p-s≠-∂m-Wv. F√m-hn-[-Ønepw kz`m-h-Øm¬ Xs∂ CuOmb Ah-\n¬ ]nXmhv ]Xn-∏n®p” (1.9). “]nXmhv P\n-®-h-\-√, ]pX≥]nXm-hn¬\n∂p Imem-Xo-X-\m-bn, Bcw-`-an-√msX P\n-®p; P\-\m-Xo-X≥F∂ bmYm¿Yyw ]nXm-hn-t\-bp-≈p. ]pX≥ ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂p P\n-®-h-\m-Wv ”(1,12).

tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkví(k-a-k-Ø)- F∂ hm°v Ae-Ivkm-WvU¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ ]pX≥ ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂p Xs∂P\n-®-h-\mWv: FIvkv HuXp H≥tXmkv ]tXmk v (1,11) F∂Xv FIvtXkv Dkn-bmkví(k-Ø-bn¬ \n∂v) F∂Xp X-s∂-bmWv. ]cn-]q¿WOmbbpw ]nXm-hns‚ ]Im-ihpw Bb-h\pw, Fs∂ ImWp-∂-h≥ ]nXm-hns\ ImWp∂píF∂v ]d-™-h\pw, Fß-s\-bmWv ]nXm-hns‚ kØ-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-\m-Ip-∂sX∂v At±lw tNmZn-°p-∂p. ]pX≥ ]nXm-hns‚ hN-\hpw hn⁄m-\hpw Nn¥-bp-am-sW-¶n¬, Fßs\ Ah-\n-

√mØ Hcp ka-b-ap-≠mIpw?íssZhw _p≤nbpw hn⁄m-\hpw C√m-Ø-h-\m-bn-cp∂ kabw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p (A-tem-tKmkv Imbv Atkm-t^m-kv)F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-Wn-Xv (2,4). hN\w ssZh-kp-X-\m-Wv. ZsØ-Sp-°¬ hgn-b-√, kz`m-h-ØmsebmWv. c£-Is‚ ]pX-Xz-Øn\v Xpey-am-sbmcp ]pX-Xz-hp-an-√. AXv AXp-ey-am-Wv (1,8). C°m-c-W-Øm¬ adnbwbYm¿Y-Øn¬ ssZh-am-Xm-hm-Wv, Ae-Ivkm-WvU¿ Ahsf ssZh-am-Xmhv(sX-sbm-tXm-t°m-kv) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p(1,11). -\nJym-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m¿Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ k`bv°v Hcp kn\-U¬ teJ\w Ab-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn (skmIm-´-kv, k`m.1:9; Xnb-sUm-sd‰v, k`m.1,9).

Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿

40 41

A[ymbw 4

hn.-A-Ø-\m-tkymkv (295-˛373)

Ae-Ivkm-≠-dpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 328-˛¬ AØ-\m-tkymkv Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ saXm-\m-bn. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm-∑m-cn¬ G‰hpwhenb ssZh-im-kvX-⁄\pw k`m-]n-Xm-hp-am-Wv At±lw. \nJym-hn-izmkw Dds° ]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw At±lwAim¥w ]cn-i-an-®p. FXn¿∏p-Isf hI-h-bv°msX ss[cy-]q¿hwkXy-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ]S-bm-fn-bmbn \ne-sIm-≠p. KnKdn \kym≥k≥]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse,ë“k -bpsS alm-kvXw- -amWv At±-lw.” Bcn-bkns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ At±lsØ Ah-cpsS henb iXp-hmbn Icp-Xp-Ibpw hf-sc-b-[nIw D]-Z-hn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\mbn cmP-Iobi‡nbpw Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. A©p-]m-hiyw At±lw \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´p. GXm≠p 17 h¿jw At±lw hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ Ign-tb-≠n-h-∂p.F∂m-en-sXm∂pw At±-lsØ ]n≥Xn-cn-∏n-®n-√. At±lw Ah-km-\w-hsc kXy-hn-izmkw ]tLm-jn-®p. icn-sb∂p IcpXn A_-≤-Øn¬hgpXn hoW-htcmSv kl-Xm-]w Imń. ]uc-kvXy-sa-Xm-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpwka-kØ (tlm-tam-D-kn-tbmkv) F∂ ]Z-]-tbmKw Dt]-£n®v Bcn-b≥]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®-t∏mgpw, Ahsc XncnsI sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬At±lw hf-sc-tbsd im¥X Imń. Ko°p-k` Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkn-bpsS]nXm-sh∂v AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ hnfn-°p-∂p. eØo≥k` \mep henb]uckvXy ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fmbn At±-lsØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.

AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ Pohn-X-Øn-te°p shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bmWvAt±l--Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ. At±-l-Øns‚ IØp-I-fpsS kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep≈ Bap-Jw, eØo-\n-ep≈ Poh-N-cn-Xw, KnKdn \kym≥ks‚ Hcp]kwKw, Nne tIm]v‰nIv tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ F∂n-hbpw CXn\v klm-b-I-am-Wv.

Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bn¬ 295˛-emWv AØ-\m-tkymkv P\n-®-Xv.XmXzn-Ihpw ssZh-im-kvX-]-c-hp-amb in£Ww Ahn-sS-Øs∂ e`n-®p.tX_m-bv-Unse k\ym-kn-I-fp-ambn At±l-Øn\v _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.319-˛¬ Uo°-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ At±lw saXm-\mb Ae-Ivkm-≠dns‚skI-´-dn-bmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p; \nJym-bn¬ 325-˛¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠-tdm-sSm∏w kw_-‘n-®p. 328-˛¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠-dns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn.

AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ tPmen Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. \nJym-bn¬ ]pdw-X-≈-s∏-s´-¶nepw Bcnb-\nkw Ae-Ivkm≠n-bm-bn¬ Hcp ]iv\am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse saeo-jy≥ hn`m-K-°m¿°p ]pXnb saXms\ H´pwCjvS-s∏-ń-√-. Ah¿ Hmtcmtcm Btcm-]-W-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn-¬D-∂-bn°m≥ XpS-ßn. CXn-\nsS Bcn-bkn-s\- Xncn-sI F-Sp-°m≥ tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ Iev]-\-bn-´t∏mƒ, AØ-\m-tkymkv AXns\ FXn¿Øp. Sb-dn¬ Iq-Snb Bcn-b≥ kn\Uv (335) AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ ÿm\-`jvS\m-°n. DSs\ NI-h¿Øn At±-lsØ tXsh-kn-te°p (Kmƒ) \mSp-I-SØn. B NI-h¿Øn acn-®-t∏mƒ (337) At±lw XncnsI cq]-X-bn-seØn.

F∂m¬ \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ t]c-W-bm¬339-˛se A-t¥ym-Iy≥ kn\Uv At±lsØ ho≠pw ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n.apS-°-s∏´ ]nkvXpkv F∂ sshZn-Is\ At±-l-Øn-\p- ]-Icw saXm-\mbn Ah¿ sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. F∂m¬ ]nkvXp-kn\v X¬ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°msX h∂-t∏mƒ, I∏-tUm-jy-°m-c≥ Hcp KnK-dnsbAh¿ saXm-\mbn \nb-an-®p. AØ-\m-tkymkv tdman¬ A-`bw tXSn.Pqen-bkv ]m∏m Hcp tdma≥ kn\-Un¬ h®v (340) AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚\ne-]mSv AwKo-I-cn-®p. At±l-amWv Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnse bYm¿YsaXm-s\∂v 342/3˛se km¿Zn°m kn\Uv ]Jym-]n-®p.

I∏-tUm-jy-°m-c≥ KnKdn saXm≥ 345- ¬ acn-®p. AØ-\m-tkymkv346 HIvtSm-_-dn¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn-se-Øn. DSs\ ho≠pw Ipg-∏-ß-fp-≠m-bn. At±lsØ ]n≥Xp-W-®n-cp∂ tIm¨Ã≥kv NI-h¿Øn 350-˛¬ acn-®p. XpS¿∂v Ing-°n-s‚bpw ]Sn-™m-dn-s‚bpw GIm-[n-]-Xnbm-bn Xo¿∂ tIm¨Ãm≥kyqkv N-I-h¿Øn Bƒknepw(353) anem-\nepw(355) Hmtcm kn\-Up- hnfn-®p-Iq-ń, AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n. ]Icw I∏-tUm-jy-°m-c≥ Hcp tPm¿Pns\ X¬ÿm-\Øv\nb-an-®p. aq∂mw ]mhiyw cq]X hntS-≠n-h-∂ AØ-\m-tkymkv CØ-hW CuPn-]v‰nse k\ym-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ A`bw ]m]n-®p. Bdph¿jw Ahn-sS-°-gn-™p. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ tIm¨Ãm≥kyq-kn-\p≈At∏m-fPn, Xs‚ Hfnt®m´Øn-\p≈ At∏m-fPn, k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p≈

hn.-A-Ø-\m-tkymkv

42 43

IØv, Bcn-b-\n-k-Øns‚ NcnXw F∂o KŸ-ßƒ At±lw Xbm-dm°n.

tIm¨Ãm≥kyqkv 361-˛¬ acn-®-t∏mƒ, Pqen-b≥ GIm-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn. B h¿jw Unkw-_¿ 3˛\v I∏-tUm-jy-°m-c≥ tPm¿Pv saXm≥h[n-°s∏´p. \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´-h-scsb√mw Pqen-b≥ XncnsI hnfn-®p.Aßs\ 362 s^_p-hcn 22-˛\v AØ-\m-tkymkv Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bn-se-Øn, Hcp kn\Uv hnfn-®p-Iqń; sX‰n≤m-c-W-Iƒ \o°p-∂-Xn\pwskan-˛-B-cn-b≥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-scbpw kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-sfbpw tbmPn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ian-®p. AXp Pqen-b\vv CjvS-s∏-ń-√. Abmƒ saXms\kam-[m\ [zwk-I-s\∂pw tZh-∑m-cpsS iXpsh∂pw apZ-IpØn \mSp-I-S-Øn. Pqen-b≥ acn-®-t∏mƒ (363) At±lw Xncn-sI-h-∂p. hmse≥kvNI-h¿Øn ]uckvXy tdmam-km-am-Py-Øns‚ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-b-t∏mƒ(364) AØ-\m-tkymkv A©mw -]m-h-iyhpw \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´p. \mepamkw ]´-W-Øn\p ]pdØv Hcp Kma-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p. P\-w C-fIpsa∂pI≠v \mep amkw Ign™v hmse≥kv At±-lsØ XncnsI hnfn-®p.366 s^_p-hcn H∂n\v XncnsI FØnb At±lw 373 sabv c≠n\p acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ k`sb \bn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

\nJym-hn-izm-k-tØmSv _‘-s∏- -h-bmWv At±lØns‚ an° IrXn-I-fpw. thZ-]p-kvX-I-⁄m-\w, DØ-a-t_m[yw F∂nh At±-l-Øns‚IrXn-I-fn-ep-S-\ofw kv]jvS-ambn ImWmw. t^mkn-bkv ]d-bp∂p: “At±-l-Øns‚ ssien hfsc hy‡-am-Wv, E-Pp-hpamWv. F∂m¬ AtXkabwBg-ta-dn-bXpw Xo£vWX \nd-™Xp-am-Wv. At±l--Øns‚ hmZ-K-Xn-IƒXnI®pw i‡n-bp-≈-h-bm-Wv.” IrXn-I-fn¬ Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Bh¿Ø-\hpw ASp°pw Nn´-bp-w C-√m-bvabpw Zr-iy-am-Wv. At±lw Nne IrXn-I-fn¬ ]pXnb kmln-Xy-ssi-en-Iƒ Xs∂bpw Bhn-jv°-cn-®n-´p-≠v. IrXn-Isf Bdmbn Xncn-°mw.

1. hnizmk ka¿∞-\-˛-Xm-XznI IrXn-Iƒ

(1) hnPm-Xn-b¿s°-Xnsc: temtKmkv IØ slt√-t\m≥ (hnPm-Xn-b¿s°-Xn-sc) F∂Xpw, temtKmkv s]cn tXkv F\m≥tXm-t]-sk-tbmkví(h-N-\-Øns‚ Ah-Xmcw kw_-‘n® ]kw-Kw) F∂Xpw HcpIrXn-bpsS c≠p-`m-K-ß-fm-Wv. Ptdmw PmXn-Iƒs°-Xnsc c≠p KŸßƒíF∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv CtX-∏-‰n-bm-Wv.

hnPm-Xn-b¿s°-Xn-sc F∂ BZy-`mKw hnPm-Xn-b-cpsS ]pcm-W-ßƒ,Bcm-[-\, hnizm-k-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS JWvU-\-am-Wv. Xn∑-bpsS kz`m-

hw, D¤-hw, NcnXw F∂nh hnh-cn-°pIbpw hnKlm-cm-[-\-bpsSA[m¿an-I-Xbpw t`mj-Øhpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS _lp-tZ-h-Xm-cm-[-\bpw ]Ir-Xym-cm-[-\bpw XmXzn-I-cpsS]m]-©n-Im-cm-[-\bpw JWvUn-°p-∂p. ]Ir-Xnbpw ]Ir-Xn-\m-Y\pwXnI®pw hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-I-bm¬ GI-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw amX-amWp _p≤n-i-‡n-bp≈ a\p-jy\p tbmPn-®-Xv. ssZh-km-Zr-iy-Øn-emWv a\p-jy≥.AXp-sIm≠v ssZh-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ A-dnhp a\p-jy\p XnI®pw km[y-amWv F∂p t]m-Ip∂p At±l-Øns‚- hmZ-K-Xn. c≠mw \q‰m-≠nsehnizm-k- ka¿Y-I-cpsS ssien-bn-emWv At±lØns‚ N¿®.

Xncp-A-h-Xmcw hgntb a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øns‚ hogvN-bv°p≈ ]Xn-hn[n D≠mIq F∂v At±lw c≠mw `mKØp kv]jvS-ambn ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. Id- ]p-c≠ a\p-jy-Ip-esØ D≤-cn-°m≥ as‰m∂pw ]cym-]vX-a-√. I¿Øm-hns‚ Ah-Xm-cw, ac-Ww, D∞m\w F∂n-h-bpsS Imc-W-ßƒhy‡-ambn hnh-cn-°p-∂p. bqZ-cn¬ \n∂pw hnPm-Xn-b-cn¬ \n∂pap≈XS- -hm-Z-ßsf JWvUn-®p-sIm≠v s]klmc-l-ky-Øns‚ BgwBh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-°p∂p. Xncp-Ah-Xmcw kw_-‘n®víF∂ -t]-cn¬ Cub-Sp-Ø-Im-eØv I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-´ IrXn°v kmckØ-bn¬ a‰-Xp-ambnhyXym-k-an-√. c≠pw AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ Xqen-I-bn¬ \n-∂mWv. CuIrXn tXsh-knse hn]-hm-k-ImeØv (336) FgpXnb-Xm-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. F∂m-¬ Bcn-b-\n-k-sØ-∏-‰n-tbm, \nJym-sb-∏-‰ntbm ]cm-a¿iw C-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠,v Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn-\p- apºv Fgp-Xn-bXm-Imw.

(2) Bcnb¿s°-Xnsc: Bcnb¿s°-Xn-sc- aq∂p ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒCXnep≠v. CsXmcp XmXzn-I -Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. H∂m-a-tØ-Xv Xmen-bm- F∂Xs‚ IrXnbn¬ Bcn-bkv AhX-cn∏n-°p∂ Bcn-b≥Nn¥ Npcp°nhnh-cn-°p∂p. \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kns‚ hnizm-ksØ \oXo-I-cn-°p∂ \ymb-ßƒ Ah-X-cn∏n°p-∂p. \nXy\pw krjvSn-b-√m-Ø-h\pw hyXn-bm-\ -c-ln-X\pamb ]pX\pw Xs‚ ]nXmhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, ssZh-Øn-ep≈sFIyw, ssZhn-I -k-Ø-bn-ep≈ `mK-`m-KnXzw F∂n-hbpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. c≠pw aq∂pw KŸ-ßƒ ]pXs‚ P\\w (F-_m.3:2; \S,2:36;kp`m.8:22), ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w F∂nh thZ-]p-kvX-IsØ B[m-c-am°n N¿® sNøp-∂p (a-Øm.28:18; tbml.3:35;aØm.26:29;tbml.12:27; a¿t°m.13:32; eqt°m 2:52). Cu thZ-`m-K-ß-fpsS Bcn-b≥hymJym\w Xnc-kvI-cn®v, icn-bmb hymJym\w \¬Ip-∂p. c≠mw hn]-hm-k-Øn\p sXm´p-ap-tºm (338-˛339) aq∂mw hn]-hmkImetØm (356-˛362) CXv F-gp-Xn-.

hn.-A-Ø-\m-tkymkvhn.-A-Ø-\m-tkymkv

44 45

]e ssIsb-gpØp ]Xn-I-fnepw \mem-a-sXm-∂p-IqSn ImWmw. _\-Un-IvssS≥ k\ym-kn-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® ]Xn-∏n¬ CXpw sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. sIńepw ańepw D≈-S-°-Ønepw ssien-bnepw CXp a‰p aqs∂-Æ-Øn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. CXv Bcn-b¿s°-Xn-cm-bn- √ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-sc-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°ps∂¶nepw, a¿sk-ey¿ F∂hn`m-K-°m¿°v FXn-cm-bn´v Btcm Fgp-Xnb Hcp ]Xn-]m-Z-\-am-Wn-Xv.

(3) Ah-Xm-c-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Bcnb¿s°-Xn-scbpw: Cu IrXn AØ-\m-tkym-kn-t‚-XmsW∂v Xnb-sUm-sd‰v ]dbp-s∂¶nepw, Nne¿ kwi-bw]I-Sn∏n-°p-∂-p. Bcnb¿-s°-Xn-cmb ]`m-j-Ww-íF-∂mWp Xnb-sUmsd‰vCXns\ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Pem-kn-bqkv BIs´, c≠p kz`m-h-ß-sf-∏‰níF∂ Xe-s°ń-emWv CtX∏‰n tIń-cp-∂-Xv. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v]pX-s‚bpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s‚bpw ssZhXzw sXfn-bn-°p-I-bmWvCXns‚ Dt±-iyw.

2. Ab-Ym¿Y XmXznI IrXn-Iƒ

]i-kvX-\mb AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ t]cn¬ \nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ]N-cn-®p: (1) As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kn-s\-Xnsc XncpA-h-Xm-c-sØ-∏‰n: Btcm380-˛t\mSSpØv Fgp-Xnb-Xm-WnXv. `mjbpw ssienbpw AØ-\m-tkym-kn-t‚-X-√. Hcp IrXn-bmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw c≠p kzX-¥-Ir-Xn-Iƒ H∂n®p tN¿Øp- h-®n-cn-°p-∂p. (2) hnizm-k-kw-_-‘-amb henb]Xn-]m-Z\w (sk¿tam amtbm¿ sZ ôsZ): AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ BZy-Ir-Xn-I-tfmSv CXn\p kmayw D≠v. At±lØn-t‚-XmWv Cu IrXn F∂pXnb-sUm-sd‰v ]d-bp-s∂-¶n-epw, As√-∂mWv s]mXp-a-Xw. Hcp-]t£ A-t±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Btcm kam-l-cn-®v F-gp-Xn-b-XmImw.At¥ym-Iy-bnse HkvXm-tXymtkm, A≥ko-d-bnse a¿sk-√ptkm Bbn-cn°mw CXns‚ I¿Ømhv F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v. A¿ta-\n-b≥hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ amXta Cu IrXn ]q¿W-ambn ssIh--∂n- p-≈p. (3)hnizm-k-hn-i-I-e\w (F-IvsX-knkv ]nkvsX-tbm-kv): XntXzm-∑p-J-ambHcp hnizm-k-]-am-Whpw AXns‚ hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw BWv Cu IrXn. H-kvXmtXymtkm, a¿sk-√qtkm BWv I¿Ømhv. (4) hnizm-k-]-amWØns‚ hymJym\w: Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse ]o‰-tdm, Xntam-Xntbm Fgp-Xn-b-XmImw F∂p Nne¿ Icp-Xp-tºmƒ, CuPn]vXv Xs∂-bmtWm D¤-h-ÿm\w F∂p kwi-bn-°p-∂-h-cp-ap≠v. (5) N¿®-Iƒ: hnip≤ XnXz-sØ-∏‰n A©p- kw-hmZw: amkn-tUm-Wn-b¿s°-Xnsc c≠p kwhmZw.˛Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse ZnZoap-kns‚ ssienbpw ssZh-im-kvX-hp-amWvCXn¬ apg-®p -\n¬°p-∂-Xv. At\m-a-b≥, amkn-tUm-Wn-b≥, As∏m-≈n-

\m-cn-b≥ A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I¿-°v F-Xn-cm-bn-´mWv N¿®-Iƒ (6) AØ-t\-jy≥ hnizm-k-]-amWw (Symbolum Athanasianum-Symbolum Quicunque):Ggmw \q‰m-≠n-\p-apºv CXv At±lØns‚ t]tcmSp tN¿Øv Bcpw]d-™ncp∂n-√. F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ CXv At±l-Øn-t‚-Xmbn ]N-cn-®p. CXns‚ I¿Ømhv At±-l-a√ F∂ Nn¥m-KXn 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠p -ap-X¬ ]_-e-s∏´p hcp-∂p. CXv ]m›m-Xy-tem-IØv Km≈n-°≥ k`-bn¬5˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ D-S-se-SpØp. CXns‚ I¿Øm-°-fmbn ]e-cp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏-ń´p≠v. aqe-IrXn eØo-\pw Ko°n-ep-≈Xv hnh¿Ø-\-hpamWv. ]uckvXy k`-Iƒ CXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ eØo≥k`bpw Bw•n-°≥ k`bpw a‰p t]m´-Ã‚ v k`-Ifpw CXns\ ]qPy-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p.

(7) skhp-tUm-˛ -A-Ø-\m-ky≥ XnXz-Ir-Xn -Iƒ: B^n-°≥saXm≥ hnPo-enbq-kns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS IqsS Ch (12- F-Æw) ]kn-≤o-Icn-®n´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Ch Ch¿ c≠pt]-cp-tS-Xp-a-√, ]ns∂-tbm, ]m›m-Xy-tem-IsØ Adn-b--s∏-SmØ Nne I¿Øm-°-fpsS sNdpIrXn-I-fpsSkam-lm-c-am-Wv. 381-˛\p apºv Fgp-X-s∏´p F∂v Fw. knsam-sW-ddn Icp-Xp-∂p. Cu IrXn-Iƒ Awt_mkpw AK-Ãn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

3. -N-cn-X-]-chpw ˛ Xm¿°n-I-hp-amb IrXn-Iƒ

A]-hm-Z-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn ]e-t∏mgpw Ncn-X-Ønte°pw ]mc-º-cy-Øn-te°pw Xncn-bpI AØ-\m-tkym-kn\v ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. A]-hm-Zn-Isf an-≠-S-°n-b-ti-jw kXyw Xpd-∂p -Im-´m\pw At±lw ian-®n-´p-≠v.

(1) Bcnb¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ At∏m-fPn: At±lw hn]-hm-kØn¬\n∂p Xncn-s®-Øn-b-t∏mƒ 357-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb-Xm-WnXv. Bcnb≥ ]£-°m¿A]-hm-Z-i-c-ßƒ sXmSpØp hnSm≥ XpS-ßnbt∏mƒ, Xs‚ \ne-]mSphy‡-am-°n. Nne kn\-Up-I-fpsS Xocp-am-\-ßƒ, ][m-\-s∏-´- B-fp-IƒAt±lsØ-∏‰n ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂h F∂nh Dƒs∏sS \nc-h[n tcJ-IƒCXn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Bcn-b≥ X¿°-Øns‚ NcnXw ]Tn-°m≥CXv klm-bn°pw. AØ-\m-tkymkv tdman-te°p Xncn-®-Xns‚ Xte-Zn-hkw apX¬ Ae-Ivkm≠n-bm-bn¬ XncnsI FØp-∂-Xp-hscbp≈ (339-˛347)- kw-`-h-ßƒ (3-˛19 JWvUn-I-Iƒ), 338-˛¬ \S∂ CuPn-]vjy≥ kn\-Uns‚ teJ-\w, At±lØns‚ sXc-s™-Sp-∏v, At±-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbA]-hm-Z-ßƒ, Xs∂-∏‰n a‰p-≈-h-cpsS km£y-ßƒ (20-˛35), Hcp tdma≥kn\-Uns‚ t]cn¬ AØ\m-tkym-kns\ \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v At¥ym-Iy-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b≥ hn`m-K-°m¿°v 340-˛¬ Pqen-bkv ]m∏m Fgp-Xnb IØv F∂nh CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. km¿Zn°m kn-\-Uns‚ aq∂p


46 47

te-J-\-ßƒ 36-˛50 A[ym-b-ßfnep≠v. Pqen-bkv ]m-∏m-bpsS Xocp-am-\sØ ]n≥Xm-ßn-s°m≠pw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ k`sb t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-sIm≠pw Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv H∂v. as‰m∂v CuPn-]vXn-sebpw en_n-bm-bn-tebpw saXm-∑m¿°p-≈XmWv. aq∂m-a-tØ-Xv, kn\-Uns‚ NmInI teJ-\-am-Wv. AXn¬ AØ-\m-tkym-kv, a¿sk-√p-kv, Akvs¢-∏mkv F∂n-hsc Ah-cpsS cq]-X-I-fn¬ Dd-∏n-®p-sIm≠pw Bcn-b≥ t\Xm-°-∑mscÿm\-`-jvS-cm-°n-s°m≠pw kn\Uv Xocp-am-\-sa-SpØ Imcyw Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. tIm¨Ãm≥kyq-kv, Pqen-b-kv ]m∏m, ]e-kvXo-\bnsesaXm-∑m¿, hmse≥kv, D¿km-Nn-bkv F∂n-h-cpsS IØp-Iƒ 51 apX¬58- hsc A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ ImWmw. AØ-\m-tkymkv Ipsd-°qSn ]pcm-X-\-tcJ-Iƒ c≠mw `mKØv D≤-cn-°p-∂p: 331˛se Hcp tcJ (59-˛68) Sb-¿kn\-Un-s‚ (335) \S-]Sn (71-˛88), AXn-\p- ti-j-ap≈ tcJ-Iƒ (84-˛88)F∂nh ImWmw. C‰-en, tKmƒ, kvs]bn≥ F∂o \mSp-I-fnse saXm-∑m¿ AØ-\mtkymkns\ X≈n-∏-d-bmsX, At±lw kln® XymK-ßƒXpS¿∂p hnh-cn-°p-∂p (89-˛90). ent_-cn-bq-kv ]m-∏msb-bpw tlmkn-b-kn-s\bpw AØ-\m-tkymkv t]sc-SpØp ]d-™n-´p-≠v.

(2) tIm¨Ãm≥kyq-kn-\p≈ At∏m-fPn: tIm¨Ãm≥kyqkvAt±-lØn-s\-Xn-sc Btcm-]-W-ßƒ D∂-bn-®-t∏mƒ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-WnXv.

(3) Hfn-t®m-´-Øn\p≈ At∏m-fPn: AØ-\m-tkymkv òcp-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ Hfn-t®m-Sn-t∏mbn F∂ Btcm-]WØn-s\-Xn-cmbn Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.

(4) Bcn-b≥ NcnXw: Bcn-b≥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°msc k`-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°m≥ 335-˛se Pdp-ktew kn\Uv Xocp-am-\n-®p. B h¿jw apX¬ 357hsc-bp≈ Bcn-b≥ NcnXw CXn¬ hc®pIm´p-∂p. InkvXp-hns‚ iXp-sh-∂pw ]mj-WvU-X-bpsS c£m-[n-Im-cn-sb∂pw A¥n-In-kvXp-hns‚apt∂m-Sn-sb-∂p-sams° At±lw NI-h¿Ønsb hnfn-°p-∂p. k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p≈ ka¿∏-Whpw _nj∏v skdm]n-tbm-\p≈ Hcp IØpwCXns‚ Bcw-`-Øn-ep-≠v.

4. `mjy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

`mjy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS Nne- m-K-ßƒ ItØ-\-I-fn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂XpamXta Inń-bn-´p-≈p. AXp-sIm≠v Ah-bpsS XobXn \n¿W-bn-°m≥]bm-k-am-Wv: (1) k¶o¿Ø-\ -hym-Jym-\-sØ-°p-dn®v a¿sk-√o-\kn\p-≈ teJ\w: k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS D≈-S-°w, Ah-bpsS InkvtXzm-∑pJkz`m-hw, ‡n-]-c-amb D]-tbmKw F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n Cu IrXn N¿® sNøp-∂p. k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS am[pcyw, km¿h-Xn-IX XpS-ßn-bh CXn¬

hy‡-am-°p-∂p. `‡n-]q¿hw [ym\n-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-b-I-am-bn´mWvBcm-[-\IaØn¬ k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw XpS-ßn-bsX∂vAt±lw ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. (2) k¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw: slcm-s¢-bm-bnse\ntk-‰-kns‚ (11-˛mw \q‰m-≠v) ëItØ-\-bn-eq-sS CXv `mKn-I-ambn ssIh-∂n-´p≠v. (3) k`m-]-kw-K-I≥, DØ-a-KoXw F∂n-h-bpsS `mjyw: Ch-sb-∏‰n t^mkn-b-kns‚ km£yw amXta \ap-°p-≈p. (4) DXv]-Øn-`mjyw: CXn-s‚bpw iI-e-ßtf e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

5. B[ym-fln-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

(1) hn.-A-t¥m-Wn-tbm-kns‚ Poh-N-cnXw

k\ymknI-fpsS ]nXm-hmb CuPn-]vXnse hn.A-t¥m-Wn-tbm-kns‚Hcp Poh-N-cnXw 357-˛¬ AØ-\m-tkymkv cNn-®p. k\ym-kn-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xn-\m-emWv CXp cNn-®Xv. ssZh-tk-h-\-Øn\p kzbw ka¿∏n-®-h¿°v At±lw CXn-eqsS Hcp amXr-Im-Po-hnXw Imń-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p.At¥m-Wn-tbm-kns‚ Z¿i-\-ßfpw A¤p-X-ß-fp-a-√, PohnXhnip-≤n-btX A\p-I-cn-t°-≠-sX∂v hmb-\-°m-tcm-Sv B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. A-t¥m-Wn-tbm-kn-s\-∏‰n At±l-Øn\v t\cn- -dn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu KŸ-Øn\pXs‚ Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠mb kzm[o-\-sØ-∏‰n hn.-A-K-kv‰n≥ Xs‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. hn. P-tdm-an\v Cu IrXn-bpsS Ko°p]Xn∏pweØo≥ ]Xn∏pw ]cn-N-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ kpdn-bm-\n, tIm]v‰nIvhnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw t\c-sØ- Xs∂ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. s]m¿ô-cn-sb-gp-XnbsπmXo-\pkns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-hp-ambn ]eXnepw CXn\p kmayap≠v. (a-e-bm-f -hn-hn¿Ø-\-Øn-\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, k\ym-k-Øns‚ A¥¿[m-c, tIm -bw, 1992). .

(2) I\ym-Xz-sØ-∏‰n

H∂n-tesd ]mhiyw I\ym-Xz-sØ-∏‰n At±lw N¿®-sN-bvXn-´ps≠∂v Ptdmw km£n-°p-∂p: s]cn ]m¿sX-\n-bmkvíFs∂mcp IrXnAt±l-Øn-t‚Xm-sW∂pw As√∂pw ]d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v. InkvXp-hns‚aW-hmń Fßs\ hym]-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Fßs\ kzbw \nb-¥n-°-W-sa∂pw a‰pw CXn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. I\y-I-Iƒ°p- th-≠n-bp≈ at\m-l-c-amb ]m¿Y-\-Ifpw CXn¬ ImWmw. I-\y-I-Iƒ°p≈ teJ\wFs∂mcp IrXn-sb-∏‰n At¥ym-Iy-bnse Ft^w (+544) ]cm-a¿in°p-∂p. hn.-Aw-t_mkv Cu teJ\w D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. temtKmkv s]cn]m¿sX-\n-bmkvíF∂ as‰mcp IrXn-bp-≠v. kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ `mKn-I-ambpwA¿ta-\n-b-\n¬ ]q¿W-ambpw Cu IrXn e`n-®n´p-≠v. aqew Ko°m-sW∂p


48 49

s]mXpsh Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. `h-\-ß-fn¬ I\y-I-I-fmbn Ign-bp-∂-h¿°p≈ D]-tZ-i-ßƒ CXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. s]mXp-hn-t\m-Z-ßfpws]mXp-I-fn-Ifpw a‰pw Dt]-£n®v, k¶o¿Ø-\ -]m-cm-b-W-Ønepw ]m¿Y-\-bnepw sNe-h-gn-°m≥ At±lw I\y-I-Isf D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. InkvXp-hns‚ aW-hm- n-I-fmbn Ah-scbpw At±lw ImWp-∂p. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬\n∂p I\ym-Xz-Øns‚ DZm-l--c-W-ßƒ hc®p Im´p-∂p. CXv At±l-Øn-t‚-Xm-sW∂v Btdm Gtgm \q‰m-≠nse Hcp kpdn-bm\n Isø-gpØp]Xnkm£n-°p-∂p.

ta¬]-d™ Isø-gpØp ]Xn-bn¬ Xs∂ I\y-I-Iƒ°p≈as‰mcp IrXnbp≠v: Pdp-k-te-an-te°v ]m¿Yn-°m≥ t]mIpIbpw Xncn®phcn-Ibpw sNbvX I\y-I-Iƒ°v Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnse B¿®p-_n-j∏v AØ-\m-tkymkv A-b® IØv F∂ Xe-s°´p ImWmw. t_Xve-tlw, Pdp-ktew BZn-bmb hnip≤ ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Xncn-®p-h-s∂-¶nepw hnip≤PohnXw hgn F∂pw InkvXp-hp-ambn H∂p-tN¿∂p Pohn-°m≥ km[n°psa∂v H∂mw `m-KØv Ah¿s°-gp-Xp-∂p. c≠mw `mKwI\ym-Xz-sØ-∏-‰n-bm-Wv. I\ym-Xz-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ß-sf-∏‰nhni-Z-ambn ChnsS N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. Ahn-hm-ln-Xcpw A¿∏n-X-Po-hn-X-°m-cp-amb kvXo-]p-cp-j-∑m¿ Htc `h-\-Øn¬ H∂n®p Xma-kn-°p∂ ]Xn-hns\ At±lw I¿i-\-ambn hne-°p-∂p. ]nim-Nn-s\-Xnsc Icp-X¬ D-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°m≥ Ahsc D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. k`-bn¬ am\y-ambpw DNn-X-ambpw s]cp-am-dm≥ I\y-I-Iƒ i≤n-°-Ww. kwkm-c-Øn¬ kvt\lwap‰n-\n¬°Ww F∂p XpS-ßnb D]-tZ-i-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p. AtXmSp_‘-s∏´ hnj-b-ßƒ N¿® sNøp∂ Nne IrXn-Iƒ IqSn At±lØns‚ t]cn¬ ]N-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

(3) a‰v B[ym-flnI IrXn-Iƒ

tcmKw, BtcmKyw F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n Fs∂mcp IrXn tImUIvkvhØn-°m≥ 2000-˛ep≠v (750-˛850 teXv). AXp-t]mse _nójv ayqkn-b-Ønepw am≥sN-Ã-dnse tPm¨ ssde≥Uv sse_dn-bnepap≈ Nne Isø-gpØp ]Xn-Ifpw AØ-t\-jy≥ D¤hw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. ChssIkvXh Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ anXXzw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. Chbn¬ \n∂p sj\q-Zm-bpsS injy-\mb t_im D≤-cn-°p-Ibpw AØ-\m-tkym-kn-t‚-Xm-sW∂p km£n-°-bpw sNøp-∂p.

(4) ]kw-K-ßƒ: tIm]v‰n-Iv, kpdn-bm\n Isø-gp-Øp -]-Xn-I-fn¬At±lØn-t‚-Xmbn \nc-h[n ]kw-K-ßƒ e`n-®n´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpwAt±--lØn-t‚-X√.

6. IØp-Iƒ

AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ \nc-h[n IØp-I-fn¬ hfsc Ipdt® \ap°pInń-bn-´p-≈p. an°Xpw HutZym-KnI Imcy-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-h-bm-Wv.Bcn-b-\n-k-sØ-∏-‰nbpw \memw \q‰m-≠nse ssZh-imkvX hnI-k-\-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\v Cu IØp-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-Wv.

(1) s^Ã¬ IØp-Iƒ

Z\lm Ign™v henb t\mºp XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\p apºv Db¿∏p Xncp-\mƒ XobXn Adn-bn-®p-sIm≠v CuPn-]vXp- ap-gp-h-\p-ap≈ saXm-∑m¿°vteJ-\w Ab-°p∂Xv aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ae-Ivkm≠n-b≥ saXm-∑m-cpsS ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. t\mºv BN-cn-°p∂ hn[w, Zm\-[¿aw, IqZm-i-I-fpsS kzoI-cWw XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v t]cn-∏n-°m\pw, AXm-X-h-k-c-ß-fn¬k`-bn-¬ D-≠m-Ip∂ ]iv\-ßƒ, kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®v CuPn]vXp apgp-h-s\bpw Adn-bn-°m\pw Cu IØp-Iƒ D]-I-cn-®p. Znh-∂-mtkym-kmWv BZyw Cu hn[w IØ-b-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.AØ-\m-tkymkv B ]mc-ºcyw Xp-S¿∂p. hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ \n∂pwAØ-\m-tkymkv IØp-Iƒ Ab-®n-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W--tijwCu IØp-Iƒ H∂n-®p-tN¿Øp ]kn-≤o-Icn®p. Ko°n¬ Nne `mK-ßƒamXta \ap°p e`n-®n-´p-≈p. 329 apX¬ 348 hsc-bp≈ h¿j-ß-fnseIØp-I-fn¬ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ 13 FÆhpw tIm]vXn-°n¬ 17 FÆhpw]q¿W-am-bn- e`n-®n-´p≠v. 367-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb 39-˛mw teJ\w hf-sc-b-[nIwi≤ B-I¿jn-®n-´p-≠v. AXn¬ ss__nƒ KŸ-ß-fpsS ]ńI \¬Ip-∂p. Nne-bm-fp-Iƒ At∏m-In-^¬ KŸ-ßƒ Na-bv°p-Ibpw Ahss__n-fn¬ tN¿°m≥ i-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ AXn¬\n∂vAhsc ]n≥Xn-cn-∏n-°m≥ At±lw ian-®p. ]pXnb \nb-a-Ønse 27KŸ-ßƒ, ]e-Ão-\n-b≥ lo_pIm\-\nse ]g-b-\n-baw F∂nh amXtaAØ-\m-tkymkv AwKo-I-cn-®p-≈p. Ko°pIm\-\n¬ tijn-°p-∂hB[ym-flnI ]mcmbW-Øn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°mw; F∂m¬ ss__n-fn¬th≠ F∂v At±lw Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂p.

(2) kn\-U¬ IØp-Iƒ

(1) At¥ym-Iy≥ P\-ßƒ°p≈ IØv: Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ kn\-Uns‚ (362) \ma-Øn-emWv Cu IØv. im¥nbpw sFIyhpw ssIh-cp-Øm≥ G‰hpw DNn-X-amb hgn-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°-W-sa∂v At¥ym-Iy-bnse P\ßsf At±lw Adn-bn-°p-∂p. \nJymkq\-l-tZmkv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]pdta Bcnb≥ ]mj-WvUX ]q¿W-ambn Dt]-£n-°pI


50 51

F∂-sXm-gn-®v as‰m∂pw sFIyw Imw£n-°p-∂-h-cn¬ \n-∂v B-h-iy-s∏-S-cp-sX∂v \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p. (2) hnizmkw kw_-‘n®v tPmhn-b≥ NI-h¿Øn-°p≈ IØv:Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ kn\-Uns‚ (363) \n¿tZ-i]Imcw- kXy-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw FgpXn tPmhn-b\vAb-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. (3) B^n-°≥ saXm-∑m¿°p≈ IØv: Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ kn\-Un¬ (369) k∂n-ln-X-cm-b 90 CuPn-]vjy≥-˛-en-_n-b≥saXm-∑m-cpsS \ma-Øn¬ B^n-°≥ saXm-∑m¿°p≈ IØm-Wn-Xv.Bcn-b-\n-k-Øns‚ hf¿® XS-bm≥ th-≠n-bmWv CsX-gp-Xn-bXv.

(3) NmIn-I-te-J-\-ßƒ

(1) temIw apgp-h-\p-ap≈ saXm-∑m¿°p≈ teJ\w: KnK-dn-sb∂Bcn-b≥ saXm≥ Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bmbn¬ \nb-an -°-s∏-´-t∏mƒAbmƒs°-Xnsc Xs‚ ]£Øp \n¬°-W-sa∂v A`y¿Yn-®p-sIm≠vAØ-\m-tkymkv 339-˛¬ F√m ItØm-en°m saXm-∑m¿°pw Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv. (2) CuPn-]vXnepw en_n-bm-bn-ep-ap≈ saXm-∑m¿°p≈ teJ\w:356 s^_p-hcn 9˛\v AØ-\m-tkymkv ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°-s∏-´p. 357s^_p-hcn 24-˛-\mWv Bcn-b≥ saXm≥ tPm¿Pv Nm¿sP-Sp-Ø-Xv. CXn-\n-S-bnemWv CsX-gp-Xn-bXv. Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc F√m-h-scbpw t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°n-s°m≠v, \nJymsb apdpsI ]nSn-°m≥ D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p.

(4) ssZh-im-kvX-]-chpw Xm¿°n-I-hp-amb IØp-Iƒ

CØcw IØp-I-sf√mw Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-´m-Wv. (1) ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ kw_-‘n-®p≈ \mev IØp-Iƒ 359/360-- ¬ Xvaqbn-knseskdm-]n-tbm\v Fgp-Xn-b-h-bmWv. Bcn-b-\nkw Dt]-£n® Nne-bm-fp-Iƒ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n sX‰mb ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ h®p]pe¿Øn. Ah-sc-°p-dn®p skdm-]n-tbm≥ AØ\mtkym-kn-s\-gp-Xn. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bm-bn- mWn-h. Chbv°p ]pdsa skdm-]n-tbm\v Fgp-Xnb a‰p c≠p IØp-Ifpw ssIh-∂n-´p≠v. s^Ã¬ IØp-I-fp-sS- Iq-´-Øn-ep≈ H∂v 339-˛epw a‰Xv 356-˛\pw 358-˛\pw CSbv°pw Fgp-Xn-bXpw Bcn-bkns‚ ac-W-sØ-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.

(2) sImdn-t¥m-knse F∏n-I-vsS-‰-kn-\p≈ IØv (F-∏n-kvXpfm BZvF∏n -s‡Øpw F∏n -kvtIm∏pw tImdn -¥n): Ncn - X -]p -cp -j-\mbInkvXphpw \nXy-\mb ]pX\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w CXn¬ N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-°p-∂p. sImdn-t¥mkv cq]X-bn¬ DSseSpØ Nne ]iv\-ßsfkw_-‘n®v F∏n-IvsS-‰kv AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-gp-Xn. tUmsk-‰nIvho£-W-K-Xn-bp≈ Bcn-b≥ -˛ -A-s∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b≥ kwi-b-ß-fmWv cq]-

X-bn¬ Db¿∂p h∂-Xv. AXn-\p≈ hni-Zo-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØvInkvXp-imkvX X¿°ß-fn¬ Cu IØv hfsc ]mam-Wy-Øn-se-Øn.

(3) AsU¬^n-bp-kn-\p≈ IØv: \nJym-bpsS InkvXp-imkvXwkrjvSn-bm-cm-[-\-bn-te°p \bn-°ps∂∂v Nne Bcn-b∑m¿ hmZn-®p.AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn 370/1˛¬ AsU¬^n-bp-kn\v Ab-®-XmWnXv.

(4) amIvkn-ap-kn-\p≈ IØv: InkvXp ssZh-Øns‚ ZØp-]p-X-\mWv F∂ Bcn-b≥ ho£-WsØ FXn¿Øv kXy-hn-izmkw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® amIvkn-apkv F∂ XmXzn-Is\ AØ\mtkymkv Cu IØn-eqsS]iw-kn-°p-∂p.

(5) \nJym kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ UnIn-Isf kw_-‘n® IØv: CuIØn-eqsS \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-am-WsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p∂p. kØ-bn¬\n∂ví(FIv tXkv Dkn-bm-kv) ka-kØ (tlm-tam-D-kn-tbm-kv) F∂o]Z-ß-fpsS ]tbm-K-sØbpw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂p. hn. -K-Ÿ-Ønse ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ°p hncp-≤-a√ Cu ]Z-]-tbm-K-ß-sf∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p.tdmanse Znh-∂m-tkymkv, Hcn-P≥, sXtbm-t·m-Ãkv F∂n-h¿°v CXv]cn-Nn-X-ambncp∂p. \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kns‚ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Kln-°m≥ CuIØv klm-b-I-am-Wv.

(6) dnan-\n, skeqjy kn\-Up-Isf kw_-‘n® IØv: C‰-en-bnsednan\n, Cku-dn-bm-bnse skeqjy F∂nhnSß-fn¬ h®v 359-˛¬ c≠pkn\UpIƒ \S-∂p. Cu c≠p kn\-Up-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ, Ch-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tcJ-Iƒ F∂nh CXn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂p.

(7) dp^n-bm-\p-kn-\p≈ IØv: Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn¬ \n∂p XncnsIhcp-∂-hsc k`-bn¬ tN¿°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n_-‘-\-Isf∏‰n Bcm-™p-sIm≠v dq^n-bm-\pkv 362-˛¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xn\v adp-]-Sn-bm-bn-´mWv Cu IØv.Ko°v Imt\m-\nI kam-lm-c-Øn¬ CXpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

(8) k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p≈ IØv: GIm-¥-Po-hn-X-°m-cmb k\ym-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ Nne-bm-fp-Iƒ Np‰n-°-dßn Bcn-b-\nkw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn AØ-\m-tkymkv tI´p. AXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-´mWv Cu IØv.

(5) B[ym-flnI IØp-Iƒ

(1) Baq-\p≈ IØv: k\ym-kn-bmb Baq\v Fgp-Xnb IØn¬(356) kwib-K-kvX-cmb Nne k\ym-kn-Isf im¥-am-°m≥ A-t±lwian-°p-∂p.(2)Umt°m≥kyq-kn-\p≈ IØv: saXm≥ÿm-\-tØ°vsXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Umt°m≥kyqkv F∂ k\ym-k-ti-jvT≥


52 53

hnk-ΩXw ]d-™p. saXm≥ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°Wsa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v AØ-\m-tkymkv Fgp-Xn. Umt°m≥kyqkv AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ t]cW kzoI-cn®v saXm-\m-bn. ˛ apI-fn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-®-hbv°p]pdta a‰p Nne- I-Øp-IƒIqSn AØ-\m-tkym-kn-t‚-XmtWm F∂v kwi-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-. Ah-sb-∏‰n hnhn-[m-`n-]m-b-ßƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v.

ssZh-imkvXw

AØ-\m-tkymkv Hcp imkvXob ]Xn-]m-Z-I-\m-bn-cp-∂n√. ssZh-imkvX imJ-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m-t\m, XmXzn-I-ambn ]pXnb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Imt\m At±lw sa\-s°- n-√. sX¿Øp-ey-s\- t]mse ]pXnbssZh-im-kvX-]-Z-ßfpw At±lw D≠m-°n-bn-√. F∂m¬ \memw \q‰m-≠nse ssZh-im-kvXNcnXw AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ Ncn-X-am-sW∂vXo¿Øp ]d-bmw. Bcn-bknepw ]n≥Km-an-I-fnepw ad-™n-cp∂ sl√-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ A]-I-S-Øn¬ \n∂p ]c-º-cm-KX ssZh-im-kvXsØAt±lw ImØp-kq-£n-°-bpw AXns‚ h‡m-hmbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.I¿Øm-hn¬ \n∂v Inń-b-Xpw A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ ]kw-Kn-®Xpw ]nXm-°-∑m¿ ImØp -kq-£n-®-Xp-amb ]mc-º-cy-ß-fpw ]t_m-[-\-ßfpw Bcw`wapX-ep≈ ItØm-en-°m- k-`-bpsS hnizm-khpw hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpIbm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Dt±-iyw. F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cnhnizm-ksØ At±lw apdp-sI- ]n-Sn-®p. AXp- I-gnt™ XmXznI hnNn-¥-\-ßƒ°pw hmZ-]-Xn-hm-Z-ßƒ°pw- ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. _p≤n-sIm-≠p- amXw Xs∂-∏-‰nbpw ]m]-©n-I -bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]q¿WambnKln-°m≥ XnI®pw Ai-‡-\mb a\p-jy≥ Ahm-Ny-amb ssZhn-I-k-Ø-bpsS Bgw Fßs\ Kln°psa∂v At±lw tNmZn-°p-∂p.

kz`mhw sIm≠pw Ign-hp- sIm≠pw At±lw Hcp Xm¿°n-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ shdpw t^m¿ap-e-I-sf-°mƒ Bi-b-Øn-\tX At±lw]m[m\yw sImSp-Ø-Xv. kphn-ti-j- k-Xy-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw tIm´whcm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ kml-N-cy-ß-fn-se√mw Ko°v XXz-imkvXw am‰n-h-®n v, kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ EPp-hpw efn-Xhpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-amb kXywapdpsI ]nSn-°m≥ At±lw i≤n®p.

1. -XnXzw

]nXr-]p-X-_‘w, ]nXm-hn¬ \n-∂p≈ ]pXs‚ P\\w F∂n-hXs‚ ap≥-Km-an-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xn-t\°mƒ Iptd-°qSn hy‡-ambpw Bg-ambpw AØ-\m-tkymkv kzX-kn-≤-amb ssien-bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®p. skdm-]n-tbm-\p≈ BZyIØn¬ At±lw ]d-bp∂p: “hnip-≤-hpw -]q¿W-hp-

amb Hcp XnXz-ap-≠v (SnbmUv). ]pd-Øp- \n∂p≈Xpw sshtZ-in-I-am-bXpw H∂pw AXn¬ Ie¿Ø-s∏-ń-ń-√. krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xpw P\n-®-Xp-ambH∂mepw D≠m-°-s∏-´-X-√-Xv. ]ns∂-tbm, apgp-h≥ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.AXns\ ]nXm-hv, ]pX≥, ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv F∂v ssZh-ambn \mw ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. AXv kpÿn-X-am-Wv. kz`m-h-Øn¬ Ahn-`-‡-am-Wv. AXns‚]h¿Ø\w H∂m-Wv. ]nXmhv ]pX≥hgn ]cn-ip-≤-amb XnXz-Øns‚sFIyw ]cn-]m-en-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. A]-Imcw GI-ssZhw k`-bn¬ ]kw-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah≥ F√m-‰n\pw aosXbpw (F-t^.4,6) F√m-‰n-eq-sS-bp-am-Ip-∂p; Bcw-`hpw aqehpw ]nXm-hp-ambn F√m-‰n\pw aosX-bm-Ip-∂p.\ma-Ønepw kwkm-c-co-Xn-bnepw amX-a√ XnXzw; kXy-Ønepw bmYm¿Yy-Ønepw Aß-s\-bm-Ip-∂p. ]nXmhv ÿnX-\m-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse, Ahs‚hN-\hpw ÿnXhpw F√m-‰n∑osX ssZhhp-am-Ip-∂p. ]cnip≤mflmhpwbYm¿Y AkvXn-Xz-an-√m-sX-b-√, ]ns∂tbm ÿnXn sNøp∂p; Ah\vbYm¿Y-amb AkvXn-Xz-ap-≠v. CXn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn ItØm-en-°m-k` ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.”

“hN\w F∂ am[yaw hgntb ]nXm-hn\v krjvSn-°m≥ Ign-bq.hN\w BZy-kr-jvSn-bm-Wv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv hN-\-Øns‚ BZy-kr-jvSn-bm-Wv ”Fs∂ms° Bcn-bkv ]Tn-∏n-®p. AXv s\tbm-π-t‰m-Wn°v Nn¥bm-Wv. AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ hni-Zo-I-cWw ]kvXpX Nn¥m-[mc ]msS X≈n-°-f-bp-∂p. ssZhw GI-\m-Wv. aq∂m-fp-I-fn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. GI\pwAZzn-Xo-b\pw aq∂m-fp--I-fn¬ ÿnXn -sN-øp-∂-h-\p-amb ssZhw krjvSn-I¿aw \S-Øn.

Bcn-bkv hN-\-sØbpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\bpw krjvSn-I-fpsS]£Øp tN¿Øp. AØ-\m-tkym-km-I-s´, ssZh-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpt]msessZhn-I-]-£Øv hN-\-sØbpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\bpw I≠p. hN\wkrjvSn-b-√, P\n®h\m-Wv. Bcn-bkv ]d™p: “]pX≥ ]nXr-a-\kn¬\n∂v DS-se-SpØ krjvSn-bm-Wv.” AØ-\m-tkym-km-Is´ AXn-s\-Xn-sc,“]pX≥ F∂p ]d-™m¬, P\n-∏n-°¬ F∂ ]In-b-bm-Wv A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv” F∂p hmZn-®p. “]nXr-a-\-kn¬ \n∂-√, ]nXr-k-Ø-bn¬ \n-∂mWp ]pX≥. P\n-∏n-°¬ kz`m-h-Øns‚ ]hr-Øn-bmWv; a\kns‚]hr-Øn-b-√. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ ]pXs\ krjvSn-sb∂p ]d-bm≥ ]mSn-√. ]nXm-hn-t\mSp IqsS ]nXm-hns‚ ssZh-Xz-Øns‚ ]q¿WX ]pX-\p-ap-≠v. ]pX≥ ]q¿W-ambn ssZh-amWv. ]Imi-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ ]Im-i-am-Wv. kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p shfn®w ]c-°p-∂-Xp- t]m-se-bm-W-h≥. CuXmc-Xayw At±lw ]e -]m-hiyw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p-. ]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mse


54 55

]pX\pw \nXy-\mWv. ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw c≠m-fp-Ifm-Ip-∂p. F∂m¬H∂m-Ip-∂p. Rm\pw Fs‚ ]nXmhpw H∂m-Ip-∂p; Fs∂ ImWp-∂-h≥]nXm-hns\ ImWp∂p XpS-ßnb hmIy-ßƒ ]nXm-hn\pw ]pX-\p-ap≈Htc kz`m-h-atX hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.”í

“Ah¿ H∂m-Ip∂p. Hcp hkvXp c≠p `mK-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´-Xp-t]m-se-b-√. CX-ßs\b√, ]q¿W-ambn H∂m-Ip-∂p. Hcp hkvXpc≠mbn t]¿ ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-a-√. AXm-bX,v Hcmƒ Xs∂ Hcn-°¬ ]nXm-hmbpw ]ns∂m-cn-°¬ Xs‚ Xs∂ ]pX\mbpw hcp-∂-X-√. Cßs\]Tn-∏n® ks_-√n-b-kv, ]mjWvUn F∂p hn[n-sb-gp-X-s∏-´-t√m. F∂m¬Ah¿ c≠m-Ip-∂p. Imc-Ww, ]nXmhv ]nXm-hm-Ip-∂p. Ah≥ ]pX-\-√.]pX≥ ]pX-\m-Wv, ]nXm-h-√. F∂m¬ kz`mhw (^yqkn-kv) H∂m-Ip-∂p...... ]nXm-hn-\p-≈-sX√mw ]pX-\p-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v ]pX≥ as‰mcpssZh-a-√; ImcWw, Ah≥ ]pdØp \ns∂m∂pw e`n-®-h-\-√. ]nXm-hn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-sbmcp ssZhXzw ]pdØp \n∂v Ah\v e`n-®-X-√.k¥Xn F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]pX≥ ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-\m-sW-¶n-epw, ssZh-Xz-Øn¬ Ah¿ H∂m-Ip-∂p. KpW-hn-ti-j-ß-fn-epw kz`m-h-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-I-fnepw Ah\pw ]nXmhpw H∂m-Ip-∂p. AXp-t]m-se, t\csØ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse, Htc ssZh-Xz-Øns‚ ka-Xz-ØnepwH∂m-Ip-∂p. Imc-Ww, Inc-Whpw ]Im-ihpw kqcy-\n¬ \n∂v XcwXmgv∂-X√; hyXy-kvX-amb ]Im-i-hp-a-√. AXn¬ \n-∂p≈ `mK-`m-Kn-Xz-hp-a-√.]ns∂tbm AXns‚ ]q¿Whpw kz¥-hp-amb k¥-Xn-bm-Ip-∂p. CØ-c-samcp k¥Xn Ah-iym-hiyw Hcp ]Im-i-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ah c≠pwc≠v ]Im-i-amsW∂v Bcpw ]d-bm-dn-√. kqcy\pw Inc-Whpw c≠m-sW-¶nepw H∂p- X-s∂-bm-Wv. kqcy-\n¬ \n-∂p≈ ]Imiw Inc-W-Øm¬F√m-‰n-s\bpw ]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse ]pXs‚ ssZhXzw ]nXm-hn-t‚-Xm-Wv. AXpsIm≠v AXv Ahn-`m-Py-amWv. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ HcpssZh-ta-bp-≈p. Ah-\-√msX a‰m-cp-an-√. Ah¿ H∂pw ssZhXzw GI-hp-am-b-Xn-\m¬, ]nXm-hn-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂-sXms° ]pX-s\-∏‰n ]d-bmw.F∂m¬ Ah≥ ]nXm-hmsW∂v ]d-bm≥ ]mSn-√. as‰√mw ]d-bmw.”í

“Hcp ]pXt\ ]mSp-≈p. c≠n-√. ]nXr-Xz-Øn-\p -amXw aXn. am\p-jn-I -P-\-\-Øn¬ \n∂p XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amWv ssZhn-I-P-\-\w. ssZh-Øn\v a\p-jy-s\ -t]mse ico-ctam `mKtam C√. hn`-P-\-tam, hnIm-ctam IqSm-sX-bmWv ssZhw ]pXs‚ ]nXm-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah≥ GI-Pm-Xs‚ ]nXm-hm-Wv. Ah≥ amXw ]nXr-am¿hn-S-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂p.Ahs\ amXw ]nXm-hv AwKoIcn-®p. Ch-s\s‚ ]nb-kp-X≥; Ch-\n¬

Rm≥ kw]o-X≥ (a-Øm.3:17). Ah≥ hN-\-am-b-Xn-\m¬ XnI®pw tijvT-amb coXn-bn-emWv CXv kw`-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.”í

“kt_m¿Un-t\-j-\n-k-Øn\v ChnsS ÿm\--an-√. Fs‚ ]nXmhvFt∂-°mƒ hen-b-h-\m-Ip-∂p F∂p ]pX≥ ]d-bp-tºmƒ, ]nXmhv D¤-hhpw ]pX≥ Ah-\n¬ \n-∂p≈h\pw Ft∂ A¿Y-ap-≈p. Ah≥]nXm-hns‚ kØ-bn¬ \n∂p \nXy-X-bn-te P\n-®-h-\m-Wv (FIv tXkvDkn-bmkv Xq ]tXm-kv). Ah≥ ]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS ka-k-Ø-bmWv(tlm-tam-D-kn-tbm-kv). tlmtam-bv-Hmk v F∂ ]Zw XnI®pw A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv. kz`m-h-Øn¬ kmZr-iy-ap-≠v (slm-tam-bv-Hmkv IXv Dkn-bm≥)F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw kØ-bn¬ \n∂p≈ kØ (FIv tXkv Dkn-bm-kv)F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw XΩn¬ henb A¥-c-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v ka-kØ(tlmtamDkn-tbm-kv) F∂ ]Zw Xs∂ D]--tbm-Kn-°Ww.”

2. hN-\hpw a\p-jy-c-£bpw

hN-\sØ kw_-‘n® AØ-\m-ky≥ ]t_m-[-\-Øns‚ \mcm-b-thcv a\p-jy-c-£-bm-Wv: “\mw ssZhw BIp-hm≥ Ah≥ a¿Xy\mbn.AZr-iy-Xm-X-s\-∏‰n a\p-jy¿°v Hcm-ibw sImSp-°m≥ hN\w ico-c-Øn¬ shfn-s∏-´p. \mw Aa¿XyXbv°v Ah-Im-in-I-fm-Im≥ Ah≥ a¿Xy-cpsS \nµ-\-ta‰p. InkvXp ssZh-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬. ssZhw a\p-jy-\m-bn-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, \mw c£n°-s∏-Sp-Itb C√m-bn-cp-∂p. a\pjykz`mhwkzoI-cn® hN\w a\p-jy-Ip-esØ Znhy-am-°n. kz`m-h-Ømte A√m-sX, `mK-`m-Kn-Xzw-hgn amX-amWv InkvXp ssZh-am-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬, H‰a\p-jy-\n¬ t]mepw ssZh-Omb cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Ah\p Ign-hp-≠m-hp-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Imc-Ww, ISw hmßn-b-h≥ a‰p-≈-h¿°v F¥p sImSp-°m-\mWv? F∂m¬ Ct∏m-gm-Is´, ]pX-\n-ep≈ `mK-`m-KnXzw hgn \mwssZh-Xz-Øn¬ `mK-`m-KnXzw t\Sp-∂p. Imc-Ww, hN\w F¥mIp∂p-thm,AXp ]nXm-hn-t‚-Xm-Ip-∂p.”í

3. InkvXp-imkvXw

tbip-In-kvXp-hn¬ ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw D≠v. Ah X∂n¬bYm¿Y-ambn hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. IqSn-°-e¿∂v H∂m-bn- Xo¿∂n-ń-√. c≠pw-tN¿∂v aq∂m-a-sXm∂v D≠m-bn-ń-√. H∂v as‰m-∂ns\ Iog-a¿Øn-bn-ń-√.F∂m¬ GI-hy-‡n-bn-¬ Ch c≠pw H∂n®p hkn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠vhy‡n-]-c-amb sFIy-Øn\v Hcp tIm´hpw Xń-bn-ń-√.

“a\p-jy-s\-t∂m, ssZh-sat∂m D≈ \ne-I-fn¬ tbipInkvXpsNbvX-sX√mw Hcm-fns‚ ]hr-Øn-I-fm-Wv. Ah≥ bYm¿Y-ambn ssZh-


56 57

]p-X-\m-bn-cns° a\p-jy-]p-X-\m-bn. ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Pm-X-\m-bn-cns°At\I ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬ BZy-Pm-X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. AXp-sIm≠v A_-lm-an\p apºpw AXn\p ]n≥]pw Htc Hcp ssZh-]p-X≥ X-s∂. emk-dn-s\-∏‰n At\z-jn-®-h\pw emk-dns\ Db¿∏n-®-h\pw Hcp-h≥ Xs∂. a\p-jys\∂ \ne-bn¬, emk¿ FhnsS InS-°p-∂p? (tbm-l. 11:34) F∂ptNmZn-®-h\pw ssZh-sa∂ \ne-bn¬, Ahs\ Db¿∏n-®-h\pw Hcp-h\mIp-∂p. a\p-jy-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ \ne-Øp- Xp-∏n-b-h-\pw, ssZhn-I-ambn ssZh-]p-X-s\-∂- \n-e-bn¬ ]nd-hn-°p-cp-S\v ImgvN \¬In-b-h\pw Hcp-h-\m-Ip-∂p. ]tXmkv ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse (1 ]tXm.4:1) Ah≥ ico-c-Øn¬ ]oUGs‰-¶nepw ssZh-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ I√d Xpd-°p-Ibpw acn-®-hs\ Fgp-t∂-ev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.”í

Inkv-Xp-hnse a\p-jym-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n AØ-\m-tkymkv A[n-I-sam∂pw ]d-™n-ń-√. Hcp ÿeØp amXw sNdnsbmcp ]cm-a¿iw \S-Øp-∂p. hN-\-˛-amw-k (-tem-tKm-kv-˛-km¿Ivkv) InkvXp-im-kvXw Bbn-cp-∂t√m Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ Nn¥m-tem-IØv apg-®p- \n-∂-Xv. tbip-hns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb sFIyw Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v I\yI-a-dn-b-sØ ssZh-am-Xm-sh∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xn\v AØ-\m-tkymkv H´pw aSn-°p-∂n-√.

4. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hv

]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ssZh-am-sW-∂pw hy‡nXzw D≈-h\pw I¿Øm-hp-am-sW∂pw ]nXm-hn¬\n∂p ]pd-s∏-´-h-\m-sW∂pw At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv krjvSn-b-√. ssZhn-I-k-Ø-bn-ep≈ `mK-`m-Kn-Xz-amWv Ahn-Sp-tØ-°p-≈-Xv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS ka-kØ (tlm-tam-D-kn-tbm-kv) BWv.

5.-am-tam-Znkm

Bcn-b≥ kv\m\w IqZm-isb As√∂ Nn¥-bmWv At±l-Øn\p-≈-Xv. XnXz-t^m¿ape IqSm-sXbp≈ amtam-Zokm IqZm-i-b-√. XnXz-sØ-∏‰n A_-≤-[m-c-W- D≈-h¿°v F-ßs\ XnXz-\m-a-Øn¬ amtam-Zokm\¬Im\m-Ipw? Ah-cpsS kv\m\w A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hnizm-kw-Xs∂ sX‰m-Wv. ]utemkv kmtam-km-´-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ XnXz\ma-Øn-emWv kv\m\w kzoI-cn-®-sX-¶nepw, Ahsc ho≠pw kv\m\-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v \nJym-kq\-l-tZmkv Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn. A°mcyw At±lwA\p-kva-cn -°p-∂p: “\ap°p \¬I-s∏-ń -cn -°p∂ XnXz-Øn-ep≈hnizmkw ssZh-hp-ambn \sΩ _‘n-°p∂p; XnXz-Øn¬ \n∂v Fs¥-

¶nepw am‰n-bn-´v, ]nXm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ amX-tam, ]pXs‚ \ma-Øn¬amX-tam, As√-¶n¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\ Iq-SmsX ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw ]pX-s‚bpw \ma-Øn¬ amXtam, kv\m\-s∏-Sp-∂-h≥ H∂pw kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-√.... ImcWw, A\o-X-cm-°p∂ ipiqj XnXz-Øn-em-Wv. ]pXs\ ]nXm-hn¬\n∂v hn`-Pn-°p-I-tbm, As√-¶n¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ krjvSn-bpsSXe-Øn-te°v -Xm-gvØp-Itbm sNøp-∂-h\v ]pX-\p-an-√, ]nXm-hp-an√;Ah≥ ssZh-an-√m-Ø-h-\m-Wv. Ahn-izm-kn-tb-°mƒ ZpjvS-\m-Wv; Ah≥InkvXym-\n-b-√, as‰t¥m BWv ”F∂v skdm-]n-tbm-\p≈ BZy-I-Øn¬(30) At±lw ]d-bp-∂p.


58 59

A[ymbw 5

kotdm-˛-]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ Nn¥-I-∑m¿

BapJw

C∂sØ kndn-b, S¿°n, Ckm-tb¬, Cdm°v F∂n-h-bpsS Nne`mK-ßƒ, se_-t\m≥, tbm¿Zm≥ F∂nh Dƒs∏-´-XmWv k`m-cw-`-Im-esØ kndn-b. IqsS-°qsS AXn¿Øn-Iƒ am‰n-°p-dn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. kndn-bm-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p ]i-kvX -\-K-c-amb At¥ym-Iym. k`m-cw-`-Im-eØv tdma≥ kmam-Py-Ønse ]e-kvXo\ aq∂mbn Xncn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. tIk-dnbm Bbn-cp∂p Xe-ÿm-\w. kndn-bmbpw ]e-kvXo-\mbpwH∂n®v N¿®sNbvXv, ][m\ Nn¥-Isc A]-K-Yn-°mw.

temI-c-£-I-\mb aninlm ]nd-∂p-hoW ]e-kvXo\ ssIkvX-h¿°vkw]q-Py-am-bn-cp-∂p. tdmam-°m¿ Pdp-ktew XI¿Ø-t∏mƒ tbip-hns‚injy-∑m¿ \mep-]mSpw HmSn-t∏m-bn.- kn-dn-bm-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-ambAt¥ymIym k`m-]-c-ambn ]mam-Wy-Øn-te°p-b¿∂p. H∂n-tesd «ol-∑m-cpsS ]cn-em-f\w G¬°m-\p≈ `mKyw At¥ym-Iy-bv°p-≠m-bn. Pdp-k-te-anse k`-bpsS XpS¿®-bmWv AhnSpsØ k`. s]¥n-t°mkvXnZnhkw Pdp-k-te-an¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-hcpw aX-]o-U\w `b∂v HmSn-b-hcpwhfsc Bcw-`-Im-e-Øp- Xs∂ AhnsS kphn--ti-j-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmbn.«ol∑m¿ FØp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]p Xs∂ AhnsS Hcp InkvXob kaqlwD≠m-bn-cp∂p (\-S.11). kphn-ti-j-]-N-cWw h¿≤n-®-t∏mƒ bqZ-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw hnPm-Xn-b-cn¬ \n∂pw \nc-h[n Bfp-Iƒ InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn. Ah¿ XΩn-ep≈ AI¬® «ol-∑m-cpsS N¿®-Iƒ hgn ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-´p. tbip-hns‚ injy-∑m¿ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xv At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®mWv (\-S. 11.26). At¥ym-Iy-bnse hn.- C-t·-jy-kmWv (+110)InkvXo-b-k-`sb ItØm-en-°m-k` F∂v BZy-ambn hnfn-°p-∂Xv(kvan¿W. teJ\w, 8:2).

At¥ym-Iy≥ hnZym-]m-T-ime

k`m-cw-`-Im-eØv At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ hfsc ]i-kvX-amb Hcp ssZh-im-kvX -I-em-ebw Db¿∂p-h-∂p. H∂mw Iem-e-b-Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥kmtam-km-´-°m-c≥ eqkn-b\pw (+312) Iptd-°qSn ]i-kvX-amb c≠m-a-tØ-Xns‚ ÿm]-I≥ Zn-b-tZm-dp-amWv. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ hnZym-]m-T-im-etbmSv InS-]n-Sn-°-Ø° Nn¥m-k-cWn Cu Iem-e-b-Øn¬ DS-se-Sp-Øp.Hcn-P\pw a‰v Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ Nn¥-Icpw hywKym¿Y-`m-jy-Øn\v(As-√-tKm-dn-°¬ hymJym-\-Øn-\v) ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip∂ ssZh-im-kvXwhf¿Øn FSp-Ø-t∏mƒ, AXnse Ipdhv \nI-Øm-\p≈ kwcw`w F∂\ne-bn¬ Ncn-X-]-chpw hmNym¿Y-]-chpw Bb Awi-ßƒ°p ap≥Xq°w \¬In-s°m≠v Ah¿ ssZh-im-kvXw hnI-kn-∏n--®p. Acn-tÃméns‚ XXz-im-kvX-Øn¬ ]mZ-aq-∂n- Hcp-Xcw dmj-W-en-k-Øn\vAh¿ ap≥Xq°w sImSp-Øp. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b tπt‰m-bpsS anÃn-kn-k-Øn-etX ASn-ÿm-\-ap-d-∏n®-Xv. InkvXp-im-kvX-Ønepw Cu sshhn[ywZriy-am-bn-cp-∂p. At¥ymIy°m¿ thZ-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw Ncn-X-ØnepwA[n-jvTn-X-ambn, N-cn-X-]p-cp-j-\mb tbipInkvXp-hn¬ \n∂mWvInkvXp-imkvXw ]Wn-Xp-b¿Øn apI-fn-te°v Ib-dp-∂-Xv. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-°mcm-I-s´, hN-\-amb ssZh-Øn¬ Bcw-`n®v Xmtg-bv°p -h∂vNcn-X-Øn¬ ]th-in-°p-∂p. hN-\-amb ssZhØn\v Ae-Ivkm-≠nb°m¿ ]m[m\yw sImSp-°p-tºmƒ, hN\w F]-Imcw a\p-jy-c£a\p-jy-\n-eqsS \n¿h-ln-°p∂p F∂ kwKXn At¥ym-Iy-°m¿ ]kv]-jvS-am-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ am\p-jnI hi-Øn\v]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p. Znb-tZm¿, Xnb-tUm¿, s\kvtXm-dn-bkv, Xnb-sUm-sd‰v, tPm¨ In-skm-kvtXmw F∂n-h¿ Cu hnZym-]m-T-im-e-bnse ]K-¤-∑m-cm-Wv. kotdm-˛-]-e-kvXo-\m-bnse F√m Nn¥-Icpw At¥ym-Iy≥Nn¥m-kzm-[o-\-Øn¬ hcp∂n-√.

tIk-dn-b≥ hnZym-]m-T-ime

Hcn-P≥ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ \n∂v 232-˛¬ ]e-kvXo-\-bnse tIk-dn-bm-bn¬ h∂p. At±lw AhnsS XpS-ßnb ssZh-im-kvX- I-em-ebwHcp henb ]T-\-tI-µ-ambn hf¿∂p. Hcn-Ps‚ IrXn-Iƒ hen-sbmcpKŸ-ti-J-c-Øns‚ Bcw-`-an-´p. s]kv_n-‰-dmb ]wô-ekv AXphf¿Øn, hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. Hcn-Ps‚ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ C]-Imcw ]e-kvXo\m ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw hym]n-®p. A¤p-X-]-h¿Ø-I-\mb KntKm-dn-tbm-kv, tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv F∂n-h¿ ssZh-im-kvX -]-cn-io-e\w t\Sn-bXv Chn-sS-bm-Wv. I∏-tUmjy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m¿°v Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ ssZh-im-kvX-tØmSv B`n-apJyw D≠m-Im≥ Cu Iem-ebwhfsc klm-bn-®p.

kotdm-˛-]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ Nn¥-I-∑m¿

60 61

1.- km-tam-km-´-bnse ]utemkv (3˛mw \q.)

tdm-a≥ kmam-Py-Ønse sImam™v F∂ kndn-b≥ t]mhn≥kns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-amb kmsam-km- -bn-emWv ]utemkv ]nd-∂-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv Abmƒ ]¬ao-d-bnse cm⁄n skt\m-_n-b-bpsS skI´dnbpw[\-Im-cy-a-¥nbpw Bbn-Øo¿∂p. 260-˛¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm-\m-b-tijw InkvXp-hn-s\-∏‰n A_-≤-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßn.InkvXp Hcp km[m-cW a\p-jy≥ amX-am-sW∂pw ssZhw tbip-hns\ZsØ-SpØv ssZh-]p-X-\m-°n-sb∂pw a‰pw Abmƒ ]Tn∏n-®p. 264˛\pw268˛\pw CSbv°v At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®v aq∂p- kn-\-Up-Iƒ IqSp-Ibpw268-˛¬ ]utem-kns\ apS-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp (F-hp.-k-`m.7:27.2).

2. At¥ym-Iy-bnse am¬°n-tbm≥ (3˛mw \q.)

]utem-kns\ apS-°nb tbmK-Øn¬ am¬°n-tbm≥ F∂ sshZn-I≥ kmc-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®p. ‘XnXzw aq∂p -t]-cp-I-fn¬ HXpßn \n¬°p-∂p. InkvXp ZØp-]p-X-\mWv’ F∂nh A_-≤m-`n-]m-b-ß-fmbn X≈-s∏-´p. ]utemkpw am¬°n-tbm\pw XΩn¬ \S∂ N¿® Ipdn-s∏-gp-Øp-Im¿ Ipdn-®n-cp-∂p. AXv _nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨kyq-kv, PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn, Uo°≥ ]o‰¿ F∂n-h-cpsS tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWmw.kn\Up Ign-™-t∏mƒ saXm-∑m¿s°√mw Ab® teJ-\-Øns‚I¿Ømhv am¬°n-tbm≥ BWv (Ptdmw, a-lZv.71). Cu N¿®-bn¬ \n∂vFhp-tk-_n-bkv D≤-cn-°p-∂p. ]utem-kns‚ [m¿anI Pohn-X-sØbpwkz`m-h-sØbpw ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ `mK-ß-fmWv Fhp-tk-_n-bkv D≤-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ A]-cym-]vX-amWv F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ Iu¨kn¬ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ ka-kØ(tlm-tam-D-kn-tbm-kv) F∂ ]Zw Xnc-kvI-cn®p F∂v hn.-ln-e-cnepw (sZknt\m-Zn-kv, 81.86) hn.-t_-knepw (te-J\w, 52) km£n-°p-∂p. ]utemkvGX¿Y-Øn-emWv Cu ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®-sX∂v \ap-°-dn-bn-√. ]nXmhpw]pX\pw XΩn-ep≈ hy‡n-]-c-amb _‘w \ntj-[n-®p -sIm-≠p≈hymJym-\-amImw sImSp-Ø-Xv.

3.- eq-kn-b≥ (+312)

kma-tkm-´m-bn¬ P\n® eqkn-b-s\-∏‰n Fhp-tk-_n-bkv ]d-bp-∂-Xv i≤m¿l-am-Wv: “eqkn-b≥ F√m-hn-[-Ønepw tijvT-hy-‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øn\v \s√mcp Pohn-X-Iaw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p; Znhy-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ At±lw AKm-[-]m-WvUnXyw kºm-Zn-®n-cp-∂p. At¥ym-Iy≥k`-bnse Hcp sshZn-I-\mb At±-lsØ NI-h¿Øn \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-∂p. Xm≥ ]kw-Kn-®n-cp∂ hnizm-k-kXyw At±lw

NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ap≥]msI hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. NI-h¿Øn DSs\ At±-lsØ Pbn-en¬ AS-bv°p-IbpwsIm√p-Ibpw sNbvXp” (k-`m.9,6,3). ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ NI-h¿Øn aIvkn-an≥ Ubm BWv.

eqkn-b≥ ]e IrXn-Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. lo_p-`m-j-bn¬ AKm[-]m-WvUnXyw D≠m-bn-cp∂ eqkn-b≥, Ko°p- ss_-_n-fn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Snb sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Øn. kndn-b, Gjym-ssa-\¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnseAt\Iw k -Iƒ eqkn-bs‚ Cu ]Xn∏v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p (Ptdmw,dpô-\-kn-s\-Xnsc,2,27). hnizmkw kw_-‘n®v eqkn-b≥ Hcp sNdnb IrXnFgp-Xn- (Ptdmw, a-l-Zv.77). At¥ym-Iybnse BZyIem-e-bw eqkn-b\mWvÿm]n®Xv. At±lw 270 apX¬ AhnsS ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. eqkn-bs‚injy-∑m-sc-∏‰n ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bqkv ]d-bp-∂p: \ns°m-taZn-bm-bnseFhp-tk-_n-b-kv, I¬°-tZm-\n-bm-bnse amcn-kv, \nJym-bnse sXtbm-·n-kv, At¥ym-Iym-bnse setbm¨kyq-kv, X¿tkm-knse At¥m-Wn-tbm-kv, Ft^-tkm-knse sat\m-^m≥sX-kv, \pam\qkv, Fhp-tUm-Ivkn-bq-kv, Ae-Iv-km-WvU¿, AkvtX-cn-bqkv BZn-bm-b-h¿.

Bcn-b-≥ ]mj-WvU-X-bpsS I¿Øm-hmb Bcn-bkpw eqkn-bs‚injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne¿ Bcn-b-\n-k-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmbn eqkn-b-s\-ImWp∂p. Xm≥ eqkn-bs‚ Hcp injy-\m-sW-∂-Xn¬ Bcn-bkv A`n-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. eqjy-\nÃv F∂v kzbw hnfn-°m\pw Xm¬]cyw ImWn-®p. kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ sIm≈q-jy-\nÃv F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p (F-∏n-^m-\nb-kv, ]mj.69,6). apI-fn¬ ]d-b-s∏´ injy-∑m¿ F√m-hcpw Xs∂Bcn-bkns\ ]n≥Xp-W-®h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

4. sUmtdm-tØ-bqkv (4˛mw \q.)

eqkn-bs‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂p sUmtdm-tØ-bqkv F∂v ]d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v. At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bnse Hcp ]´-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-s∂∂v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv km£n°p∂p (k-`m.7,32,2˛4). At±lw lo_p-`mj \∂mbn ]Tn®vlo_p-hn¬ Xs∂ ssZh-h-N\w Kln-°p-Ibpw hymJym-\n-°p-IbpwsNbvXn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ IrXn-Isf°pdn®v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv H∂pw ]d-bp-∂n-√.

5. At¥ym-Iy-bnse Gkyqkv (4˛mw \q.)

HkvXm-tXymkv \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´ -tijw At¥ymIy Bcnb-\n-k-Øns‚ tIµ-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. At¥ym-Iy-bnse Bcnb≥ saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ setbm¨kyqkv (344-˛358) Gkyq-kns\ Uo°-\m-°n. XpS¿∂vAbmƒ 362-˛¬ saXm-\mbn (^n-sem-kvtXm-¿Pn-bq-kv, k`m-.7.6). Abmƒ

kotdm-˛-]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ Nn¥-I-∑m¿kotdm- -]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ Nn¥-I-∑m¿

62 63

D]-cn-π-h- Nn-¥m-co-Xn-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øntem ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hymJym-\-ß-fntem KWy-amb Adn-hn-√m-bn-cps∂∂v skmIm-´kv]d-bp-∂p(k-`m-.2.35).

Gkyq-kns‚ kn¥Kv-am-tkym≥ F∂ Hcp sNdp-IrXn F∏n-^m-\n-bkv Xs‚ KŸ-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p≠v (]m-j.76,11). As\m-sam-bv-HmkvF∂ ]ZsØ Gkyqkv Cu IrXn-b-n¬ \ymbo-I-cn-°p∂p. ]nXmhpw]pX\pw XΩn-ep≈ kØm-]-c-amb hyXymkw kv]jvS-am-°m-\p≈ _≤-∏m-Sm-Wn-Xn¬. 47 Xokn-kp-I-fm-bn-´m-Wv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xs‚tkm^nkw ]I-S-am-°p∂ \nc-h-[n teJ-\-ßƒ Abmƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. AXn¬ tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ NI-h¿Øn-s°-gp-Xn-bXpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p(skmIm- kv, k`m-.2.35). hN-\-Øns‚ a\p-jy-h-Xmcw kw_-‘n®v ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[\w F∂ kam-lmcw D≠m-°n-b-bmƒ, amtkm¨F∂-bm-fn\v Gkyqkv Ab® IØn¬\n∂v A©v hmN-I-ßƒ D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

6. knkn-°p-knse Fhp-tWm-an-bkv (+493)

Gkyqkns‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂ Fhp-tWm-an-bkv IrXn-I-fn-eqsSBcn-b-\n-ksØ \ymbo-I-cn-®p. Abmƒ s\tbm-˛-B-cn-b-\n-k-Øns‚t\Xmhpw h-‡m-hp-am-bn. AbmfpsS BZy-Ime Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n hf-sc-sbm∂pw \ap-°-dn-hn-√. Abm-fpsS ]nXmhv Hcp Irjn-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂pîF∂mWv KnK-dn- \o m ]d-bp-∂-Xv. “Cß-s\-sbmcp k¥-Xn-bp-≠mbn F∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ B ]nXmhv hfsc \√h-\m-bn-cp∂p ”F∂mWvAt±-l-Øns‚ ]cm-a¿iw (F-hp-tWm-an-b-kn-s\-Xnsc, 1). Abmƒ Npcps°gpØv A`y-kn®v Gkyq-kns‚ skI-´-dn-bmIpIbpw Abm-fpsStkm^n-ÃnIv Nn¥m-co-Xn-Iƒ hi-am-°pIbpw sNbvXp (skmIm-´kv,k`m.4,7).

At¥ym-Iy-bnse Fhp-tUm-Ivkn-bkv Abmsf Uo°-\m°n. Fhp-tUm-Ivkn-bkv 380-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-ƒ saXm-\m-b-t∏mƒ, Fhp-tWm-an-b-kns\ knkn-°p-knse saXm-\m-°n. hmN-I-°-k¿Øp-sIm≠vAbmƒ Ahn-sSbp≈-hsc Aº-c-∏n-®p-. Ah-km\w kln-sI´v Ah¿Abmsf AhnsS \n∂v HmSn-®p. Abmƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-se-Øn,Fhp-tUm-Ivkn-b-kns‚ IqsS ÿm\n-Isa-Xm-\mbn Imew Ign®pIqń(skmIm-´kv, k-`m.4.7). Gkyqkv acn-®-t∏mƒ Fhp-tWm-an-bkv At\m-a-b≥ F∂ Bcnb≥ hn`m-K-Øns‚ t\Xm-hm-bn. B hn`mKw ]n∂oSvFhp-tWm-an-b¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. I¬°-tZm-\n-bmbnep≈ Xs‚ FtÃ-Ãn-te°v ]n≥hm-ßnb Fhp-tWma-n-b-kns\ (^n-sem-kvtXm¿Pnbq-kv,k`m.9.4) 383˛\p tijw XnbtUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn \mSp-I-S-Øn. aokn-

b-bnse l¬ao-dn-knepw I∏-tUm-jy-bnse tIk-dn-bm-bnepw Ut°m-d-bn-ep-ambn Pohn-®p. 394-˛¬ acn-®p.

Fhp-tWm-an-bkv Bcn-b¿°p-th≠n [mcmfw IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn. [mcm-f-am-fp-Iƒ ]kvXpX IrXn-Isf FXn¿Øv IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. ZnZo-aq-kv, tIk-dn-bm-bnse hn. t_-kn¬, -Kn-K-dn \o m, skmt^m-Wn-bp-kv,eh-Zo-Iy-bnse As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kv, sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse Xnb-tUm¿F∂n-h¿ Ah-cn¬ ][m-\n-I-fm-Wv. t_kn-en-s‚bpw KnKdnbpsSbpwJWvU\ IrXn-I-sfm-gn®v a‰p-≈-h-sb√mw \jvS-s∏´p. Fhp-tWm-an-b-kns‚ IrXn-Iƒ kq£n-°p-∂Xv cmPy-tZm-l-°p-‰-ambn 398 apX-ep≈cmP-I¬]-\-Iƒ hn[n-®-Xn-\m¬ an°hbpw A·n-°n-c-bm-bn.

1. H∂mw At∏m-fPn: 361˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu IrXn Inń-bn-´p-≠v.Fhp-tWm-an-b-kn-s\-Xnsc KŸ-ßƒ cNn-°m≥ t_kn-en-\pw KnK-dn°pwZnZo-ap-kn-\pw As∏m≈n-\m-cn-kn\pw t]cW e`n-®Xv Cu sNdp-Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂m-Wv. s\tbm- π-t‰m-Wn-Iv- -A-cn-sÃm-t -en-b≥ ssien-tbm-Sp-IqsS dmj-W-en-k-hpw t\man-\-en-khpw tNcp-tºmƒ At∏m-f-Pn-bpsS XXz-im-kvX-am-Ipw. “Fhp-tWm-an-b-kn\v ssZh-imkvXw sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bmWv ”

F∂tX Xnb-sUmsd-‰ns‚ Ipdn∏v (]m-j.4.3). “P\n-®-h-\√ F∂-XmWvssZhnI kØ. ]pX≥ P\n-®-h-\m-I-bm¬, Ah\v ]nXm-hmb ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvXamsbmcp kØ-bmWv (At\msambvtbmkv). P\n-®-h-\√ F∂ Bibw ssZhsØ F√m krjvSn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-\mbn ImWm≥ ]m]vXn \¬Ip-∂p. ]pX≥ C√m-bva-bn¬ \n∂pkrjvSn-°-s∏-´-h-\m-Wv. ]nXmhv ]pXs\ Bcw-`-Øn¬ Xs∂ ssZh-]p-X-\mbn ZsØ-Sp-Øp.”îCXmWv Fhp-tWm-an-b-kns‚ ssZh-Zq-jWw!CXv Bcn-bkn¬ \n∂v A¬]w hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Bcn-bkv ]d-™-Xv,kpIrX- Po-hn-Xm-\-¥cw ]nXmhv InkvXp-hns\ ssZh-kp-X-\mbn kzoI-cn®p F∂-tX.

2. c≠mw A-t∏m-f-Pn: BZy-IrXn ]pd-Øp-h∂ DS≥Xs∂ ]ecpwCXnse ssZh-Zq-j-W-ßsf JWvUn®v IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn. DSs\ c≠m-a-sXm-c-t∏m-fPn Fgp-Xm≥ Fhp-tWm-an-bkv _≤-s∏-´p. 378-˛¬ AXp ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. Ipd-™-]£w aq∂p -]p-kvX-I-ß-fm-bn-´mWv CXv F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.Nn-e-t∏mƒ A©mImw F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-ap≠v. Cu IrXn \jvS-s∏-´p-t]mbn. F∂m¬ hn.-Kn-K-dn \o mbpsS FhptWmanb-kn-s\-Xnsc F∂IrXn-bn¬ CXn¬ \n∂p \nc-h[n D≤-c-Wn-I-fp-≠v. Cu c≠mw At∏m-fPn H∂pw c≠pw KŸ-ßƒ t_kn-ens‚ Fhp-tWm-an-b-kn-s\-XnscF∂ H∂mw IrXnsb JWvUn-°-bm-Wv. Ah-km-\sØ cs≠-Æ-sØ-∏‰n ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bpkv amXw ]d-bp-∂p (k-`m.8,12). aq∂mw ]pkvX


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Iw t_kn-ens‚ c≠mw IrXn-bpsS JWvU-\-am-bn-cn-°mw. Ah-km-\sØcs≠Æw t_kn-ens‚ aq∂mw ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ JWvU-\-hpw. GXm-bmepw CsX-gp-Xm≥ Fhp-tWm-an-bkv ]¥≠p h¿j-sa-Sp-Øp. Cu IrXnH∂n®v ]kn-≤o-I-cnt®m F∂p kwi-b-am-Wv. t^mkn-bkv aq∂p IrXn-I-sf-∏-‰ntb ]d-bp-∂p-≈p (_n-_vfn. tIm.138).

3. hnizmk]Jym-]\w: Fhp-tWm-an-bkv 383-˛¬ Hcp hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w Xnb-tUm-jy-kv NI-h¿Øn°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. KnKdn\o m Xs‚ JWvU-\-ß-fn¬ CXns\ \n-in-X-ambn hna¿in-®n-´p-≠v.

4. tdmam-teJ-\-`mjyw: Ggv KŸ-ß-fn-embn Fgp-Xn- (skmIm-´kv,k-`m.4.7).

5. I-Øp-Iƒ: ]e-¿°mbn Fgp-X-s∏´ \m¬]Xv Fhp-tWm-an-b≥IØp-Iƒ t^mkn-bkv hmbn-®n-´ps≠∂p ]d-bp∂p (_n-_vfn.-tIm-.138).F∂m¬ Ah-sbm∂p-w e`n-®n- n√.

7.- t_-tdm-bm-bnse AIm-Nn-bpkv

Hcp- Im-eØv tPm¨ In-skm-kvtXm-ans‚ Hcp‰ kplr-Øm-bn-cp∂pAIm-Nn-bp-kv. F∂m¬ Inskm-kvtXm-an¬ \n-∂p -h∂ GtXm ]mI-∏n-g-bm¬ hWn-X-\mb AIm-Nn-bpkv ]n∂oSv At±-lØn¬ \n∂I-∂p.AIm-Nn-bpkv sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs∂ Bi-a-Po-hn-X-am-cw-`n-®p. ]cn-ip-≤n-bnepw ISpØ X]-›-cy-bnepw Io¿Øn-am-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. Cu Ime-L-- -Øn¬ t_kn¬, F∏n-^m-\n-bkv F∂n-h-cp-ambn kº¿°w ]pe¿Øn.]\m-cn-tbm≥ F∂ KŸw AIm-Nn-bp-kns‚ t]c-W-bm-emWv F∏n-^m-\n-bkv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. AIm-Nn-bp-kns\ At¥ym-Iy-bnse sate-kypkv378-˛¬ kndn-bm-bn¬ t_tdmbmbnse saXm-\mbn \nb-an-®p.

At¥ym-Iy≥ ioiva Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ sate-kyqkv At±-lsØUam-kq-kv ]m-∏m-bpsS ]°-te-°-b-®p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-Un¬(381) At±lw kw_-‘n-®p. tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans\ hnkvX-cn® HmIvkn-\-Un¬ (403) At±lw tPmWns‚ FXn¿hn- m-K-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]mbm-[n-Iyw- aqew Ft^-tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v km[n-®n-√. 433˛\p tijw acn-®p. At±lw `‡\pw Icp-W- \n-d-™-h\pw B-bn-cp-s∂∂v skmtkm-a\pw (k-`m.7,28) Xnb-sUm-sd‰pw (k-`m.5,23) km£n-°p-∂p. am¿ _membv tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m A©v kpdn-bm\n KoX-ß-fn¬ AIm-Nn-bp-kns‚ kpIr-X-ßsf ]Io¿ Øn-°p--∂p.At±lØns‚ IØp-I-fn¬ Bsd-Æta e`n-®n´p≈p. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-\p -th≠n kndn-en-\v F-gp-Xn-b-XmWv Hsc-Æw. Ko°nepw eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw AXv Inń-bn-´p-≠v.

8.- ]vsXm-sf-am-bn-knse At¥ym-°pkv

^n\o-jy-bn¬ D≈ ]gb Bt°m-bmWv ]vsXmsf-am-bnkv. Ahn-SpsØ saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ At¥ym-°pkv IqsS-°qsS tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfn¬ ]kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ kzcw hfsc am[p-cy-ta-dn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v kz¿W\m-hp-Im-c≥îF∂v Nne¿ At¥ym-°p-kns\ hnfn-®n-cp∂p F∂v skmIm-´kpw (k-`m.6,11) skmskm-a\pw (k-`m.8,10) ]dbp-∂p. 408˛\p apºv acn-®p. AXym-K-l-Øn-s\-Xnsc Hcp henbIrXnbpw Ipcp-Ss\ kuJy-am-°nb kw`-hsØ B[m-c-am°n Hcp ]`m-j-Whpw Xbm-dm°n F∂v P∂m-Un-bkv ]d-bp-∂p (a-l-Zv.20). F∂m¬Cu c≠p IrXn-Ifpw \jvS-s∏-´p.

9.- t_m-kvXm-bnse ssS‰kv

Pqen-b≥ NI-h¿Øn ssS‰-kns\ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v t_mkvXm-bnse P\-ßƒs°mcp IØ-b-®p. P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hnπhw hnX-bv°p∂p F∂m-bn-cp∂p Btcm-]-Ww. ssS‰kv DSs\ Hcp adp-]Sn Ab-®p. P\-ßƒ°n-S-bnse Akz-ÿX Xs‚ hm°p-Iƒ sIm-≠mWv Ipd-™sX∂v At±lw Adn-bn-®p. Pqen-b-≥ AXp Iq´m-°msX ssS‰-kns\\K-c-Øn\p ]pd-Øm-°m≥ P\-ß-tfm-Sm-lzm\w sNbvXp. F∂m¬t_mkvXm-bnse P\-ßƒ A]-Imcw sNbvX-Xmbn sXfn-shm∂pw ImWp-∂n-√. ]XypX 363˛epw ssS‰kv t_mkvXm-bnse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂vAt¥ym-Iy≥ kn\-Unse H∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂v sXfn-bp-∂p. hmse≥kns‚`c-W-°m-eØv (363-˛378) acn®p (Ptdmw, a-l-Zv.102).

a\n-t°b¿s°-Xn-sc hfsc i‡n-bmbn ssS‰kv Xs‚ XpenI Nen-∏n®p. a\n-t°-b¿s°-Xnsc F∂mWv At±-lØns‚ G‰hpw ][m-\s∏´-Ir-Xn. Pqen-bs‚ ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw (363 Pq¨ 26-) \mep KŸ-ß-fnembn Fgp-X-s∏-´p. H∂mw ]pkvXIw: “ssZh-\oXn Xn∑ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂p; F∂m¬ Xn∑ F∂ ]iv\w kw_-‘n®v Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw CjvS-ap≈ Nn¥m-k-cWn Ah-ew-_n-®m¬ \n›-b-ambpw A_-≤-Øn¬ hogpw.Xn∑ ]m]-©n-Ihpw \nXy-hp-amb XXz-a-√. AXv a\p-jys‚ kzX-¥-a-\-kn¬ \n∂p hcp-∂p: Ahs‚ hnIm-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p.”\∑-bp-sSbpw Xn∑-bp-sSbpw \nc-¥-c-k-acw F∂ a\n-t°-b≥ A_-≤m-i-bsØ ssS‰kv JWvUn-°p-∂p. c≠mw ]pkvXIw ]Zm¿Yhpw Xn∑bpw\nXy-ambn ÿnXn sNøp∂p F∂ a\n-t°-b≥ A_-≤m-`n-]m-bsØJWvUn-°p-∂p. InkvXp-aXw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]]-© krjvSnbpwssZh]cn-]m-e-\bpw hymJym-\n-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p. aq∂mw ]pkvXIwshfn]mSpw ssZh-\n-th-i-\hpw kw_-‘n®v a\n-t°-b¿°p≈ A`n-]m-b-ßsf A]-K-Yn-°p-∂p. ]g-b-\n-b-ahpw ]pXn-b -\n-b-ahpw ssZhnI


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shfn-]m-Sns‚ Ncn-X-amWv. Ah Hcp-t]mse ssZh-\n-th-in-X-ß-fmsW∂vXd-∏n-®p -]-d-bp-∂p. \memw ]pkvXIw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn-emWv i≤ -sN-ep-Øp-∂-Xv. a\n-t°-b≥ kzX¥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-Iƒ°v A\p-krX-ambn]pXnb \nbaw ]pXp-°n-sb-gp-Xm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xn-\v F-Xn-cm-bn´mWv Cu`mKw. ˛ ]ns∂-∏ns∂ h∂ a\n-t°b≥ hncp-≤ -K-Ÿ-I¿Øm-°ƒ ASn-ÿm-\-tc-J-bmbn CXp-]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠v. a\n-t°-b≥ IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈IrXy-amb \nc-h[n D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ CXn-ep-≠v. F∂m¬ am\n-bp-sSbpw injy-cp-sSbpw ]T-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ ssS‰kv ian-®n-ń-√. KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ XmXznI]cn-io-e-\w, ]`m-j-W- \n-]p-W-X, ss__nƒ mjy-I-gnhv F∂nh CXn¬ sXfn-™p- Im-Wmw. _p≤n°p kwc-£-I-\mbnk -bpsS ]t_m-[-\m-[n-Imcw D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ A`n-]m-b-°m-c-\mWvAt±-lw. Xs‚ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn¬ Xm¿°n-I -]-Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒAt±lw Dt]-£n-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.

At±-l-Øns‚ eq°m`mjy-Øns‚ Ipd®p `mK-ßƒ slcm-s¢bm-bnse \ntk-‰-k-Øns‚ (11-˛mw \q.) ItØ-\-I-fn-eq-sS- Inń-bn-´p≠v. AXp-t]m-se, Z\-lm-]-kw-K-Øns‚ Nne mK-ßƒ Hcp kpdn-bm\n ]Xn-∏nep≠v.

10. Km_m-em-bnse skth-cn-b≥

kndn-b-bn¬ eh-Zo-Iy-bv°-SpØv Km_m-em-bnse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂skth-cn-b≥ AIm-Nn-bp-kn-s\-°mfpw At¥ym-°p-kn-t\-°mfpw ][m-\-s∏´ Bfm-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw hnIm-c-`-cn-X\pw Xs‚ Ign-hp-I-fn¬henb aXn-∏p-≈-h\pw Bbn-cp∂p F∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xe-ÿm\ \K-cn-bnse ]kw-K-ßƒ hgn P\-ß-fpsS CS-bnepw cmP-k-Zkn-epw, ]tXy-In®v Fhp-tUm-Ivknb cm⁄n-bpsS ]°epw, \√ kzm[o\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-amZyw tPm¨ In-skmkvtXm-an-t\mSv ssaXn-bn-embncp-∂p.Iptd-°-gn-™-t∏mƒ AXn-\ev]w am‰w kw`-hn®p. Inskm-kvtXm-ans\hn[n® Hm°v kn\-Un¬ (403) At±lw tPmWns‚ FXn¿]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. 408˛\p tijw acn-®p. At¥ym-Iy≥ ss__nƒ `mjy-co-Xn-bpsSHcp h‡m-hmWv skth-cn-b≥. ]mj-WvUn-Iƒ°pw bqZ¿°p-sa-Xnsc\nJym-hn-izmkw Db¿Øn-°m-´m≥ At±lw ian-®p. temI-sØ-°p-dn®vAt±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Bibw XnI®pw Aim-kvXo-b-am-Wv. At±lwhmNym¿Y-Øn-emWv ss__nƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv; Ihn-X-Ifpw DZm-l-c-W-ßfpw Ae-¶m-c-ß-fp-sa√mw hmNy¿Y-Øn¬ Xs∂ FSp-Øp.

P∂m-Un-bkv Ipdn-°p∂p: “Km_m-em-k-`-bnse saXm-\mb skth-cn-b≥ Hcp thZ-]p-kvX-I- ]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p; At±lw hfsc \∂mbn]kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ]kw-Kn-°m≥ _nj∏v tPmWpw NI-h¿Øn A¿t°-Un-bkpw At±-lsØ

IqsS°qsS £Wn-®n-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Kem-Xy-te-J-\-`mjyw Rm≥hmbn-®n-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mse kv\m\hpw Z\-lmbpw F∂ BI¿j-Wo-b-amb sNdnb IrXn-bpw. Kem-Xy-te-J-\-`mjyw \jvS-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ ap∏Xvtlman-en-Iƒ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ IrXn-I-tfm-sSm∏w Inń-bn- p-≠v. ]utem-kns‚ F√m teJ-\-ß-fp-sSbpw `mjyw F∂ IrXn-bpsS Nne tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ _n_vfn-°¬ ItØ-\-Iƒ hgn ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. At±lw IqsS-°qsS Xm¿°n-I-coXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p. X¿tkm-knse Znb-tZm-dns‚injy-\m-bmWv skth-cn-b≥ `mjy-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. amem-J-am-tcm-Sp≈ hW-°-Øn\v At±lw henb hntcm-[n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. InkvXpF∂ GI-a-[y-ÿ-t\-bp≈p F∂ Imcyw Du∂n-∏-d-bm≥ At±lwian®p” (al-Zv. 21).

11.- P-dp-k-te-anse slko-°n-bpkv

At±-lØns‚ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n hf-sc-sbm∂pw \ap-°-dn-bn-√.hnizmk- km-£n-bmb sXtbm- m-\-kns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ At±lw Hcpk\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Pdp-ktew k`-bnse Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X\pw ]kwK-I\pw F∂ \ne-bn¬ kw]qPy-\mbn KWn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. k`m]t_m-[-I-\mbpw ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-\mbpw D÷z-e -Xm-c-ambpw jntØm-s∏m-fo-knse kndn¬ At±-lsØ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Fhp-Xo-an-b-kns‚Bia- tZhm-e-b-Iq-Zm-ibv°v 428˛tem 429˛tem Pdp-ktew saXm≥ bpsh-\m-ens‚ IqsS slko°n-bpkv t]mb-Xmbn kndn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. 450-˛-\p--tijw acn-®p. Ko°p-k` Hcp hnip-≤-\mbpw thZ-]p-kvXI `mjy-Im-c-\mbpw At±-lsØ Icp-Xp-∂p.

slko-°n-bpkv ss__nƒ apgp-h≥ hymJym-\n®p F∂v Ko°p-sa-t\m-fPn ]d-bp-∂p. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ mjy-co-Xn-bmWv At±lw A\p-h¿Øn-®-Xv. F√m hmN-I-ßƒ°pw hmNym¿Yw ImW-W-sa∂ Nn¥m-K-Xnsb Hcn-P-t\m-sSm∏w At±-lhpw FXn¿°p-∂p. XXz-im-kvX-Øns‚Hcp ]Jym-]n-X- i-Xp-hm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ]ecpw XXz-im-kvXw D-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Znhy-c-l-ky-ßƒ hf-s®m-Sn-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ssZh-imkvXw thZ-]p-kvXm-Im-[n-jvTn-Xhpw InkvXp-imkvXw XmXzn-I-]-Z-ßƒIqSm-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. hy‡n-Xzw, lyqt∏m-kvX-knkv, kØ, kz`m-hw, Ah-Xmcw XpS-ßnb ]Z-ßƒ a\x-]q¿hw At±lw Dt]-£n-®p. AXn-\p -]-Icw ss__nfns‚ ssien-bnemWv N¿®-I-sf-√mw. InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn¬ Ae-Ivkm≠n-b≥ Nn¥-bn-emWv At±lw ]mZ-aq-∂n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.kndn-ens‚ InkvXp-im-kvX -]mX-bn-eqsS k©cns®¶nepw, At±-l-Øns‚ XmXzn-I-]-Z-ß-ƒ kzoI-cn-®n--√. Bcn-b¿, As∏m-≈n-\mcnb¿ F∂n-h¿s°-Xnsc \nJym-hn-izmkw At±lw Db¿Øn-°m-´p-∂p.˛ slko-°n-


68 69

bp-kns‚ \nc-h-[n- Ir-Xn-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-´p. tijn-®h Xs∂bpw C\nbpwkq£va- ]-T-\-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]eXpw A®-Sn-®n-t´-bn-√.

1. `mjy-ßƒ

(1) tehy-]p-kvX-I-`mjyw: tehy-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ hfsc hnkvX-cn-®p≈ Hcp `mjy-am-Wn-Xv. Ptdmw sNbvX eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsSCu IrXn ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. Bap-J-Øn¬ Xs∂ CXv slko-°n-bp-kn-t‚-XmsW∂v Ptdmw ]d-bp-∂p.

(2) Ctøm-_v`mjyw: Hcp A¿ta-\n-b≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ (6/7 \q.)Ctøm_v H∂p- ap-X¬ 20- hsc 24 ]kw-K-ß-fn-embn Inń-bn-´p-≠v. Hcp]t£ aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Ctøm-_ns‚ kºq¿W-`mjyw Dƒs°m-≠n-cn-°mw.hnh¿Ø-I≥ 20-˛mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ sIm≠p- \n¿Øn. _m°n -`m-K-Øns‚Nne tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ amXta Inń-bn- p-≈p. sk]vXz-Pn-¥ns\ B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv `mjy-sa-¶nepw lo_phpw a‰p hnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. tPm_ns\ Hcp ]hm-N-I\pw Ncn-X-]p-cp-j-\p-am-bn- mWv slko-°n-bpkv IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. tPm_ns‚ ]oU-\-ßƒ InkvXp-hns‚ ]oU-\-ß-fpsS kqN-\-bm-bn At±lw ImWp∂p. tPm_ns‚ ]pkvXIw apgp-h≥ k -bp-sSbpw InkvXp-hn-s‚bpw ap≥kq-N\ Bbn Icp-Xp-∂p.

(3) Gim-bm-bpsS hnh-cWw : 1800-˛m-am≠n¬ Cu IrXn I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-´p. cq]-Im¿Y -]-Xn-]m-Z-\-Øn-\mWv Chn-sSbpw ap≥Xq-°w.

(4) ]¥≠v sNdnb ]hm-N-I¿°p≈ hnh-cWw: Bdp Isø-gpØp]Xn-I-fn¬ Cu `mjyw Inń-bn-´p-≠v.

(5) k¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw: tcJm-i-I-e-ß-fn¬ Ah-ti-jn-®n-cn-°p∂k¶o¿Ø-\-`m-jy-sØ-∏‰n ]ecpw kwibw ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-s∂-¶nepwCt∏mƒ s]mXpth At±-l-Øn-t‚-XmWv Ahsb∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.At±lw hensbmcp k¶o¿Ø-\-`m-jy-hpw Fgp-Xn. k¶o¿Ø-\sØB[m-c-am°n H∂n-tesd `mjy-ßƒ At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v.

(6) ss__nƒ Io¿Ø\ hnh-cWw: ss__nƒ Io¿Ø-\-ßsfB[m-c-am°n At±lw hnh-c-W-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

(7) tNmtZym-Ø-c-ßƒ: 61 kphn-tij ]iv\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS DØ-c-ßfpw CXn¬ ImWmw.

2. ]kw-K-ßƒ

slko-°n-bp-kns‚ ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h amXta CXp-

hsc ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn-´p-≈p. ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip-≤ -a-dn-b-sØ-°p-dn-®v, awK-f-hm¿Ø-sb-°p-dn-®v, ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn-cp-\m-fn-\p-≈-Xv.˛ ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn-cp-\mƒ Pdp-k-te-an-em-Wp-¤-hn-®-Xv. CXp kw_-‘n-®p≈G‰hpw ]mNo\ ]kw-K-am-Wn-Xv. Isø-gpØp ]Xn-I-fn¬ \nc-h[n]kw-K-ßƒ A®-Sn-°msX InS-∏p-≠v. ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°mØ ]Xn-s\m∂v]kw-K-ß-fpsS ]ń-I -sh≥K¿ F∂-bmƒ sImSp-°p∂p. H∂v ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn-cp-\m-fn-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ apI-fn¬ ]d-™-Xn¬ \n∂v AXvhyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Hcn-P-s‚bpw t_kn-en-s‚bpw mjy-co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xn¬. D]-hm-kw, Db¿∏v F∂nh kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]kw-K-ßfpw A®-Sn-®n- n-√. emk-dns‚ Db¿∏n-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]kw-K-ßƒ ]`m-j-W- ssi-en-bn¬ anI-®-Xm-sW-¶nepw A[nIw ImWm-\n-√. F∂m¬ ac-Wm-\-¥-c- Po-hn-XsØkw_-‘n-®p≈ Nne Bi-b-ßƒ ]tXyIw it≤-b-ß-fm-Wv. kv\m]I-tbm-l-∂m≥, A¥-tbm-kv, ]tXm-kv, ]utem-kv, Ão^≥, k\ym-kn-bmb At¥m-Wn-tbmkv F∂n-hsc kvXpXn-®p- sIm-≠p≈ ]kw-K-ßƒAt±lw \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Inkvakv ]kw-Kw, Ipcn-ins\ kvXpXn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]kwKw, am¿tXm-am-«o-lm, am¿ bm-t°m_v «olm BZn-bm-b-h-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ ]kwKw F∂nh \jv-S-s∏-´p.˛ CXn\pw ]pdsa k`m-N-cnXw Fs∂mcp IrXnbpw At±lw Fgp-Xn. AXn-¬ \n∂v Hcp `mKw 553-˛se Iu¨-kn-en-¬ hmbn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Hcp eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS AXp Inń-bn-´p-≠v.

12. A∏-sa-bm-bnse t]mfn-tIm-Wn-tbmkv

kndn-bm-bn¬ A∏-sa-bm-bnse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p t]mfn-tIm-Wn-tbm-kv. Xnb-tUm-dns‚ ktlm-Z-c-\mb At±lw DØ-a- CS-b-\m-bn-cp-s∂∂vXnb-sUm-sd‰v ]iw-kn-°p-∂p. 428-˛¬ Xnb-sUm-sd‰v C-sX-gp-Xp-tºmgpwt]mfn-tIm-Wn-tbmkv Pohn-®n-cn-∏p-≠v. F∂m¬ 431 PqWn¬ Ft -tkmkvkq\-l-tZmkv IqSp-∂-Xn-\p- ap≥]v acn-®p. ]g-b-\n-b-a -K-Ÿ-ßƒ°vAt±lw mjy-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-b-Ønse D∂X-`mjy-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. F∂m¬ Nne tcJm-iI-e-ßƒ amXta -In- n-bn- p-≈p. Xnb-tUm-dn-s\-t∏mse t]mfn-tIm-Wn-tbmkpwcq]-Im¿Y -]-Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-tbmSv FXn¿∏p -]-I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. hnhn[hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v hn.- KŸw hymJym-\n-°m≥ At±lw]cnian-®p.


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3. k¶o¿Ø-\-`m-jy-ß-fpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ, ]tXy-In-®v, k¶o.15-˛s‚bpw 92-˛s‚bpw `mK-ßƒ InkvXp-imkvXw kw_-‘n®v ][m\-s∏-´-h-bmWv. kp`m-jn-X-ßƒ 8,22-\v (Xs‚ krjvSn-Iƒ°p apºv, Xs‚hgnI-fpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ I¿Ømhv Fs∂ krjvSn®p F∂ `mK-Øn-\v)At±lw Hcp `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-. Xnb-sUm-sd‰v CXn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

4. Hcn-P-s\-Xnsc F≥tUm-dnse a¥-hm-Zn-\nsb-°p-dn®v (1 kmap28) F∂ IrXn amXta ]q¿W-ambn Inń-bn-´p-≈p. Cu thZ-]p-kvX-I -`m-K-Øn\v Hcn-P≥ \¬Ip∂ hymJym\w HkvXm-tXymkv XyPn-°p-∂p. Hcn-Ps‚ cq]-Im¿Y -]-Xn-]m-Z-\-coXn Xs∂ XymPy-sa∂v At±lw Icp-Xn.thZ-]p-kvX-IsØ AXns‚ Ncn-X-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n∂v F-SpØp am‰n-°-f-bp-∂-XmWv Hcn-Ps‚ hymJym-\-co-Xn-sb∂ [mc-W-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lØn\v D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Bcnb≥ X¿°-ßƒ°p- ap-ºm-bn-cn°mw CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv.

5. IØp-Iƒ: Hcn-P-s\-Xnsc \nc-h[n IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-sb∂v Ptdmw]-d-bp-∂p (te-J\w,70,4; 73,2). F∂m¬ an° IØp-Ifpw \jvS-s∏-´p.t_tdm-bm-bnse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ Ah-kcw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Ae-Ivkm-≠-dn-\-b® Hcp IØv ItØ-\-I-fn¬ \n∂v e`n®n-´p-≠v. a¬°nktZ-Iy¿ F∂ Iq´¿s°-Xn-sc Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv. a¬°n-k-tZ°v InkvXp-hn-s\-°mƒ hen-b-h-\m-sW∂v Nne¿ ]d™p \S∂p; a‰p Nne¿,InkvXphpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhpw Hcm-fmsW∂p ]Tn-∏n-®p. HkvXm-tXymkvXs‚ IØn¬ Cu ]t_m-[\w Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-Ibpw JWvUn-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p.

6. ]kw-K-ßƒ: At±lw \√ ]kw-K-I-\m-bn-cp∂p; hm°p-IƒsXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw At±lw ]tXyIwi≤n-®n-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ssien-°v ]tXyI am[p-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p (-skm-tkm-a≥ k`m.2.19). F∂m¬ an° IrXn-Ifpw \jvS-s∏-´p-.

ssZh-imkvXw

InkvXp-imkvXw kw_-‘n®v kmtamkm-´-bnse ]utem-kns‚]n≥Km-an-bmWv HkvXm-tXmkv F∂v Nne¿ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. s\kvtXm-dn-b-\n-k-Øns‚ Bcw`w At±-lØn¬ Nne¿ ImWp-∂p-≠v. e`y-ambtcJ-I-fn¬ \n∂v Btcm-]-W-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°m-\m-hn-√. At±lw adn-bsØssZh-am-Xm-sh∂v Ie-h-d- Iq-SmsX hnfn-°p∂p (tc-Jm-i-I-ew, 68). A∂v]cs° ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ hN-\-˛-amwk (tem-tKm-kv-˛-km¿Ivkv) InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn\v kam-¥-c-ambn hN-\-˛-a-\p-jy≥ (tem-

A[ymbw 6

At¥ym-Iy-bnse HkvXm-tXymkv

\nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kn¬ kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≠-h-cn¬ HkvXm-tXymkv (F-hp-kvXm-tXym-kv) -ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. ]wô-en-bm-bnse koZn¬ P\n® HkvXm-tXymkv kndn-bm-bn¬ t_tdm-bm-bn¬saXm-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. kndn-b≥ Xe-ÿm-\-amb At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ 323/324-˛¬ saXm-\m-bn. \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kn¬ BZy-ambn kwkm-cn-®XvHkvXm-tXymkv BW-tX. AXp-t]mse tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ NI-h¿ØnIu¨kn¬ lmfn¬ ]th-in-®-t∏mƒ kzmK-X-]-kwKw \SØn At±-lsØ kzoI-cn-®Xpw At±-l-am-sW∂v Xnb-sUm-sd‰v ]d-bp-∂p (k- m.1,7).At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ IqSnb Bcn-b≥ kn\Uv 330-˛¬ HkvXm-tXym-kns\ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n. tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ Xs∂ DSs\ At±-lsØtXknse XmPm-s\m-s∏m-fo-kn-te°v \mSp-I-S-Øn. Ahn-sS-h®v acn-®p.

1. B-cnb¿s°-Xn-sc F∂ t]cn¬ F´p hmey-ß-fn-embn Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv HkvXm-tXym-kns‚ G‰hpw ][m\ IrXn (Ptdmw, -a-l-Zv.85). Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnse Fhp-tfm-Kn-b-kns‚ “hN-\-Øns‚ a\p-jym-h-Xmcwkw_-‘n®v ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[\w” F∂ IrXn-bnepw tPmÜa-tjs‚ IrXn-bnepw sl¿an-bm-s\bnse ^°p≥Zp-kn-epw P-em-kn-bq-kv ]m-∏mbnepw Cu IrXn-bpsS Nne iI-eß-fp≠v.

2. B-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰n F∂ IrXn°v c≠p `mK-ß-fp≠v: H∂mw `mKwπt‰m-WnIv XXz-im-kvX-Øn-ep≈ A_-≤m- n-]m-b-ß-fpsS JWvU-\-amWv;c≠mw-`mKw Bcnb≥ A_-≤-ßƒs°-Xn-sc-bpw. hN\w a\p-jym-flm-hns\ IqSmsX t\cn´v ico-c-sa-SpØp F∂ ho£-WsØ CXn¬ JWvUn-°p-∂p. InkvXp-hns‚ ]q¿W -ssZ-h-Xzhpw ]q¿W-a-\p-jy-Xzhpw HkvXm-tXymkv ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp∂p.


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A[ymbw 7

Gjym-ssa-\-dnse Fgp-Øp-Im¿

BapJw

C∂v Xp¿°n F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Gjym-ssa-\¿ `q]-tZiw apgp-h≥\nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kns‚ Ime-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw k` ]S¿∂v ]¥-en® thcp-d-®n-cp-∂p. \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kn-te°v hgn-sX-fn® kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fp-sS- tlXp`qX-\m-b -B-cn-bkv Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ -\n∂p 318-˛¬ _ln-jvIr-X-\m-b-t∏mƒ Gjym-ssa-\-dnse \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bn-emWv A`bw]m]n-®-Xv. Ahn-SpsØ ]e kzm[o-\-ap≈ saXm-∑mcpw Bcn-b-kn\vXmßmbn \n∂p.- tb-ip-In-kvXp-hns\ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ss«ln-I]-t_m-[\w \nJym-kq-\-l-tZmkv kv]jvS-ambn ]Tn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ -AXp-sIm≠vBcn-b-\nkw Ah-km-\n-®n-√. Gjym-ssa-\-dnse t]m¥n-°m, Bkn-bmF∂o cmjvSob- cq-]-X-I-fn¬ \nJym- I-gn-™n-´pw Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn\vhenb kzm-[o\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv,sk_-kvXy-bnse Fhp-kvXm-tXym-kv, knkn-°p-knse Fhp-tWm-an-b-kv,- A≥ko-d-bnse t_kn¬, AkvtX-cn-bkv tkm^nÃv F∂o Bcn-b≥ ]£-]m-X-°m¿ Gjym-ssa-\-dn-emWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ahn-sS- h-®mWvtIm¨Ã-≥ssS≥ NI-h¿Øn°v \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkvkv\m\w \evIn-b-Xv. B N-I-h¿Øn Bcn-b-kns\ hn]-hm-k-Øn¬\n∂v XncnsI hnfn-°pIbpw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-bnse AØ-\m-tkym-kns\kam-[m-\[zw-k-I-s\∂v apZ-IpØn \mSp-I-S-Øp-I-bpw sNbvXp.- k-`m-Im-cy-ßfn¬ At±-lhpw ]n≥Km-an-bmb tIm¨Ãm≥kyqkpw Ipsd-sbms° \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ kzm[o-\-Øn--em-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ Gjym-ssa-\¿- B-cn-b-\n-k-Øns‚ tIµ-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

F∂m¬ Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬ Xs∂-bmWv henb I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ alm-\mb t_kn-epw KnKdn \kym≥k\pw

tKm-kv-˛-B≥tXm-t∏m-kv) InkvXp-imkvXw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥ klm-bn-®p. h-N\w a\p-jym-flm-hns\ IqSmsX t\cn´va\p-jy-i-co-c-sa-SpØp F∂v ]mj-WvUn-Iƒ°v ]d-bm≥ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ Nn¥ CSw-sIm-SpØp F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-lØns‚ hmZw. Ah¿am‰sa√mw hN-\-Ønemtcm-]n-®p. AXns‚ A¿Yw hN-\-Øns‚ ssZhXzw\ntj-[n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn At±lw hN-\-˛-a-\p-jy≥ InkvXp-imkvXw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-. InkvXp-hn-ep≈ c≠v kz`m-h-ßƒ XΩn¬ A¥cw D≠v. InkvXp-hns‚ am\p-jn-I-h-i-Øn\v th≠X]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ InkvXp-imkvXw cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ ian-®-t∏m-ƒAt±lw sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-´p. ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n∂-S¿Øn am‰n-bm¬s\kvtXm-dn-b-\n-ktam, ZsØ-Sp-°¬ hmZtam [z\n-°mw. F∂m¬ HkvXm-tXymkv F∂pw kXy-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-th≠n \mSp-I-S-Øepw]oU-Ifpw kln-®p. At±-lsØ k` hnip-≤-\mbn ]cn-KWn-°p-∂p.


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InkvXob -k-` -ap-gp-h≥ hym]n-∏n-®v Hcp km¿hXnI ]iv\-ap-≠m-°nbAt±lw Hcp ssZh-im-kvX-⁄≥ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn Hcp k`m-cm-jvSo-b-°m-c≥ -B-bn-cp∂p.

Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn-t‚-Xm-bn \mep IØp-Iƒ- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p: (1)-S-b-dnse ]ufo-\p-kn-\p≈ IØv: Xnb-sUm-sd‰v k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ CXvD≤-cn-°p-∂p (1,5). Bcn-bq-kn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wn-Xv. amcn-bpkv hns‡m-do-\pkv CXns‚ Hcp eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\w -D-≠m-°n.- X¿°-ß-fn¬ ]ufo-\pkv CS-s]-Sm-Ø-Xnepw au\w Ahew_n°p-∂-Xnepw Xm≥ \ncm-i-\m-sW∂pw icn-bmb \ndw ImWn-°msX C\nbpw au\-am-bn-cn°m≥ km[y-a-s√∂pw Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Adn-bn-°p-∂p. (2) \nJymbv°v apºv Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Bcn-b-kn\v Hcp IØ-b-®-Xm-bn AØ-\m-tkymkv ]dbp∂p:“Xm¶-fpsS hnNm-c-ßƒ \√-h-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ F√m-hcpw Ah kzoI-cn-°m-\mbn ]m¿Yn-°p-I.- Im-cWw, D≠m-°-s∏-´ -hkvXp AXn-s‚ -D-¤-h-Øn\p apºv C√m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv hy‡-am-W-t√m.” - “D-≠m-b- h-kvXp-hn\v Bcw-`-ap-≠v ”F∂ hmNIw AØ-\m-tkymkv D≤-cn-°p∂p (kn-\-Up-I-sf-∏-‰n, 17). (3) -B-cn-b-kn-s\-bpw- A-\p-bm-bn-I-sfbpw k`-bn¬XncnsI FSp-°-W-sa∂v -B-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v AØ\mtkym-kn\v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Hcp IØ-b-®-Xm-bn skmIm-´kv km£n-°p-∂p (-k-`m.1,23).(4) -\n-Jym-bn¬ kw_-‘n-® -]n-Xm-°-∑m¿°v Fhp-tk-_n-b-kpw \nJym-bnse sXtbm-·nkpw IqSn hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v Ab-® IØv. skmIm-´kpw skmtkm-a\pw (k-`m. 1,14;2,16) CXp-≤-cn-°p-∂p. Ccp-h-sc-bpw k`-b-n¬ XncnsI FSp-°W-sa∂v CXneqsS Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ Nne¿CXns‚ hmkvX-hn-I-Xsb Ipdn®v kwi-bn-°p-∂p.

2. \nJym-bnse sXtbm-·nkv

At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ eqkn-bs‚ injy\pw Bcn-b-kns‚ kl-]m-Tn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p sXtbm-·n-kv.- \n-Jym- kq-\-l-tZm-kns‚ Ah-kcw At±lw\nJym-bnse saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- B-Zy-sams° \nJym-bpsS Xocp-am-\-ßsfFXn¿sØ-¶nepw Ah-km\w AwKo-I-cn-®v- H-∏p-h-®p.- B-cn-b-kp-ambnkº¿°w- ]p-e¿Ønsb∂ Imc-WØm¬ N-I-h¿Øn Abmsf tKmfn-te°v \mSp-I-S-Øn.- F-hp-tk-_n-bkn-t\m-Sp-IqsS Xncn-sI-sb-ØnbsXtbm-·nkv AØ\m-tkym-kns\ iXp-hmbn I≠p. \nJym-bpsS tcJ-Iƒ kq£n-®n-cp∂ t\m´-dn°v ssI°qen sImSpØv Xs‚ H∏v At±lwambn-®p-I-f™p Fs∂mcp IY-bp-≠v. HkvXm-tXym-kns\ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°nb At¥ym-Iy≥ kn\-Un¬ Abmƒ kw_-‘n-®p.- A-Ø-\m-tkym-kn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-°m≥ NI-h¿Ønsb t]cn-∏n-®-Xn¬]ap-J≥ sXtbm-·n-kmWv (skmIm-s´kv, k-`m.1,27.7).- Ipg-∏-ßƒ

KnK-dn- \o- mbpw D≠m-b-Xv. Ch¿ aqhcpw \nJym-hn-izmkw apdpsI]nSn-°p-Ibpw AXv ]Tn-∏n°p-Ibpw InkvXp-hns\ kw_-‘n®v Id-Xo¿∂XXz-ßƒ ]tLm-jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XnXz-kw-_-‘-amb ]T-\-ßƒ°vA¥n-a-cq]w \¬In-b-Xv Cu I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cm-Wv. Gjym-ssa-\-dnse Fgp-Øp-Im-sc-∏‰n ChnsS N¿® -sN-øp-∂p.

1.- \n-s°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv

Bcn-b-kn\v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kzm[o\w D≠m-bn-cp∂ kvt\ln-X≥ Ct±-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. At¥ym-Iy-bnse eqkn-bs‚ (+312) -Io-gn¬ Bcn-b-kn-t\m-Sp- IqsS hymJym-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ]Tn® Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv- B-Zyw_do-Øq-knse saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. 318-˛-\p-apºv \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bpsS Npa-Xe Inń.- A-∂v N-I-h¿Øn Ahn-sS-bmWv ]m¿Øn-cp-∂-Xv.- tIm-¨Ã-≥ssS≥ N-I-h¿ØnbpsS ]°epw At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-cn-bm-b-tIm¨Ãm≥kym-bpsS ]°epw At±-l-Øn\v henb kzm[o\w D≠mbn-cp-∂p. Bcn-b-kns\ kzoI-cn-°m\pw At±-l-Øn\v kplr-Øp-°-sf-bpw]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂-h-scbpw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-°m\pw Abmƒ \t∂- A-[zm-\n-®p. Gjym-ssa-\-dnepw Hmdn-b≥kn-ep-ap≈ saXm-∑m¿s°√mw IØp-I-f-b-®p.- A-e-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm≥ Bcn-b-kns\ apS-°n-bXv A\o-Xn-bm-sW∂pw Bcn-b-kns‚ apS°v \o°-W-sa∂pw AXn\v kwL-Sn-°-W-sa∂pw a‰pw Bbn-cp∂p IØp-h-gn ][m-\-ambn Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xv.

\nJym-kq-\-l-tZmkv Bcn-b-\n-ksØ X≈n-°-fbp-Ibpw kXy-hn-izmkw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \nJym-bn¬ h®v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv hnizm-k-]-am-W-Øn¬ H∏p-h-®p. -F-∂m¬ ]n∂oSv At±lw Fhp-tk-_n-b¿ -F∂ Bcn-b≥ hn`m-K-Øns‚ t\Xm-hm-bn. Cu hn`mKw \nJymsb hf-sc-b-[nIw FXn¿Øp. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ aq∂p-amkw Ign-™-t∏mƒ NI-h¿Øn Abmsf tKmfn-te-°v (-^m≥kn-te-°v) \mSp-I-S-Øn. tIm¨Ãm≥kym-bpsS CS-s]-S¬ aqew 328-˛¬ Xncn-sI-sb-Øn-b-t∏mƒ \n-Jym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw kzoI-cn-®- sa-Xm-∑msc H∂n-\p-]n-dsI H∂mbn \mSp-I-S-Øm≥ Abmƒ Nc-Sp-h-en-Iƒ \S-Øn. At¥ym-Iy-bnse H-kvXm-tXym-kn-s\- 330˛epw AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ 335˛se Sb¿ kn\-Un¬ h®pwA≥ko-dm-bnse a¿sk-√q-kns\ 337˛epw \mSp-I-S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ AbmƒhnP-bn-®p. 337-˛¬ tIm¨Ã-≥ssSs\ kv\m\-s∏-Sp-Øn. 338˛s‚ Ah-km\w tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ knwlm-k-\-Øn-te°v Db¿Ø-s∏-´p.-A-ßs\ ]uc-kvXy-tZ-isØ ]pXnb Xe-ÿm-\hpw ]pXnb tdmam-bp-amb tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse H∂m-asØ saXm-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. 341˛tem342˛tem acn-®p. CuPn-]vXn¬ amXw HXp-ßn-\n∂ Hcp X¿°sØ

Gjym-ssa-\-dnse Fgp-Øp-Im¿Gjym-ssa-\-dnse Fgp-Øp-Im¿

76 77

Btcm-]n-®p.- A-bm-fpsS k¶o¿Ø\ `m-jy-ßfpw tlman-en-Ifpw Bcn-b≥ Nn¥-Iƒ a\-kn-em-°m≥ klm-b-I-amWv (Ptdmw, al-Zv. 94).-A-bmƒ 341˛¬ acn®p.

4.- A≥ko-dm-bnse a¿sk-√pkv

Gjym-ssa-\-dnse Kem-Xy-bn¬ A≥kodm saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p a¿sk-√p-kv. C∂sØ Xp¿°n-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-am-b- A-¶m-d-bpsS ]pcm-X-\- \m-a-amWv A≥ko-dm. \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kn¬ a¿sk-√qkpw kw_-‘n-®p.\nJym-bpsS henb h‡mhpw AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ ]n≥Xmßnbh-cn¬Hcmfpambn-cp-∂p At±-lw. \nJym Ign™pw At±lw Bcn-b¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ kacw XpS¿∂p.- tkm-^nÃv AkvtX-cn-bp-kn-s\-Xnsc 335-˛¬hfsc hen-sbmcp KŸ-sa-gp-Xn, Abm-fpsS A_-≤-]-t_m-[-\-ßsfJWvUn-°p-Ibpw Bcn-b-kn-t\mSv aaX ]pe¿Øn--b-hsc IS-∂m-Ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A°q-´-Øn¬ tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkpw\ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkpw Dƒs∏- p. Fhp-tk-_n-b≥ I£n-°m¿- D-Ss\ Xncn-®-Sn-®p. -tI-k-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv a¿sk-√p-kn-s\-Xn-sc, k`m-ssZ-h-im-kvXw F∂n-ßs\ c≠v IrXn-I-sf-gpXn kzbw\oXo-I-cn-I-cn-°p-Ibpw a¿sk-√p-kn¬ ks_-√n-b-\nkw Btcm-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. a¿sk-√p-kns\ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp ItØm-Sp-IqSna¿sk-√pkv Fgp-Xnb IrXn tIm¨-Ã≥-ssS\v ka¿∏n-°-s∏-´p. Xe-ÿm-\Øv 335˛¬ IqSn-b kn\Uv a¿sk-√p-kns‚ KŸsØ \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw At±-lsØ ÿm\`jvS\m°n \mSp-I-S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Pqen-bkv ]m∏m 340-˛¬ tdman¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb kn\-Un¬ AØ-\m-tkym-kn-t\m-sSm∏w a¿sk-√pkpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kn¬ kw_-‘n® Nne¿ AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \nJym-bn¬ F]-Imcw At±lwB-cn-b-kns\ FXn¿sØ∂v B kn\-Un¬ Ah¿ hnh-cn-®p. ]mj-WvUm-tcm-]Ww h∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Xs‚ hnizmkw FgpXn ka¿∏n-°m≥a¿-sk-√p-kn-t\mSv Pqen-bkv -]m∏m Bh-iy-s∏-´p. At±lw AhnsS\¬Inb hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w kXy-hn-izm-k-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p.a¿sk-√p-kns\ ]m∏m AwKo-I-cn-®p. km¿Zn°m kn\-Upw (342/3)- A-t±-lsØ Ip‰-hn-ap-‡-\m-°n. -F-∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]t_m-[-\-ß-fnseXncp-tØ≠ Nne kwK-Xn-Iƒ kn\Uv Nq≠n-°m-ń-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-b-Xv,ks_-√n-b-kn-s‚bpw kmtamkm-´-°m-c≥ ]utem-kn-s‚bpw sam-≠m-\-kns‚bpw A`n-]m-b-ß-fpsS Iqń-°p-g-®n¬ At±-l-Øns‚ knÃ-Øn¬Ds≠∂v kn\Uv A`n-]m-b-s∏-´p.- Ah Xncp-Øm≥ At±lw k∂-≤-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v At±-l-sØ -k-`-bn¬ XncnsI ]th-in-∏n-®p.AXv A≥kodmbnse k`-bn¬ Nn√d Ipg-∏-ßƒ°v Imc-W-ambn F∂v

s°√mw Imc-W-°m-c≥- A-Ø-\m-tkym-kv B-sW∂pw k`-b-n¬ tNcm≥hcp-∂-hsc IqSn XS-bp-s∂∂pw At±-lsØ \o°n-bm¬ sFIy-ap-≠m-Ipsa-∂pw cmP-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ Abmƒ t_m[n-∏n®p (skmtkm-a≥, k-`m.2,22.1). NI-h¿Øn tIk-dn-bm-bn¬ 334-˛¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb kn\-Un¬AØ-\m-tkymkv ]s¶-Sp-Øn-√. AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-Xnsc \S-]-Sn-sb-SpØ Sb¿ kn-\-Un-epw(335) sXtbm-·nkv ]s¶-Sp-Øp. AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-Xnsc sXfn-sh-Sp-°m≥ CuPn-]vXnse ac-tbm-ó-kn-te°p t]mbUe-tK-j-\n¬ sXtbm-·nkv AwK-am-bn-cp-∂p.- Zu-Xy-\n¿h-l-Wm-\-¥cwXncn-s®-Øn, AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-Xnsc ]pXnb sXfn-hp-Iƒ cmP-k-a£w\nc-Øn-h-®p. tIm¨Ãm≥kyqkv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØpw AbmƒXs‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS¿∂p. AØ-\m-kym-kn-s\-Xnsc Pqen-bkv ]m-∏mbv°v Ab-®- I-Ø-n¬ -A-bmfpw H∏p-h-®p. AØ\m-tkym-kv, a¿sk-√p-kv,- Km-km-bnse Akvs¢-∏mkv F∂n-h¿s°-Xnsc Abmƒ Xbm-dm-°nb IØp-Iƒ km¿Zn-°m -kn-\-Un¬(343) hmbn-°-s∏´p (Xn-b-sUm-sd-‰v,- k-`m. 2,8,4). GXm-bmepw B kn-\-Un\p apºv acn-s®∂p tXm∂p-∂p. Imc-Ww, ]kvXp-X -kn-\Uv k`m-`-jvS-cm-°nb Bcn-b≥ t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ sXtbm-·nkns‚ t]cn-√. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒkn\Uv (381) Abm-fpsS ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ X≈n-°-f-™p.

3.- A-kvtX-cn-bpkv tkm^nÃv

InkvXym\n BIp-∂-Xn-\p -ap-ºp≈ tPmen-bn¬ \n∂mWv tkm^nÃvF∂- t]cv Cbmƒ°p Inń-b-Xv. Hcp XmXzn-It\m ]`m-j-It\m Bbn-cp∂ AkvtX-cn-bpkv, eq-kn-bs‚ injy-\m-bn.- am-Ivkn-an-\p-kns‚ aX-a¿Z-\-Im-eØv hnizm-k-Xym-Kn-b-mbn. eqkn-b≥ c‡-km-£n-bm-bn. Bcn-b-\n-k-Øns‚ BZysØ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mbn Cbmƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.\nJymbv°v FXn-cmbn sXfn-hp-Iƒ tXSnb Bcn-bkv Cbm-fpsS IrXn-I-fn-em-Wv icWw ]m]n-®-Xv. hnK-l-ßƒ°v _en A¿∏n-®-h≥ F∂mWvAØ-\m-tkymkv Cbmsf hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. \nJymbv°p tijw AbmƒFgp-Xnb IrXn-bmWv kn¥-Ivam-tkym≥.- F-∂m¬ AØ-\m-tkym-knepwa¿-sk-√p-kn-ep-ap≈ tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ amXta Cu IrXn-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≈p. InkvXp-hn-s\-∏‰n Abmƒ hf-sc-b-[nIw A_-≤-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-®p. Abm-fpsS hnK-lm-cm-[\ t]mse-bmWv Abm-fpsS IrXn-b-p-sa∂vAØ\m-tkymkv ]d-bp-∂p.- \n-s°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kp-ambn_‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv AØ-\m-tkymkv Abm-sf-∏‰n kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv.]ufo-\p-kn-\v- F-hp-tk-_n-bkv Ab-® -I-Ønse ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒAbmƒ ab-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂v a¿sk-√pkv ]d-bp-∂p. a¿sk-√p-kn-s\-XnscAbmƒ Hcp IrXn-sb-gp-Xn.- a¿sk-√p-kn¬- Abmƒ ks_-√n-b-\nkw


78 79

Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]Sn-™mdv dnan-\n-bnepw Ing°v skeq-jy-bn-ep-ambn c≠pkn\-Up-Iƒ Htc -k-abw IqSm≥ At\m-a-b¿ F∂ dmUn-°¬ -B-cn-b¿NI-h¿Øn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

c≠p kn\-Up-Iƒ°p-ap≈ Hcp-°-ßƒ \S-Øm≥ NI-h¿Ønt_kn-ens\ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. AXn-s‚ `mK-ambn tIm¨Ãm≥ky-qkvNI-h¿Øn 359-˛¬ kn¿an-bØv Hcp tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq-ń. c≠v kn\-Up-Iƒ°pw s]mXpsh kzoIm-cy-amb Hcp t^m¿ape cq]o-I-cn°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p e£yw. -A-hnsS h®v t_knepw eh-Zo-Iy-bn-se- tPm¿PpwIqSn \memw kn¿anbw t^m¿ape cq]o-I-cn-®p. Dknbm F∂ -]Zw thZ-]p-kvX-Im-[n-jvTn-X-a√ F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ kn\Uv X≈n-°-f-™p. AXn-\p- ]-Icw slmsambvtbmkv IØ ]m¥ (-F-√m-‰nepw kZr-iy≥) F∂]tbmKw tN¿Øp.- t_-knepw CXn¬- H-∏p-h-®p.- t_-kn¬ CXns‚ hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw \¬In. a\kv amX-a-√,- lyp-t]m-Ã-kn-kv, kØ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw AXn¬ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. Dknbm thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Cs√-¶nepw AXns‚ Bibw thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ -D-S-\o-f-ap-s≠∂v t_kn¬ka¿Yn-°p-∂p. F∏n-^m-\n-bkv Cu t^m¿ape Xs‚ IrXn-bn¬ D≤-cn-°p∂p (-]mj.73,12-˛22).

XpS¿∂v c≠v kn\-Up-Iƒ IqSn. -]-Sn-™mdv dnan-\n-bn¬ Iq-Snbkn\Uv apI-fn¬ ]d™ t^m¿ape AwKo-I-cn-®n-√.- IØ ]m¥ (F-√m-‰n-epw) F∂- ]Zw IqSmsX slmsambvHmkv F∂-Xp- amXw FSp-Øp.Ing°v skeq-jy-bn¬ IqSnb kn\Uv Ie-l-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-®p.- t_-kn¬, Fhp-kvXm-tXymkv, Fse-hp-kn-tbmkv F∂n-h¿ kn\-Uns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ]°-te-°p -t]m-bn.- A-hnsS h®v dnan\nt^m¿ap-e-bn¬ Ah-sc-s°m≠v NI-h¿Øn H∏-p h-∏n-®p. Cß-s\ -slm-samb≥ co-Xn-bn-ep≈ Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn\v Fßpw -]q¿W-hn-Pbw kn≤n-®p. hnip≤ KŸ-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]pX\v ]nXm-hp-ambnkmay-ap≠v F∂-XmWv Ah-cpsS ho£-Ww. ssZh-im-kvX- t^m¿ap-e-Iƒ, ]tXy-In®v \nJym-bpsS tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkv F∂- ]-Zw, -D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ C°q-´¿ hn-k-Ω-Xn-®p. Cu kw`-h-]-c-º-c-I-sf-bmWv Ptdmw ZpxJ-tØmsS t\m°n ]d-bp-∂Xv: “temIw apgp-h≥ Bcn-b-\m-b-Xn-\m¬temIw s\Sp-ho¿∏n-Sp-Ibpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p” (-eq-kn-^-dn-s\-Xn-sc, 19). Aßs\ slmsam-bv-D-kn-b≥ t^m¿ap-e-bpsS kzm[o\wIpd-™p. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ slmsam-b≥ t\Xmhv AIm-Nn-bkvDb¿∂p -h-∂p.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v 360-˛¬ IqSnb kn\-Un¬Abmƒ Xs‚ hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sm-Ø-h-sc-sbms° ÿm\- -jvS-cm°n\mSp- I-S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-®p. t_kn¬, Fhp-kvXm-tXym-kv, Fse-hp-

skmIm-´kpw (k-`m.2,24) skmtkm-a\pw (k-`m. 3,23,24) ]d-bp∂p.- Iptdh¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw 347-˛¬ At±lw ho≠pw ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-bn, -\m-Sp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´p. 374-˛¬ acn-®p. 381-˛se tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\Uv At±-l-Øn-s‚ Nne hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ß-fmbn hn[n-®p.

a¿sk-√p-kns\ Io¿Øn-am-\m-°n-bXpw ]X-\-Øn-se-Øn-®XpwAkvtX-cn-bp-kn-s\-Xn-sc Fgp-Xnb IrXn-bm-Wv. B IrXn e`n-®n-ń-√.a¿sk-√p-kn-s\-Xn-cmbn Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Fgp-Xnb IrXn--bn¬ a¿sk-√p-kn¬ \n∂v 127 D≤-c-Wn-I-fp≠v. F∏n-^m-\n-bkpw Iptd `mK-ßƒ D≤-cn-°p-∂p. a¿sk-√p-kn-s\-Xnsc -tI-k-dn-bm-bnse AIm-Nn-bkv Xbm-dm-°nb]_-‘-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wh. hN-\-Øn\v Bcw-`-ap-s≠∂v At±lw ]Tn-∏n-®n-√. F∂m¬ “h-N\w Ah-Xm-c-tØm-Sp -Iq-sS-bmWv ]pX-\mbnXo¿∂Xv, hN\w ]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS kØ--bn¬ ka-\m-sW-¶nepw P\n-®-h-\-√,- hy-‡n-bp-a-√. ssZh-a-\p-jy-\mb InkvXp amX-amWv hy‡n-Xz-ap-≈-h≥. Ahs\ am-Xta ssZh-]p--X-\mbn \mw Adn-bp-∂p-≈p. Ah-Xm-c-Øn\p apºv Hcp ssZh-]p--X-\n√ ”Fs∂ms° At±lw ]d-™-tX.C°m-c-W-ß-fm-emWv a¿sk-√p-kns\ Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. At±lw tdman¬ -A-h-X-cn-∏n® hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w kXy-hn-izm-k-am-Wv. At±lw Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn\v FXn-cmbn \nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ cNn-s®-¶nepw Ah e`n-®n-ń-√.

5.- A≥ko-dm-bnse t_kn¬

a¿sk-√p-kns\ ÿm\- -jvS-\m-°nb tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\Uv(335) t_kn-ens\ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn \nb-an-®p. At±lw Hcp sshZy\pwhenb ]kw-K-I\pw ]WvUn-X-\p-am-bn-cp∂p (skmtkm-a≥, k-`m.2,33).A≥ko-dm-bn¬ 358-˛¬ IqSnb kn\-Un¬ At±lw F√m saXm-∑m¿°p-ambn Hcp IØ-b--®p. B kn-\Uv tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkv F∂ ]Zw Xnc-kvI-cn-®p. AXn\p ]Icw slmsam-bv-D-kn-tbmkv F∂ -]Zw kzoI-cn-®p.]nXmhpw ]pX\pw XΩn¬ kmayhpw hyXym-k-hp-ap≠v F∂v ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ skan B-cn-b≥ hn`m-K-Øns‚ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ]pX\v]nXm-hp-ambn kØm-]-c-ambn kmZriyw Ds≠-∂v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-Ø-h-sc-sb√mw AXn¬ i]n-®p. sk_-kvsX-bnse Fhp-kvXmtXymkv, knkn-°q-knse Fse-hp-kn-tbmkv F∂n-hcpw a‰p- Nn-ecpw Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu aq∂p-t]cpw IqSn aq∂mw kn¿an-b≥ hnizm-k-]-amWw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ slmsam-bv-D-kn-b≥ t^m¿ape NI-h¿Øn-sb-s°m≠v AwKo-I-cn-∏n-®p. hnhn[ Bcn-b≥ hn`m-K-°msc tbmPn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Hcp s]mXpkn\Uv hnfn-®p-Iq-´-m≥ th≠ Hcp-°-ßƒ\S-Øp-∂-Xn\v NI-h¿Øn At±-lsØ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu Hcp-°-


80 81

]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]n-∂o-Sp-≠mb X¿°-ß-fntem, Ft^-tkmkvkn\-Untem At±lw kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Øn-√. kndn-en-s\bpw ]uc-kvXy-scbpw tbmPn-∏n-°p∂Xn\pw Ft -tkm-kns‚ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ F√m-h-sc-bpw sIm≠v AwKo-I-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw At±lw \√ ]¶p-h-ln-®p.At±-l-Øn-s‚ ]kw-K-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

At±lw ]`m-j-W-Ie \∂mbn A`y-kn®v ]kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂p(skmIm-´kv, -k-`m.7,28; 41,43). A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ko°p-k-`-bnseH∂mw\nc ]`m-j-I-cn¬ Hcp-h-\m-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ 27tlman-en-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-h-bn¬ Nne-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]WvUn-X-∑m¿kwibw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. aqs∂Æw kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.- \-ΩpsS I¿Ømhn-s‚ P\-\w, \ma-I-cWw, Z\-lm, tXP-kvI-c-Ww, Hmim-\, Db¿∏v XpSßn I¿Øm-hns‚ Xncp-\m-fp-I-fn¬ sNbvX ]kw-K-ß-fmWv an°-h-bpw. Ah Bg-tadnb ssZh-im-kvX -]-kw-K-ßƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv.- aq∂mw tlman-en-bn¬ At±lw ]d-bp∂p:“Hcp ]pX-t\-bp-≈p. c≠p kz`m-h-ßƒ c≠mfp-I-fmbn ]n®n-®o-¥-s∏-ń-√. F∂m¬ Bcm-[y-amb c£m-I-c-]-≤Xn c≠p kz`m-h-ßsfbpw GI-hy-‡n-bn¬ H∂n-°p-∂p.” ˛ Cu hmIyw -Ko-°p-k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

s\kvtXm-dn-b-≥ X¿°sØ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂ Ggv IØp-Iƒ Inń-bn-´p-≠v.- c-≠m-tØXv A¿ta-\n-b¿°p≈ teJ\w (tXm-apkv BZv A¿ta-t\m-kv) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. tbip-In-kvXp-hnse GI-hy-‡n-Xzhpw c≠vkz`m-h-ßfpw kw_-‘n-®m-W-Xv. Ub-\o-jykv FIvko-Kqkns‚ eØo≥hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS CXv e`n-®n-´p-≠v. a‰v IØp-I-fp-sSbpw eØo≥hnh¿Ø\w am-Xta e`n-®n-´p-≈p. \memw IØn¬ Hcp kp]kn-≤-hm-Iy-ap≠v: “XnXz-Øn-sem-cmƒ ico-c-]-Imcw Iqin-°-s∏-´p.” ˛ F-∂m-enXv ]n¬°m-e -Iq-ń-t®¿°-embn ]ecpw Icp-Xp-∂p.

8. tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse P∂m-Un-bkv (458-˛471)

a¿sk-bv¬knse P∂m-Un-bkv Ct±-l-sØ-∏‰n C]-Imcw ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p: “tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ k-`-b-nse ]mXn-b¿°o-kmb P∂m-Un-bkv ]kw-K-Øn¬ ka¿Y\pw _p≤n-i-‡n-bn¬ anI-®h\p-am-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ hm-bn®v \√ hn⁄m\w kºm-Zn-®p. Zm\n-tb-ens‚ ]pkvXIw hmIym-\p-hm-Iy-sa-SpØv hymJym-\n-°m≥- A-t±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p. a‰-t\Iw tlman-en-Ifpw At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. setbmNI-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØv At±lw acn®p” (a-l-Zv. 89). ta¬]-d™IrXn-Iƒ e`n-®n- n-√. D¬∏-Øn, ]pd-∏m-Sv, k¶o¿Ø\-ßƒ, ]utem-kns‚

kn-tbmkv F∂n-hcpw AXn¬ Dƒs∏-´p.- C-√o-dn-b-bn-te°v \mSp- I-S-Ø-s∏-´ -t_-kn¬ 364-˛-t\m-S-SpØv Ahn-sS -h®v acn-®p.

Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-bmb a¿-sk-√p-kn-s\-Xnsc t_kn¬ Hcp- IrXnsbgp-Xn- (Ptdmw, -a-l-Zv. 89).- I-\ym-Xz-sØ-∏-‰nbpw At±lw Hcp- Ir-Xn-sb-gp-Xn.I\y-I-I-fpsS bYm¿Y -hn-ip≤n F∂m-W-Xns‚ t]cv.- I-\y-I-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-ß-sf-∏‰n CXn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.- ssh-Zy-\m-bn-cp∂t_kn¬ imco-cn-I -hn-h-c-W-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p; H∏w Hc-t∏m-f-Pn-bpw. Blm-chpw _“-N-cyhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw CXn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

6.- Xn-bm-\m-bnse Fhp-tX-cn-tbmkv

I∏-tUm-jy-bnse Xnbm-\m-bnse B¿®p-_n-j-∏m-bn-cp∂p Fhp-tX-cn-tbm-kv. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ ]£w tN¿∂-Xn-\m¬ Ft^-tkmkvkn\Uv (431)- A-t±-lsØ apS°n. F∂m¬ Abmsf \ni-_vZ-\m-°m≥kn\-Un\p Ign-™n-√. kndnepw ]uc-kvXy-sa-Xm-∑mcpw XΩn¬ [mc-W-bp-≠m-°p∂Xn\v Abmƒ FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. [mcW D≠m-°n-b-Xns‚t]cn¬ At¥ym-Iy-bnse tPmWns\ bqZmkv F∂p-t]mepw hnfn-®p.434-˛¬ Abmsf ÿm\-`-jvS-\m°n jntXm-s]m-fo-kn-te°pw Ahn-sS-\n∂v ^n\o-jy-bnse Sb-dn-te°pw \mSp-I-S-Øn. AhnsS h®v acn-®p.- \n-c-h[n ]ta-b-ß-fpsS JWvU\w Fs∂mcp IrXn AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚bpw Xnb-sUm-sd-‰n-s‚bpw IrXn-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Fhp-tX-cn-tbm-kn¬ \n∂v Inń-bn- p-≠v. 431- ¬ Fgp-Xnb Cu IrXn-bn¬ Ccp-]-sØmt∂mCcp-]-Øn-ct≠m A[ym-b-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Xnb-sUm-td-‰n-t‚-Xmbnt^mkn-bkv [cn-®n-cp∂p (_n-ªn.-tIm. 46).- Ggv apX¬ Ccp-]-Øn-tb-gp-h-sc-bp≈ A[ym-b-ßƒ Fhp-tX-cn-tbm-kn-t‚-Xm--W.v- H-∂p- ap¬ Bdp-h-sc-bp≈ A[ym-b-ßƒ Xnb-sUm-sd-‰ns‚ s]‚-tem-Knbw F∂ IrXn-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. Nne IØp-Iƒ eØo≥ h-n-h¿Ø-\-Ønep-≠v.

7.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse t]m¢pkv

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ c≠mw ]n≥Km-an-bm-Wv t]m-¢p-kv. At±lw 438-˛¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn. tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ icocw Iu°m-k-kn¬\n∂v tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬sIm≠p-h∂v hn.- «o-l-∑m-cpsS ]≈n-bn¬ kwkv°-cn-®Xv At±-l-am-Wv.At±lw BZyw knkn-°pkv cq]-X-bpsS B¿®p-_n-j-∏m-bn- \nb-an-X-\m-sb-¶nepw (427), Nne Imc-W-ß-fm¬ cq]-Xm-`-cWw Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ I-gn-bm-™-n√. AXn\m¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Xma-kn-®v henb ]kw-K-Is\∂v t]sc-Sp-Øp. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ adn-bsØssZh-am-Xmhv F∂v hnfn-®p-sIm≠v 428/9˛¬ Hcp ]kwKw sNbvsX∂p


82 83

coXn t]c-W -\¬In. t^mkn-bkv kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nne IrXn-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚-X√ F∂mWv ]WvUn-X-a-Xw.

10.- sa-tXm-Un-bkv

eokn-bm-bnse Hfnw-]p-knse saXm-\mbn satXm-Un-bkv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. amkn-tUm-Wn-bm-bnse ^nen∏n \K-c-Ønse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂pF∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.- F-hp-tk-_n-b-kv- A-t±-l-sØ-∏‰n k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.- F-hp-t_-bm-bnse Im¬Nn-kn¬ h®v 311-˛¬c‡-km-£n-bmbn acn-®p. ]WvUn-X\pw tijvT-\p-amb ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ Ipd®p amX-ta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.At±lw tπt‰msb A\p-I-cn®v kw`m-j-W-co-Xn-bn¬ kZy AYhm I\ym-Xz-sØ-∏‰n F∂ IrXn cNn-®p.- ]-Øp-I-\y-I-Iƒ I\ym-Xz-Øns‚ Hu∂-XysØ ]mSn-∏p-I-gvØp-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv.- G-‰hpw tijvT-amb InkvXob Pohn-X-ambn Ah¿ I-\ym-XzsØ Db¿Øn-°m-´p-∂p. Ah-km\w sX¢m -F∂I\yI hc-\mb InkvXp-hn-t\mSpw h[p-hmb k`-tbmSpw Hcp KoXw]mSp-∂p. Hcn-Ps‚ DØ-a-Ko-X-`m-jy-tØmSv hfsc ASp-Øp -h-cp∂hymJym-\-co-Xn-bmWv Cu IrXn-bn¬ satXm-Un-bkv kzoI-cn-®n-cn°p-∂Xv.kzX-¥-a-\kv F∂-XmWv c≠m-a-sØ- Ir-Xn. -a-\p-jys‚ kzX-¥-a-\-km-Wv Xn∑bv°v Imc-Ww.- Xn∑ ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂-√, AXv \nXy-hp-a-√.-t·m-Ãn-°p-I-fpsS ssZzX-hm-Z-Øn-s\-Xn-sc Fgp-X-s∏-´-XmWv Cu IrXn.CXpw kw`m-j-W- ssi-en-bn-em-Wv. Db¿∏n-s\-∏‰n F∂ IrXn Hcn-P-\n-kw F∂ A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-sØ JWvUn-°m-\mbn Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv.- i-cocwBflm-hns‚ XS-h-d-bm-sW∂ Bibw A-t±lw Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂p.s]m¿ô-cn-s°-Xn-sc, Pohn-X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw _u≤n-I-hym-]m-c-ßsf ]‰nbpwF∂o IrXn-Ifpw At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- B-Zyw Hcn-Ps‚ Bcm-[-I-\m-bn-cp∂ satXm-Un-bkv ]n∂oSv Hcn-Ps‚ hna¿i-I-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p.

11. Ct°m-Wn-b-Ønse Bw^n-tem-°n-bkv

I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv At±-l-sØ-∏‰n G‰hpw IqSp-X-em-bn \ma-dn-bp-∂-Xv. t_kn¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n F∂ IrXn At±-l-Øn-\mWv ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. KnKdn \kym≥k≥ an°-hmdpw At±-l-Øns‚ Nm¿®-°m-c≥ BIm-\m-Wn-S. I∏-tUm-jy-bnse Zntbm- sN-km-dn-bm-bn¬ 340/345-˛¬ P\n-®p. At¥ym-Iy-bn¬en_m\nbq-kns‚ injy-\mbn. ]n∂oSv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ 364-˛-t\m-S-SpØv A`n-`m-j-I\mbn. Bd-v -h¿j-ßƒ°p-ti-jw -s]m-Xp-Po-hn-X-Øn¬\n∂v ]n≥hmßn, k\y-kn-°m-≥ BK-ln-®p. F∂m¬ alm-\mbt_kn¬ At±-lsØ 374-˛¬ Ct°m-Wn-b-Ønse saXm-\m°nbXn-\m¬

teJ-\-ßƒ F∂n-hbv°v At±lw `mjy-ß-sf-gp-Xn.- F-∂m¬ Ah-bpsSNne `mK-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p. kndn-ens‚ 12 im]-ßƒs°-XnscAt±lw Hcp IrXn-sb-g-p-Xn-sb∂v sl¿an-bm-s\-bnse ^°p≥Zpkv ]d-bp-∂p. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ kvt\ln-X-\mb ]¿tX-\n-tbmkns\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXv Hcp IrXn-sb-gp-Xn. CXn¬ \n∂v tPm¨ U-a-jo≥D≤-cn-°p-∂p.- setbm am¿]m-∏m-bpsS tXmap-kn\v At±lw Hcp kvXpXn-]-`m-jWw (F≥tIm-anbw) Fgp-XpIbpw Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬]q¿W-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°pIbpw sNbvXp.- km¿h-Xn-I-te-J\w F∂t]cn¬ Hcp tcJ At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂v Ahn-I-e-ambn e`n-®n-´p-≠v.tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ IqSnb (458/9) kn\-Uns‚ IØm-Wn-Xv. 471-˛¬acn-® At±-lsØ- ]uc-kvXy-k` hnip-≤-\mbn Icp-Xp-∂p. Xp-S¿∂v ]mXn-b¿°o-km-b AIm-Nn-b-kns‚ Ime-ØmWv AIm-Nn-b≥ ioiva (484- 518)D¤-hn-®-Xv. tdmw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fp-am-bp≈ Iq´mbva hntO-Zn-°m≥Cu ioiva Imc-W-am-bn. tkt\m NI-h¿Øn-bpsS slt\m-ń-t°m≥F∂ Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-tc-Jbmbn-cp∂p AXn\p Imc-Ww. PÃn≥NI-h¿Øn A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ (518-) Cu tcJsb X≈n-∏-d-bpIbpw tdmamsa-Xm≥ kwk¿Kw ]p\xÿm-]n-°pIbpw sNbvXp.Aßs\ Cu ioiva Ah-km-\n-®p.-

9. skeq-jy-bnse t_kn¬

At±lw 440-˛¬ Cku-dn-bm-bnse skeq-jy-bpsS saXm-\m-bn-.tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-Un¬ (448) GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Z-Øn-s\-Xnscthm´p -sN-bvXp. Ft^-tkm-knse c≠mw kn\-Un¬ (449) Fhp-Xo-°-kns\ ]n≥Xm-ßn. Im¬kn-U¨ kn\-Un¬ (451) kw_-‘n-®v setbmam¿]m-∏m-bpsS teJ-\w AwKo-I-cn-®p. a‰v Cku-dn-b≥ saXm-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w458-˛¬ setbm- N-I-h¿Øn°v Hcp IØ-b-®p.- Im¬kn-U¨ kn\Uv\S-∏m-°-W-sa∂pw XntamXn F∂ GI-kz-`m-h- ]m-Xn-b¿°o-kns\ Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bn¬ \n∂v _ln-jvI-cn-°-Ww F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p IØns‚kmcw. ¢mkn-°¬ kmln-Xy-Ønepw ]`m-j-W-I-e-bnepw At±-l-Øn\v\√ ⁄m\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p; D]-a-Ifpw Ae-¶m-c-ßfpw [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. -a-lm-\mb t_kn-en-s‚bpw Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚bpwkzm[o\w `mjy-ß-fn¬ Zriy-am-sW∂v t^mkn-bkv ]d-bp-∂p. ]Xn-\-©p -tlm-an-en-I-sf-∏‰n t^mkn-bkv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.- ss_-_nƒ mK-ßsfB[m-c-am°n At±lw N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. kw`-h-ßƒ \mS-Io-b-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂Xnepw ss__nƒ hy‡n-Isf sIm≠v kwkm-cn--∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw At±lw Xm¬]cyw ImWn-®p. Bdmw \q‰m-≠nse Ko°vKm\-c-N-bn-Xm-hmb tdmam-t\m-kn\v sIm‚m-°nb cNn-°m≥ t_kn-ens‚


84 85

KnXzw \S-Øm-Ø-hcpw amwkw `£n-°m-Ø-h-cp-ambn Hcp ]tXy-I-Xcwhn`m-K-°m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sPsa-ey¿ hf¿Øp-ar-K-ßsf IqSn hne-°p-Ibpw Iºn-fn-h-kv-X-ßƒ \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. £pZ-°m-c≥ iotam-\mWv Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ Bcw-`-I≥.- io-tams‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂p sPsa-√n-bp-kv.

(3)- F-∏n-kvXpfm bmw_n°m BZv skse-hpIpw: tImkvtamkv Xs‚IrXn-bn¬ CXv Bw^n-tem-°-n-b-kn\v Btcm-]n-°p-∂p. CsXmcp ]Zy-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. ]T-\-Øn\pw kpIr-X-Øn\pw skse-hp-°-kns\ CXn-eqsSD]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. a‰p ]T-\-ß-tf-°mƒ ss__nƒ ]T-\-Øn¬ Xm¬]cywImWn-°-W-sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. ss__nƒ KŸ-ß-fpsS Hcp ]ńI 251-˛319 hcn-I-fn¬ ImWmw.

(4)-F´v tlman-en-Iƒ: hnhn[ thZ-]p-kvX-I-`m-K-ßsf B[m-c-am°nFgp-Xnb tlman-en-I-fn¬ Gjym-‰nIv ]`m-j-W-Ie ]I-S-am-Wv. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hy‡n-Isf sIm≠v kw`m-jWw sN-øn-°p-∂ -co-Xn-bn-emWvhnh-c-Ww.

12.- A-am-sk-bmbnse AkvtX-cn-bpkv

I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cp-sS- k-a-Im-eo-\-\mWv AkvtX-cn-bp-kv.saXm-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºv A`n- m-j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. 380˛\pw 390˛\pw CSbv°vsaXm-\m-bn. ]Xn-\mdv tlman-en-Ifpw kvXpXn-]- m-j-W-ß-fpw- A-t±-l-Øn-t‚-Xmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ ]`m-j-W-ssh-ZKv≤yw ]I-S-am-Wv.

13.- a-°m-cn-tbmkv ams·kv

at·-jy-bnse _nj-∏m-bn-cp∂p a°mcn-tbm-kv. HmIv kn-\-Un¬Ft^-tkm-knse slcm-¢n-sZ-kn-s\-Xn-sc hmZn®p F∂v t^mkn-bkv ]d-bp∂p (_n-ªn.-tIm. 59). slcm-¢n-sZ-kns\ hmgn-®Xv tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu a°m-cn-tbm-km-bn-cn°mw a°m-cn-tbmkv ams·kvF∂ InkvXy≥ At∏m-f-Pn-Ãv. amt·kv 400-˛mam-≠n¬ A©v hmey-ß-fn¬ Hcp IrXn cNn-®p. At±-l-hpw Hcp t]K≥ Xm-Xzn-I\pw XΩn¬\S∂ X¿°-Øns‚ cq]-Øn-emWv IrXn. Cu cq]w Hcp kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-bm-Imw. As∏m-In-XnI v F∂ t]cn¬ Cu IrXn Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.At∏m-f-sP-‰nIv IrXnsb∂ \nebv°v CXn\v henb ÿm\w I¬]n-°m-\n-√. Nne AssI-kvX-h -ho-£-W-ßsf CXn¬ hna¿in-°p-∂p.

AXv \S-∂n-√. At±lw hfsc sshap-Jy-tØm-sS-bmWv saXm≥ ÿm\wkzoI-cn-®-Xv. t_kn¬ ]d-bp∂p: “ssZhw hmgvØ-s∏-´-h-\m-Ip∂p.Ah≥ Hmtcm Xe-ap-d-bnepw X\n°p ]nb-s∏-´-hsc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. Xs‚- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ ]mX-ßsf shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Xs‚ hnip-≤-cpsS tkh-\-Øn-\mbn Ahsc D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. c-£-s]-Sm≥ ]bm-k-amb Xs‚ Ir]m-h-c-Øns‚ hebn¬ Ah≥ \ns∂IpSp-°n. \o kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, Rß-fn¬ \n∂-√,- R-ßƒ hgnhnfn® Ah-\n¬ \n∂v c£-s]-Sm-\m-bn-cp∂p \o ian-®-Xv. I¿Øm-hn\vBfp-Isf tN¿°m\pw ]nim-Nns‚ Zmky-Øn¬ s] -hsc hnSp-hn-°m\pwA‘-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Xs‚ ]Im-i-Øn-te°v Xs‚ lnXm-\p-k-cWw\bn-°m\pw th≠n Ah≥ \ns∂ ]nko-Zn-bm-bpsS a[y-Øn-te°vsIm≠p-h-∂p” (-te-J\w, 161).

At±lw hfsc hnP-b-I-c-ambn cq]X cn-®p.- F-√m-bn-SØpw Nn´bpwIahpw \S-∏m-°n. Bcn-b¿, sakm-en-b¿, F≥I-Øo-Ø¿ F∂o A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I¿s°-Xnsc kXy-hn-izmkw Db¿Øn-°m-ń. tIm¨Ãm≥dnt\m-∏nƒ kn\-Un¬ (381) Xe-sb-Sp-∏p≈ k`m-t\-Xm-hmbn tim-`n-®p.sskZv -kn-\-Un¬ (391) At±lw A[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-Un-emWv (394) At±lw G‰hpw Ah-km-\-ambn kw_-‘n-®-Xv. t_mkvXm-bnse saXms‚ ]n≥Xp-S¿® -kw-_-‘n-®-v Xo-cp-am-\wF-Sp-°m-\mWv kn-\Uv IqSn-b-Xv.

a‰v I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ t]mse At±-lØns‚IrXn-Iƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏- n- n-√. Ipd®p IrXn-Iƒ amXta ssI-h-∂n- p≈p.

(1)- kn-\-Un-°¬ te-J\w: Ct°m-Wn-b-w kn\Uv (376) eoknbcq]-X-bnse saXm-∑m¿°v Hcp teJ\w Ab-°m≥ At±-lsØ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn.- ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ssZh-Xzhpw kØ-b-n-ep≈ ka-XzhpwBh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-®psIm-≠v, ]-cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ssZhXzw \ntj-[n-®-h¿s°-Xn-sc saXm-∑msc t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-∂p. t_kn-ens‚ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ Ipdn-®p≈ IrXn-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv CXv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv ]q¿W-ambn Inń-bn-´p-≠v.

(2) As∏m--‡n-X¿°pw sPsa-ey¿°p-sa-Xnsc: A_-t≤m-]-tZ-ißƒ]Tn-∏n® c≠v -hn-`m-K-°m¿°v F-Xn-cm-bn-´m-Wn-Xv. Hcp tIm]v‰nIv hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Cu Xm¿°nI IrXn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Bap-Jhpw Ah-km-\-`m-Khpw Xe-s°´pw KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ t]cpw IrXn-bn-en-√.- CXv Bw^n-tem-°n-bp-kn-t‚-Xm-sW∂v ^n-s°¿ ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≠v. -I-Sp-Ø- X-]-›-cy-Iƒ A\p-jvTn-°p∂ hn`m-K-ßƒ°v F-Xn-cm-bn-´mWnXv. hnhmlw hne-°p-∂-hcpw ho™v IpSn-°m-Ø-hcpw I¿Xr-i-co-c-c-‡-ß-fn¬ `mK-`m-


86 87

]o-U-\-Øns‚ Ggmw h¿jw, 310 s^_p-hcn 6˛\v ]wô-ekv c‡-km-£n-bm-bn. Fhp-tk-_n-bkv BZyw Sb-dn-te°pw ]ns∂ CuPn-]vjy≥acp-`q-an-bn-se (tX-_m-bvUn¬)- k-\ym-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn-te°pw HmSn-t∏m-bn. -F-∂m¬- A-hn-sS-h®v ]nSn-°-s∏´v XS-hn-em-°-s∏-´p.

tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ NI-h¿Øn k`bv°v kzmX¥yw A\p-h-Zn®h¿jw-Xs∂ (313) Fhp-tk-_n-bkv tIk-dn-bm -sa-Xm-\mbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. A°m-eØv DS-se-SpØ Bcn-b≥ X¿°-ß-fn¬ saXm-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ Fhp-tk-_n-bkpw CS-s]-´p. XXzw _enIgn-°msX Ccp-Iq-´-scbpwcRvPn-∏n-°m≥ X\n°p Ign-t™-°p-sa-∂v At±lw Icp-Xn.- tI-k-dn-bm-bn¬ IqSnb kn\-Uv- B-cn-b-kns\ Ip‰-hn-ap-‡-\m-°n-. F∂m¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠nb≥ saXm\v Iogvs∏-S-W-sa∂v kn\Uv Bcn-b-kn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-ńcp∂p.

Bcn-b-kn-s\-Xn-sc Hcp- t^m¿-ape kzoI-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®-Xn-\m¬,-A-t¥ym-Iy-bn¬ IqSnb Hcp kn\Uv At±-lsØ k`m-`-jvS-\m°n F∂v]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F√m-bn-SØpw sFIyw ÿm]n-°p∂ Bfm-bn-´mWvAt±lw \ne-sIm-≠-Xv. \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-knepw At±lw Cu \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øp. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn®p-sIm≠v tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ ssZhXzw AwKo-I-cn-°pI, tlm-tam-D-kn-tbm-kv F∂ ]Zw ks_-√n-b-\n-k-Øns‚ Nph-b-p-≈-Xn-\m¬ Dt]-£n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ \ne-]m-Sv. F¶nepw Ah-km\w tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkv kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kns‚t^m¿ape-b-n¬ At±-lhpw H∏p-h-®p.

c‡-cq-£n-X-amb aX-]o-U-\-Øn\v A¥yw Ipdn® tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥NI-h¿Øn-tbmSv At±-l-Øn\v henb aXn-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. NI-h¿ØnbpwAt±-lsØ _lp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. NI-h¿Øn-bpsS `c-W-Øns‚ Ccp-]Xmw hm¿jn-I-Ønepw ap∏Xmw hm¿jn-I-Ønepw Biw-km-]-kwKw\S-Øn-b-Xv Fhp-tk-_n-b-km-Wv. NI-h¿Øn 337 sabv 22-˛\v acn-®-t∏mƒ, Fhp-tk-_n-bkv hfsc Zo¿L-amb Hcp ]kwKw \S-Øn At±-lsØ _lp-am-\n®p. NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Hcp henb ssZh-im-kvtXm-]-tZ-i-I≥ IqSn-bm-bncp∂p At±-lw.

IrXn-Iƒ

Hcn-P≥ Ign-™m¬ Kth-j-W-Ønepw ]mWvUn-Xy-Ønepw Ko°p-]n-Xm-°∑mcn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv Fhp-tk-_n-b-k-tX.Xf¿®bpw £oWhpw Fs¥-∂-dn-bmØ F-gp-Øp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-

A[ymbw 8

tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv(263- 339)

k`m-N-cn-X-]n-Xm-sh∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn-t\m-Sp- IqSn]Sn-ÃnIv kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kph¿W-Imew Bcw-`n-®p.- ]-e-kvXo-\-bnsetIk-dnbm (sN-km-dnbm aco-Xn-am) cq]-X-bpsS saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv ]wô-en. `qX-Im-e- kw-`-h-ß-fnepw Imcy-ß-fn-epw- A-t±-l-Øn\v hf-sc-b-[nIw Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn\p cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ At±lw kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Øp.- Ncn-X-Im-c\pw Xm¿°n-I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂ At±lw Xs‚ Ime-Øp-≠mb k`m-]-c-am-b -]-iv\-ß-fn¬ XesbSp-∏p≈ t\Xm-hm-bn CS-s]-´p.- hn-izm-k-kw-c-£-I-cn¬ Ah-km-\sØ Bfmbpw BZysØ Zn\-hr-Øm-¥-I-\m-bpw- B-ZysØ dn°m¿Uv kq£n-∏p-Im-c-\mbpw At±-lsØ IW-°m-°mw. Xs‚ ImeØv Np‰p-ap≈ temIØv D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ henbam‰-ß-fpsS ]Xn-[z-\n-Iƒ a‰m-tc-°mfpw IqSp-X¬ At±-l-Øn-¬ Zriy-am-Wv.- H-∂m-asØ ssIkvX-h-cm-Pm-hns\ ImWm≥ `mKy-ap-≠mb Xe-ap-d-bpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-bp-amWv At±-lw.

tIk-dn-bm-bn¬ 263-˛¬ P\n® Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Ahn-sS-Øs∂ ]Tn-®p. Ahn-sS-Øs∂ saXm-\m-bn,- Ir-Xn-I-sf√mw Ahn-sS-h-®p- Xs∂ Fgp-Xn.- H-cn-P≥ tIk-dn-bm-bn¬ XpS-ßnb hnZym-]m-T-im-ebpw KŸ-im-e-bpw hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ ]wô-e-kmWv Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns\ imkvX-]-T-\-ß-fn-te°v \bn-®Xpw ]cn-io-en-∏n-®-Xp-sa-√mw. Kpcp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ _lp-am-\m¿Yw ]wô-e-kns‚ Bflo-b-k-¥m\w F∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ Fhp-tk-_n-bkv ]wôen (tlm Xq ]wô-en) F∂v kzbw hnfn-°p-∂-Xn¬A-t±lw A`n-am-\n-®p.- ]w-ô-e-kns‚ Hcp eLpPoh-N-cn--X-sa-gpXn At±-lsØ _lp-am-\n-°m\pw Fhp-tk-_n-bkv ad-∂n-√. Ub-¢o-js‚ aX-

tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv

88 89

X-\-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥ At±lw i-an-°p∂p. c≠mw \q‰m-≠nseKo°v hnizm-k-ka¿Y-I¿ Cu coXn t\ctØ kzoIcn-®n-cp-∂p.- A-hsc]n≥Xp-S¿∂v aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬ Pqen-bkv B^n-°m-\pkvCXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp tImWn-°nƒ D≠m-°n. Fhp-tk-_n--b-kn\v hgn-Imń Bbn-cp-∂Xv CXmWv. Fhp-tk-_n-bkv CXn¬ \n∂v amXr-Ibpw H´\-h-[n- tc-J-Ifpw FSp-sØ¶nepw, A°mcyw FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂n-√. B^n-°m-\p-kns‚ IrXntb-°mƒ hfsc sa®-s∏-´-XmWv Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn-t‚-Xv. IqSp-X¬ tijvTcpw ]mNo-\-cp-amb Fgp-Øp-ImscFhp-tk-_n-bkv B[m-c-am-°n. AXp-t]mse tkmX-kp-Isf IqSp-X¬hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-tbm-Sp -IqsS At±lw kao-]n-®p. -B-^n-°m\p-kns‚kl-km-_vZ -Nn-¥m-KXn Fhp-tk-_n--b-kn-en-√.- B-^n-°m-\pkv BZhpw]dp-Zo-kmbpw sIm≠mWv XpS-ßn-b-Xv.- F-hp-tk-_n-b-km-Is´ A_lmwapX-em-Wv XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Im-c-Ww, FX-\mƒ a\p-jy¿ ]dp-Zo-km-bn¬ Pohn-s®∂v B¿°dnbmw? ss__n-fns\ hna¿i-\- _p-≤n-tbmsSho£n-°p∂ KŸ-Im-cs\ \mw ChnsS ImWp-∂p.

(2) k`m-N-cnXw

Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns\ A\-iz-c-\m-°n-bXv Xncp-k-`m-N-cnXw (F-t¢-kn-bm-kvXnt° lnkvtXm-dn-bm) F∂ IrXn-bm-Wv. ]Øp KŸ-ß-fm-bn-´mWv \ap-°nXv e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. k`m-cw`w apX¬ tIm- -Ã-≥ssS≥ Xs‚FXn-cm-fn-Isfsb√mw ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn GIm-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn- Xo-¿∂ 324hsc-bp≈ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fm-Wv CXn¬ Ipdn-®ncn-°p-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv\nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kn\p (325) apºp- h-sc-bp≈ kwK-Xn-I-fm-Wv ]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw. k`-bpsS Iam-\p-K-X-amb hf¿®-tbm, -h-f¿®-bv°n-S-bn-ep-≠mb XS- -ßtfm H∂pw hy‡-ambn hc-®p-Im-´p∂n√. CXv Ncn-X-kw-`-h-ß-fpsS Hcp henb kam-lm-c-am-Wv. -tc-J-Ifpw D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw XpS¿®-bmbn ASp-°n--b-Sp°n h®n-cn°p-∂p.- F-hp-tk-_n-bkv Bap-J-Øn¬ Xs‚e£yw hy‡-am-°p∂p: ]-[m\ tIµ-ß-fnse saXm-∑m-cpsS ]ń-I,-In-kvXob ]t_m-[-I-cpw Fgp-Øp-Im-cpw, ]m-j-WvU¿, aX-]o-U-I¿,blq-Z¿°p-≠mb ssZh-in-£,- c-‡-km-£nXzw, k`-bpsS A¥n-a-hn-P-bw F∂o kwK-Xn-Iƒ N¿®-sN-øpI.

henb am‰-ß-fpsS Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv. InkvXpa-X-Øn\p kzmX¥yw \¬In-s°m-≠p≈ tIm¨Ã-≥ssSs‚ DØ-c-hm-Wv Ahb-n¬ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏-´X.v ap∂qdp h¿jsØ ITn-\- a-X-]o-U-\-Øn-\p-tijw k`bv°v e`n-® -kzm-X¥yw henbam‰w Xs∂-bm-Wv. CXn\v A-\p-kr-X-ambn ]e ]mhiyw k`m-NcnX-

lw. hfsc ]mbw sN√p-∂-Xp -h-scbpw Fgp-Xns°m≠ncp-∂p. C∂pkaqew \jvS-s∏-´p-t]mb At\Iw IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hn⁄m-\wAt±lw Xs‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ kam-l-cn-®p. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn-epw -N-cn-X-Ønepw ]mNo-\- km-ln-Xy-Ønepw XXz-im-kvX-Ønepw `qan-im-kvX-Øn-epw- km-t¶-XnI Ime-K-W-\-bnepw hymJym-\-im-kvX-Ønepw i_vZ-im-kvX-Ønepw ]pcm-h-kvXp -im-kvX-Ønepw At±lw AKm[ ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- F¶nepw IrXn-I-fn¬ kmln-Xy-KpWw Ipd-hm-sW∂pwssien kzoIm-cytam D∂-Xtam As√∂pw- Hc-`n-]mb-ap-≠v. F-hp-tk_n-bkv Aa¿Xy-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ Ncn-X-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-W;v A-t±lØns‚ k`m-tk-h\w XnI®pw A\p-kva-c-Wo-b-am-Wv.

1.- N-cn-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

Zn\-hr-Øm-¥w, k`m-N-cn-Xw, ]e-kvXo-\-bnse c‡-km-£n-IƒF∂n-ßs\ aq∂v Ncn-X Ir-Xn-I-fmWv At±-lsØ A\-iz-c-\m-°n-b-Xv.Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏-´Xv k`m-N-cn-X-am-Wv.

(1)- Zn-\-hr-Øm-¥w (-tIm-Wn-°nƒ)

CXv Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xv 330-˛-t\m-S-Sp-ØmWvv. CXn\v c≠p `mK-ß-fp-≠v.H∂mw `mKØv hnhn[ P\-]-Z-ß-fpsS NcnXw hfsc kwK-ln®v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p: Ae-Ivkm-WvU¿ t]mfn-ln-Ã¿, A_n-tZ-t\m-kv, sPmtk-^qkv F∂n-hsc B[m-c-am°n I¬Zm-b-cpsS Ncn-Xw; A_n-tZ-t\m-kv,-Im-kvtXm¿, Znb-tZm-dq-kv, sI^m-en-tbm≥ F∂n-hsc B[m-c-am°n A o-dn-b≥ Ncn-Xw; ]g-b-\n-b-aw,- sPm-tk-^q-kv,- s¢sa‚ v F∂n-hsc B[m-c-am°n blq-Z-N-cn-Xw;- Zn-b-tZm-dq-kv, -a-s\-tØm, s]m¿ôcn F∂n-hscB[mc-am°n CuPn-]vjy≥ Ncn-Xw;- Im-kvtXm¿, -s]m¿ô-cn,- Zn-b-tZm-dqkv F∂n-hsc B[m-c-am°n Ko°p-N-cn-Xw; l-en-°¿Wm-kp-knse Ub-\o-jyk,v Znb-tZm-dp-kv,- Im-kvtXm¿ F∂n-hsc B[m-c-am°n tdma≥NcnXw˛C-Xbp-amWv H∂mw `mK-Øp-≈-Xv.

c≠mw `m-KØv kam-¥-c- tIm-f-ß-fnembn temI-N-cn-Xhpw hnip≤-N-cn-Xhpw \¬-Ip-∂p. In.-ap.2016/15-˛¬ A_-lm-ans‚ P\\w apX-emWvCu NcnXw XpS-ß-p∂Xv. XpS¿∂p≈ ImesØ A©p -L-´-ß-fmbnXncn-®n-cn-°p∂p: 1. A_lmw apX¬ tSmbv Iog-S-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-h-sc.2.- tSmbv apX¬ H∂mw Hfnw-]n-bmUv hsc. 3.- H∂mw Hfnw-]n-bmUv apX¬tUdn-b-kns‚ hmgvN-bpsS c≠mwh¿jw -h-sc. 4.- A-Xp- ap-X¬ InkvXp-hns‚ ac-Ww-h-sc. 5. -In-kvXp-hns‚ acWw apX¬ 303 hsc. bqZ-a-Xhpw AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmb InkvXp-a-Xhpw as‰-√m-‰n-t\-°mfpw ]pcm-

tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kvtIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv

90 91

k`sb c£n-°m≥ ssZhw Ab® Bfm-bn- mWv At±lw NI-h¿ØnsbImWp-∂-Xv.

(1) tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Poh-N-cnXw: \mep KŸ-ß-fn-em-bn-´mWv Fhp-tk-_n-bkv CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv. CsXmcp Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-a-√, -A-]-Imcw Fhp-tk-_n-bkpw Dt±-in-®n-√.- C-sXmcp cmP-kvXp-Xn-∏m-Wv. \nco-iz-ccpw aX-]o-U-I-cp-amb cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS kvXpXn-∏p-IƒsIm≠vhmey-ßƒ \nd-bp-tºmƒ Cu InkvXob cmPm-hns‚ kvXpXn-∏p-I-ƒ Fgp-Xm≥ [m¿an-I-ambn Xm≥ IS-s∏-´-h-\m-sW∂v At±lw Icp-Xn. tIm¨Ã≥ssSs‚ Poh--N-cnXw (hoXm tIm¨kvX-¥o\n) F∂ eØo≥ Xe-s°--ń¬ Cu IrXn ]N-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ Nne-cpsS CSbn¬ CXv hna¿i-\-hn-t[-b-ambn. hna¿i-I¿ CXns\ Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-ambn a\-kn-em-°n-b-Xn-\m-emWvhna¿i-\-ap-b¿∂-Xv. -B-flm¿Y-X-bn-√mØ Ncn-X-Im-c≥ F∂p-hsc Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns\ hnfn-°m≥ Nne¿ ss[cys∏-´Xv Cu sX‰n-≤m-cW- \n-an-Ø-am-Wv. InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v klm-b-I-ambn NI-h¿ØnsNbvX Imcy-ßƒ amXta Fhp-tk-_n-bkv CXn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p≈p:“ssZh-\n-bp-‡-\mb tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ ]pXnb Ckm-tb-ens\ \bn-°p∂ tami-bm-Wv.- ssZ-h-amWv At±-lsØ Hcp-÷z-e-Xm-c-ambn Db¿Øn-bXv” F∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. AXp-t]mse tIm¨Ã≥ssS\v Ipcnins‚ Z¿i\w D≠m-b- Im-cyhpw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. -N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS ]Xn-\mdv I¬∏-\-Ifpw IØp-Ifpw At±lw CXn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. ChKŸ-Øns‚ \men-sem-∂p -h-cpw.- h-f-sc hne-tb-dnb tcJ-I-fm-Wnh.

(2)- hn-ip-≤-cpsS kaq-l-Øn\v: ]kw-Kßƒ Fgp-Xm\pw ]kw-Kn-°m\pw tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ kabw sNe-h-gn-®n-cp-s∂-∂v Po-h-N-cn-X-Øn¬Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv ]d-bp-∂p. _lp-tZ-h-Xm-hm-Zhpw hnPm-Xn-b-cpsS A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw At±lw JWvUn-®n-cp-∂p. Poh-N-cn-X-Øns‚ \memw `mK-Øns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ hnip-≤-cpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥sNbvX ]kwKw tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. Nne ssIsb-gp-Øp-]-Xn-I-fn¬ A©mw]pkvXI-am-bn-´mWv CXv tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. InkvXp-a-X-Øn-\p≈ At∏m-f-Pn-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu ]kw-K-Øn\v aq∂p mK-ß-fp≠v: H∂mw mKØv s]k-lm, Db¿∏v F∂nh A\p-kva-cn-°p-Ibpw- ]n-Xm-hn-s\bpw c£-I-\m-b-In-kvXp-hn-s\bpw ]‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn°p-Ibpw hnK-lm-cm-[-\-bpsS s]m≈-Ø-c-ßsf JWvUn-°pIbpw sNøp∂p. c≠mw -`m-KØv c£-sb -kw-_-‘n-®p≈ InkvXob XXz-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.- ssZ-hhpw ssZh-kp-X-\p-amb InkvXp Ipcn-ip-hgn t\Snb c£sb∏-‰n-bmWv ]g-b-\n-baw apX-ep≈ ]Xn-]m-Z-\-sa∂v ka¿Yn-°p-∂p. tbip-In-kvXp, ssZh-]pX≥,-

Øn¬ am‰-ßƒ hcp-tØ≠n-h-∂p. \mep L´-ß-fnse am‰w CXn¬ Z¿-in-°m-\mIpw F∂mWv ]WvUn-X-a-Xw.- B-Zy-]Xn-∏v (312) F´p- ]p-kvX-I-ß-fm-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv H≥]Xmw ]pkvXIw 315-˛epw ]Ømw]pkvXIw 325-˛epw ]kn-≤o-Icn-®p.- tIm¨Ã≥ssSs‚ ktlm-Z-co-`¿Ømhpw ]n¬°m-eØv FXn-cm-fn-bp-ambn-Øo¿∂ enNo-\n-b-kns‚ ]cm-P-b-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn. as‰m-c- n-]mb]Imcw, BZysØGgp- ]p-kvX-I-ßƒ U-tbm-¢n-jys‚ aX-]o-U-\-Øn-\p -ap-tº (303) ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn.

\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xs∂ CXns‚ kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø\w D≠m-bn. dpô-\kv 403-˛¬ D≠m-°nb eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-tØ-°mƒ sa®-am-Wn-Xv. dpô-\kv Nne-bn-S-ß-fn-¬ Npcp-°p-Ibpw Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Iqń-t®¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Imewhsc-bp≈ (395) NcnXw Iqń-t®¿Øp F∂ khn-ti-jX dpô-\-kns‚IrXn-°p-≠v. Cu eØo≥ hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu k`m-N-cnXw]m›m-Xy-tem-IØv ]N-cn-®-Xv. A¿ta-\n-b≥ hnh¿Ø\w kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. ae-bm-f-hn-h¿Ø\w D≠m-bXv 1985-˛-emWv (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,-F-hp-tk-_n-b-kv˛-Xn-cp-k-`m-N-cn-Xw,- tIm-´-bw, 1985. 19982 ).

(3) ]e-kvXo-\-bnse c‡-km-£n-Iƒ: k`m-N-cn-X-c-N-\-bv°p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ ]e-kvXo-\-bnse c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈p∂Hcp IrXn Fhp-tk-_n-bkv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. k`m-N-cnXw \mepw A©pw`mK-ß-fn¬ CtX-∏‰n ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. aqe-IrXn \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn.-Ko-°n¬ Hcp sNdnb ]Xn∏pw kpdn-bm-\n -hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Hcp henb]Xn-∏pw Is≠-Sp-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.- ]-e-kvXo-\-bn¬ 303-˛\pw 311-˛\pw CSbv°vc‡-km-£n-I-fm-b-h-cpsS Ncn-X-amWv CXn¬ Ipdn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

2. tIm¨Ã≥ssSs\∏-‰n-bp≈ IrXn-Iƒ

tIm¨Ã≥ssSs‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw, At±-l-Øns‚ ]kw-K-ßƒ,At±-l-Øn-\p≈ Biwk F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p -Ir-Xn-Iƒ NI-h¿Øn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Hcp Ncn-X-Im-c≥ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn HcpkvXpXn-]m-T-I-\m-bn-´mWv Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Cu IrXnIfn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I. kvXpXn-]-`m-jWw (F≥tIm-an-bw) A°m-esØ Hcp kmln-Xy-co-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B coXn-bn-em-Wv NI-h¿Øn-sb°pdn®v At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. InkvXo-b -]-Xym-i-bpsS ]qh-Wn-b¬ Cu NI-h¿Øn-bn-emWv At±lw ImWp-∂-Xv.- A-Xp-sIm≠v NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Pohn-X-Im-eØpw ac-W-ti-jhpw At±-lsØ kvXpXn-°m≥ Xs‚ XqenI Nen-∏n-®-Xn¬ Fhp-tk-_n-bkv A]m-IX I≠n-√.- aX]o-U-\-Øn¬ \n∂p


92 93

°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS Bi-b-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ Xqen-I-bn¬ IqSn ]pXp-a-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]pd-Øp -h-∂p. IrXy-amb ]≤Xn A\p-k-cn-®mWv Fgp-Xm≥ XpS-ßn-b--sX-¶n-epw, At±lw cNn-®-h-sb√mw \ap°p e`n-®n-´-n-√.

(1) s]mXp-hmb ]mY-an-Im-apJw: At±-l-Øns‚ c≠p henb At∏m-fsP-‰n-°¬ IrXn-I-fp-sS˛ASp-Ø -c≠p IrXn-I-fpsS˛Bap-J-am-bn-´mWv]Øv ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-¬ -A-t±lw CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv. Bdp apX¬ H≥]-Xp-hsc-bp≈ ]pkvX-Ißfpw ]Øns‚ Iptd `mK-ßfpw amXta \ap°pssIh-∂n-´p-≈p. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønse aninlm ]h-N-\-ßƒ kam-l-cn®vCXn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂p.

(2)- kp-hn-ti-j-Øn-s\m-cp°w: ]Xn-\-©p- Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-bn- m-Wn-Xv. aqe-`m-j-bm-b- Ko-°n¬ ]q¿W-ambn \ap-°nXv e`n-®n-´p-≠v. -t]-K-\n-k-Øn\pwt]K≥ Nn¥-I¿°p-sa-Xn-sc InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ Hu∂Xyw sXfn-bn-°p∂p.bqZ-a-X-Øns‚ Hu∂Xyw Nq≠n°m-Wn-®p-sIm≠v, _lp-tZ-h-m-cm-[-\sbJWvUn-°p∂p. hnPm-Xn-b-cn¬ \n∂v InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°p hcp-∂-h¿°vHcp ]mY-an-I-⁄m\w \¬Im-\m-WnXv. 15-˛mw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ CXns‚Npcp°w ImWmw. hnPm-Xn-bcpsS Zpjn-®-Xpw -sR-ń-∏n-°p∂Xp-amb Xn∑-I-fpsS hnh-cWw H∂pw c≠pw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p.- s\-tbm-π-t‰m-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ Ah-sbms° hywKym¿Y-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xns\JWvUn-°p-∂p.- ⁄m-\n-Isf-∂v- A-`n-am-\n-°p-∂-h-cpsS shfn-®-∏m-Sp-Isf-]-‰n-bmWv \mepw A©pw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ.- hn-[n-bn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂-h¿°p≈ adp-]-Sn-bmWv Bdmw]pkvX-Iw. Ko°p-Im-cpsS XXz-im-kvXhpw aXhpw Dt]-£n®v, blq-Z-cp-sS -K-Ÿ-ß-sf-Sp-Ø-Xn\v InkvXym-\n-Isf XpS¿∂v (7-˛14) \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂p. tamibpw a‰p ]hm-N-I∑mcpwKo°p- Xm-Xzn-I¿°p- aptº Pohn-®p. tπt‰m XpSßnb Ko°p ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ lo-_p-a-X-Øn¬\n∂v \nc-h[n Bi-b-ßƒ IS-sa-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.Ko°p- Nn-¥-I-cpsS CS-bn¬ ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-fmb \nc-h[n kwK-Xn-Iƒ D≠v (14-˛15). hnK-lm-cm-[-\sb JWvUn-°m≥ AssIkvX-h-cmbNn¥-IscØs∂ At±lw D≤-cn-°p-∂p. 314-˛\p tij-am-Wv C-sX-gp-X-s∏-´Xv.

(3)- kp-hn-ti-j-Øn\p sXfnhv: Cu IrXn-bn¬ blq-Z-cpsS Btcm-]-W-ßsf JWvUn-°p-∂p.- \n-baw A\p-k-cn-°m-sX- Xs∂ hmKvZm-\-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-in-I-fm-Ip-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv InkvXym-\n-Iƒ blq-Z-aXKŸ-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®Xv F∂ blq-Zm-tcm-]-Ww A¿Y-an-√m--Ø-XmsW∂vsXfn-bn-°p-∂p. Ccp-]Xv ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Btcm-]-W-ßƒ°v adp-]Sn]d-bp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ BZysØ ]Øpw ]Xn-\-©ns‚ Nne `mK-ßfpw

c-£-I≥, Ipcniv F∂-Xns‚ Ko°n-ep≈ BZym£-c-ßƒ tN¿Øp-≠m-°nb C‡pkv (a-’yw) F∂ ]Zw kn_n-√n-b≥ Hmd-°nƒk-n¬ ImWp-s∂∂pw AXv c£-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]h-N-\-am-sW∂pw At±lw Xs‚]kw-K-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°p-∂p. -aq∂mw`mK-Øv, Xs‚ hnP-b-ßƒs°√mw tlXp-`q-X≥ InkvXp-hm-sW∂v At±lw G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p. k`sb]oUn-∏n-®-h-cp-sS Zpcn-X-]q¿W-amb A¥yhpw hc-®p-Im´p-∂p. -ssZhwsNmcn™ \∑-Iƒ°v \µn ]d-bm≥ kI-e-scbpw £Wn-°p-I-bmWvA-h-km-\sØ A[ym-bØn¬. tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ 313-˛se ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bm-gvN -Zn-hkw sNbvX ]kw-Kw B-bn-cn-°m-ansX∂v Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.

(3) tIm¨Ã≥ssS\p≈ Biwk: hnip-≤-cpsS kaq-l-Øn\v F∂IrXn-°p-tijw ssIsb-gp-Øp-]-Xn-I-fn¬ tIm¨Ã≥ssS\p≈ BiwkFs∂mcp IrXn-bp-≠v. CXn¬ c≠p ]kw-K-ßfp≠v. H∂v (A-[ymbw1˛10) NI-h¿Øn-bpsS `c-W-Øns‚ ap∏Xmw hm¿jn-I-Øn¬ (335Pqsse 25) tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv sNbvXkvXpXn-]-`m-j-W-am-Wv: “a‰p a\p-jy-sc-t∏mse BsW-¶nepw hn⁄m-\-Ønepw \∑-bnepw \oXn-bnepw ss[cy-Ønepw `‡n-bnepw ssZh-Nn-¥-bnepw NI-h¿Øn anI-®p- \n¬°p-∂p. XmXzn-I≥ -F∂p ]d-bm≥ ]‰nbNI-h¿Øn At±-l-ta-bp-≈p. Imc-Ww, At±lw kzbw Adn-bp-∂p. X\n-°p e`n® \nc-h-[n- Zm\-ßfpw Adn-bp-∂p. kqcy-s\-t∏mse km-am-Py-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-Iƒ hsc-bp-≈-hsc Xs‚ civan-I-fm¬ At±lw]tim-`n-∏n-°p-∂p. kz¿Ko-b- `-c-W-Øns‚ A-\p-I-c-W-amWv Cu `c-Ww”

F∂p -t]m-Ip∂p ]kw-Kw. “ -N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS ]-kw-K-ßƒ lrZbw\ndsb B\-µ-tØm-sS-bmWv temIw ihn-°p-∂Xv” F∂pw Fhp-tk-_n-bkv A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ c≠mw `mKw (11-˛18 A[ym-b-ßƒ)335-˛¬ Pdp-k-te-anse Xncp-°-√-d- ssZ-hm-e-b ]-Xn-jvTm-h-kcw Fhp-tk-_n-bkv ka¿∏n® Hcp ]_-‘-am-Wv.- Hcp at\m-l-c-tZ-hm-ebw \n¿an-®-Xn\v At±-l-sØ ]Io¿Øn-°p-∂p.- `mcn-®- sN-e-hp -sNbvXv tZhm-ebw\n¿an® N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS ]hr-Øn-sb Nne¿ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ, NI-h¿Ønsb At±lw \ymbo-I-cn-°p∂p.

3.- A-t∏m-f-sP-‰n-°¬ IrXn-Iƒ

][m-\-ambn Bdv At∏m-f-sP-‰-n-°¬ IrXn-I-fmWv \ap°p ssIh-∂n-´p-≈-Xv. s]mXp-hmb ]mY-an-Im-ap-Jw,- kp-hn-ti-j-Øn-s\m-cp-°w,kphn-ti-j-Øn\p sXfn-hv, ]Xy-£o-I-c-Ww,- s]m¿ô-cn-s°-Xn-sc,-ln-sb-tcm-s¢-kn-s\-Xnsc F∂n-h-bm-W-h. F√m ap≥ hnizmkka¿Y-I-cp-sSbpw IrXn-Iƒ Xs‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ kam-l-cn-°m≥ At±lw ian-


94 95

Ø-c-ßƒ, k¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw, G-im-bm-`m-jyw, -_-lp-`m-cy-Xzhpw ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS henb IpSpw-_-ß-fpw,- D-b¿∏n-s\-∏‰n F∂n-h-bm-W-h. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ hniz-k-\o-b -]-Xn-∏p-≠m-°n-bXv ]wô-ekpw Fhp-tk_n-bkpw IqSn-bm-Wv.- H-cn-Ps‚ slIvk-πm-bpsS A©mw tImf-Øn¬\n∂v sk]vXz-Pn¥v FSp-Øp.- a-‰p- hm-b-\-Ifpw tN¿Øp. A∂sØhenb- ]-≈n-Iƒ-°p-th≠n thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ 50 tIm∏n-Iƒ D≠m-°m≥ tIm¨Ã≥-ssS≥ NI-h¿Øn Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn-s\-bmWv Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b--Xv. k¿°m-cns‚ JP-\m-hn¬ \n∂v ]Ww- ap-S-°n-bmWv CutIm∏n-Iƒ D≠m-°n-b-Xv.

(1)- F-h≥tP-en-°¬ Im\≥: kphn-ti-j-ß-f-psS ssIsb-gpØp]Xn-I-fn¬ kam-¥-c-`m-K-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Fhp-tk-_n-bkvHcp \ho-I-c-Ww- h-cp-Øn. AXp-hgn Hcp kphn-ti-j-`mKw as‰-hn-sS-sb√mw Ds≠-∂-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.- A-e-Ivkm≠n-bm-bnse Atam-Wn-b-kn¬\n∂m-Wv Cu coXn ]Tn-®-sX∂v I¿]n-bm-\p-kn-\p≈ IØn¬ At±lw]d-bp-∂p. Atam-Wn-b-kn-ep≈ Ipd-hp-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv CuIm\≥ D≠m-°n-b-Xv. kphn-ti-j-ßsf sNdnb Kq-∏p-I-fmbn Xncn®v \º-cn-´p. ]Øp Im\-\p≈ Hcp ]ń-I-bp-≠m-°n. \mep kphn-ti-j-ßƒ°pws]mXp-hmb `mK-ßƒ (-Im-\≥ 1).- k-am-¥-c-kp-hn-ti-j-ßƒ°v s]mXp-hm-b-h (2). aØm-bn,- tbm-l-∂m≥, -eq-°m -F-∂n-h¿°v s]mXp-hm-b-h(3). aØm-bn, a¿t°m-kv, tbml-∂m≥ F∂n-h¿°v s]mXp-hm-b-h (4).aØm-bn°pw eq°mbv°pw s]mXp-hm-b-h (5). aØm-bn°pw a¿t°m-kn\pw s]mXp-hm-b-h (6). -a-Øm--bn°pw tbml-∂m\pw s]mXp-hm-b-h(7). eq°mbv°pw a¿t°mkn\pw s]mXp-hm-b-h (8). eq-°m-bv°pw tbml-∂m\pw s]mXp-hm-b-h (9). -Hmtcm kphn-ti-j-Øn\pw ]tXy-I-am-b-h(10). Cu ]ń-Ibpw Kq∏p-I-fpsS \ºcpw D]-tbm-Kn®v s]s´∂v kam-¥-c-`m-K-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-\m-hpw. Cu knÃw kpdn-bm-\n,- e-Øo≥ ssIsb-gp-Øp-I-fn¬ hym]-I-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.- F-hp-tk-_n-b≥ Im\≥ F∂v CX-dn-b-s∏-´p. hn.- Ptdmw Cu coXn Xs‚ hƒtK-‰n¬ kzoI-cn-®p.

(2)- H-sWm-am-kvXn-t°m≥: thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ÿe-ß-fpsS A£-c-am-e -I-a-Øn-ep≈ hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw `qan-im-kvX-]-chpwNcn-X-]-c-hp-amb hnh-c-W-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp KŸ-am-Wn-Xv.Ptdmw CXv eØo-\n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. At±lw Nne Xncp-Ø-ep-Ifpw Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Ifpw \S-Øn. \ap°p Ko°p-aq-ehpw eØo≥hnh¿Ø-\hpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.- ]m-›m-Xy- ]u-ckv-Xy- k-`-Iƒ Cu IrXnhym]-Iambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. CXv ]e-kvXo-\-bpsS ÿe-Im-e -hn-h-

amXta \ap°p e`n-®n-´p-≈p.- In-kvXp-a-X-amWv blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚ ]q¿W-X-sb∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.- bq-Z-∑m¿s°-Xn-sc-bmWv CsX-gp-Xn-b-sX-¶nepwbYm¿Y-Øn¬ At±lw FXn¿°p-∂-Xv s]m¿ôcn F∂ s\tbm-˛-π-t‰m-Wn-Ãn-s\-bm-Wv. -In-kvXym-\n-Iƒs°-Xnsc F∂ t]cn¬ s]m¿ôcn 15]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Fgp-Xnb IrXn Fhp-tk-_n-bkv ]e-t∏mgpw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. a‰p Nne kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ Abmsf ]Zm-\p-]Zw D≤-cn®vInkvXym-\n-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Btcm-]-W-ßsf JWvUn-°p-∂p.

(4)- ]-Xy-£o-I-cWw: hN-\-Øns‚ Xncp- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-eqsS ssZhw]Xy-£-amb kwK-Xn-bmWv Cu KŸ-Øns‚ hnj-bw. A©p- ]p-kvX-I-ß-fm-bn- mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. krjvSn-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ hN-\w, -a-\p-jy-\n¬ hkn-°p∂ ssZh-h-N-\w,- ho-s≠-Sp∏v Bh-iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂ a\p-jys‚ ÿnXn F∂nh BZysØ aq∂p ]pkvX-I-ßƒhy‡-am-°p-∂p.- \memw ]pkvXIw ]g-b-\n-b-a -]-h-N-\-ß-fpsS ]q¿Øo-I-cWw FSp-Øp-Im-´p-∂p. InkvXp- am-¥n-I\pw injy-∑m¿ NXn-b∑m-cp-amsW∂ Zpcm-tcm-]-W-Øns‚ t`mj-Øw hy‡-am-°p-I-bm-Wv A©mw]pkvX-Iw.- B-ZysØ aq∂p ]pkvX-I-ßƒ kphn-ti-j-Øn-s\m-cp-°w,-kp-hn-ti-j-Øn\p sXfnhv F∂o IrXn-Isf KWy-ambn Bi-bn-®n-´p≠v.aqe-`m-j-bmb Ko°n¬ hfsc Ipd-®p- am-Xta CXp Inń-bn-´p-≈p.- kp-dn-bm\n hnh¿Ø\w ]mNo-\-am-sW-¶nepw DØ-a-a-√.

(5) s]m¿ô-cn-s°-Xnsc: s]m¿ôcn InkvXym\n-Iƒs°-Xnsc Fgp-Xnb IrXn--°v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv 25 ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn adp-]-Sn-sb-gp-Xn.-F-∂m¬ Cu IrXn ]q¿W-ambn \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn-. P-tdmw (-a-l-Zv.81;teJ\w,70), skmIm-´kv (k-`m-.3,23), ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bp-kv (-k-`m-.8,14)-F-∂n-h¿- CtX-∏‰n kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. s]m¿ôcn thZ-]p-kvXIw hf-s®m-Sn®v hymJym-\n-®p. AXn-s\-Xnsc, F]-Imcw thZ-]p-kvX-I-hym-Jym\w\S-Ø-W-sa∂v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

(6) -ln-sb-tcm-s¢-kn-s\-Xnsc: _nØo-\n-bm-bnse Kh¿W-cm-bn-cp∂plnsb-tcm-s¢-kv. Xnbm-\m-bnse As∏m-t≈m-Wn-bpkv tZh≥ tbip-hn-t\-°mƒ hen-b-h-\m-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥ Abmƒ Hcp IrXn cNn-®p.AXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-´mWv 311-˛\pw 313-˛\pw CSbv°v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv.

4.- `m-jy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

thZ-]p-kvX-I-kw-_-‘-ambn Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Ggv IrXn-Iƒ FgpXn:Fh≥tP-en-°¬ Im-\≥,- H-sWm-am-kvXn-t°m≥,- th-Z-]p-kvX-I tNmtZym-


96 97

Xs∂ JWvUn-°p-∂p. a¿sk-√q-kn-s\-Xnsc Fs∂mcp IrXn 335-˛\ptijw c≠p ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn At±lw cNn-®p. a¿-sk-√pkv D∂-bn-®- B-tcm-]-W-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\ -c-ln-X-am-sW∂v H∂mw ]pkvXIw ImWn-°p-∂p. ks_-√n-b-kn-s‚bpw kmtamkm-´-°m-c≥ ]utem-kn-s‚bpw]t_m-[-\-ß-fmWv a¿sk-√pkv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂sX∂v XpS¿∂v ka¿Yn-°p-∂p. -CXp ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. k`m-ssZ-h-imkvXw F∂ t]cn¬ aq∂p hmey-ß-fn-embn a¿sk-√p-kn-s\-Xnsc ho≠pw Hcp -IrXn 337-˛¬ FgpXnAt¥ym-Iy-bnse ^vfm®n-√-kn\v (332-˛342) ka¿∏n-®p.- ap≥IrXn Iptd-°qSn hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv.

6. -]-kw-K-ßfpw teJ-\-ßfpw

Fhp-tk-_n-bkv cmP-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ \nc-h[n ]kw-K-ßƒ sNbvXn-´p-≠v (-tIm¨Ã-ssSs‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw, 1,1;3,60.61). \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-knepwAt±lw ]kw-Kn-®p. F∂m¬ Npcp°w Nne ]kw-K-ßƒ amXtassIh-∂n-´p-≈p. A°m-esØ ssZh-im-kvX- X¿°-ß-fn-sems° CS-s]´ Bfm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, At±lw [mcmfw IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.F∂m¬ Ah-bn¬ aqs∂Æw amXta Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≈p. H∂v k`m-ssZ-h-im-kvX-Øn\p≈ Bap-J-am-Wv. c≠v, Fh-≥tP-en-°¬ Im\\p≈Bap-Jw. aq∂v,- \n-Jymkq\-l-tZmkv -I-gn™ DSs\ tIk-dn-bm-bnseP\-ßƒ°-b-®- I-Øv. Cu Ah-km-\-sØ IØv AØ-\m-tkymkv Xs‚\nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kns‚ UnIn-I-fpsS Ah-km\w tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.skmIm-´-kv (k-`m-.1,8), Xnb-sUm-sd‰v (k-`m-.1,12.1),- P-em-kn-bp-kv (\n-Jym-kq-\-l-tZm-kv, 2,35.1) -F-∂n-h¿- A-Ø\m-tkym-kn¬ \n∂v Cu IØv]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xnbn´p-≠v. \nJym-bn¬ \S-∂Xv F¥m--sW∂pw Xm≥AhnsS F¥p- sN-bvsX∂pw Xm≥ \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw kzoI-cn-®XvF¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw Cu IØn¬ At±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Iu¨kn-ens‚ Ah-kcw cmP-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ hmbn® Hcp \o≠ ]_-‘hpwIØns‚ Ah-km\w tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. tIk-dn-b≥ k`-bpsS hnizm-k-]-am-W-amWv AhnsS hmbn-®-Xv. CXv kXy-hn-izm-k-amsW∂v NI-h¿ØnAdn-bn-®p.- C-tXm-Sp-IqsS Nne- kw-K-Xn-Iƒ Iqń-t®¿°m≥ I¬]n-°pIbpw sNbvXp.

c-W-Øn\v klm-b-I-a-tX. -S-b-dnse ]ufo-\p-kns‚ \n¿tZ-im-\p-kWw331-˛-\p -apºv \mep hmey-ß-fn-embn At±lw thZ-]p-kvX-I- q-an-imkvXwFgp-Xn-.- C-hbn¬ \mem-asØ hmey-amb CXp amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

3. thZ-]p-kvX-I -tNm-tZym-Ø-c-ßƒ: CXn\v c≠p mK-ß-fp-≠v. H∂mw`mKw c≠p ]pkvX-I-ß-fm-bn-´m-Wv.- kvtX-^m-t\m-kn-\v, kphn-ti-j-tNm-Zy-ßfpw DØ-c-ßfpw F∂mWv Hcp `mK-Øns‚ t]cv.- kp-hn-ti-j-Ønse _mey-Im-e-hn-h-c-W-ß-fn¬ Ds≠∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒ N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.- a-co-\q-kn-\v, kphn-ti-j- tNm-Zy-ßfpw DØ-c-ßfpw F∂ c≠mw`mKw Hcp ]pkvX-Itabp≈p. tbip-hns‚ Db¿∏ns\kw_-‘n-®p≈ thZ-]p-kvX-I - m-K-ß-fn¬ Ds≠∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Isf ]‰n-bmWv N¿®. Ko°nepw kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep-ap≈ Nne`mK-ß-sfm-gn®v _m°n-sb√mw \jvS-s∏- p-. F∂m¬- C-Xns‚ Hcp kwKlwe`n®n- p-≠v.

4.- k-¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw: hfsc henb IrXn-bm-bncp∂n-Xv. Cu hnin-jvS-IrXn lne-cnbpw sh¿sN-≈n-b-nse Fhp-tk-_n-bkpw sht∆sdeØo-\n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvsX¶n-epw, c≠pw \jvS-s∏-´p. aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS Nne- `m-K-ßƒ Ko°n¬ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

5.- G-im-bm-`mjyw: Hcn-Ps‚ Gim-bm-`m-jysØ Bi-bn®v, ]Øp]pkvX-I-ß-fn-em-b-n-´mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bXv (Ptdmw, --a-l-Zv.81). Cu IrXnGXm≠p ]q¿W-ambn ^vtfmd≥kn-ep≈ KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

6.- _-lp-`m-cy-Xzhpw ]nXm-°-∑-m-cpsS henb IpSpw-_-ßfpw: CXv\jvSs∏-´p-t]m-bn.

7. Db¿∏n-s\-∏‰n: s]k-lm-bpsS B¥-cn-Im¿Yw hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠vNI-h¿Øn°v ka¿∏n-® Cu IrXn \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn.- F-¶nepw slcm-s¢-bm-knse \ntk-‰-m-kns‚ ItØ-\-bn¬ CXns‚ \s√mcp mKw kq£n-®n-´p-≠v.

5.- Xm-Xzn-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ:

Hcn-Ps\ \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠ v - F-hp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ kl-I-c-W-tØmsS ]wô-ekv 308-/309-˛¬ Xs‚ Pbn¬ hmk-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ A©p-hm-ey-ß-fn¬ Hcp IrXn--sb-gp-Xn. Bdmw hmeyw Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Xs∂Fgp-Xn. dpô-\kv eØo-\n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX BZy-]p-kvXIwHgnsI as‰m∂pw Ah-ti-jn-®n-ń-√. Hcn-P-s\Xn-sc-bp≈ Btcm-]-W-ß-sf, ]tXyIn-®v satØm-Un-bkv D∂-bn-®-h, Hcn-P-s‚- Ir-Xn-Iƒ sIm≠p-


98 99

F∂m¬ hmse≥kv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØv At±lw slmsam-b≥Nn¥m-K-Xn-bn-te-°p- Xn-cn-™p. 365-˛se Hcp kn\Uv AIm-Nn-bp-kns\ÿm-\-`-jvS-\m-°n. Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw (skmIm-´kv,k-`m.2,4),- A-≥ko-dm-bnse a¿sk-√q-kn-s\-Xn-cmbn Hcp IrXn (F∏n-^m-\n-bkv, -]m-j. 72,5-˛10) F∂nh At±lw Fgp-Xn. ]mWvUn-Xy-Øn¬Db¿∂p- \n∂ tIk-dn-b≥ ]mc-ºcyw \ne-\n¿Øp∂-Xn\pw tIk-dn-b≥KŸ-ti-Jcw \ho-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw At±lw ian®p (Ptdmw,- te-J\w,34,1). At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS Nne iI-e-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

2. tIk-dn-bm-bnse Pem-kn-bpkv

AIm-Nn-bp-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn tIk-dn-bm-bn¬ 367-˛¬ saXm-\m-bXv Pdp-k-te-anse kndn-ens‚ A\-¥n-c-h-\mb Pem-kn-bpkv Bbn-cp-∂p. kXy-hn-izm-khpw Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤nbpw At±-lsØ a‰-p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-\m-°n- (Xnb-sUm-sd‰v, k-`m.5,8). At±lw \nJym-bpsSh‡m-hmbn \ne-sIm-≠p.- hm-se≥kv NI-h¿Øn- At±lsØ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n. Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂-t∏mƒAt±lw Xncn-sI-sb-Øn. At±-l-Øns‚ ssien Ipeo-\-am-bn-cp-∂p(Ptdmw, -a-l-Zv.130). Xn-b-sUm-sd-‰v, _nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm-¨-kyqkvXpSßn ]e Fgp-Øp-Im-cnepw Pem-kn-bp-kn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-IƒImWmw. At±lw k`m-N-cnXw Fs∂mcp IrXn-sb-gp-Xn.- AXv Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ IrXn-bpsS XpS¿-®-bm-bn-cp-∂p (t^mkn-bkv, -_n-ªn-.tIm.89).- P-dp-k-te-anse kndn-emWv C-sX-gp-Xm≥ At±-lsØ t]cn-∏n-®-Xv.CXv \jvSs∏s´-¶nepw- a‰p≈h-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ CXns‚ D≤-c-Wn-I-fp-≠v. hnizm-k-]-am-W- hym-Jym\w F∂ IrXn-bpsS Nne mK-ßƒ amXtae`n-®n-´p-≈p. At\m-a-b¿ F∂ Bcn-b≥ hn`m-K-Øn-s\-Xnsc Fgp-XnbIrXnbpw \jvS-s∏-´p (t^mkn-bkv, -_n-ªn.-tIm.88).-

3. tIkdn-b-bnse Fhp-tkmbvbpkv

Pem-kn-bp-kns\ hmse≥kv NI-h¿Øn ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ, Cu Bcn-b≥ saXm≥ tIk-dn-bm- saXm-\m-bn. KnKdn \kym≥k-t\m-sSm∏w tIk-dn-bm-bn¬ sXkv]n-bpkv F∂ ]`m-j-Is‚ Iogn¬At±lw ]Tn-®n-cp∂p (-Ptdmw,a-l-Zv.113). tIk-dn-b≥ KŸ-ti-Jcw kap-≤-cn-°m≥ At±lw ]cn-i-an-®p. Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn At±lsØÿm-\- -jvS-\m-°n. \nc-h[n IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn-sb∂pw Ah ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-s≠∂pw Ptdmw ]d-bp-s∂-¶nepw Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ t]mepw Adn-bn-√.

4.- F-ta-k-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv

A[ymbw 9

Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ

1. -tI-k-dn-bm-bnse AIm-Nn-bpkv (340-˛366)

]e-kvXo-\-bnse tIk-dnbm-bn¬ Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ ]n≥Kman-bm-bn 340-˛¬ At±-l-Øns‚ injy-\mb AIm-Nn-bpkv sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´p. Hcp IÆn\p ImgvN- C-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ H‰-°-Æs\∂v Adn-b-s∏-´p. k`m-]-kw-K-I-s\-∏‰n ]Xn-t\-gv hmey-ßfpw a‰v ]e ]iv\-ß-sf-∏‰n Bdv hmey-ßfpw thtd \nc-h[n IrXn-Ifpw At±lw Fgp-Xn-.tIm¨kv‰m≥kyqkv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ]°¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o\wD-]-tbm-Kn®v ent_-cn-bp-kn-\p- ]-Icw tên-Ivkns\ tdmamsa-Xm-\m-°m≥At±-l-Øn\v km[ns®∂v Ptdmw ]d-bp-∂p (-a-l-Zv. 93).- F-∂m¬ CXvAXn-i-tbm-‡n- B-bn-cn-°mw.

A∂sØ k`mcmjvSo-b-Øn¬ AIm-Nn-bpkv hf-sc-b-[nIw CS-s]´p F∂v nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bpkv km£n-°p-∂p (-k- m-.5,1). slmsamb≥F∂ Bcn-b≥ hn`m-K-Øns‚ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p At±lw. -hn-hn[ hn`m-K-°msc tbmPn-∏n-°m-\p≈ a[y-ÿ-cmbn Cu hn`mKw h¿Øn-®p.- F-√m-‰nepw Hcp-t]mse F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS ssien. hnip≤ KŸ-Øn¬]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]pX\v ]nXm-hp-ambn kmay-ap-≠v F∂v Ah¿]Tn-∏n-®p. ssZ-h-im-kvX -t^m¿-ap-e-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ C°q-´¿ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. Ch¿ Bcn-b≥ ]mj-WvUn-Iƒ Bbn-cp-∂n-√. skeq-jym- kn-\-Un¬ (359) AIm-Nn-bpkv ka¿∏n® hnizm-k-]-amWw F∏n-^m-\n-b-kpw(-]\mcn-tbm≥, 73,25) skmIm-´-kpw (-k-`m-. 2,40) D≤-cn-°p-∂p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ IqSnb slmsam-b≥ kn\-Un-s‚ (360) \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Ipdn-®-Xv- A-Im-Nn-bp-km-sW∂v ^nsemkvtXm¿Pn-bpkv ]d-bp∂p (k-`m.4,12).-tPm-hn-b≥ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØv At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®p- Iq-Snbkn\-Uns‚ hnizm-k-]-am-W-Øn¬ (363) AIm-Nn-bpkpw H∏p-h-®p.-


100 101

A[ymbw 10

eh-Zo-Iy-bnse As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv(310--- ˛390)

kndn-bm-bnse eh-Zo-Iy-bn¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv P\n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmb As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv Hcp sshZn-I\pw hymI-c-W-]-Sp-hpambn-cp-∂p. hn.-A-Ø-\m-tkym-kns‚ Hcp‰ kplr-Øm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬eh-Zo-Iy-bnse tPm¿Pv F∂ Bcn-b≥ saXm≥ 342˛¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kn-s\ apS-°n. 346-˛¬ AØ-\m-tkymkv hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v aSßnFØn-b-t∏mƒ As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv At±-lsØ kzoI-cn-®p. 361-˛¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv eh-Zo-Iy-bnse \nJym-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ saXm-\m-bn. \s√m-c[ym-]-I\pw ]`m-j-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ¢m n-°¬ ]T\-ßfpw ]`m-jW Ign-hp-Ifpw A[ym-]-\Øn\p]-tbm-Kn-®p. 374-˛¬ At¥ym-Iy-bn¬h®v hn.-Ptdmw BZn-bmb ]K-¤-∑m¿ At±-l-Øns‚ injy-K-W-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p (te-J\w,84:3). \nc-h[n KŸ-ßƒ Fgp-Xnb As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv, AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s‚bpw t_knen-s‚bpw IqsS \n∂v \nJym-hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-th≠n A[zm-\n-®p. ]t£ At±-lØns‚ Nn¥m-[m-c-bn¬Nne ]mfn-®-I-fp-≠m-bn. AXp-sIm≠v Hcp ]mj-WvUn-bmbn Nne¿ At±-lsØ hn[n-®p-X-≈n. KnKdn \o m At±lØn-s\-Xn-cmbn B‚n-sd-Øn-°pkv F∂ IrXn 385-˛¬ Fgp-Xp-tºmgpw At±lw Pohn-®n-cn-∏p-≠v. 390-˛-t\m-S-SpØv acn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

1.- `m-jy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

thZ-]p-kvXI kw_-‘-ambn \nc-h[n hmey-ßƒ At±lw Fgp-Xn-sb∂v Ptdmw km£n-°p-∂p (al-Zv.104). F∂m¬ Nne iI-e-ß-sfm-

tIk-dn-b-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ Hcp injy\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. FtU- -b-n¬ P\n-® (330) Fhp--tk-_n-bkv thZ-]p-kvX-I-]-T-\-Øn¬X¬∏-c-\m-bn. amXr-`m-j -kp-dn-bm\n Bbn-cp-∂p. Ko°p ]Tn°m≥ ASp-Øp≈ ]mT-im-e-bn¬ tN¿∂p.- jn-tØm-s∏m-fo-knse ]sXm-ô-ekvBbn-cp∂p BZy-Kp-cp. tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv At±-l-Øn\vicn-bmb ssZh-im-kvX- cq-]o-I-cWw \¬In. ]n∂oSv thZ-]p-kvX-I- hym-Jym-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ]Tn-°m≥ At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ t]mbn. HkvXm-tXym-kns\ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°nbt∏mƒ Fhp-tk-_n-bkv At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw XXz-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn\v Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bn¬t]mbn.- eh-ZoIym-bnse saXm\m-bn-Øo¿∂ tPm¿Pp-ambn Ahn-sS-h®v]cn-N-b-s∏- v,- henb kp-lr-Zv_-‘-Øn-em-bn. Cu tPm¿Pv Bcn-b≥ h‡m-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Fhp-tk-_n-bkv At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-b-t∏mƒ 339-˛se At¥ym-Iy≥ kn\Uv AØ\m-tkym-kn\p ]Icw At±-lsØsXc-s™-Sp-Øp. At±lw _p≤n-]q¿hw AXp \nc-kn-®p. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX At±lw e_-\okv ^n\o-jy-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-amb Fta-k-bnse saXm-\m-bn.- ]-WvUn-X-\mb saXms\ Bh-iy-an-√mØ-Xn-\m¬,P\-ßƒ Ie-l-ap-≠m-°n- (skmIm-´kv, k-`m.9,9). DSs\ At±lw eh-Zo-Iybn¬ Xs‚ kvt\ln-X-\mb tPm¿Pns‚ ]°¬ A`bw tXSn.-A--t¥ym-Iy≥ saXms‚ CS-s]-S¬ aqew ho≠pw cq]-X-bpsS Npa-XeGs‰-Sp-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p. 359-˛se skeq-jy≥ kn-\-Un\papºv acn-®p. Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn-s\-∏‰n eh-Zo-Iy-bnse tPm¿Pv Hcp -kvXp-Xn∏v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. AXns‚ Hcp `mKw skmIm-´-kpw (-k-`m.2,9)skmtkm-a-\pw (-k-`m.3,6) D≤-cn-°p-∂p. Fhp-tk-_n-bkv \nc-h[n KŸ-ßƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v.- bq-Z¿°pw hnPm-Xn-b¿°pw s\mth-jy¿°p-sa-Xn-sc,kphn-ti-j- kw-_-‘-amb ]`m-j-W-ßƒ, ]Øp- ]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-embnKem-Xy-te-J-\- m-jyw, XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-sf-∏‰n Ptdmw,- Xn-b-sUm-sd‰v BZn-bm-b-h¿ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ Nne IrXn-Iƒ ]q¿W-amtbm`mKn-I-amtbm kndn-b≥, -A¿ta-\n-b≥ hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.IqSm-sX, ap∏-tXmfw ]kw-K-ßfpw Inń-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ NneXv a‰p-≈-h-cpsS t]cp-I-fn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n´p-≈h-bmWv. osem-Ivko-t\mkpwXnb-sUm-sd‰pw Ch-bn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-°p-∂p.


102 103

(4) KnKdn \kym≥ks‚ B‚n-sd-Øn-°q-kv F∂ JWvU-\- Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kns‚ a\p-jy-km-Zr-iy-Øn¬ ssZhm-h-Xm-c-Øns‚ hc-®p-Im-´¬ F∂ ][m-\-IrXn hos≠-Sp-°m-\m-hpw. 376˛\pw380˛\pw at[y-bmWv CsX-gp-X-s∏-´-Xv. πt‰m-WnIv XXz-Nn-¥-bn¬ ico-cw,Bflm-hv, Acq-]n (km¿Ivkv,- ]vkyps° Atem-tKm-kv/arKo-bm-flmhv,\qkv/a\pjymflmhv) F∂o aq∂p LS-I-ßƒ a\p-jy-\p-≠v. Cu Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kns‚ ]bm-W-hpw. KnKdn Cu aq∂pLS-I-X-Xzw thZ-]p-kvX-Im-[n-jvTn-X-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ X≈n-°-f-bp-∂p (8,35).

(5) doIm-∏n-‰p-te-j≥ (A-\m-sI-^m-sse-tbm-kn-kv): GtXm henbHcp IrXn-bpsS kwK-l-am-WnXv. skhp-tUm-˛A-Ø-\m-ky≥ IrXn-I-fn¬ CXv ImWp-∂p.

(6) a‰v Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS tiJ-c-ß-fn¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kns‚ ]t_m-[--\-ß-fpsS kwKlw ImWmw.

5. Ihn-X-Iƒ

Pqen-b≥ NI-h¿Øn 362˛¬ InkvXob hnZym¿Yn-Iƒs°XnscIem-e-b-ßƒ AS-®-t∏mƒ As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkpw ]nXmhpw IqSn hn.- K-Ÿ-Øns‚ \s√m-cp-`mKw ¢m n-°¬ Ko°v Ihn-Xm-co-Xn-bn-em°n Ipń-Iƒ°p sImSp-Øp. πt‰m-WnIv kwhm-Z-ssi-en-bn¬ kphn-ti-jsØB[m-c-am°n As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv Ihn-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-sb∂v skmIm-´kvkm£n-°p-∂p (k-`m.3,16) F∂m¬ Ch-sb√mw \jvS-s∏-´p.

6. IØp-Iƒ

t_kn-ens‚ IØp-I-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kns‚ IØp-Iƒ ImWp-∂p-≠v (te-J.361-˛364). t_kn-ens‚ c≠p- I-Øp-Ifpw As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kns‚ adp-]-Sn-I-fpamWh.

ssZh-imkvXw

Bcnb≥ A_-≤m-`n-]m-b-°m¿s°-Xnsc \nJym-bpsS hnizmkwDb¿Øn-°m-´m≥ As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv Bhp-∂X ian-®p. Bg-ta-dnbNn¥m-k-c-Wn-bpsS DS-a-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. s]cn-∏-sX-‰n-Iv, tÃmbn-IvL-S-I-ßƒ Iqń-t®¿Ø Hcp kwbp‡ XXz-im-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xv. Bcn-b-\n-k-hp-am-bp≈ ka-c-Øn-emWv At±lw Xs‚ Nn¥m-[mc hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv.

InkvXp-hns‚ hy‡n-Xz-Ønse sFIyw Fßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn°pwF∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±lØns‚ Nn¥. ssZh-Xz-Øn-ep≈ GI-Xzw,

gn®v as‰m∂pw e`n-®n-ń-√. e`n-®-h- X-s∂bpw FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ hgn-bmWvInń-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ Iem-e-b-Øns‚ cq]-Im¿Y `m-jy-co-Xn-tbmtSm, At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-b-Øns‚ hmNym¿Y `mjy-co-Xn-tbmtSmAt±lw henb ]Xn-]Øn Imń-bn-√.

2. At∏m-f-sP-‰n-°¬ IrXn-Iƒ

s]m¿ô-cn-s°-Xnsc 30 ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-gp-Xn. As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kns‚IrXn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏-´-Xv C-XtX F∂mWv Ptdm-ans‚ A`n-]m-bw. s]m¿ô-cn-s°-Xn-sc satØm-Un-bkpw Fhp-tk-_n-bkpw Fgp-Xn-bh Cu IrXn-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-SpIqsS aqey-a-‰-Xm-bn-t∏mbnF∂m-Wv ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bq-kns‚ A`n-]m-bw. Pqen-b≥ NI-h¿Øn-s°-Xn-sc kXyw F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ At±lw Hcp IrXn Fgp-Xn.ChbpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ amXta Inń-bn´p-≈p.

3. Xm¿°nI IrXn-Iƒ

knkn-°p-knse Bcn-b≥ saXm-\mb Fhp-tWman-b-kn-s\-Xnsc,A≥ko-dm-bnse a¿sk-√p-kn-s\-Xnsc, X¿tkm-knse Znb-tZm-dn-s\-Xnsc,At¥ym-Iy-bnse ^vfmhn-b-s\-Xnsc, Hcn-P-s\-Xn-sc, Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Znh-∂m-tkym-kn-s\-Xnsc F∂o IrXn-Iƒ As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv cNn-®p. F∂m¬ A]q¿hw Nne tcJm-i-I-e-ß-sfm-gnsI as‰√mw \jvS-s∏´p.

4.-Xm-Xzn-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

XmXznI IrXn-Iƒ ]eXpw \jvS-s∏-SmsX Inń-bXv B›-cy-IcwXs∂. Ah ]i-kvX-cmb k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sSbpwt]cn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. A¤p-X-]-h¿Ø-I-\mb KnK-dn, AØ-\m-tkym-kv, Pqen-bkv ]m∏m F∂n-h-cpsS t]cp-I-fn¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-Ãp-IfpwGI kz`m-h-hm-Zn-Ifpw A_-≤-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ]N-cn-∏n-®n-cp-s∂∂v _nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨kyqkv (485- 543) ]d-bp-∂p.

(1) A°q-´-Øn¬s]Sp-∂-h-bmWv KnK-dn-bpsS \ma-Øn-ep≈ henbhnizm-k-]-Jym-]-\w.

(2) AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ \ma-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ aq∂p IrXn-Iƒ:1. InkvXp GI-\m-Ip∂p F∂ t]cn-ep≈ Z\-lm-]-kw-Kw. 2. hN-\-Øns‚ Xncp-A-h-Xmcw. 3. tPmhn-b≥ NI-h¿Øn-s°-gp-Xnb hnizm-k-]-am-Ww.

(3) Pqen-b-kv ]m∏m-bpsS (337-˛352) t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ aq∂p -Ir-Xn-Iƒ.

eh-Zo-Iy-bnse As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkveh-Zo-Iy-bnse As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv

104 105

cq]w \¬In. As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b≥ Nn¥-bn¬ ]q¿W-kz-`mhw Hcp hy‡n-XzsØ (t]m-skm-t∏m¨, lypt∏m-Ã-kn-kv) AXns‚ ]n∂n¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

D]-cn-πh Nn¥m-K-Xn-°msc Xr]vXns∏-Sp-Øm≥ hfsc klm-b-I-am-bn-cp∂p As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b≥ Nn¥. ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]e saXm-∑mcpw Cu A`n-]mbw kzoI-cn-®p. F∂m¬ hfsc thKw Cu XXz-ß-fn-ep≈ A]-ISw ]ecpw I≠p-]n-Sn-®p. InkvXp bYm¿Y-ambn a\p-jy-\m-Wv. InkvXp-hn\v Hcp a\p-jym-flm-hp-≠v. AXv \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xvk`m]t_m-[\-Øn\v FXn-cmsW∂v Ah¿ kv]jvS-am-°n. AØ-\m-tkym-kv, t_kn¬, KnKdn \kym≥k≥, KnKdn \o m, Znb-tZm¿, Xnb-tUm¿ F∂n-h¿ A-s∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kn-s\-Xn-sc KŸ-ß-sf-gp-Xn. XØp-ey-amb A`n-]m-b-ßƒ A_-≤-sa∂v 362-˛se Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ kn\Uvhn[n-sb-gp-Xn. Uam-kqkv ]m∏m-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tdman¬h®v 377˛epw382˛epw \S∂ kn\-Up-I-fn¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b≥ B-i-b-ßƒ A_-≤-ß-fmbn Xocp-am-\n-°-s∏-´p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-ƒ kq\-l-tZm-kv (381)Hcn-°¬°qSn As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b≥ XXz-ßƒ sX‰m-sW∂v hn[n-®p. tbip-InkvXp bYm¿Y-ambn ssZhhpw a\p-jy-\p-am-Wv; ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw ]q¿W-cq-]-Øn¬ Ah-\n¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. Ccp-kz-`m-h-ßfpwHcp hy‡n-bn¬ H∂n®p tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-i-cocw amX-a-√, a\p-jym-flmhpw Ah-\p-≠v. bYm¿Y -a-\p-jy-s\∂ \ne-bn-emWv InkvXp\ΩpsS c£ t\Sn-Ø-∂Xv F∂v ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p.

InkvXp-hnse a\p-jy-Xzw, c£-Is‚ ssZhXzw F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥At±lw i-an-®p. At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-b-Øns‚ Nn¥m-coXn At±-lsØXr]vX-\m-°n-bn-√. InkvXp-hn¬ c≠p- hy-‡nXzw Ds≠∂v [z\n-°p∂Nn¥m-co-Xn-I-sf√mw XyPn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw ]Jym-]n-®p. hN-\-Øn¬hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ sFIyw ImWp-I-˛-C-Xm-bn-cp∂p Nn¥-bpsS ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n∂ Imcyw. F∂m¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-cWw]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. adn®v At±lw InkvXp-hns‚ a\p-jy-XzsØshń-ap-dn-®p.

tπt‰m-bpsS XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn®v a\p-jy\v aq∂p LS-I-ßƒ Ds≠∂v At±lw hmZn-®p. ico-cw, Bflmhv, Acq-]n. BflmhvarKobm-flm-hm-Wv; _u≤n-Im-flm-hmWv (\qkv) a\p-jys\ \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv. InkvXp-hn¬ a\p-jy-i-co-chpw arKobm-flmhpap≠v. F∂m¬ a\p-jym-flmhv C√. AXns‚ ÿm\w hN\w (tem-tKm-kv) FSpØp.

InkvXp-hns\ kw_-‘n-®v D-S-se-SpØ ]e kwi-b-ßƒ°pw Hcp]cn-lm-c-ambn As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv Xs‚ ]t_m-[-\sØ Icp-Xn. hN\wamwk-ambn F∂-Xns‚ bYm¿Y A¿Yw Xm≥ hc-®p-Im-ń-b-Xm-sW∂vAt±lw Nn¥n®p. AXm-bXv hN-\-Øns‚ ssZhXzw a\p-jys‚ ico-c-hp-ambn amXw tbmPn-®p; I\y-I-a-dn-bØn¬ \n∂v Inńb ico-c-Øn¬Bflm-hmbn hN\w hkn-®p. \memw kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ ]mcw-`-`m-K-Øns‚ A¿Yhpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-sW∂p IcpXn.

c≠p-Im-c-W-ß-fm¬ InkvXp-hn\v ]q¿W-a\p-jyXzw D≠m-Im≥]mSn√ F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥m-K-Xn: (1) a\p-jy≥, ssZhwF∂o c≠p bmYm¿Yy-ßƒ ]q¿W-ß-fm-Wv. c≠v ]q¿W-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßƒtN¿∂v Fßs\ sFIy-ap-≠m-Ipw? Hcp k¶-cta AXn¬ \n-∂p-≠m-Iq.Hcp hy‡n-bn¬ ]q¿W-ssZ-h-Xzhpw ]q¿W-a-\p-jyXzpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pI]c-am-_-≤-am-Wv. Imc-Ww. c≠p ]q¿W-X-Iƒ Hcp ]q¿W-X-b-m-Im≥km[y-a-√. (2) \∑-Xn-∑-I-fpsS hnth-N-\hpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°epw a\p-jym-flm-hn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ InkvXp-hn\v a\p-jym-flm-hp-s≠-¶n¬ ]m]-Øn-\p≈ km[yX InkvXp-hn¬ Btcm-]n-°-bm-bn-cn-°pw sNøp-I. F∂m¬c£-I≥ ]m]-c-ln-X-\m-Wv. c£ t\Sn-Ø-cp-∂-h≥ \n›-b-ambpw ]m]-Øn-\v A-Xo-X-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

InkvXp-hn\v Hcp kz`m-h-ta-bp-s≈∂v At±lw hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p.Ah-X-cn® hN-\-amb ssZh-Øns‚ GIkz`mhw (anbm ^yqknkv XqsXhp temKp skk¿t°m-sa-s\) Fs∂mcp t^m¿ap-ebv°v At±lw

eh-Zo-Iy-bnse As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkveh-Zo-Iy-bnse As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv

106 107

Bhp-∂-X -i-an-®p. G‰hpw B]¬°-c-amb ]mj-WvU-X-bmbn Hcn-P-\n-ksØ At±lw I≠p. Hcn-P-s\bpw Hcn-Ps‚ t]cn¬ -A-dn-b-s∏´]mj-WvU-Xsbbpw th¿Xn-cn-®p- Im-Wm≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™n-√.

At±lw Pdp-k-te-an¬ Xncp-°-√-d -tZ-hm-e-b-Øn¬ h®v Hcn-Ps‚Bcm-[-I-cmb P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Hcn-P-s\-Xnsc 392-˛¬Hcp ]kwKw \S-Øn. AXns‚ ê-ambn Hcp henb Ie-lw -Xs∂D≠m-bn. A∂p-hsc Hcn-Ps‚ Bcm-[-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Ptdmapw Iqdp-am-dn.-P-dp-ktew saXm\mb tbml-∂m-\n¬- \n∂v Hcn-P-s\-Xnsc Hcp hn[n-hm-NIw hmßm-\p≈ iaw hnP-bn-®n-√. AXns‚ t]cn¬ F∏n-^m-\n-bkv tbm-l-∂m-\p-am-bp≈ Iq´mbva hnt—-Zn-®p. 399 hsc Hcn-Ps‚ Bcm-[-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bnse sXtbm- n-ekv 400-/1˛¬ Hcp kn\-Up-IqSn Hcn-Ps\ apS-°n-b-t∏mƒ F∏n-^m-\n-bkpw At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS-t®¿∂p. Hcn-Ps‚ Bcm-[-I-cm-bn-cp∂ k\ym-kn-Isf \nXn-b≥ acp-`q-an-bnse Bi-a-ß-fn¬ \n∂p ]pd-¥-≈m\pw Ccp-hcpw kl-I-cn®p F∂v]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. \of-ap≈ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kv, AtΩm≥, Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, Fhp-Xo-an-bkv F∂o k\ym-kn-IfpwBI-an°-s∏-´p. BI-a-W- hn-t[-b-cm-b-h¿ hn.- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ ]°¬ A`bw tXSn. tPmWns\ hnkvX-cn-°m≥ IqSnb HmIv kn-\-Un¬ (403) ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ F∏n-^m-\n-bkv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬t]msb-¶nepw, Nne Imc-W-ß-fm¬ kn\-Un¬ kw_-‘n-°msX aS-ßn.ssk]-kn¬ FØp-∂-Xn-\p- apºv 403 sabv 12-˛\v acn-®p.

F∏n-^m-\n-b-kns‚ Poh-N-cnXw injy-∑m-cmb tPmWpw s]mfo-_n-b-kpw- IqSn Fgp-Xn-sb∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw, hfsc ]n¬°m-e-ØmWvAXv hnc-Nn-X-am-b-Xv.- hkvXp-\n-jvTw F-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ F-∏n-^m-\n-b-kn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp kvXpXn∏mW-Xv.

IrXn-Iƒ

]WvUn-Xcpw km[m-c-W-°m-cp-am-b- a-\p-jy¿ B¿Øn-tbm-Sp-IqsSF∏n-^m-\n-b-kns‚ IrXn-Iƒ hmbn-®n-cp∂p; ]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-b-Øns‚ta∑-sIm≠v ]WvUn-Xcpw `mjm-am-[p-cyw- sIm≠v CS-Ø-c-°mcpw F∂vPtdmw Ipdn-®n-cn-°p-∂p (-a-l-Zv. 114). ssZh-im-kvX-Ønepw k`m-N-cn-X-Ønepw F∏n-^m-\n-b-kn\v \√ ÿm\-ap-≠v. \jvS-s∏-´- ]e aqe-Ko-°p-Ir-Xn-Ifpw At±-l-Øn¬\n∂v hos≠-Sp-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.- F-∂m¬ Bg-ta-dnb ssZh-im-kvX-Nn-¥, Ipim-K-_p≤n F∂nh IrXn-I-fn¬ Ipd-hm-sW∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h--cp-ap-≠v. A-t±-l-Øn-t‚-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏- n-cp∂Nne IrXn-I-sfms° At±-l-Ønt‚-X√ F∂m-Wv C∂v Nne¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

A[ymbw 11

kem-an-knse hn. F∏n-^m-\n-bkv(315˛403)

ssk]kv Zzo]n¬\n∂v FÆ-s∏´ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄\mbntIm¨Ãm≥kym (-k-em-an-kv) -sa-Xm-\mb F∏n- m-\n-b-kv amX-ta-bp≈p.At±lw Xs∂bpw B \m´p-Im-c-\-√. Kmkm--bnse Fse-hp-sX-tcm-s∏m-fo-kn-\-SpØv At±lw P\n-®p. Ko°v, kpdn-bm-\n, lo_p,- tIm]v-‰n-Iv,eØo≥ F∂o `mj-Iƒ At±-l-Øn\v hi-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂v Ptdmw ]d-bp∂p (-dp-ô-\-kn-s\-Xn-sc, 2,22). At±lw CuPn-]v‰nse k\ym-km-i-a-ßƒ 335-˛-t\m-S-SpØv kµ¿in-®p. XpS¿∂v Xs‚ \mń¬ h∂v Hcm-iawXpSßpIbpw k\ym-k-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ henb h‡m-hm-bn- Xo-cp-IbpwsNbvXp. GXm≠v ap∏Xv h¿jw B Bi-aØns‚ A[y-£-\m-bn-cp∂p.hn⁄m\-Ønepw hnip-≤n-bnepw hnJym-X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ At±-lsØssk]-knse saXm-t∏m-eoØm B°m≥ Ahn-SpsØ sa-Xm-∑m¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Aßs\ 367-˛¬ At±lw tIm¨Ãm≥kym-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn.

\nJym-hn-izm-k-]-amWw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±-lØn\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xo£vWX IrXn-I-fn-se√mw ]I-S-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬ I¿°-i- a-\x-ÿn-Xnbpw \b-cm-ln-Xyhpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-sems° ImWmsa∂v Nne¿A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hnizmkw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-® -A-t±lw,shdpw Bi-b-tem-I-Øp- amXw HXp-ßn-\n∂ XmXzn-I-N¿®-I-tfmSvFXn¿∏v ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. alm--]-WvUn-X-\mb Hcn-Ps\ a\-kn-em-°m≥At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™n√ F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-s√-tKm-dn-°¬ hymJym-\-co-Xn-tbmSv At±lw FXn¿∏p -]-I-Sn-∏n-®p. Hcn-Ps‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcn-P-\nkw F∂ A_-t≤m-]-tZ-isØ Xd-]-‰n-°m≥ At±lw

kem-an-knse hn. F∏n-^m-\n-bkv

108 109

2.- a-cp-∂p-s]ń (]-\m-cn-tbm≥)

F∏n-^m-\n-b-kns‚ G‰-hpw henb IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]mj-WvU-X-Iƒ ( slsc-skkv ) F∂ t]cn-emWnXv ]e-cpw CXv D≤-cn-°-p-∂-Xv.]mj-WvU-X-I-fm-Ip∂ k¿∏-ß-fpsS I-Sn-tb-‰-h¿°p≈ acp-∂pw hnizm-k-Øn¬ -D-d-®p- \n¬°p-∂-h¿°v kwc-£-W-hpw B-bn-´mWv CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv. CXn¬ 80 ]mj-WWvU-X-I-sf-∏‰n N¿®- sN-øp-∂p. BZysØ Ccp-]-sXÆw InkvXp-a-X-Øn\p apºp-≈-h-bmWv: _m¿_-dn-kw, jnØn-kw,sl√-\n-khpw AXns‚ hnhn[ XmXzn-I- kvIq-fp-I-fpw, bqZ-a-XhpwAXns‚ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpw. InkvXob Ime-Øp≈ BZy-]m-j-WvUX£pZ-°m-c≥ iotam-t‚-Xm--Wv. Ah-km-\sØ ]mj-WvU-X-bmbn At±lwsImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv sa m-en-b-\n-k-am-Wv. IrXn-b-p-sS Ah-km\w ImtXm-en-Ihpw A∏-kvtXm-en-I-hp-amb k`-bpsS hnizmkw Npcp-°-ambn hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p. -]m-j-WvU-X-I-sf-∏‰n hym]-I-ambn hnh-cn-°p∂ BZy-Ir-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. hn.- P-Ãns‚ IrXn-Iƒ, hn.-sF-td-\n-b-kns‚ ]mjWvUX-Iƒs°-Xnsc F∂ IrXn, hn.- ln-t∏m-fn-‰-kns‚ kn≥-XKva F∂nhAt±lw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. aq∂p KŸ-ß-fmbn AYhm Ggp hmey-ß-fm-bn-´mWv CsX-gpXnbn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

3.- A-f-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw

Hcp ss__nƒ \n -L-≠p -hmbn CXns\ IW-°m-°mw.tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v Hcp t]¿jy≥ ssh-Zn-I-\p-th≠n 392-˛¬CsX-gp-Xn. CXn\v aq∂p mK-ß-fp≠v: H∂mw mKØv ss__nƒ Im\\pw-]-g-b-\n-b-a- hn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw c≠mw- `mKØv thZ-]p-kvX-I -Xq-°-ßfpwAf-hp-I-fpw aq∂mw `mKØv ]e-kvXo-\-bpsS `qan-im-kvXhpw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.

4. ]¥≠p cXv\-ßƒ

X¿tkm-knse Znb-tZm-dns‚ \n¿tZ-im-\p-krXw Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv.-]-g-b-\n-b-a- ]p-tcm-ln-X∑m¿- A-Wn-™-n-cp∂ am¿]-X-°-Ønse ]¥≠vcXv\-ßƒ°p≈ hywKym¿Y-am-Wv C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv. Ckm-tb-ens‚ ]¥≠vtKmX-ßsf CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. aqe-Ko-°p-Ir-Xn-bpsS Nne `mK-ßƒamXta \ap°p e`n-®n-´p-≈p.- F-∂m¬ Hcp tPm¿Pn-b≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS CXp ]q¿W-ambn ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v.

5.- I-Øp-Iƒ

Hcn-P-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc Pdp-k-te-anse tbm-l-∂m\pw Ptdm-an-\p-sa-gp-Xn-b c≠p IØp-Iƒ eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS e`n-®n-´p≠v.

1.- \¶qcw (A≥sIm-dm-Øpkv)

]mj-WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ F∏n-^m-\n-b-kns‚ BZysØ Ir-Xn--bm-Wn-Xv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ssZhXzw \ntj-[n®v IS-∂m-I-aWw \S-Ønb ]mj-WvU¿ \nanØw hnj-a-Øn-em-b -In-kvXo-b k-aq-l-Øns‚At]-£-b-\p-k-cn-®mWv 374-˛¬ At±lw Cu IrXn cNn-®-Xv. ]mj-WvU-X-IfmIp∂ sImSp-¶m-‰p-Iƒ B™Sn°p-tºmƒ kwc-£-W-ambnAt±lw hnizm-k-Øns‚ \¶qcw \¬Ip-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ XnXz-sØ-∏-‰ns]mXphmbpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n ]tXy-In®pw N¿® sNøp-∂p.AXp-t]mse a‰v hnizm-k- k-Xy-ß-fpw N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-°p-∂p. Xm¿°n-I- a-\x-ÿn-Xnbpw ]mj-WvU-Xm-hn-cp-≤ -a-t\m- m-hhpw \o°n-bm¬ hnip≤KnKdn \o m-bpsS henb thtZm-]-tZiw F∂ KŸ-hp-ambn CXns\Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Ømw. -th-Z-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw k`m-]m-c-º-cy-Ønepw ]q¿W-ambn A[n-jvTn-X-am-°n-bmWv At±-l-anXv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hmb-\-°m¿ kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°m≥ Blzm\w sNbvXp-sIm≠,vA_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ßsf JWvUn-°p-Ibpw k`m-]-t_m-[\w hc-®p-Im-´p-I-bpw sNøp-∂p. Bcn-b≥,- ]vs\-hp-am-tXm-am-°n-b≥ ]mj-WvUn-Iƒ ]cn-ip≤ XnXz-Øn-s\-Xnsc D∂-bn-°p∂ Btcm-]-W-ßsf JWvUn-®p-sIm≠vk`m-X-Xz-ßƒ Db¿Øn-°m- p-∂p. -A-Xn\p≈ sXfnhv kv\m\-t^m¿ap-e-bn-epw (-A-[ymbw 8) ZqX-∑m-cpsS XnXz-kvXp-Xn-∏nepw (10- 26) \n-c-h[n thZ-]p-kvX-I - m-K-ß-fnepw At±lw ImWp-∂p. ]pX\pw (45- 63) ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhpw (5- 7) ssZh-amWv. ]pX\pw (65- 71) ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-\pw (72- 74)]nXm-hn-s‚ kØ- Xs∂-bmWv. Xncp-h-h-Xm-cw (27- 38) ico-c-Øns‚ D∞m-\w (83-˛100) F∂o hnj-b-ßfpw N¿® sNøp-∂p. At∏m-≈n-\m-cn-ksØbpw (75- 82) i-co-c-Øns‚ D∞m\w kw_-‘n®v a\n-s°-bcpw am¿-ky-\o-Øcpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-hsbbpw Xnc-kvI-cn-°p∂p. bqZ-∑m-cpsS Ahn-izm-k-sØbpw ks_-√n-b-kns‚ ho£-W-ß-sfbpw A]-e-]n-°p-∂p. ]pX-s‚-bpw ]cn-ip-≤-m-flm-hn-s‚bpw ssZhXzw \ntj-[n-°p-∂-hcpsS ]t_m-[\w X≈n-°-f-bm≥ Ah-km-\w Blzm\w sNøp-∂p.

kv\m\m-h-kcw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ c≠p hnizm-k-]-am-W-ß-sf-∏‰n At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. H∂m-a-tØXv kem-ankv cq]-X-bn¬ \S-∏n-en-cp∂ hnizm-k-]-am-Ww- B-Wv. c≠m-asØ FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ Iu¨kn¬(381) CXv Nn√d t`Z-K-Xn-I-tfmsS AwKo-I-cn®p F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-ßs\ AXv ]uc-kvXy-tZiw apgp-h-s‚bpw kv\m\ -hn-izm-k-]-am-W-am-bn-. c≠m-a-tØXv Iptd-°qSn hep-Xm-Wv.- AXv F∏n-^m-\n-b-kv Xs∂D≠m-°n-b-Xm--Wv.

kem-an-knse hn. F∏n-^m-\n-bkvkem-an-knse hn. F∏n-^m-\n-bkv

110 111

A[ymbw 12

alm-\m-b- hn.-t_-kn¬

BapJw

Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bn¬ DS-se-Sp-Ø- B-cn-b-\nkw Gjym-ssa-\-dnepwtImfn-f°w krjvSn®p. F∂m¬ Gjym-ssa-\-dnse I∏-tUmjy≥ k`-b-nse s\Spw-Xq-Wp-I-fmbn aq∂p alm-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿- D-b¿∂ph-∂v Bcn-b≥ ]mj-WvU-X-bn¬ \n∂v k`sb c£n-®p. I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tIk-dn-bm-bnse alm-\mb t_kn¬ (-_-tk-en-tbm-kv), At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ KnKdn \okm, kvt\ln-X-\mbKnK-dn- \kym≥k≥ F∂n-h-cm-W-h¿. AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ ssZh-im-kvX- Nn-¥bpsS XpS¿®bpw hf¿®bpw ]q¿W-Xbpw Cu ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. \nJym-bnse kXy-hn-izmkw kv]jvS-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw ]Tn-∏n-°m\pw ian-®-Xn¬ Ch¿ hnP-bn®p.-sl-√-\n-ksØInkvXp-a-X-Øn\v D]-bp-‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw Bcn-b≥ ]mj-WvU-X -aq-e-ap-≠mb ]iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWp∂-Xn\pw Cu aqhcpw sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w k` -ap-gp-h≥ Ae-b-Sn-®p.- k-`-bpsS s]mXp-\-∑sbem°m°n ]h¿Øn-® Ch¿ Bfl-kp-lr-Øp-°-fp-w IdXo¿∂ -hy-‡n-XzßfpsS DS-a-I-fpam-bn-cp-∂p. t_kn¬ I¿a-\n-c-X≥ F∂pw KnKdn\kym≥k≥ ]`m-j-I≥- F∂pw KnKdn \okm Nn¥-I≥ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Poh-N-cnXw

I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ alm≥ F∂mWv t_kn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. k`m-t\-Xm-hv, DØ-a -kw-Lm-S-I≥, InkvXo-b- X-Xz-kw-ln-X-bpsS DØa hymJym-Xm-hv, kXy-hn-izm-k -kw-c-£W-Øn¬ c≠mwAØ-\m-tkym-kv, ]uc-kvXy -k-\ym-k-]n-Xm-hv, Bcm-[-\-I-a- ]-cn-

6. cq-]-ßƒs°-Xnsc aq∂p- Ir-Xn-Iƒ

cq]-ßfpw ]S-ßfpw D≠m-°p-Ibpw hµn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-t\mSv At±lw FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- CXv kw_-‘n®v At±-l-Øn-s‚ aq∂ptcJ-Iƒ ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v: (1)- cq-]-ßƒs°-Xnsc: “InkvXp-hn-s‚bpwamXm-hn-s‚bpw c‡-km-£n-I-fp-sS-bpw ZpX-∑m-cp-sSbpw \n_n-b-∑m-cp-sSbpw -cq-]-ßfpw ]S-ßfpw D≠m-°p-∂Xv hnK-lm-cm-[-\-bm-Wv. Acq-]n-Isf cq]n-I-fm-°p-∂Xv icn-b-√; -InkvXp CXv Bh-iy-s∏-ń-√; ss_-_nƒ CXv hne-°n-b-Xp-amWv ”F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ hmZw. (2) -Xn-b-tUmjykv NI-h¿Øn°v: B -IrXn Bcpw hI-h-®n-√. DSs\ NI-h¿Øn°v CXp -kw-_-‘n®v At±lw Fgp-Xn: “InkvX-o-b-k-`-bn¬cq]-ßƒ D≠m-°p-∂Xv XS--bm≥ cmPm-[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. tZhm-e-b-ß-fnse cq]-ß-sf√mw am‰-Ww.- ]p-Xp-Xmbn H∂pw D≠m-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv ”F∂v CXn¬ At±lw A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p. (3) hn¬∏Xw: CuIØv cmPm-hn¬ Hcp ]Xn-I-c-Whpw Df-hm-°n-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠v, Xs‚AP-KWw Cu ]mc-ºcyw A`w-Kpcw ImØp-kq-£n-°-W-sa∂v Blzm\wsNbvXpsIm-≠v, At±lw CXv Xs‚ hn¬∏-X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn.“ssZh-Øns‚ Omb lrZ-b-Øn-emWv t]td-≠-Xv.- ]-≈n-I-fn-seßpw cq]-ßƒ hbvv°m≥ ]mSn√” F∂v At±lw \njv°¿jn-®p.

kem-an-knse hn. F∏n-^m-\n-bkv

112 113

ß-fn-se√mw k©-cn-®p. Ah-cpsS PohnXw At±-l-Øns‚ ssZhn-Im-cq-]nsb IØn-Pz-en-∏n®p: “Ah-cpsS PohnX XXz-hpw -A-[zm\\nc-XbpwFs∂ -B-I¿jn-®p. Ah-cpsS \nc-¥-c -]m¿Y\-Ifpw PmK-c-WhpwFs∂ amSn-hn-fn-®p. kzm`m-hn-Im-h-iy-ßƒs°m∂pw Iogvs∏SmsX Bflm-hn-s‚- B-h-iy-ßƒ Ft∏mgpw ap∂n¬ I≠psIm≠v- A-h¿ Pohn-®p.hni-∏nepw Zml-Ønepw X-Wp-∏nepw \·-X-bnepw Ah¿ Pohn-®p.F∂m¬- A-h¿ ico-c-Øn-s\m´pw Iogvs∏-ń-√. AXn-\mbn hrYm kabwIf-™n-√. Ah-cp-tS-X-√mØ Hcp ico-c-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂- co-Xn-bn¬kz`-h-\-amb kz¿K-Ønse ]uc-Xz-Øn-\mbn Ah¿ -F√m Imcy-ß-fnepwh¿Øn-®p. Ah-cpsS PohnXw Fs∂ Ah-cn-te°v hen-®-Sp-∏n-®p. tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ acWw Xß-fpsS ico-c-Øn¬ hln-°p-∂-h-cmbn Ah¿ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. AXp-sIm-≠v, `mKy-ta-dnb PohnXsa∂v Rm≥ Ah-cp-tS-Xns\ hnfn-°p-∂p. -Fs‚ Ign-h-\p-k-cn®v Ah-sc -A-\p-I-cn-°m≥Ir] Xc-Wsa F∂v Rm≥ ]m¿Yn-®p” (-te-J\w, 223,2).

Xncn-sI-sb-Ønb t_kn¬ kº-sØ√mw ]mh-ßƒ°v hnX-c-Ww-sN-bvXn´v s\tbm -sN-k-dn-bm-bpsS kao-]Øv GIm-¥-Po-hnXw tX-Sn-bn-d-ßn. \nc-h[n kvt\ln-X∑m¿ At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS-°q-Sn. KnKdn\kym≥k≥ 348-˛¬ t_kn-ens\ kµ¿in-®-t∏mƒ Ah¿ Ccp-hcpw Hcp-an®v Hcn-Ps‚ IrXn-IfpsS Hcp kam-lm-c-amb ôtem-Im-enb Xbm-dm-°n. t_kn¬ Ahn-sS- h-®-v c≠v k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n.Aßs\ At±lw Ko°v k\ym-k-Øns‚ \nb-a-Zm-Xm-hm-bn. AhnsSXma-kn-°p-tºmgpw At±lw I¿a-\n-c-X-\mbn h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw Bi-a-ßƒ XpS-ßp-I-bpw- sN-bvXp.

tIk-dnbm saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bb Fhp-tk-_n-bkv At±-lØns‚Ign-hp-Isf Xs‚ cq]-X-bv°mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ BK-ln-®p.- Hcp]ptcm-ln-X-\m-Im≥ A-t±-lsØ t]cn-∏n-®p. t_kn¬ A-Xn-\p- k-Ω-Xn®v sshZn-I-\m-bn.- F-√m- Im-cy-ß-fnepw Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ klm-bnbpw XpWbp-am-bn-Øo¿∂p: “At±lw F√m-‰n\pw F√m-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.\s√m-cp-]-tZ-i-I≥, Ign-hp‰ klm-bn, thZ-]p-kvXI -hym-Jym-Xm-hv, I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂-h≥, hm¿[-Iy-Øn¬ Hcp hSn, hnizm-k-Øns‚Hcp kvXw`w, as‰√m sshZn-I-sc-°mfpw hniz-kvX≥, GXv A¬am-b- t\-Xm-hn-s\-°mfpw ]cn-N-b-k-º-∂≥”˛C-XmWv KnKdn \kym≥ks‚ Ipdn-∏v (-]- m-j-Ww,43,33). Fhp-tk-_n-bkv 370- ¬ acn-®-t∏mƒ t_kn¬ tIk-dn-bm-bnse saXm-\m-bn.

At±lw hf-sc- thKw F√m P\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]oXn t\Sn. tcmKn-

jvI¿Ømhv F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ k`bv°v \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-IfmWv At±-l-Øn\v alm≥ F∂- \maw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv.

t_kn¬ 330-˛¬ I∏-tUm-jy-bnse tIk-dn-bm-bn¬ P\n-®p.InkvXo-b-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d-® -am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ, Db¿∂ Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ, kºØv F∂nh At±-l-Øn\v \s√mcp XpS°w \¬In.-A-t±-l-Øns‚ A∏s‚ t]cpw t_kn¬ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. A∏≥ s\tbmsNk-dn-bm-bn¬ ]i-kvX-\mb Hcp ]`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A¤p-X]-h¿Ø-I-\mb hn.- Kn-tKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ injy hn.- a-Io\ Bbn-cp∂p]`mjI-\mb t_kn-ens‚ AΩ. A-Xmb-Xv, alm-\mb t_-kn-ens‚hen-b-Ω.- hn.-t_-kn-ens‚ AΩ FtΩ-enb Hcp c‡-km-£n-bpsS aI-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]-`mjI-\mb t_kn-en\pw FtΩ-en-bmbv°pw ]Øv a°fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ aq∂p-t]¿ saXm-∑m-cmbn: alm-\m-b -t_-kn¬,KnKdn \okm, sk_-kvX-bnse ]o‰¿.- A-h-cpsS G‰hpw aqØ k-tlm-Zcn hn. -a-Io\ Xm]-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ D-Øa amXrI Bbn-Øo¿∂p.Aßs\ hnip-≤-cpsS IpSpw_w Bbn-cp∂p t_kn-en-t‚-Xv.

]nXm-hn¬ \n∂p -Xs∂ t_kn¬ ]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw kºm-Zn-®p. ]n∂oSv tIk-dn-bm-bnepw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnepw BY-≥-knepw]T\w \SØn. AhnsS Bbn-cn-°p-tºmgmWv (351) KnKdn \kym≥k-\p-ambn IqSp-X¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ \o≠p-\n-∂-kp-lr-Zv_-‘-Øn\v XpS-°-an-Sm\pw CS-bm-b-Xv. \mń¬ Xncn-s®-Ønbt_kn¬ (356) ]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mse ]`m-j-I-\mbn tPmen XpS-ßn. F∂m¬AXn-sem´pw Xm¬]cyw tXm∂m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ AXp-t]-£n®v ssZh-Øn\vkzbw ka¿∏n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. AtX-∏-‰n At±lw C]-Imcw Fgp-Xp∂p: “anYy-bn-ses‚ kabw Rm≥ ]mgm-°n. Fs‚ buh\w apgp-h≥ ]mgvth-e-I-fn¬ sNe-hm-°n. ssZhw t`mj-Ø-am-°nb (1-sIm-dn. 1,20)hn⁄m-\-Øn-\mbn Rm≥ kzbw ka¿∏n-®p.- s]-s´∂v KmV-\n-Z-bn¬\ns∂-∂-h-Æw -Rm≥ sRń-bp-W¿∂p. kphn-ti-j- k-Xy-Øns‚ A¤p-Xm-h-l-amb ]Imiw Rm≥ Z¿in-®p. A¿Y-iq-\y-amb Cu temI-Øns‚t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ s]m≈-Øcw Rm≥ a\-kn-em-°n(1sImdn.2,6).- Fs‚ \in® Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n Rm≥ IÆo-scm-gp-°n. `‡n-bpsS XXz-ßƒ F∂n¬ cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp t\Xm-hns\ In´m-\mbnRm≥ ]m¿Yn-®p” (-te-J-\w, 223,2).

kv\m\m-\-¥cw ]K-¤-cmb Xm]-k- ti-jvTsc I≠p-apń ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw Ah-cp-sS Pohn-X-am-XrI t\cn¬ I≠v a\-kn-em-°m-\p-ambnAt±lw CuPn-]vXv, ]e-kvXo-\,- kn-dn-b, sak-s∏m-t -anb XpS-ßnb ÿe-

alm-\m-b- hn.-t_-kn¬alm-\m-b- hn.-t_-kn¬

114 115

Ing°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ap≈ sa-Xm-∑m¿ X-s∂bpw sFIy-Øn¬ \n∂v AI-∂p-t]m-bn. ]uc-kvXy--k-`-Ifpw ]m›m-Xy-k-`-Ifpw XΩn¬ sFIyw ÿm-]n-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-sW∂v At±lw I≠p. ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fpsSZp¿`K-ÿn-Xn- hn-h-cn-®p-sIm≠v Uam-kpkv ]m∏mbv°v At±lw Hcp IØ-b-®p. ]uc-kvXy-k-`-Isf kµ¿-in-°m≥ At±-lsØ £Wn-®p (te-J-\w,70). hnizm-kn-I-fp-sS CS-bn¬ InS-a-’-c-ßfpw Kq∏p-h-Sw-h-en-IfpwC√m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ amXta kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn\v hf-cm-\m-hq- F∂v At±lwhniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Ing-°pw -]-Sn-™m-dp-ap≈ kÌ-fpsS sFIy-Øn\vhneßp-X-Sn-bmbn \n∂Xv At¥ym-Iy≥ k-`-bnse Ie-l-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t¥ym-Iy≥ k` \nJym-bv°p-tijw ]e-Xm-bn ]nf¿∂p. Hcp Bcn-b≥saXm\pw Hcp As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b≥ sa-Xm\pw ]pdta, ItØm-en-°-cmbnc≠p saX-m∑m¿ -D-≠m-bncp∂p. Bcn-b≥ ]iv\-Øn-\p-tijw ItØm-en-°-cmb ]ufo-\pkpw sate-jykpw Hcp-t]mse ]n¥p-S¿® -A-h-Im-i-s∏-´p. -t_-kn¬ sate-jy≥ hn`m-KsØbpw ]m›m-Xy -sa--Xm-∑m¿ ]ufo-\p-kns\bpw ]n¥m-ßnbXn-\m¬, sFIy-i-a-ßƒ hn-P-bn-®n-√. t_kn¬379 P\p-hcn H∂n\p acn-®p. c≠mw FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ Iu¨kn¬ 381-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Iq-Sn. k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w ]p\xÿm-]n-°m≥ Xn-b-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn ]cn-i-an-®p.- \n-Jym-kq-\-l-tZm-kn-te°v an°-hmdpw F√m-hcpw XncnsI h∂p.- A-Xn\v t_kn¬ h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw- h-gn-sbm-cp-°n.

IrXn-Iƒ

t_kn¬ I¿a-\n-c-X-\m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Nn¥-I≥ IqSn Bbn-cp-∂p.-km¿hXnI- k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬- -H-∂m-a-\mbn At±lw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.-Po-hn-X-Im-e-Øp- Xs∂ At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ hf-sc-b-[nIw _lp-am-\n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. -In-kvXym-\n-Ifpw A√m-Ø-hcpw Ah hmbn-®n-cp-∂p.ssZh-im-kv-X-]-cw, B[ym-fln-Iw, ]t_m-[-\-]-cw, Bcm-[-\-I-a-]cwF∂n--ßs\ IrXn-Isf Xncn-°mw. \nc-h[n ]-kw-K-ßfpw IØp-IfpwAt±-l-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

1.- ssZ-h-im-kv-X-]cw

Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc Fgp-X-s∏-´-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ ssZh-im-kvX- Ir-Xn-Iƒ.

(1) Fhp-tWm-an-b-kn-s\-Xnsc: Fhp-tWm-an-bkv F∂ Bcnb≥t\Xmhv At∏m-fPn F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp IrXn-sb-gp-Xn.- AXns\ JWvUn-®p-sIm≠v aq∂p ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn 363˛\pw 365˛\pw CSbv°v cNn-®-

Iƒ°mbn Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xnepw ]mh-ßƒ°mbn `h-\-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xnepw ]c-tZ-in-Isf k¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw At±lwi≤ sNep-Øn. Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≠p.- hm-se≥kv -N-I-h¿Øn-bp-sSbpw a‰v euIn-Im-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS-bpw -ap-ºn¬ \n¿`-b-\mbn hym]-cn®p. - B-cn-b-\n-ksØAwKo-I-cn-°Wsa∂v ]osÎvSv samsZ-kvXpkv \n¿_-‘n-®p. I≠p-sI-´pw \mSp-I-S-Ø-pw Fs∂ms° òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn. k`-bpsS bYm¿Y]p-X-\mbn \s´-t√m-Sp- IqsS At±lw \ne-sIm-≠p. t_kn¬ \¬Inbadp-]Sn KnKdn \kym≥k≥ Ipdn-®p- h-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤m¿l-amWv:

“H∂p-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v I≠p-sI-´¬ F¥p tZmjw sNøpw. F\n-°m-sI-bp≈ Cu XpWnbpw Iptd ]pkvX-I-ßfpw Bbn-cn°mw \o Fs∂]oUn-∏n-®n´v FSp-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-Xv. \mSp-I-S-Ø¬ Rm≥ Adn-bp-∂n-√.Imc-Ww, Rm≥ Hcp ÿe-tØmSpw _‘n-X-\-√. Rm≥ Pohn-°p∂ Cu\mSpw Rm≥ \mSp- I-S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ GXp- \mSpw Ft‚-Xm-bn Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. F√m \mSpw ssZh-Øn-t‚-Xm--Wv. Ahs‚ shdp-samcp tkh-I-\mWv Rm≥. Cu temI-Øn¬ Hcp ]Yn-I\pw Xo¿Ym-S-I\pw amX-amWvRm≥. -]o-U-\-ßƒ°v Ft∂mSv F¥p sNøm-\m-hpw? Fs‚ icocw Hcp]t£ H‰-b-Sn-°p-X-Ipw. Cu Imcy-ß-fnte \n\°v Fs¥-¶nepw sNøm≥km[n-°q. F∂m¬ Fs∂ -kw-_-‘n®v acWw Icp-Wm¿Z-amb HcpI¿aw amX-am-bn-cn-°pw. Imc-Ww, -A-sXs∂ ssZh-tØmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏n-°pw. Ah-\p-th≠n Rm≥ Pohn-°p-∂p.- A-h-\p-th≠n Rm≥ krjvSn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.- A-h-\p-th≠n Rm≥ an°-hmdpw arX-\m-Wv. Ahs‚]°-te°v Rm≥ IpXn-°p-∂p”(-]-`m-jWw, 43,49).

CXp -tI´ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ sRń-t∏m-bn. “CXp-t]m-emcpw CX \n¿`-b-ambn Ft∂mSv kwkm-cn-®n-ń-√.” AXn\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn t_kn¬ ]d-™p: “Hcp-]t£ \o CXn-\p-ap-ºv Hcp saXms\ Adn-™n- n-√m-bn-cn-°mw...-ssZhw A]-l-kn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \nµn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂n-SØv F√mwC√m-bva-bmbn IcpX-s∏Sp∂p. Ahs\ am-Xta Rßƒ i≤n-°p-∂p-≈p.- A-·nbpw hmfpw h\y-ar-K-ßfpw òI-c-ß-fmb ]oU-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßfpw b-tl-Xp-°-fm-bn- -√,- B-Àm-Z-I-c-ambn Rßƒ I-cp-Xp-∂p. A_≤XXz-ß-fn-te°v Rßsf hen-®n-g-bv°m≥ km[y-a-s√∂v NI-h¿Øn-tbmSv]dt™-°q. òj-Wn-I-sfm∂pw ChnsS hne-t∏m-In-√” (43,50). ˛ C-tX-∏‰n tI´ NI-h¿Øn Xs‚ DZy-a-Øn¬ \n∂p -]n-∑m-dn.

kssÌy-am-bn-cp∂p t_kn-ens‚ Hcp ][m\ Nn¥m-hn-j-bw.]uckvXy ssIkvX-h-¿- B-cn-b-\nkw aqew ]e X-´p-I-fn-embncp∂p.


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tØXv henb \nb-a-ßƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 55 Xe-s°-´p-Ifn-embnk\ym-k-Po-hn-X-kw-_-‘-amb XXz-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. sNdn-b- \n-b-a-ßƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv 313 io¿j-I-ß-fn-embn k\ym-k-k-aq-l-Øns‚ A\p-Zn-\- Po-hn-X-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ°p≈ \nb-a-ßƒ hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.- Ch tNmtZym-Ø-c- co-Xn-bn-em-Wv. k\ym-kmw-K-ß-fpam-bp≈ kw`m-j-Wm-h-kcw Ipdn-®n´ t\m´p-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn-emWv Ch FgpX-s∏-´Xv. H∂m-a-tØ-Xn¬ sk_-kvsX-bnse Fhp-kvXm-tXym-kns‚ kzm[o\ap≠v. t_kn-en-\p -apºv Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬ k\ym-k--Øn-\v- B-cw-`-an-´XvAt±-l-am-Wv. t_kn-ens‚ k\ym-k -\n-b-a-ß-fmWv C∂pw Ko°p-k-`-bn¬ ]m_-ey-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu \nb-a-ß-fpsS ]e ]Xn-∏p-I-fp-≠v.\memw \q‰m≠n¬ dpô-\-kns‚ eØo≥ hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS Ch ]m›m-Xy-tem-IØp hym]n-®p. Imkn-b≥, hn. _-\-UnIvSv F∂o ]m›m-Xy-k-\ym-k-\n-b-a-Zm-Xm-°sf Cu \nbaßƒ kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.

3.- ]-t_m-[-\-]cw

(1) -bp-hm-°-tfmSv: AssI-kvX-h KŸ-I¿Øm-°-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬\n∂pw ]T-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ssIkvX-h¿ Fßs\ ⁄m\w kºm-Zn-°-W-sa∂v hni-Z-am-°p-∂p. Ko°p Iem-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Xs‚A\-¥n-c-h-tcm-Sp≈ D]-tZ-i-am-bn-´mWv IrXn-. Ko°p kmln-Xy-Øns‚aqeyw \∂mbn hnh-cn-°p-∂p. AXv ss_-_nƒ e-h-en¬ \n∂v hfscXmW Xe-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw, ]t_m-[-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-Wv.- hn-Zym¿Yn-I-fpsS Bflm-°ƒ°v tZmjw hcp-Øp-∂h Hgn-hm-°n-bm¬, Ahbn¬\nc-h[n Aaq-ey-\nt£-]-ß-fp-≠v. Ah hmbn-°p-∂-h¿ hnjw Zqsc-°-f-™v tX≥ \pI-c-W-sa∂pw D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p.

(2)- B-flo-b -a-I-\p≈ D]-tZiw: eØo-\n-ep≈ Cu IrXn t_kn-en-t‚-Xmbn H≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X¬ Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ AXvAt±-l-Øn-t‚-X√ F∂mWv ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m≠p apX-ep≈ A`n-]m-bw.

4. -]-kw-K-ßƒ

t_kn¬ thZ-]p-kvX-I- m-jy-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bn- n-√.- F-∂m¬ D¬]Øn1,1-˛26, k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ,- G-imbm F∂n-hsb Bkv]-Z-am°n ]kw-K-ßƒ ]d-™n-´p-≠v.- A-h-bn¬ NneXv \ap°v Inń-bn-´p-≠v. hmN-I-°-k¿Øp-sIm≠v timXm-°sf ckn-∏n°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Ah-cpsS a\- m-£nsb kv]¿in-°m-\mWv At±lw i≤n-®-Xv.

(1)- Bdp Znh-ksØ krjvSn-hn-h-c-Ww: Hcp sshZn-I≥- B-bn-cp-∂-Im-eØv 370-˛-\p- apºv t\mºp-I-mesØ Hcm-gvN-bn¬ sNbvX-XmWv Cu

Xm-Wn-Xv. H∂mw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Fhp-tWm-an-b-kns‚ hmZ-ßsf JWvUn-°p-∂p.- F-hp-tWm-an-bkv C]-Imcw ]Tn-∏n®p: “P\n-®-h-\√ F∂-Xn¬ssZhn-I-kØ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ hN\w ssZh-]p-X-\-√. Ah≥ P\n-®-h-\m-Wv. Ah≥ krjvSn-I-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-\-√.” c≠mw ]pkvXIw \nJym-hn-izmkw hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw hN\wkØm-]-c-ambn ]nXm-hn\v Xpey-\msW∂v sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.aq∂mw ]pkvXIw ]cn-ip-≤-mflm-hn-s\- ]-‰n-bm-Wv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ]nXm-hn-t\mSpw ]pX-t\m-Sp-sam∏w hµn-°-s∏´v kvXpXn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h≥ B-sW∂pw Xpey-ssZ-h-Xzhpw Xpey-km-cmwihpam-sW∂pw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. A®-Sn® Nne ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ Chbv°p ]pdta thtd- c≠p ]pkvX-I-ßƒ IqSn ImWmw. -Ah a‰m-cp-sStbm IrXn-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.

(2) ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n: ]pX\pw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn\pw ]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ kØm-]-c-amb sFIyw CXn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.- s]mXp Bcm-[-\-bn¬ ]nXm-hn\v ]pX-t\mSpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-t\m-Spw- IqsS kvXpXnF∂v t_kn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. A∂v s]mXpsh \S-∏n-en-cp-∂-Xv, ]nXm-hn\v ]pX-\n-eqsS ]cn-ip-≤-mflm-hn¬ kvXpXn F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- t_-kn¬-Hcp \ho-I-cWw hcp-Øn-sb∂v Nne¿- B-tcm-]Ww D∂-bn-®p. “c≠pwH∂p-X-s∂, k`-bn¬ CXpw \S-∏n-en-cp∂Xm-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v, H®-∏m-Sns‚Bh-iy-an-√. ]pX\pw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn\pw ]nXm-hns‚ kmcmw-iap-≈-Xn-\m¬ Xpey--kvXp-Xn-Iƒ°v A¿l-cm-Wv. thZ-]p-kvX-Ihpw ]mc-º-cyhpwCXp- Xs∂ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p” F∂v t_kn¬ hy‡-am°n.- hn.- Aw-t_mkv]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ IrXn-sb-gp-Xm≥ CXp]-tbm-Kn-®p. -A-ßs\t_kn-en-s‚- B-ibw ]m›m-Xy-tem-I-Øpw FØn.

2. B[ym-flnIw

Ask-‰n°m F∂ -t]-cn¬ 13 ]_-‘-ß-fpsS Hcp kam-lmcwt_kn-en-t‚-Xmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- Nne-sXms° At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv.F-∂m¬ F√ma-√.

(1)- k-∑m¿K-imkvXw: 80 [m¿anI \nb-a-ßfpw Ah-bv°m-[m-c-amb]pXn-b-\n-b-a- hm-Iy-ßfpw Dƒs∏sS k∑m¿K-im-kvX -kw-_-‘-amb HcpIrXn--bm-Wn-Xv. Cu IrXn k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn\v i‡n-bmbn Blzm\wsNøp-∂p. KnKdn \kym≥k≥ IqsSbp-≈-t∏mƒ t]m≥Xp-knse sFdo-kn¬ h®v CsXgp-Xn.

(2)- c≠p k\ym-k- \n-b-a-ßƒ: t_kn¬ kµ¿in® Bi-a-ß-fnsek\ym-kn-I-fpsS kwi-b-\n-hm-cWm¿Yw Fgp-X-s∏-´-h-bm-Wn-h.- H-∂m-a-


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F∂n-ßs\ IØp-Isf aq∂mbn Xncn-°mw. c≠mw- K-W-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂h aq∂n¬ c-≠p- h-cpw. \memw \q‰m-≠nse ]uc-kvXy- k-`-I-sf-∏-‰n, -]-tXy-In®v I∏-tUm-jy≥ k`-sb-∏‰n Adnbm≥ Cu IØp-Iƒ klm-bn-°pw. ip]m¿i-°-Øp-Iƒ, Bizmkw ]I¿∂p- sIm-≠p-≈-h, Imt\m-\n-°¬ I-Øp-Iƒ,- [m¿an-Ihpw k\ym-k-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-ßƒ -Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-h, ssZh-im-kvX -kw-_-‘-am-bh F∂n-ßs\ IØp-Isf Xncn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

6.- B-cm-[-\-Iaw

Hcp sshZn-I≥ -B-bn-cp∂-t∏mƒ Xs∂ tIk-dn-bm-bnse Bcm-[-\-Iaw ]cn-jv°-cn-°m≥ t_kn¬ DZy-an®p F∂v KnKdn \kym≥k≥]-d-bp∂p (]-`m-jWw, 43,34).- Bcm-[-\-I-a-Øn¬- A-t±lw \ho-I-cWwhcp-Øn-sb∂v Nne¿ At±-lsØ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. -Ko-°p-k-`-bn¬ t_kn-ens‚ Bcm-[-\-Iaw F∂ -t]-cn¬ Hcp Ip¿_m-\-Iaw \ne-hn-ep-≠v.sXt° C‰-en-bn¬ Nne-bn-S-ß-fnepw CXv ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.- kn-dnepw satXm-Un-bkpw IqSn CXv …mhnIv `mj-bn-te°v H≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ `mjm-¥cw sNbvXp. hvfmUn-an¿- AXv djy-bn¬ \S-∏m-°n. hn. t_kn-ens‚tIm]v‰nIv en‰¿Pn Ko°ns‚ Npcpßnb ]Xn-∏m-Wv.

ssZh-imkvXw

hnhn[ Bcn-b≥ hn`m-K-°m¿s°-Xnsc t_kn¬ \nJym-hn-izmkwDds° ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AØ-\m-tkym-kp-ambn At±-lsØ ASp-∏n®Xv CXm--bn-cp-∂p. At±lsØ kXy-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ s\Spw-Xq-Wmbn t_kn¬ I≠p.- “\n-Jym-hn-izmk-]-am-W-tØmSv \ap-s°m∂pw Iqń-t®¿°m≥ km[n-°-bn-√. sNdnb Imcyw-t]mepw tN¿°-cp-Xv.- ]-cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ kvXpXn∏p amX-amWv \mwtN¿ØXv. AXv \ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-sIm-≠p- amXw” F∂vAt±lw ]Tn-∏n®p (te-J\w, 258). hy‡-amb XnXz-ssZ-h-im-kvX-Øn\vcq]w \¬Im≥ t_kn-en\v Ign-™p.

1. XnXzw

skan-˛-B-cn-b≥ hn`m-K-°msc k`-bn-te°v XncnsI sIm≠p-h-cnI,Dkn-b, lypt∏m-kvX-knkv F∂o ]Z-ßƒ°v A¿Y-¢n-]vXX \¬IpIF∂n-h-bn¬ t_kn¬ i≤-sN-ep-Øn. \nJym-bnse ]nXm-°-∑mcpw AØ-\m-tkym-kp-w Dkn-bmbpw lypt∏m-kvX-knkpw ]cym-b- ]-Z-ß-fm-bn-´mWvD]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Cu A¿Y-¢n-]vXX C√mbva, Ah-km-\n-°m-Ø- X¿°-ßƒ°p hmXn¬ Xpd-∂p- sIm-Sp-Øp.- D-kn-bmbpw lypt∏m-kvX-kn-kpw-

]kw-K-ßƒ. Nne Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ImeØpw sshIn´pw At±lw ]-kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.- In-g°pw ]Sn™mdpw D≈-h¿- C-hsb kw]q-Py-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. ]`m-j-W-am-[pcyw \nd-™p -Xp-fp-ºp∂ Cu ]kw-K-ß-tfmSvXm-c-Xays∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]n¬°me Ko-°p-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Hcp IrXnbpwFSpØp -Im-´m-\n-s√-∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu hnj-bw- kw-_-‘n-®p-≈-Xs‚ IrXn-b-n¬ hn.- Aw-t_mkv CXv [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.CXns‚ eØo≥ hn-h¿Ø\w 440-˛-t\m-S-SpØp≠m-bn. D¬]-Øn-∏p-kvXIØn\v hywKym¿Y-`mjyw \¬Im≥ At±lw Xm¬]-cy-s∏-ń-√..AssI-kvX-h-cp-sSbpw a\n-t°-b-cp-sSbpw temI-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂vhyXy-kvX-am-bn bYm¿Y- temI-hn-h-cWw \¬Im-≥ ]cn-ian°p-∂p.AXp-t]mse krjvSn-bpsS ]n∂nse kjvSm-hns\ Im´m-\p≈ DZy-ahpwImWmw. Nne Bi-b-ßƒ Acn-tÃm-´¬, tπt‰m, s]msk-tZm-Wn-bkv,sπmXo-\pkv F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂v FSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.

(2)- k-¶o¿Ø-\ -tlm-an-en-Iƒ: k¶o¿Ø-\-ßsf B[m-c-am°n 18tlman-en--Iƒ t_kn-ens‚ t]cn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ 13 FÆwB[n-Im-cnIw BsW-∂p -]-d-bmw. AXn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-amb hymJym-\-a-√,- [m¿an-I -]-t_m-[-\-ambncn-°Ww ]kw-K-Is‚ e£y-sa∂v At±lwsXfnbn-°p-∂p. tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ k¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.

(3)- G-im-bm- tlm-an-en-Iƒ: Gimbm 1˛16 hsc-bp≈ A[ymb-ßsfB[mc-am-°n-bp≈ tlman-en-I-fn-epw- tI-k-dn-bm-bn-se- F-hp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ kzm[o-\ap≠v. ˛ Ch-bv°p -]p-dta, I¿Øm-hn-s\bpw hnip-≤-scbpw kvXpXn-®p -sIm-≠p≈ a‰v 23 tlman-en-Ifpw t_kn-ens‚ t]cn¬Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch ]mtbm-Kn-I Nmbvhp-≈-h-bm-Wv.

5.- I-Øp-Iƒ

tlman-en-I-fn¬ F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ t_kn-ens‚ ]mWvUn-Xy-hpw mjm-\n-]p-W-X-bpw ]kv]-jvS-am-Ip-∂Xv IØp-I-fn-em-Wv.- ]n¬°m-eØv AhIØp-I-fpsS amXr-I-I-ƒ B-bn-Øo¿∂p.- H-cn-°¬- KnK-dn \kym≥ks‚ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS ]uX-\mb \nt°m-_p-fpkv IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xns‚amXrI Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v At±-lsØ -k-ao-]n-®p. KnKdn Abmsft_kn-ens‚ ]°-te°v Ab-®p. -t_-kn¬ Xs‚ IØp-I-fpsS Hcp kam-lm-c-ap-≠m°n Abmƒ°v -sIm-Sp-Øp.- _-\-Un-IvssS≥ k-\ym-kn-Iƒ 365IØp-Iƒ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ah-bn¬ ]-eXpw a‰p-≈-h¿ t_-kn-en\vAb-®-h-bm-Wv. -sa-Xm-\m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p- apºv Fgp-Xn-b-h (357-˛370),- sa-Xm≥F∂ \ne-bn¬- F-gp-Xnbh (370-˛378), Ime-\n¿Wbw Akm-[y--am-bh


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ØpI ]e Poh-\p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-sW∂v BcmWv Icp-XpI? Rm≥Xs∂bpw BgvN-bn¬ \mep ]mhiyw Ip¿_m\ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.- I¿Xr-Zn-\-Øn¬,- _p-[-\m-gvN,- sh-≈nbmgvN, i\n-bm-gvN,- hn-ip-≤-cpsS kvacW-bp≈ a‰p Znh-k-ß-fn-¬.- a-X-]o-U-\m-h-kcw ssh-Zn-Is‚tbm a‰p ipiq-j-I-cp-sStbm km∂n-[yw- Iq-SmsX Ip¿_m\ FSpØp `£n-t°-≠n-h-cnI Hcn-°epw sX‰-mbn Icp-Xm≥ ]m-Sn-√.- Cu- coXn ]t≠ \S-∏p-≈-Xm-Wv.- a-cp-`q-an-bnse G-Im-¥-Po-hn-X-°m¿ ssh-Zn-I-cn-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ Ip¿_m\kzbw FSpØp £n-°p-I-bpw- X-ß-fp-sS-hm-k-ÿ-eØv kq£n-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p. Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnepw CuPn-]vXn¬ a‰n-S-ß-fnepw A¬am-b¿ an°-hmdpw hoń¬ Ip¿_m\ kq£n-°p-Ibpw CjvS-ap-≈-t∏mƒAXn¬ \n∂v `£n-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂p. -Im-c-Ww, ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚A¿∏Ww ]q¿Øn-bm°n sImSp-Øp -I-gn-bp-tºmƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-bmƒHmtcm Ah-k-chpw ]q¿W-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. Ah≥ -AXv i≤m-]q¿hw FSp-°p-Ibpw ZmXm-hn¬ \n∂v kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-s∂-∂p-I-cp-Xp-I-bpw -th-Ww. sshZn-I≥ ]≈nbn¬ h®v- Hcp `mKw sImSp-°p-tºmƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h≥ ]q¿Wambn kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. ]q¿W-ambnAh≥ AXn\v Ah-Im-in-bm-Ip-∂p.- A-h≥ -AXv kz-¥-ssI-sIm≠v Xs‚A[-c-ß-fn-te-°v- D-b¿Øp-∂p. -Hcp `m-K-tam, ]e `mK-ßtfm kzoI-cn-®mepw ê-sam-∂p-X-s∂.”

(3) -]m-]-tam-N\w

]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv k` ]m]n-Iƒ°v ITn-\-]m-b-›nØw \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂p. Zo¿L-Imew ]mb-›nØw sNø-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv A\p-Xm-]n-Isf Bcm-[-\m-k-aq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v th¿Xn-cn-®n-cp-∂p. \mep-XcwA\p-Xm-]n-I-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp∂p: ]≈n°v ]pd-Øp-\n∂v Ic-bp-∂-h¿,-kp-hn-ti-j-hm-b-\bpw ]kw-Khpw tIƒ°m≥ amXw A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ timXm-°ƒ, ]m¿Y-\m-k-a-b-ßfn¬ ap´p-Ip-Øn- \n∂pwkmjvSmw-K-]-Wm-aw -sNbvXpw ]m¿Yn-°p-∂-h¿, Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ip¿_m\ kzoI-cn°m≥ A\p-hm-Z-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-h¿(te-J\w, 217).

t_knepw k\ym-khpw

Ko°p- k-\ym-k-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmWv t_kn¬. Cu temI-Po-hnXw\bn-°p-∂-h¿ _lp-hn[ ]cym-Ip-e-X-I-fm¬ Ae-´-s∏-Sp-∂p.- k-\ym-kn-Iƒ°mIs´ ssZh-hp-ambn \nc-¥c_‘w ]pe¿Øn-s°m≠v kl-h-kn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p. Xn∑-bpsS thc-dp-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnip-≤n-bn¬ hf-cp-∂-Xn\pw k\y-m-k-Po-hn-X-Ønse GIm-¥X klm-bn-°p-∂p. ssZhn-

X-Ωn¬ hyXy-m-kw D-s≠∂v BZy-ambn ]d-™-Xv t_kn-em-Wv.- ssZ-h-Øn¬ Hcp Dkn-bmbpw aq∂v lypt∏m-kvX-knkpw D≠v (anbm Dkn-bm,tX-bnkv lypt∏m-kvX-sk-bn-kv) Dknbm AkvXnXzsØ AYhmkØsb Ipdn-°p∂p. A-Yhm ssZh-Øns‚ kØm-]-c-amb bmYm¿YysØ Ipdn-°p-∂p. -A-sXm-t∂-bp-≈p. F∂m¬ lyt∏m-kvX-knkv]tXyI -co-Xn-bn-ep≈ AkvXn-XzsØ Ipdn-°p-∂p.- Hmtcm Bfpw Bbn-cn°p∂ Ah-ÿ. AXv H∂-√,- aq-∂m-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm≠v Dkn-bmbpwlyt∏m-kvX-knkpw H∂-√,- ]-cym-b-]-Z-ß-fp-a-√. -D-kn-bm -e-Øo-\nsekp_vkvXm≥kymbpw lypt∏m-kvX-knkv s]¿tkm-Wmbp-am-Wv. -t]m-skm-t∏m¨ F∂ -]-Z-tØ-°mƒ sa®-s∏-´ -]-Z-am-bn-´mWv t_kn¬lypt∏m-kvX-kn-kns\ ImWp-∂-Xv. KnKdn \kym≥k\pw KnKdn\okmbpw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-Upw(381) t_kn-ens‚ ]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu Imcy-Øn¬ \oßn-bXpw XnXz-kw-_-‘-am-b -ssZ-h-imkvXw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xpw. Dkn-bmbpw lypt∏m-kvX-knkpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw hy‡-am-b-t∏mƒ tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkv (k-a-k-Ø) F∂-]Zw IqSp-X-em-bn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. kØ-bnepw kmcmw-i-Ønepw ]cn-i-p-≤m-flmhv ]nXm-hn-t\mSpw ]pX-t\mSpw Xpey-\m-sW∂vt_kn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp-Ibpw]pX-\n¬ \n∂v FSp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw, ]pX≥ P\n-®-Xp- t]m-seb√ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ]pd-∏mSv.-In-kvXp-hns‚ Bflm-sh∂pw ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- F-∂m¬A°m-c-W-Øm¬ ]pX-\n¬ \n∂p -am-X-amWv ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv F∂pIcp-Xp-∂Xv icn-b-√. Xncp-en-JnXw ]nXm-hns‚ Bflm-sh∂pw ]pXs‚Bflm-sh∂pw ]cn-ip-≤-m-flm-hns\ hnfn-°p-∂p.

(2)- Ip¿_m\

sNkmdnbm F∂ ]So-jy≥ kvX-o°v 372-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb IØvv (93)-hn-ip≤ Ip¿_m-\- kzo-I-c-W-sØ-∏‰n hnh-cn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-Iƒ°v kz`-h-\-ß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn\v Ip¿_m\ kp£n°msa∂p ]d-bp-∂p. AXp-t]mse A\p-Zn-\ -Ip¿_m-\-kzo-I-cWw, -A-∏-ho-™-pIƒInkvXp-hns‚ ico-c- c-‡-ß-fm-sW-∂p≈ hnizmkw F∂n-h-sb√mw CuIØn¬ \n∂v Kln°mw: “F√m-Zn-h-khpw Ip¿_m\ kzoI-cn-°p-IbpwInkvXphns‚ hnip≤ ico-c-c-‡-ß-fn¬ `mK-`m-°m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv\√Xpw ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-hp-amb Imcy-a-tX. Imc-Ww, Fs‚ icocw `£n-°p-Ibpw Fs‚ c‡w IpSn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂-h\v \nXy-Po-h-\p≠v F∂vAhn-Sp-∂v hy‡-ambn ]d-bp-∂p. IqsS-°qsS Poh-\n¬ `mK-`m-KnXzw \S-


122 123

Ip-∂-h≥ A¿ln-°p∂ in£ F¥m-sW-∂mWv \nßƒ I-cp-Xp-∂Xv?”(In Famem,69).

“\nßƒ Hcp ]nip-°-\-√.- \n-ßƒ Bcp-sS-bpw- ]n-Sn-®p-]-dn-°n-√.-F-∂m¬ a‰p-≈-h¿°p-th≠n \nßsf `c-ta¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂h \nß-fp-sS -kz-¥-ambn \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p.- a-s‰m-cm-fpsS Ip∏mbw tamjvSn-°p-∂-hs\ I≈-s\-∂t√ hnfn-°pI? F∂m¬ \·-\mb ktlm-Z-cs\ DSp-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n´pw A]-Imcw sNømØ-hs\ F¥p-t]-cmWv hnfn-°pI? \nßƒ ]qgvØn- h-®n-cn-°p∂ A∏w ]ń-Wn-∏m-h-ß-fp-sS-Xm-Wv.- \n-ßƒ [cn-®n-cn-°p-∂ -h-kv-Xw- \-·-cptSXmWv. \nßƒIpgn-®n-ń-cn-°p-∂- ]Ww ]mh-ß-fp-sS-Xm-Wv. \nß-fp-sS -ap-dn-I-fn¬ Ccp∂vZhn-®p- t]m-Ip∂ sNcn-∏p-Iƒ \·-]m-Z-cp-tS-Xm-Wv.- B-I-bm¬ sIm-Sp-°m≥ Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw sImSp-°mØ \nßƒ F√m-h-tcmSpw A]-cm[w sNøp∂p” (De Avaritia: PG.31. 275).

“Rm≥ \nß-tfm-Sp -tNm-Zn-°-s´.- F-t∏m-gsØ ]Xn-^-e-amWv\nßƒ°v Bhiyw? \nßƒ Pohn-®- Im-e-tØ-tXm,- a-c-W-ti-j-ap-≈tXm?\nßƒ Pohn-®-t∏mƒ kpJ-t`m-K-ß-fn¬ apgp-In-bn-cp-∂p. B\-µ-Øn¬aXn-a-d-∂n-cp∂p. \nßƒ ]mh-s∏-´-hs\ t\m°m≥ t]mepw Iq´m-°n-bn-√. acn-®p -I-gn-™-h\v F¥p- sN-øm≥ Ign-bpw? \nß-fpsS GXp ]hr-Øn-bmWv ]Xn-k-Ωm\w A¿ln-°p-∂Xv? \nß-fp-sS -k-Xv]-hr-Øn-IƒImWn-°q. -F-∂n´v ]Xn-k-Ωm-\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sq.- a-c-W-tijw `‡-Po-hn-X-Øn\v ka-b-an-s√∂v Kln-°q. Ipd-®p- sIm-Sp-°p-∂-h\pw henb ]Xn-êw e`n-°p-∂p. `£Ww \¬Ip-∂-Xp- aqew BZy-]m-]-Øn\v \nßƒAb-hp -h-cp-Øp-∂p. Imc-Ww, Xs‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-Iƒ°v ]m]w Ah-Im-i-ambn \¬In-bXv \nbaw ewLn®p `£n-®-Xp -sIm-≠m-Wv. ktlm-Z-cs‚ hni∏pw Bh-iyhpw ]cn-KWn®v klm-bn°p-tºmƒ, BZsØsIWn-bn¬ s]-Sp-Ønb `£-WsØ \mw in£n-°p-I-bm-Wv.”

[\-hm-∑m¿ CX-amXw ]nip-°-∑mcpw lrZ-b-an-√m-Ø-h-cp-am-sW∂vt_kn¬ [cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ah-cpsS Icp-Wm-c-ln-X-amb ]hr-Øn- I≠vt_kn-ens‚ lrZbw s]mń-Ø-I¿∂p-t]m-bn. Xs‚ ]nXm-hn¬\n∂v IpSpw-_-kz-Øm-bn Inń-bh hn‰v ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°v Zm\w -sN-bvXp.- tI-k-dn-bm-bn¬ -D-S-\ofw Np‰n-\-S∂v X\n°v ]cn-N-b-ap≈ [\-hm-∑m-sc- I-≠v, Zcn-Z¿°v `£-Whpw hkv-Xhpw [\hpw \evIm≥ \n¿_-‘n-®p: “\nß-fp-sS -k-ºm-Zy-Øn¬ \n∂v \nßƒ°v Bh-iy-ap-≈h FSp-Øn´v a‰p-≈-h¿°v C√m-Øh Ah¿°v sImSp-Øm¬ ChnsS [\n-Icpw Zcn-ZcpwD≠m-bn-cn-°-bn-√.” F∂m¬- B-cp-aXv i≤n-®n-√. Xs‚ ]kw-K-ß-fn¬

ssI-Iy-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d® hy‡n-I-fpsS kaq-l-amWv Bi-aw. GIm-¥-hm-khpw kmap-ly-Po-hn-Xhpw tIm¿Øn-W-°n- sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥t_kn-en\v km[n-®p.- A-t±lw \nc-h[n Bi-a-ßfpw GIm-¥-hm-k-°m¿°p th≠n Be-b-ß-fpw ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®p. ]m¿Y-\, ]T-\w, tPmenF∂nh H∂n-®p-tN¿Øp≈ ]ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xv. kz¥w]cn-]q¿W-Xbv°v i≤n-°p∂tXmsSm∏w a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hf¿®sb Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ IS-abpw k\y-ÿ¿°ps≠∂v A-t±lw ]Tn-∏n-®p.

t_knepw kmap-ly-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

temI-Øn¬ \n∂v HmSn Bi-a-Øn¬ A`bw ]m]n®v ssZh-hp-ambn \nc-¥-c -kw-k¿K-Øn¬ FØp-∂-Xv, i‡n-]m-]n®v temI-Øn-te°vCd-ßm-\m-Wv. XnI™ kmap-ly-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-b t_kn-en\v Kpl-bn-tem, aXn¬s°-ń-\-ItØm Hfn-®n-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. AK-Xn-I-sfbpwBh-iy-°m-scbpw tkhn-°m≥ Ign-s™-¶nte k\ymkw ]q¿Wam-Iq.-hn-i∏pw Zmlhpw kln-°p-Ibpw IjvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw thZ-\n-°p-Ibpw tcmK-K-kvX-cm-bn-cn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂-h-cp-s-S- t\tc Xncn-bm≥ k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p-km-[n-°-Wsa∂v At±lw ]Tn-∏n-®p. [\-hm-∑m-scbpw ]qgvØn- h-bv]p-I-mscbpw At±lw \n»n-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw \n¿Zm-£nWyw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp: “hni-∏mWv F‰hpw Zb-\o-b-amb sISp-Xn.acWØn¬ -G-‰hpw Zmcp-W-amb acWw. hmfns‚ hmbv-Øe Hcp \nan-jw-sIm≠v IY Ign-°p-∂p.- Pz-en-°p∂ A·nbpw Im´parK-ß-fp-sS- ]√pwA]-Imcw Xs∂.- hn-i-∏m-I-s´, Zo¿Lhpw kmh-[m-\-hp-amb \c-I-bm-X-\-bm-Wv.- A-h-km-\n-°mØ c‡-km-£n-Xz-am-Wv. acWw kao-]-Øp-≈Xpw ]S¿∂p Ib-dp-∂-Xp-amb tcmK-am-W-Xv.- ]t£ acWw AI-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂n-√. -i-co-c-Øns‚ kzm`m-hnI Pemwiw AXv C√m-Xm-°p-∂p.- i-co-c-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne Ipd-bv°p-∂p. -amwkw Ipd-™v Ip-d™v i‡nC√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.- \ndw aßn-b -amwkw Nne-¥n-h-e -t]mse Aÿn--tbmSv]‰n-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p.- c‡w Ipd-™-p -t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ Xz°ns‚ ]-ImiwIpd-bp-∂p. AXv IdpØv DW-ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂p.- Zm-cn-Zy-Øm¬ hnf-dnbicocw ]m≠p-]n-Sn-®v,- C-cp≠v h√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.- i-co-csØ Xmßm≥ Im¬ap-´p-Iƒ°v sI¬∏n-√.- i‡n ]tbm-Kn-®mte Ah A\-°m≥ Ign-bq.i_vZw ]pd-Øp -h-cp-∂n-√.- tXm-Sp-I-fn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ DW-ßnbA≠n-Iƒ -t]mse Kpl-k-am-\-amb Ipgn-bn¬ _e-lo-\hpw D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-hp-amb IÆp-Iƒ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. iq\y-amb DZcw NpcpßnipjvIn-®v- H-cm-Ir-Xn-bp-an-√msX \s´-√n-t\mSv Hń-°n-S-°p-∂p. -hn-i-°p∂a\p-jy-t\mSv kvt\l-Øns‚ Hcp em©-\ -t]mepw IqSmsX IS-∂p-t]m-


124 125

A[ymbw 13

hn.KnKdn \kym≥k≥

t_kn-en-s\-t∏mse KnKdn \kym≥k\pw I∏-tUm-jy-bnse Hcp-∂X IpSpw-_-Øn¬ s]´ Bfm-bn-cp-∂p. t_kn-ens‚ ka-]mb-°m-c-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. t_kn-en-s\-t∏mse D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw \S-Øn. F∂m¬t_-kn-ens‚ I¿a-i-‡ntbm, t\Xr-Xz-I-gn-hp-Itfm KnK-dn-°v C-√m-bn-cp-∂p. -[ym-\-\n-c-X-ambn AS-ßn-sbm-Xpßnbp≈ Pohn-X-amWv At±lw CjvS-s∏-´-Xv. k`m-X-e-Øn¬ Db¿∂ ]Z-hn-I-tfm,- I¿a-\n-c-X-amb Pohn-X-Øn-s‚- h¿W-∏-Int´m H∂pw At±-l-Øn-\v CjvS-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- F-¶nepwXs‚ kz`m-h-Øn\v tbmPn-® -co-Xn-bn¬- A-S-ßn-sbm-Xp-ßn-°-gn-bm≥_mly-t]-c-W-Iƒ At±-lsØ A\p-h-Zn-®n-√.- A-t±lw GIm-¥X BK-ln-®p.- F-∂m¬ kvt\-ln-X-cpsS t]c-Wbpw GXp- km-l-N-cy-Øn\pwA\p-krX-ambn Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ignhpw I¿Ø-hy-\n¿h-l-W- Nn-¥bpwA∂-sØ -km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ DS-se-SpØ X¿°-ßfnepw hmZ-]-Xn-hm-Z-ß-fnepw ]s¶-Sp°m≥ At±-lsØ \n¿_-‘n-®p. Hcp henb ]kw-K-I-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw _nk-ss‚bn≥ Im-esØ InkvXo-b -sZ-tam-kvX-s\kv F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´p. ]`m-j-W-I-e-bn¬ t_kn-en-t\-°mƒ Db¿∂-X-e-Øn-etX At±lw hym]-cn-®-Xv. sl√-\nI ]`m-j-W-Ie ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ ]S¿∂p ]¥-en®p \n¬°p∂-Xp- Im-Wmw.

I∏-tUm-jy-bnse Acn-bm≥kpw F∂ ÿe-Øv 330-˛¬ KnKdn P-\n-®p. At±-l-Øn-s‚ -]n-Xmhmb KnKdn, \kym≥kpkv cq]-X-bpsS sa-Xm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. InkvXob amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS aIfm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ AΩ-bmb s\mÆ. At±-l-Øns‚ P\-\-Øn-\p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ AΩAt±-lsØ ssZh-Øn\p ka¿∏n-®n-cp-s∂∂v At±lw Hcp ]kw-K-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p (2,77). I∏-tUm-jy-bnse tIk-dn-bm-bn¬ ]`m-j-W-Ie A`y-kn-®p- sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏m-gmWv t_kn-ep-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-Xv.

DS-\ofw [\-Xr-jvW-bvs°-Xnsc At±lw P\-ßsf \nc-¥cw ]t_m-[n-∏n-®p.-

Z-cn-Z-tcmSv At±lw ]d™p: “\nßƒ°v H∂p-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬\nßƒ°p-≈Xv ssZh-Øn\v hmbv]- sIm-Sp-°p-hn≥.” [\-hm-∑m-cpsSCS-bn¬ F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ kvt\lhpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw ]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsSCS-bn¬- D-s≠∂v At±lw kv]jvS-ambn ]Tn-∏n-®p: “\n\-s°m-c∏w amXwD≠m-bn-cn°p-Ibpw \ns‚ ]Sn-°¬ Hcp `n£p h∂p- \n¬°p-IbpwsNbvXm¬ \o B A∏w FSpØv ssIIƒ BIm-i-tØ°v Db¿ØnCu ]m¿Y\ sNm√pI: I¿Øm-th, \o ImWp∂ Cu Hc∏w am-XtaChn-sS-bp-≈p. -hn-i∏v Fs∂ ImØv ]Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- F∂m¬ as‰--¥n-t\-°mfpw \ns‚ I¬]\ Rm≥ inc- m- h-ln-°p-∂p.- AXn\m¬ hni-∏p-sIm≠v he-bp∂ Fs‚ ktlm-Z-c\v Fs‚ Cu \nkm-cX Rm≥\¬Ip-∂p. Bh-iy-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cn°p∂ \ns‚ Zmks\ \o Xp-W-bv°nt√? \ns‚ Zb-bn¬ Rm≥ ic-Ws∏-Sp-∂p. -\ns‚ i‡n-bn¬ F\n°vhniz-mk-ap-≠v. \ns‚ apJw F∂n¬\n∂v Xncn-°-cp-tX.˛ \o C]-ImcwsNbvXm¬ \ns‚ Zmcn-Zy-Øn¬ \o Zm\w sNbvX A∏w kar-≤-ambhnf-sh-Sp-∏mbn amdpw”(In Famem,68).

t_kn¬ kz¥w ssIIƒ sIm≠v ]mh-ß-sf -Xo-‰n-t∏m-‰n-. Ah-cpsS ]mZw Igp-In-.- s]m-Sn-]n-Sn® hkvXw [cn®v Kma-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Np‰n-\-S∂v hni-°p-∂-hsc kµ¿in-®p. At±lw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n-∂v Xn-I®pwhyXy-kvX-\m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv At±-lsØ hen-b-h-\m-°n. kz¿Ko-b-]n-XmhvXs‚ GI-Pm-X-\n-eqsS ImWn® Icp-W-bpsS Hcwiw Xs‚ Po-hnX-Øn-eqsS Imń-s°m-Sp-Øp.- AXv At±-lsØ [\y-\m-°n. alm≥- F-∂v-A-t±lw hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ˛ C-∂sØ temIw FX -hy-Xy-kvXw.*

*(R.Payne, The Holy Fire,London, 1958,p.137ff.).

alm-\m-b- hn.-t_-kn¬

126 127

Nm-Xp-cn- hgn \nc-h[n Bfp-Isf Xs‚- IqsS tN¿°m≥ At±-l-Øn\vIgn-™-p. C°m-e-ØmWv hN-\-Øns‚ ssZhXzw kw_-‘n-® A©vhnJym-X -]-kw-K-ßƒ At±lw \S-Øn-b-Xv.

ItØm-en°m hnizmkn Bbn-cp∂ Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn380 Unkw-_¿ 24˛\v A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂t∏mƒ, I-tØm-en-°¿- A-h-cpsS sIń-S-ßƒ k`-bv°p- \¬In. KnKdn BtLm-j-]q¿hw «ol-∑m-cpsS \ma-Øn-ep≈ ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-k-am-°n. 381-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ IqSnb kn\-Unse saXm-∑m¿ At±-lsØ Ahn-SpsØ saXm-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. F∂m¬ CuPn-]vXn-sebpw amkn-tUm-Wn-bm-bn-sebpw saXm-∑mcpsS FXn¿∏p-aq-ew KnKdn ]kvXp-X- ÿm\w cmPn-h-®p (]-kwKw, 42). Ie-l-ß-fn¬ hnhm-Z-]p-cp-j-\m-Im≥ At±lw Xm¬]-cy-s∏-ń-√. Hcp hnS-hm-ß¬ ]kwKw \S-Øn-b-tijw At±lw \mń-seØn, 384 hsc kz¥w cq]-X-bpsS `cWw \S-Øn.- Xp-S¿∂v Xs‚kvt\ln-X-\mb Fhp-em-en-tbm-kns\ cq]-Xm-`-cWw G¬]n-®p. 390-˛¬acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc [ym\-Ønepw ]m¿Y-\-bnepw sNe-h-gn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

KnKdn hen-sbm-sc-gp-Øp-Im-c≥ Bbn-cp-∂n-√. ss__nƒ `mjy-ß-tfm, ssZh-im-kvX-Ir-Xn-Itfm At±lw cNn-®n-√.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-Iƒ ]kw-K-ßƒ, Ihn-X-Iƒ, IØp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-sem-Xp-ßpw.- \memw \q‰m-≠nse Ko°p- k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS C-S-bnse GI-I-hn-bmWv At±lw.- F-∂m¬ -A-t±lw hen-sbmcp ]`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]`m-j-W-I-e-bpsS \m\m-h-i-ßfpw hfsc at\m-l-c-ambn At±-l-Øn¬ ]-I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n≥X-eapd Bth-i-]q¿hw At±-l-Øns‚]kw-K-ßƒ hmbn-®n-cp-∂p.

1. ]`m-j-W-ßƒ

At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ 45 ]kw-K-ßƒ Adn-b-s∏Sp∂p.- an-°Xpw379˛\pw 381˛\pw CS-bv°v -sN-bvX-h-bm-Wv. At±-l-Øn-s‚ ac-Wm-\-¥cwAh tiJ-cn-°-s∏-´p.- G-jym-‰nIv ]`m-j-W-Ie CjvS-s∏-ń-cp-∂ -Im-e-L-´-Ønse a\p-jysc ]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ D]m-[n-I-sfms° Kn-KdnXs‚ ]kw-K-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. ]`m-j-WI-e-bn¬ -Ko°v ]`m-j-I-cpsS ]n≥Xp-S¿®-bmbn At±lw apº-¥n-bn¬ \nev°p-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ ]kw-K-ßƒ A[nIw sshImsX ]`m-j-W-I-e-bpsS ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fmbn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ahbv°v ]e ]Xn-∏p-IƒD≠m-bn. 399/400-˛¬ dpô-\kv H≥]Xv ]kw-K-ßƒ eØo-\-n-te°v

XpS¿∂v t_kn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnepw KnKdn Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnepw ]e-kvXo-\--bnse tIk-dn-bm-bnepw ]Tn-°m≥ t]mbn. ]n∂oSvB-Y≥kn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ FØn-b-t∏mƒ t_kn-ep-am-bn D‰ kvt\l_-‘w]pe¿Øn. t_kn¬ 379-˛¬ acn-®-t∏mƒ KnKdn sNbvX Nc-a-]-kw-K-Øn¬ A∂sØ BY≥knse hnZym-`ym-k-co-Xn-bpsS Hcp hnh-cWw\¬Ip-∂p-. 375-˛¬ Ccp-hcpw \mń¬ Xncn-sI-sb-Øn.

BY≥kv hn´ t_kn¬ t]m¥p-kn¬ k\ym-k-Po-hnXw XpS-ßn.-Kn-Kdn ]e -]m-hiyw t_kn-ens\ kµ¿in-°p-I-bpw -h-fsc kabwsNe-h-gn°pIbpw sNbvXp. t_kn-ep-sam-Øp≈ k\ym-k-Pn-hnXw KnK-dn- C-jvS-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ Xs‚ hm¿[-Iy-Im-eØv aIs\ klm-bn-bmbnIn´W-sa∂v KnK-dn-bpsS -]n-Xmhv BK-ln-®p. ÿesØ P\-ßfpw CXw-Ko-I-cn-®p. AX-\p-k-cn®v KnK-dn-bp-sS ]nXmhv At±-lsØ 362-˛¬ sshZn-I-\mbn hmgn-®p.- F-∂m¬ KnK-dn°v CXv CjvS-s∏-ń-√. Cu ISpw-ssI-bvs°-Xnsc `b-hn-lz-e-\mbn At±lw Ahn-sS- \n-∂v -H-fn-t®mSn t_kn-ens‚ ]°¬- A-`bw tXSn. F∂m¬ Xs‚ IS-a-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈ -Nn-¥-bpw P\Øns‚ \n¿_‘hpw \nanØw GXm≠v Hcp h¿jw- I-gn™vAt±lw Xncn-s®Øn ]nXm-hns\ klm-bn-®p- sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. At∏m-tg°pw saXm-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ t_kn¬ 371-- ˛ ¬ KnKdnsb -sa-Xm-\m°nkmknam F∂- cq-]X G¬]n-®p. F∂m¬ KnK-dn-°v- AXv CjvS-s∏-ń-√.-cq-]-Xm-`-c-Ww -G-s‰-Sp-°m≥ -A-hnsS t]mb-Xp-an-√. ]Xyp-X, Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS Xma-kn-®p -sIm≠v cq]-Xm-`-c-W-Øn¬ klm-bn-®p -sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ]nXmhv 374-˛¬ acn-®-t∏mƒ, KnKdn, \kym≥kpkv cq]-XbpsS-`-cWw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. B cq]-X-bpsS t]cp- tN¿ØmWv KnKdn \kym≥k≥- F∂v At±-lsØ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp h¿jw Ign™v ]q¿W-ambn[ym\-\n-c-X-ambn Pohn°m≥ Cku-cn-bm-bnse skeq-jy-bn-te°vAt±lw ]n≥hm-ßn.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ \n∂v 379-˛¬ kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb Iptd-t∏¿ KnK-dn-bpsS ]°-se-Øn.- A-hn-SpsØ k`sb Ias∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈Blzm\w At±lw kzoI-cn-®p. At∏mgpw ]e- hn-[-Øn-ep≈ Bcn-b≥Nn¥m-K-Xn- ]pe¿Ønb P\-ßfpw Ah-cpsS CS-b-∑mcpw ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Xe-ÿm-\sØ an°- k-`m-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw Bcn-b≥]£-°m-cpsS ssII-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Kn-Kdn Xs‚ Hcp _‘p-hns‚ hoń¬Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v Bcn-b≥ ]£-]m-Xn-Isf ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-te°vsIm≠p-h-cm≥ ian-®p. Xs‚ _‘p-hns‚ `h\w A\-kvXm-kn-bm(-D-∞m-\w) F∂- t]-cn¬ IqZm-i -sNbvXv Hcp ]≈n-bm-°n -am-‰n. ]kw-K-

hn.KnKdn \kym≥k≥hn.KnKdn \kym≥k≥

128 129

ssZh-imkvXw

t_kn-en-t\m-Sm-Wv KnK-dn-bp-sS ssZh-im-kv-X -I-S-∏mSv. I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ aqh-cpw Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂-Xv GXm≠v Htc -co-Xn-bn-emW.vF∂m¬ t_kn-ens‚ Nn¥-bn¬ \ns∂mcp hf¿® -kv]-jvS-ambn KnK-dn-bn¬ ImWmw.

1. -XnXzw

XnXz-c-lkyw A]-K-Yn-°m\pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw At±lw XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc ]cn-i-an-°p-∂p.- an-°-hmdpw F√m ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ß-fn-epw- Xn-Xz-Nn¥ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. kv\m\w kw_-‘n-® -]-kw-K-Øn¬ (40,41) XnXz-sØ-∏‰n C]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: “PohnXw apgp-h-\p-ap≈ hgn-Im-ńbpwkwc-£-I-\p-ambn Cu hnizm-k-]-amWw Rm≥ \nßƒ°v \¬Ip-∂p.-Htc Hcp ssZh-Xzhpw Htc Hcp i‡n-bpw- aq-∂nse GI-Xz-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p. aq∂pw -sh-t∆sd Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.- kz-`m-h-Ønepw kmcmw-i-ØnepwXpey-am-Wv.- Iq-ń-t®¿°¬ sImt≠m shń-am-‰w -sImt≠m G‰-°p-d-®n¬kw`-hn-°p-∂n-√.- F-√m-‰nepw Xpey-X-bp-≈-h¿.- F-√m-Ø-c-Ønepw HtcHcp -ssZ-hw.- B-Im-i-Øns‚ \∑bpw BIm-i-Øns‚ at\m-lm-cn-XbpwH∂m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp -t]mse Xs∂. aq∂v A\-¥-X-I-fpsS A\-¥-ambsFIyw. H‰bv°v Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ssZh-am-Ip-∂p.- ]n-Xmhv ssZh-am-Ip-∂Xp-t]mse ]pX\pw, ]pX≥ ssZ-h-am-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhpwssZh-am-Ip-∂p. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw hyXy--kvX-cm-°p-∂Xv Ah-c-h-cpsShy‡n-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-f-tX.- H-∂mbn [ym\n-°p-tºmƒ Xn-tb-I-ssZ-hw.- k-a-k-Ø- hgn Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ssZh-am-Wv. -sam-Wm¿°nb\nanØw Hcp -ssZ-hw. Cu hnizm-k-]-amWw hgn Bcn-b-kn-s‚bpw ks_-√n-b-kn-s‚bpw A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ßsf Hgnhm-°mw. -aq∂v hy‡n-Xz-ßƒAYhm lypt∏m-kvX-kn-kp-Iƒ. \nßƒ°v Xm¬]-cy-sa-¶n¬ t]mtkm-∏m-Iƒ F∂p- hn-fn-®psIm-≈p. kne-_n-fp-Iƒ°v Htc A¿Y-a-m-sW-¶n¬\mw t]cp-I-sf-s®m√n X¿°n-°p-∂n-√.- F-∂m¬ k-Ø-bn¬ -H-∂p-am-Xw.AXmb-Xv, ssZh-Xzw. -A-h¿ hn`-P\w IqSm-sX- th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ ]d-bm≥ km[n-°p-sa-¶n¬. Ah¿ hn-`-P-\-Øn¬ H∂m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- Im-c-Ww, ssZhXzw aq∂n¬- H-∂m-Wv. aq∂m-bn-cn-°p∂ ssZhXzwH∂m-Wv.- Ip-td-°qSn IrXy-ambn ]d-™m¬- A-h¿ ssZh-Xz-am-Wv.- A-Xn-i-tbm-‡n-Ifpw Ipd-hp-I-fpw \mw X≈n-°-f-bp-∂p. sFIysØ \mwIe¿∏m-°p-∂n-√.- _lp-XzsØ am‰-am-°p-∂n-√.- k-s_-√n-b-kns‚ IqSn-°p-g-®n-en¬ \n∂pw Bcn-b-kns‚ hn`-P-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw \mw AI-∂p-am-dp-∂p. c≠pw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-fmb Xn∑-I-fm-Wv.- Zp-jvS-X-bn¬ c≠pw

hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. A¿ta-\n-b≥, tIm]vXn-Iv, tPm¿Pn-b≥, Ad-_n-,-F-tXym-]y≥ hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ e`y-am-Wv.

(1)- A©v ssZh-im-kvX-]-kw-K-ßƒ: tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v380-˛¬ sNbvX Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ At±-l-Øn\v ssZh-im-kv-X-⁄≥F∂ t]cv t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp. Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc \nJym-bpsS ]t_m-[\w Ch-bn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p (-]-kwKw 27-˛31).

(2) saXm≥ÿm\w kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]kw-K-hpw (20)- Xm¿°n-I¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]kw-K-hpw (32). -hm-Z-tIm-em-l-e-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-hscimkn-®p- sIm-≠p≈- Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ XnXz-kw-_-‘-amb ]t_m-[\why‡-am-°p-∂p.

(3) Pqen-b-s\-Xnsc c≠v ]kw-K-ßƒ (4-˛5): BY≥kn¬h®v KnK-dn°v Pqen-bs\ t\cn-´-dn-bmambn-cp∂p.

(4) kvXpXn-]-`m-j-W-ßƒ: Inkva-kv, -Z-\-lm,- Iyw-Xm,- ]p-Xp-Rm-b¿,- s]-¥n-t°mkvXn XpS-ßnb en‰¿Pn-°¬ kµ¿ -ß-fn-te-°p-≈-h-bmWvNne-Xv. a‰v Nn-e-Xv a-°-_m-b¿, kn]n-bm≥,- A-Ø-\m-tkymk,v amIvkn-apkv XpS-ßn-b-hsc kvXpXn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-Wv.- th-sdm-cp- hn-`mKw Nca-]-kw-K-ß-fm-Wv: Xs‚ ]nXm-hmb KnK-dn, ktlm-Z-c≥ sNkm-dn-bp-kv,-k-tlm-Zcn sKm¿tKm-Wnb, kvt\ln-X-\mb t_kn¬ F∂n-h-cpsS Nc-am-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ sNbvX ]kw-K-ßƒ.

(5) kmµ¿`nI ]kw-K-ßƒ: hnhn[ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ sN-bvX-h.

2.- I-hn-X-Iƒ

KnKdn Xs‚ Pohn-Xm-h-km-\-amWv Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.\m\q-tdmfw Ihn-X-Iƒ \-ap-°v In-ń-bn-´p-≠v. ]e Ihn-X-Ifpw hfscat\m-l-c-am-Wv.- A-s∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b≥ -A-_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I¿ ]-Zy--cq-]Øn¬]mj-WvU-X -]-c-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.- A-hsc t\cn-Sm-\mWv At±lw CØ-cw -Hcp kao-]\w kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Cu Ime-ØmWv am¿ -At]w A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I¿°v F-Xn-sc- ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®Xv.-

3.- I-Øp-Iƒ

IØp-I-fpsS Hcp -k-am-lmcw BZy-ambn ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Ko°v Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ KnK-dn-bm-Wv.- Xs‚ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS ]uX-\mb \nt°m-_p-fp-kns‚ Bh-iy-]Im-c-amWv At±lw Cßs\ sNbvX-Xv.- I-sØ-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nb-a-ßfpw kmµ¿`n-I-ambn At±lw ]d-bp-∂p-.- \-√- I-Øvlkz-hpw -hy-‡-hpw -B-kzm-ZyIchpw efn-X-hp-am-bn-cn-°Ww.- At±-l-Øns‚ IØp-Iƒ hfsc i≤m-]q¿hw Fgp-X-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.


130 131

ssZh-amtWm? Xo¿®-bm-bpw. -A-ß-s\- BsW-¶n¬ Ahn-Sp∂v ka-k-Ø-bmtWm? ssZh-am-sW-¶n¬ -A-tX” (-]-kwKw, 31,10).- ]-cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv ssZhn-I-]-≤Xn A\p-k-cn-®mWv: “]g-b-\n-baw ]nXm-hns\ hy‡-ambpw ]pXs\ Ahy-‡-ambpw ]Jym-]n-®p. -]p-Xn-b-\n-baw ]pXs\ hy‡-ambn shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn.F∂m¬ ]-cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ssZhXzw kw_-‘n®v kqNn-∏n-®-tX-bp-≈p.-C-t∏mƒ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv \ΩpsS CS-bn¬ hkn-°p-Ibpw Xs∂-∏-‰n-bp≈shfn-]mSv \ap°v Dd-∏m-°n-Ø-cn-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p. ]nXm-hns‚ ssZhXzwAwKo-I-cn-°m-Øn-S-tØmfw Imew ]pX-t‚Xv ]c-ky-ambn ]t_m-[n-∏n-°pI kpc-£n-X-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- CXv AwKo-I-cn-°msX ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s‚ \pIw ˛ A-ßs\ ]d-bm-sa-¶n¬-˛-sI-ń-h-bv°pI kpc-£n-X-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p” (-]-kwKw, 31,26).

2.- In-kvXp-imkvXw

KnK-dn-bpsS hN-\-kw-_‘-amb ]t_m-[\w hfsc hy‡-am-Wv.Ft^-tkm-kv(431), Im¬kn-U¨ (451) kn\-Up-Iƒ AXv AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-ap-≠v. tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw At±lwkv]jvS-ambn ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hnhn[ Bcn-b≥ hn`m-K-°m-cpsS A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ßsf JWvUn-°p-I-bpw- A-t\-Isc kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-te°vsIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. KnKdn s¢tZm-Wn-b-kn-\-b-®- IØv InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn¬ Hcp \mgn-I-°-√m-Wv (te-J\w 101). Xn-Xz-kw-_-‘-amb]Z-ßƒ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn¬ -B-Zy-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv At±-l-amWv:“Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ H∂v as‰m-∂n¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambh sIm≠mWvc£-I≥- cq]o-Ir-X-\m-bXv.- Im-c-Ww, Zriyhpw AZr-iyhpw H∂-√-t√m.-Im-e-Øn-\v- A-Xo-Xhpw Ime-Øn\v hnt[-bhpw H∂-√-t√m.- F-∂m¬- A-hn-Sp∂v c≠v hy‡n-I-f-√, Hcn-°-ep-a-√.- ssZ-h-Xzw a\p-jy-\mbn Xocp-∂p.- a-\p-jyXzw ssZho-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. As√-¶n¬ a\pjy\v ]d-bm-hp∂at‰-sX-¶nepw coXn-bn¬, tbmPn-∏p-hgn Ccp-kz-`m-h-ßfpw H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.- hy-Xy-kvX-am-bh F∂p Rm≥ ]d-™-Xv, XnXz-Øn-ep≈-Xns‚hn]-co-X-am-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv.- A-hnsS aq∂m-fp-I-fmbn \mw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p.-lyp-t∏m-kvX-kn-kp-Iƒ XΩn¬ Iqń-°p-g-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.- A-hnsS hyXy-kvX-am-b-h-b-√.- Im-c-Ww,- ssZ-h-Xz-Øn¬ aq∂pw H∂p -X-s∂-bmWv ”(te-J\w, 101). tbip-In-kvXp-hn\v a\p-jym-flmhpw a\p-jy-a-\kpw D≠v.-Im-cWw Ahn-Sp∂v ]q¿W-a-\p-jy-\mWv. hN\w a\p-jym-flm-hns‚ÿm\w -F-SpØp F∂ As∏-m≈n-\m-cn-b≥ Nn¥ KnKdn kzoI-cn°p∂n√.tbip-In-kvXp c≠p-kz- m-h-ß-fp≈ GI-bmfmsW∂v At±lw ]Tn-∏n®p.

Xpey-am-Wv.- ssZ-hsØ A_-≤-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v Iqń-°p-g-bv°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw Xpey-X-bn-√mØ \ne-bn¬ shń-ap-dn°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw Bh-iy-sa-¥mWv?” (]kwKw, 39,11).

ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Xzw, XnXz-Ønse aq∂m-fp-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep≈ _‘wF∂nh hfsc hy‡-ambpw IrXy-ambpw At±lw hc-®p-Im- p-∂p. ks_-√n-b≥ samWm¿°n-b-\n-k-Øn\pw Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn\pw CS-bv°p- Iq-Sn-bp≈ bmX A]-ISw ]nSn-®-Xm-Wv. A]-ISw IqSmsX Hcp-]m-X -sX-fn®v381-˛se kn\-Un\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xn¬ At±-l-Øn\v \√- ]-¶p-≠v.- “]n-Xm-hv P\n-®-h-\-√, ]pX≥ P\n-®-h-\m-Wv,- ]-cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p.Cu ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-Øn¬ amX-amWv aq∂m-fpIƒ XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≈-Xv.- a-s‰m-∂n-ep-an-√” (-]-kwKw, 30,19).- ]p-d-∏mSv F∂ -]Zw KnK-dn-bpsSkw`m-h-\-bm-Wv.- “]n-Xm-hn¬\n∂v Imem-cw-`-Øn-\p-apºv ]pX≥ P\n-®-Xp -t]m-se-b√ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ]pd-∏m-Sv. ]nXmhv ]nXmhpw D¤-h-c-ln-X-\p-am-Wv. Imc-Ww, Ahn-Sp∂v Bcn¬ \n∂p-a-√.- ]p-X≥ ]pX-\mWv.-D-¤-h-c-ln-X-\-√.- Im-cWw, Ahn-Sp∂v ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂m-Wv. D¤hw F∂-hm°v Imen-Im¿Y-Øn¬ a\-kn-em-°nbm¬ ]pX\pw D¤-h-c-ln-X-\m-Wv.-Im-c-Ww-, k-a-b-Øns‚ \n¿am-Xm-hmWv Ahn-Sp-∂v. Ahn-Sp∂v ka-b-Øn\vhnt[-b-\p-a-√.- ]-cn-ip-≤m-flmhv kXym-flm-hm-Wv. Ahn-Sp∂v bYm¿Y-Øn¬]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v hcp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ ]pX-s\-t∏m-se-b-√. -P-\\w hgn-b-√.-]p-d-∏m-Sp- h-gn-bm-Wv.- hy-‡-X-bv°p- th≠n Rm≥ Hcp ]Zw D≠m-°p-I-bm-Wv. P\n-∏n-°¬ hgn ]nXmhv P\\w C√m-Ø-h-≥ A√m-Xmbn Xocp-∂n-√.- P-\\w C√m-Ø-h-\n¬ \n∂v BI-bm¬ ]p-X≥ P\n-®-h≥ A√m-Xmbn Xocp-∂n-√.- ]-cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]nXmthm ]pXt\mBbn amdp-∂n-√. -Im-c-Ww, Ah\pw ssZh-am-Wv.- \n-co-iz-c-∑m¿ amXwCXv \ntj-[n-°p-∂p” (-]-kwKw, 39,12).

]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ssZhXzw kw_-‘n-®v -A-t±lw kv]jvS-ambn]Tn-∏n-®p. 372-˛se Hcp ]kw-K-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ ssZhwF∂v At±lw hnfn-°p-∂p (tXm ]vs\hpam lmKn-tbm≥ Imbv sXtbm-kv): “hnf°v FX-\mƒ ]d-bpsS Iogn¬ Hfn-®p- h-bv°m-\mhpw? FX-\mƒ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ssZhXzsØ°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hv a-‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂v ad-®p -hbv°pw? Zo]w hnf-°p-X-≠n-t∑-etX hbvt°-≠-Xv.- A-ßs\AXv F√m k`-Iƒ°pw Bflm-°ƒ°pw temIw apgp-h\pw D]-a-I-fn¬IqSntbm Ae-¶m-c- ]-tbm-K-ß-fn-eq-sStbm A√, IrXy-amb ]Jym-]\whgn ]Imiw \¬Ipw” (]-kwKw, 12,6). A©mw- ssZ-h-im-kvX -]-kwKw]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰n--bm-Wv. A-Xn¬ -A-t±lw ]d-bp∂p: “Bflmhv


132 133

hmWv.- Xs‚ ac-W-Øm¬ Ah≥ ac-WsØ \in-∏n-®p.- A-h≥ kw-kv°-cn-°-s∏-´p; F∂m¬ -A-h≥ D∞m-\w -sN-bvXp. Ah≥ ]mXm-f-Øn-te-°p t]mbn;- F-∂m¬ hn[n-°-s∏-´-h-sc -A-h≥ c£n-°p∂p” (]-kwKw,29,19-˛20).

3. -I-\y-I-a-dnbw

ssZh-am-Xmhv (sX-sbm-tXm-t°m-kv) F∂ ]Zw KnK-dn-bpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ ImWmw. At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ Cu ]Zw kXy-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ Dc-I-√m-bn-cp-∂p (-]-kwKw, 43,62).- “]-cn-ip-≤- a-dnbw ssZh-am-Xm-hm-sW∂v hniz-kn-°m-Ø-h¿ ssZh-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v hntO-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.-In-kvXp, adn-b-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp I\m-en-eq-sS- F-∂-hÆw IS-∂p-t]m-cp-Itb sNbvXp-≈p-sh∂pw ssZhn-Ihpw am\p-jn-I-hp-amb coXn-bn¬ Ah-fn¬ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-s√∂pw ]d-bp-∂-h¿ \mkvXn-I-cm-Ip-∂p.- ]p-cp-j-kw-k¿Kw IqSmsX Bb-Xn-\m¬ ssZhn-Iw;- ]-Ir-Xn-\n-b-aw A-\p-k-cn-®m-b-Xn-\m¬ am\p-jn-Iw. -a-\p-jyXzw BZyw Dcp-hm-sb∂pw ssZhXzw]ns∂ [cn-∏n-°-s∏-s´∂pw ]d-bp-∂-h-scbpw i]n-°-Ww. Imc-Ww,-A-]-Im-c-ap≈Xv ssZhn-I-P-\\w Bbn-cn-°-bn-√; AXn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb H∂m-bn-cn-°pw.- ]n-Xm-hmb ssZh-Øns‚ ]pX≥, AΩ-bp-sSaI≥ F∂n-ßs\ c≠p- ]p--X-∑m¿ -F∂v ]Ncn∏n®v, sFIy-sØbpwXmZm-fly-sØbpw Xmd-Sn-°p-∂-h¿, icn-bmbn hniz-kn-°p∂-h¿°vhmKvZm\w sNø-s∏-ń-´p≈ ZØp-]p-X-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ mK-`m-KnXzw \jvS-am-°n-tb-°mw.- A-Xp-t]mse, InkvXp-hns‚ icocw Cl-Øn¬ \n∂-s√∂pw kz¿K-Øn¬ \n∂v h∂-Xm-sW∂pw \Ωp-tS-Xp- t]m-se-b--√, A-Xn-\p-]-cn-ÿ-am-sW∂pw ]d-bp-∂-hcpw i]n-°-s∏-tS≠hcm-Wv. a\p-jy-a-\kp IqSmØ Hcp a\p-jy≥ F∂- \n-e-bn¬ Ah-\n¬ Bi-bw-h-bv°p-∂-h¿ hnUvVn-Ifpw c£bv°v A\¿l-cp-am-Ip-∂p.- Im-c-Ww, Xm≥FSp-°m-ØXv Ahn-Sp∂v kuJy-am-°n-bn-√.; a-dn-®v, Xs‚ ssZh-Xz-tØmSvsF-Iy-s∏-´-sXms° c£n-°-s∏-´p (-te-J\w, 101,4-˛6).

4. -Ip¿_m\

Ip¿_m\ _en-bm-sW-∂v KnK-dn- kv]-jvS-ambn ]Tn-∏n-®p.- C-t°m-Wn-b-Ønse Bw^n-tem-°n-b-kn-s\-gp-Xn-b -I-Øn¬- A-t±lw ]d-bp∂p:“I¿Øm-hns\ [ym\n-°p∂ ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ \mhv tcm-Kn-sb- ku-Jy-am-°p-∂p.- A-ß-s\-sb-¶n¬, Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n®v Fs‚ ITn-\-]m-]-ßƒ\o-°n-°-f-bp-I.- D-∞m-\-_-en-b¿∏n®v Cu alm-Im-cyw- sN-øp-I. G‰-hpw-]q-Py-\m-b -kvt\-ln-Xm,- F-\n-°p-th≠n ]m¿Yn-°p-∂-Xnepw am[yÿywhln-°p-∂-Xnepw \n∂v ]n¥n-cn-b-cp-Xv. -\ns‚ hm°p-sIm-≠v h-N-\sØ

ASp-Ø- X-e-ap-d-bn¬s]-´- Nn-e¿- C-Xp- a-\-kn-em-°msX GI-kz-`m-h-]m-j-WvU-X-bn¬ \n]-Xn-®p. t]¿jy≥ k-`-bn¬ KnKdn hen-b -kzm-[o\wsNep-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. s\kvtXm-dn-bkv Xs∂bpw KnK-dn-bpsS IrXn-I-fn¬\n∂v D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®p- sNbvX Hcp -]-kw-K-Øn¬ InkvXp-hn-s\-∏‰n KnKdn ]Xn-]m-Zn-®h Znkz-`mh InkvXp-im-kvX-Øns‚ DØa-Zr-jvSm-¥-amWv: “InkvXp P\n-®p.- F-∂m¬- A-h≥ aptº Xs∂ P\n-∏n-°-s∏- -h-\m--Wv. Ah≥- Hcp kvXo-bn¬ \n∂p P\n-®p.- F-∂m¬- A-hƒI-\y-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p...- A-h≥ ]n≈-°-®-I-fm¬ Np‰-s∏-´p.- A-h≥ D∞m\wsNbvX-t∏mƒ I-√-d-bnse I®-Iƒ am‰n-h-®p. Ah≥ ]p¬sØm-ń-bn¬InS-∂p.- F-∂m¬ amem-J-am-¿ Ahs\ al-Xzo-I-cn-®p. \£Xw Ah-s\-]-tLm-jn-®p. hnZzm-∑m¿ Ahs\ Bcm-[n-®p. blq-Z-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬Ah\v cq]hpw kuµ-cyhpw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Zmho-Zn-\m-IsÁh≥ a\p-jy-a-°-fn¬ G‰hpw kpµ-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bn¬ Ah≥an∂¬t]mse tim`n-®p.- `m-hn-c-l-ky-ß-fn-te°v \sΩ B\o-X-cm-°n-s°m≠v kqcy-t\-°mƒ tim`-tbdn-b-h-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p.”

“a\p-jy-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah≥ kv\m\w kzoI-cn-®p; ssZhw F∂\ne-bn¬ A-h≥ ]m]w t]m°n. -a-\p-jy-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah≥ ]-co-£n-°-s∏-´p;- ssZhw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah≥ AXns\ Iog-S-°n. Ah\vhni-∂p; F-∂m¬ Ah≥ Bbn-c-ßsf kwXr-]vX-\m-°n.- A-h\v Zmln-®p;- F-∂m¬ Zmln-°p-∂-h¿ Fs‚ ]°¬ h∂v IpSn-°s´ F∂v Ah≥-A-´-l-kn-®p.- A-h≥ hnh-i-\m-bn;- F-∂m¬ ZpxJn-X-cp-sSbpw `mcw hln-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw Bizm-k-am-W-h≥.”

“Ah≥ ]m¿Yn-°p-∂p; F-∂m¬- A-h≥ ]m¿Y-\- tIƒ°p-∂p.-A-h≥ Ic-™p;- F-∂m¬- A-h≥ IÆo-scm-∏p-∂p.- em-k-dns\ Fhn-sS-h-®p- F∂v a\p-jy-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahn-Sp∂v Bcm-™p;- A-hn-Sp∂vssZh-am-b-Xn-\m¬ -A-hs\ Db¿∏n-°p-∂p... sh´p-hm-\p≈ BSp-t]mseAh≥- B-\o-X-\m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p; F-∂m¬ Ah≥ Ckm-tb-en-s‚-bpwtemIw apgp-h-s‚bpw CS-b-\m-Ip-∂p.- A-h-s\ -Ah¿ IpØn- ap-dn-th¬∏n-®p; F-∂m¬ Ah≥ F√m tcmKhpw thZ-\bpw kuJy-am-°p-∂p.- A-hs\ Ah¿ Db¿Øn ac-Øn-t∑¬ Xd®p; F∂m¬ Po-h-hr-£-Øm¬-A-h≥ \sΩ hos≠-Sp-Øp...- A-h≥ Xs‚ Poh≥- A¿∏n-®p; F-∂m¬-AXv ho≠pw FSp-°m≥ Ah-\v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. -kz¿K-Øns‚ cl-ky-I-hm-S-ßƒ Xpd-°-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ hmXn¬ad Iodn-t∏m-bn. ]md ]nf¿∂p. -a-cn-®-h¿ Db¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰p. Ah≥ acn-®p; -F-∂m¬ Ah≥ Poh-Zm-Xm-


134 135

\mw A‘-Im-c-Øn-te°p bmX-sN-øp-∂p.- Hcp Zo]hpw AhnsSßpwImWm-\n-√.- In-kvXp -D-d-ßn- In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv.- \-ap°v F¥v kw`-hn°pw?ac-W-am-Ip∂ hnSp-X-e-√msX Cu sISp-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Rm≥ Hcp tamN-\hpw tXSp-∂n-√.- C-hn-sS-bp-≈ -kw-K-Xn-If\p-k-cn®v Rm≥ hn[n-°-bm-sW-¶n¬, ih-°p-gn°v A∏p-d-Øp-≈-hsb Ipdn®v Rm≥ ]cn-`m-¥-\m-Ip-∂p” (-te-J\w,80).

KnK-dn -tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Bbn-cp∂-t∏mƒ Bcn-b¿ -A-t±-lsØ i‡n-bmbn FXn¿Øp: “a‰m-fp-I-fpsS t\tc Ah¿ tdmkm-]pjv]w hnX-dp-∂p.- F-∂m¬- Fs‚ t\tc I√p-I-fpw” F∂v At±lw]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse i_vZm-b-am-\hpw Nc-Sp-h-en-Iƒ \nd-™-Xp-amb PohnXw At±lw CjvS-s∏-ń-√.- IqSmsX Nne¿At±-lsØ FXn¿°pI -Iq-Sn- sN-bvX-t∏mƒ AhnsS XpS-cm≥- A-t±lwBK-ln-®n-√.- A-hnsS \n∂v cmPn-h®v t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p -apºv At±lw HcphnS-hm-ßƒ ]kwKw \SØn. ]kw-K-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ t\tc hn]-co-Xm¿Y-amWv Bcw-`-Øn¬ -A-t±-lw -D-t±-in-°p∂sX-∂p- hy‡w: “\mwapºv sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se, \ΩpsS hn`-h-k-ar-≤-amb `£-W-ta-ibpwh¿W-i-_-f-amb hkv-X-ßfpw s]mXp- ]-Z¿i-\-ßfpw \sΩ kµ¿in-°p-∂-h-tcm-Sp≈ Ah⁄ -\n-d-™- s]-cp-am-‰hpw aqew \mw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-t -°mw. Xß-fpsS hcp-am\w sNe-hm-°m≥ Hcp am¿Khpw C√mØtIm¨kpƒam¿, Kh¿W¿am¿,- P-\-d¬am¿ XpS-ßn-b-hsc \mw IS-Øn-sh- -W-sa∂v F\n-°-dn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. As√-¶n¬ ]mh-s∏- -h-cp-sS -h-kvXp-h-I-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°m\pw Ah¿°m-h-iy-am-b-h -\-ΩpsS kpJ-t`m-K-h-kvXp-°ƒ°mbn sNe-h-gn-°m\pw _en-]o-T-Øn-te°v Ia-gv∂p- In-S∂vGº°w hnSm\pw \Ωp-sS- h-b¿ AXym¿Øn Im´-W-sa∂v Rm≥- A-dn-™n-cp-∂n-√.- A-e-¶-cn-°-s∏-´- Ip-Xn-c-∏p-dØv bmX- sN-ø-W-sa∂pwhninjvS -c-Y-ß-fn¬ kwh-ln-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂pw P\-tIm-Sn-Iƒ \-Ωp-sS-ap-ºn¬ t]mI-W-sa∂pw Iø-Sn-°p-∂-h-cm¬ Np‰-s∏-S-W-sa∂pw h\y-ar-K-ßsf F∂-hÆw a‰p-≈-h¿ \ap°v hgn-am-dn-Ø∂v \ΩpsS hchv Zqsc-\n-∂pXs∂ ImWm≥ kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw Rm≥ Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√. CXmWv Rm≥ sN-bvX- sXs‰-¶n¬ AsXms° Ign-™-Im-e- kw-`-h-ßfmbn Icp-Xn-s°m-≈p-hn≥. Cu sX‰v- F-t∂mSv £an-°p-hn≥. `qcn-]-£sØ kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p∂ Hcmsf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hn≥.- F-\n°v Fs‚acp-`q-anbpw Kma-Øn-se -Po-hn-Xhpw Fs‚ ssZh-sØbpw Xt∂-°q.F\n°v Ahs\ amXw ]-km-Zn-∏n-®m¬ aXn-b-t√m.- Fs‚ kc-f-Po-hnXw hgn Rm≥ Ahs\ ]km-Zn-∏n-°pw.”

\o hnfn-®-Sp-∏n-°p-tºmgpw c‡-c-ln-X-amb apdn-°¬hgn I¿Xr-i-cocw]¶n-Sp-tºmgpw Fs∂ A\p-kva-cn-°pI” (te-J\w, 171).

KnKdn F∂ hy‡n

KnKdn cq]-Øn¬ Hcp sNdn-b- a-\pjy-\m-bn-cp∂p. I-j-≠n-Ø-e-b\pw P\-a-[y-Øn¬ \n∂v Hfn-t®m-Sm≥ XnSp°w Imń-s°m--≠n-cp-∂-h\pwAtX-k-abw I¿a-\n-c-X\pw Bbn-cp-∂p.- \o-≠ -sN-ºn® aoibpw AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-t∏mse sNºn-®- ]p-cn-Ihpw Np°n-®p-fp-ßnb apJhpw\nc-¥-c-th-Z\ kv]pcn-°p∂ apJ-`m-h-ßfpw D]-hm-khpw PmK-c-WhpwsIm≠v hncq-]-amb ]Ir-Xnbpw Bbn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xv. hfscZcn-Z-Po-hnXw \bn® At±lw hkvX-[m-c-W-Øn¬ A¬∏w-t]mepw i≤n-®n-√.- kw-km-c-Øn¬ Ipeo-\-ssien ]pe¿Øn-bn-√. hfsc thK-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p kwkm-c-co-Xn.- ^-en-X-]n-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p. DS≥ Xn-cn-®-Sn-°pI At±-l-Øns‚ ]Ir-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. an° -a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpw -a-[y-Øn¬ At±lwAk-¥p-jvS-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- tem-I-Øn¬ \n∂v AI∂v Pohn-°m≥- B-K-ln-®p. Ko°p -]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ ]-Zy-cq-]-Øn¬ IrXn-sb-gp-Xnb BZy-sØ-bmƒ At±-l-am-Wv.

Ggp -h-b- p-≈-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øn\v Hcp -kz-]v\-ap-≠m-bn. Xs‚InS-°-bv°v kao]w c≠p kvXoIƒ \o≠ sh≈-h-kvX-ßƒ [cn®v\n¬°p-∂-Xm-bn At±lw I≠p. Ah¿ intcm-hkvXw [cn®n-cp-∂p.-hn-ip-≤n-sb∂pw Nmcn-Xyw- F∂pamWv Xß-fp-sS -t]-cp-I-sf∂v Ah¿-A-dn-bn-®p.- X-ß-f-psSIqsS tNcm≥ Blzm-\w- sN-bvXn´v Ah¿ ad-™p-t]m-bn.- B -kz]v\w At±-lsØ hfsc kzm[o-\n-®p. AXn-\p- tijwAt±lw InkvXp-hn\v kzbw ka¿∏n-®p.

t_kn-ep-am-bp≈ kvt\l-_‘w Pohn-X-Imew apgp≥ \ne-\n-∂p.-t_-kn-en-s‚bpw Xs‚ ]nb-s∏-´-h-cp-sSbpw ac-Ww- Kn-K-dn-bn¬ I\-Ø-B-Lm-Xw- G¬∏n-®p. kvt\ln-X-\mb Fhp-tUm-Ivkn-bp-kn\v -A-t±lwF-gpXp∂p: “F\n°v kpJ-amtWm F∂v \o Bcm-™-t√m. Rm≥ ]d-bmw. -th-Z\ \nd-™p- I-hn-s™m-gp-Ip∂ ]m\-]m-X-amWv Rm≥. -t_-kn¬- F-\n°p \jvS-s∏--´p.- amw-k-Ønepw Acq-]n-bnepw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-c-\m-bn-cp-∂ sNkm-cnbpkv F\n°p \jvS-s∏-´p.- k-¶o¿Ø-I-t\m-Sp-IqsSRm≥ ]d-bp∂p: Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Fs∂- D-t]-£n-®-t∏mƒ... (27,10).-Fs‚ Btcm-Kyw -\-in-®p.- hm¿[Iyw Fs‚ Xe-bv°p -aotX Xqßn-°n-S-°p-∂p.- _-lp-hn-[ -]-cym-Ip-e-X-I-fm¬ Rm≥ aqS-s∏-Sp-∂p.- Fs‚ kvt\ln-X¿ Ahn-iz-kvX-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. k`bv°v CS-b≥- C-√m-Xm-bn.- F√m_lp-am-\hpw \jvS-s∏-´p. Xn∑ -\-·-ambn \ΩpsS apºn¬ In-S-°p-∂p.


136 137

apI-fn¬ knwlm-k\w k÷-am-°s∏-Spw. AXv a‰-Xn-t\-°mƒ tijvThpwkpc-£n-X-hp-am-Wv. -A-h-km-\-am-bn, -F-∂m¬- G-‰hpw ][m-\-ambn, Rm≥hnfn-®p- ]-dbpw: Cu k`-bp-sSbpw Fs‚ km∂n-[y-Øn-s‚bpw Xo¿Ym-S-\-Øn-s‚bpw kwc-£-I-cmb amem-J-am-tc,- kz-kvXn. Imc-Ww, \ΩpsSka-kvX -kw-K-Xn-Ifpw ssZh-Xr-°-c-ß-fn-em-W-t√m.- Fs‚ [ym\hpwFs‚ al-Xz-hp-am-b Xn-Xz-ta,- kz-kvXn. -C-hn-sS-bp-≈-h¿ \ns∂ kwc-£n-°-s´. Fs‚ P\sØ kwc-£n-°-s´.- Im-c-Ww,- F-\n°v thsdm-cn-SØv Bÿm\w e`n-®mepw Ch¿ -F-t‚-Xm-Wv. \o hN-\-Ønepw ]hr-Øn-bnepw kZm al-Xzo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-h-\pw- D-b¿Ø-s∏-´-h-\p-amsW∂vRm≥ Kln-°-s´” (-]-kwKw, 42,26-˛27).

saXm-∑m-cpsS tbmK-ß-sf-∏‰n KnK-dn°v \√- A-`n-]mbw C√m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]-e-t∏mgpw hmKzm-Z-ßfpw X¿°-ßfpw h¿≤n-°m-\-√msX Ie-l-ßƒ i-an-∏n-°m≥ Ah klm-b-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- B-cn-b\n-k-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-eq≠mb Ie-l-ß-fn-te-°mWv KnKdn hnc¬ Nq-≠p-∂Xv: “kXyw]d-™m¬, Fs∂- kw-_-‘n-®v, saXm-∑m-cpsS F√m- tbm-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pwHgn-™p \n¬°m-\mWv Fs‚ ]h-W-X. Imc-Ww,- G-sX-¶nepw Iu¨kn¬ icn-bmbn Ah-km-\n-®-Xm-tbm,- Xn-∑-I-fpsS ]cn-lm-c-amtbm Rm≥Hcn-°epw I≠n-ń-√.- a-dn-®v, -AXv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-b-tX- sN-bvXn-´p-≈-Xv.A[n-Im-c- Zp¿tam-lhpw Ie-l-]n-b-hp-amWv FhnsSbpw ap∂n-´p -\n-ev°p-∂-Xv... a‰p-≈-hsc hn[n-°m≥ Ccn-°p-∂-h≥, Xs‚ FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsSsX‰mb -]-hr-Øn-Isf hna¿in-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºp-X-s∂ Ip‰-°m-c-\mbnhn[n-°-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bp-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠v Rm≥ im¥-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-»-_vZ-\m-bn-cn-°p-I- F-∂-XmWv Bfl-kp-c-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\p≈ GI- t]m-whgn-F-∂p-≈- Xo-cp-am-\-Øn¬ Rm≥ -F-Øn-t®¿∂p. IqSm-sX, Ct∏mƒ Fs‚imco-cn-I-tcmKw as‰mcp ImcWw IqSn-bm-bn.- ]-e-t∏mgpw Rm≥ Fs‚Ah-km-\ izm-k-Øn¬ -F-Øn-b coXn-bn¬- B-bn-´p-≠v. H∂pw -sN-øm≥Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h-\mbn Xo¿∂p-I-gn™p” (te-J\w,130).

KnK-dn-bp-sS ac-W-tijw Xncp-ti-jn∏v tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬sIm≠p-h-∂p. 1204-˛¬ Ipcn-ipbp-≤-°m¿ AXv tdman-te°v am‰n.- h-Øn-°m-\n¬ hn. -Kn-K-dn-bp-sS -Nm-∏-en¬ AXv kq£n-°-s∏-´p. Cu ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ø-v AXv _nk-‚bn≥ k-`-bv°v -Xn-cnsI sImSp-Øp.

XpS¿∂v At±lw ipiq-j- sNbvX ]≈n-I-fpsS t]sc-Sp-Øp -]-d™v hnS-hm-ßp∂p: “Fs‚ A\-kvXm-kym-tb, -kz-kvXn.- -‡n-bn¬ \n∂vDcp-hm-b-Xm-Wt√m \ns‚ \maw.- sh-dp-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ ]t_m-[\w \obm-Wt√m Rßƒ°p-th≠n Db¿∏n-®-Xv. -R-ß-fp-sS -s]m-Xp-hn-P-b-am-b- io-tem-lm-tb, -kzkvXn (tPmjzm 18,1). acp-`q-an-bnse \m¬]-Xp -h¿jsØAe-™p- Xn-cn-b-en-\p-tijw hmKvZm-\-t]-SIw Ahn-sS-bm-Wt√m BZy-ambn Dd-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. al-\o-bhpw Io¿Øn-Xhpw Rß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-hp-amb Be-b-ta, -kz-kvXn.- h-N\w \nan-Ø-am-Wt√m \ns‚ tijvT-X.-H-cn-°¬ AXv tP_qkv Bbn-cp-∂p(1-Zn-\.11,4).- R-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ AXvPdp-k-te-am-°n- am-‰n. at\m-lm-cn-X-bn¬ CXn-t\-°mƒ Xmsg \n¬°p-∂Xpw\K-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \nc-∂p- \n¬°p-∂-h-bp-amb a‰p-≈-h-tb,- kz-kvXn.- Ah H∂n-®p -tN¿∂v IÆn-Iƒ IWs° \ns‚ ]m¿izwAe-¶-cn-°p-∂p.- A-h-bn-se√mw Bcm-[-I¿ \nd™p Ihn-bp-∂p. Ah-sc -]-Xn-bmWv Rm≥ ˛Fs‚ _e-lo-\-X-b-Xn¬ Rm\√,- F-∂n¬ h-kn-°p∂ ssZh-Ir-]˛D¬I-WvTm-Ip-e-\m-b-Xv. ChnsS hkn°p∂ tijvT-hm-kn-Ifpw t]mcm-´-Øn¬ Fs‚ t\Xm-°-∑mcp-amb «ol-∑m-tc,-kz-kvXn. \nt∂mSp-IqsS ]e-t∏mgpw Rm≥ s]cp-∂mƒ sIm≠m-Sn-bn-ń-√.- \nß-fn¬ Hcp-h-\m-b- ]u-tem-kn-s\-t∏m-se, Fs‚ ico-c-Øn¬ Fs‚\∑-bv°mbn Rm≥ h-ln-°p∂ kmØm-\mWv CXn\p Imc-Ww.- Rm≥\ns∂ Ct∏mƒ Dt]-£n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imc-Whpw CXm-Wv.- A-kq-bm¿lhpw A]-I-S-I-c-hp-am-b- Db-c-ap≈ Fs‚ knwlm-k-\-ta, kzkvXn.alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-sS- _-lp-am\w -sIm≠pw sshZn-I-cpsS ]mbwsIm≠pw ]qcn-X-amWv Cu k-aq-lw. hnip≤ _en-]o-T-Øn-\p -Np-‰p-ap≈ssZh-ip-iq-j-I-cm-bn, ssZh-Øn-te-°v- A-W-bp∂ a‰p-≈-h-cp-sSbpw kaq-l-ta,- kz-kvXn.- ssZhw \nß-fp-sS -]-°-te°v AW-bp-∂p. ”

XpS¿∂v \K-c-tØmSv hnS-]-d-bp∂p: “InkvXp-kvt\lw \nd™kpi‡ -\-K-c-ta, kzkvXn.- \ns‚ Xo£vWX Adn-hn-\v- H-Ø-hn[w As√-¶nepw, Rm≥ kXy-Øn-\p- km-£yw- h-ln-°pw. \ΩpsS th¿]mSv k¶-S-]q¿hw \sΩ th¿s]SpØp∂p. kXysØ kao-]n-°p-I. Cu Ah-km\-\m-gn-I-bn-se-¶nepw am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-I. \o km[m-c-W- sN-øp-∂Xn-ep-]cnssZhsØ _lp-am-\n-°p-I. am‰w- h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ e÷n-t°-≠. Xn∑-tbmSv ]‰n-t®¿∂n-cn-°p∂Xv ac-W-I-c-am-Wv.- In-g-t°,- ]-Sn-™m-td,-kz-kvXn. \nßƒs°-Xn-cmbpw \nßƒ°p -th-≠nbpw F\n-°p -bp-≤w-sN-tø-≠n-h-∂p. Iptd-t∏-sc-¶nepw Fs‚ cmPnsb A\p-I-cn-®m¬\nßƒ°v kam-[m\w In´pw F∂-Xn\v ssZhw -X-s∂ -km-£n-bm-Wv.-knw-lm-k-\-ßƒ Dt]-£n-°p-∂h¿°v ssZhw- IqSn \jvS-s∏-Sn-√. ]Icw


138 139

Sbv°v 380-˛¬ sk_-kvsX-bpsS B¿®p-_n-j-∏mbn. Ipd-®p- am-k-ßƒB cq]-X-bpsS `cWw \S-Øn. 381-˛se tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-Un¬At±lw \√- ]-¶v hln-®p. G‰hpw Ah-km-\w- A-t±lw Xe-ÿm-\ØvF-Øp-∂Xv 394-˛se kn\-Un¬ kw_-‘n-°m-\m-Wv. B h¿jw- Xs∂acn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈XpwFgp-Øn¬ hnP-bn-®n-´p-≈Xpw KnK-dn- \o-km-bm-Wv. hfsc Bghpw ]c-∏p-am¿∂ Nn-¥-bmWv At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xv.- k-a-Im-enI _u≤n-I- Po-hn-X-Ønse ASn-sbm-gp-°p-I-tfmSv At±lw Xpd∂ at\m-`m-hw ]pe¿Øn.Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏´p t]mIm-≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.- ka-Im-en-I -tkm-^nkw At±-l-Øn¬ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn-.-hm-°p-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ¢mkn-°¬ I¿Øm-°-sf-bmWvAt±lw ]n≥sN-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ K-o°p- th-Z-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v \nc-h[n Imcy-ßƒ IS-sa-SpØn´p-≠v. A∂sØ ]`m-j-W-I-e-bpsS F√m-A-[n-I-∏-‰p-Ifpw At±-l-Øn¬ Zriy-am-Wv. am[p-cy-c-ln-X-amb ssien,\o≠p-\o≠v Nß-e- k-am-\-amb hmN-I-ßƒ, AXn-`m-j-Ww, ]I-S-\-a-\x-ÿnXn BZn-bm-bh A∂sØ ]`m-j-W-I-e-b-psS khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- Nn-e-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Xo£vWhpw i‡n-a-Øp-amb ssienbpwZriy-am-Wv.- Cu ssien B[p-\n-I- hm-b-\-°m¿°v cpNn-°m≥ Aev]w]bm-k-am-Wv. F∂m¬- A-∂sØ tkm^nÃnIv Np‰p-]m-Sp-Im¿°vChsbms° ]nbw-I-c-am-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Isf A©m-bn-Xn-cn-°mw.

1. -Xm-Xzn-I- Ir-Xn-Iƒ

A∂sØ hnhn[ Bcn-b≥, A-s∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b≥,- ]vs\-hp-am-tXm-am°n A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I¿s°-Xn-sc XnXz-]-t_m-[\w hy‡-am-°p∂-hbmWv At±-l-Øns‚ XmXzn-I -Ir-Xn-Iƒ.

(1)- F-hp-tWm-an-b-kn-s\-Xnsc: Cu Bcn-b≥ t\Xm-hn-s\-XnscAt±lw \mev IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn. lyps]¿ tX≥ As∏m-tfm-Knbm F∂ -t]-cn¬ Fhp-tWm-an-bkv Hcp IrXn-sb-gpXn A_-t≤m-]-tZiw ]N-cn-∏n-®p. -C-Xn-s\-Xnsc 380-˛¬ KnKdn BZy-IrXn F-gp-Xn. Fhp-tWm-an-b-kns‚c≠mw-Ir-Xn-bpsS JWvU-\-amWv KnK-dn-bpsS c≠mw-Ir-Xn.- Kn-Kdn aq∂m-a-sXm-scÆw 381˛\pw 383˛\pw CSbv°v Fgp-Xn. t_kn-ens\ Cu Bcn-b≥ t\Xmhv IS-∂m-I-an-®-t∏mƒ 10 ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Fgp-Xn-b-Xm--

A[ymbw 14

hn. -Kn-Kdn \o m

XmXzn-I- ssZ-h-im-kvX-Ønepw anÃn-kn-k-Ønepw I∏-tUm-jy≥]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬- G-‰hpw A\p-Kr-lo-X-\mWv hn. KnKdn \o m. t_kn-ens‚ Cf-b -k-tlm-Z-c-\m-bn-cp∂p A-t±-lw. \okm -cq-]-X-bpsS saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ t]tcm-Sp -tN¿Øv KnK-dn- \okm F∂p -]-d-bp-∂p.KnKdn P\n-®Xv 335-˛-em-Wv.- t_-kn¬ X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p BZy-Kp-cp. BZy-]´w kzoI-cn®v Iptd-\mƒ k`-bn¬ hmb-\-°m-c-\mbn Ign-™p. ]n∂oSveuIn-I- hnj-b-ß-fn-te°v Xncn-™v Hcp ]`m-j-Im-[ym-]-I-\m-bn amdn.sXtbm-skm-s_bm F∂ bph-Xnsb hnhmlw Ign-®p. F∂m¬ kvt\ln-X-cpsS, ]-tXy-In®v KnKdn \kym≥ks‚, t]c-W-bm¬ ho≠pw k\y-kn-°m-\mbn t_kn-ens‚ ]°-se-Øn.- Xp-S¿∂v sshZn-I\pw 371- ¬ \okm-bnse sa-Xm-\p-ambn. kz¥w CjvS-Øn\p hncp-≤-am-bn-´mWv t_kn¬At±-lsØ saX-m\m-°n-b-sX-¶nepw, KnKdn \kym≥k-s\-t∏mset_kn-ens\ \ncm-i-\m-°n-bn-√. At±lw \okm-bn¬ t]mIp-IbpwAhnsS Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ t_kn-ens‚ ]Xo-£-bvs°mØv Db-cm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™n-√.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ FXn-cm-fn-I-fmb Bcn-b≥ hn`m-K-°m¿ ]e Btcm-]-W-ßfpw D∂-bn-®p-. k-`m-kz-Øp-°ƒ [q¿Ø-Sn-°p-s∂∂pw a‰pw ]d-™p- ]-c-Øn.- A-°m-esØ k`m-cm-jvSo-b-Øn¬ NcSph-en-Iƒ \SØn Pohn-°m≥ At±lw ]cn-io-en-®n-cp-∂n-√. t_kn-en-s\-t∏mse Hcp henb `c-W-I-¿Ømhpw Bbn-cp-∂n-√.\okm-bn¬ 376- ¬ IqSnb Bcn-b≥ kn\Uv At±-l-Øns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬At±-lsØ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n.- B-cn-b≥ ]£-]m-Xn-bmb hmse≥kvNI-h¿Øn acn-®-t∏mƒ KnKdn kmtLmjw \okm-bn¬ kzoIr-X-\m-bn.379-˛se At¥ym-Iy≥ kn\-Un¬- A-t±lw kw_-‘n-®p. t]m≥Xpkvcq]-X -k-µ¿in-°m≥ kn\Uv At±-lsØ \ntbm-Kn-®p. Cu bmX-bv°n-

hn.KnKdn \o m

140 141

K-°m¿s°-Xnsc sshZy-\mb Fhp-kvXmtXym-kn\v, hnip≤ hnizm-k-sØ-∏‰n knwπn-®n-bm-\p-kn-\v,- B-flm-hn-s\bpw Db¿∏n-s\-bpw- kw-_-‘n®v aIo-\-mbp-am-bp≈ kwhm-Zw, hn[n-s°Xnsc F∂n-h Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p. aX-t_m-[-\-]-kwKw F∂- IrXn XnXzw, a\p-jym-h-Xm-cw,- c-£m-I-c-I¿aw, amtam-Zo-km, Ip¿_m-\ -ap-X-emb hnizm-k-k-Xyß-ƒ N¿® sNøp-∂p.

2.- `m-jy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

Ch-bn¬ s]m-Xpth Hcn-Ps‚ `mjy-co-Xn-bmWv At±lw Ah-ew-_n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ H∂pw c≠pw IrXn-I-fn¬hmNym¿Y- hn-h-c-W-Øn-\mWv Du∂¬ sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

(1)- a-\p-jy-krjvSn: t_kn-ens‚ Bdp-Zn-h-k-krjvSn kw_-‘n-®p≈(slIvtk-sa-tdm≥) tlman-en-Ifn¬ a\p-jy-krjvSn kw_-‘-amb hnh-c-W-Øns‚ Ipd-hp-≠mbn. AXp \nI-Øm-\mWv CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv. Xs‚ktlm-Z-c-\mb ]o‰¿ sa-Xm\v CuÃ¿ k-Ωm-\-ambn At±lw CX-b-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

(2)- A-t∏m-f-sP-‰n-°¬ hnh-cWw: krjvSn- kw-_-‘-amb c≠m-asØIrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. t_kn-ens‚ tlman-en-Isf kw_-‘n-®p≈ [mc-W-∏n-i-Ip-Iƒ XncpØp-∂-Xn\pw Bdp-Zn-h-k -kr-jvSn-hn-h-cWw IqSp-X¬ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-amWv CXv Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xv.

(3) -tam-i-bpsS Poh-N-cn-Xw: KnK-dn-bpsS Hcp anÃn-°¬ Ir-Xn-b-m-Wn-Xv. tami-bpsS amXr-Im-]-c-amb Hcp NnXw hc-®p-Imń kpIr-X-Po-hn-X-Øn-\p≈ amXrI \¬Ip-I-bm-Wn-Xn¬. CXn\v c≠v `mK-ß-fp-≠v. c≠pwc≠pXcw `mjycoXn-I-fn-epamWv. H∂m-a-tØXv ]pd-∏m-Spw kwJy-bp-a-\p-k-cn®v tami-bpsS bYm¿Y PohnXw hc-®p -Im- p-∂p. hmNym¿YØn¬-]mZ-aq-∂n-s°m-≠mWv CXvv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ As√-tKm-dn-°¬ hymJym-\-amWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Ckm-tb-ens‚ henb \nb-a-Zm-XmhpwBflo-b- t\-Xm-hp-amb tami, Bflm-hns‚ ssZh-Øn≥ ]-°-te-°p≈anÃn-°¬ IpSn-tb-‰hpw Db¿®bpw kqNn-∏n°p-∂-Xm-b-n- mWv hnh-c-Ww.CXn¬ tπt‰m-bp-sSbpw ôtembpsSbpw kzm[o\w Zriy-am-Wv.

(4) -k-¶o¿Ø-\ -io¿j-I-ß-sf-∏‰n: k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Xe-s°-´p-I-sf-∏‰n c≠p -te-J-\--ßfp-≠v. A©v k¶o¿Ø-\- ]p-kvX-I-ßfpw]cn-]q¿W-X-bn-te-°p≈ Nhn-´p-]-Sn-I-fm-bn-´mWv At±lw ImWp∂Xv.\sΩ- \-∑-bn-te°p \bn-°p-I-bmWv sk]vXz-Pn¥v k¶o¿Ø-\ -X-e-s°-´p-I-fpsS Dt±iyw. k-¶o¿Ø\w apgp-h≥ -Hcp Ask-‰n-tIm-˛-an-Ãn-°¬

Wn-Xv. Cu aq∂p- ]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-eqsS t_kn-ens\ \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ KnKdnian-®p. 381-˛se kn\-Uns‚ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ At±lw BZy-sØ -c≠vIrXn-Iƒ KnKdn \kym≥k-s\bpw Ptdm-an-s\bpw hmbn-®p- tIƒ∏n-®p(a-l-Zv.128).- F-hp-tWm-an-bkv 381-˛¬ Hcp hnizm-k-]-am-Ww F-gpXn Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn°v sImSp-Øp. KnKdn AXns\ hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v\mem-a-sXm-cp- IrXnsbgp-Xn.

(2) A-s∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b¿s°-Xnsc: As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-ksØ FXn¿°m≥-B-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnse sXtbm-^n-e-kn\v Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv. ItØm-en-°¿ c≠v ssZh-]p-X-∑m-cn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂p F∂As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b≥ Btcm-]-WsØ JWvUn-°p-∂p.

(3) B‚n-sd-Øn-°qkv: As∏m-≈n-\m-co-kns‚ Hcp- Ir-Xn-s°-XnscFgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv. InkvXp-hns‚ c≠v kz`m-h-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ tbmPn-∏n-s\-∏‰n N¿®- sN-øp-∂p. InkvXp-hns‚ icocw Db-c-Øn¬ \n∂phs∂∂pw hN\w a\p-jy-mflm-hns‚ ÿm\w hln-°ps∂∂p-ap≈ A_-≤m-`n-]m-bsØ ChnsS JWvUn-°p-∂p.

(4) ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n: ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ssZhXzw \ntj-[n® ]vs\hp-am-tXm-am°n F∂ hn`m-K-°mcpsS t\Xmhv amkn-tUm-Wn-b-kn-\v F-Xn-cm-bn- mWnXv. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ]utem-kns\ \o°n-bn´v amkn-tUm-Wnbkv saXm-\m-bn. 381-˛se kn\Uv Cbmsf \o°n.

(5)- aq-∂p -ssZ-h-ß-fn√, GI -ssZ-h-ta-bp≈p: Cu IrXn-bn-eqsSXnXz-kw-_-‘-amb k`m-]-t_m-[\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ]nXmhpw ]p-X\pw ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhpw ssZh-am-sW-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v aq∂p -ssZ-h-ß-sf-∏‰n ]d-™p-IqSm? F∂v Hcp Aªm-_n-bp-kv tNm-Zn-®p. AXn-\p≈adp-]-Sn-bm-WnXv: “ssZhw F∂ -]Zw ssZhn-I-kØsb (bmYm¿Yy-sØ)Ipdn-°p∂p. hy-‡n-Isf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.- A-Xp-sIm≠v Hmtcm hy‡n-sb-∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmgpw GI-h-N-\ta D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hq. -A-Xp-sIm≠v \mw]d-bp∂p: ]nXm-hm-b ssZhw, ]p-X-\mb ssZhw, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hm-bssZhw. ]nXm--hv, ]pX≥, ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv F∂n-h¿ aq∂p _‘-ß-fmWv.-F-∂m¬ k-Ø- H-∂p -X-s∂. -A-Xp-sIm≠v ssZh-sØ-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ GI-h-N\w Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.”

(6)- s]m-Xp-]-Z-ßƒ: XnXzhni-Zo-I-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ F√m-]-Z-ßfpw CXn¬ N¿®- sN-øp-∂p.- H-cp -Xm-XznIm-]K-Y-\-Øn-eqsS A_-≤m-`n-]m-b-ßsf JWvUn-°p-∂p.

(7) -Xn-Xz-kw-_-‘-amb IrXn-Iƒ: ]vs\hp-am-tXm-am°n F∂ hn`m-

hn.KnKdn \o mhn.KnKdn \o m

142 143

ssZhXzw ]utem-kns‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥ c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ ]-cn-i-an-°p-∂p.

3. B[ym-fln-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

KnK-dn-bp-sS B[ym-fln-I- X-Xz-ßƒ B[ym-fln-I -Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-WvapJy-ambpw ImWp-I.- an-Ãn-kn-k-Øns‚ ]nXmhv F∂v- A-t±lw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. t_kn¬ -k-\ym-k- \n-b-a-Zm-Xmhpw aIo\ kvXo-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬k\ymkw ]N-cn-∏n-®-bm-fp-am-sW-¶n¬, KnKdn AXn-\p-th≠ B[ym-flnI-X-Xz-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-®p.

(1)- I-\ym-Xz-sØ-∏‰n: KnKdn 370˛\pw 371˛\pw CSbv°v cNn-®- HcpBZy-Im-e -Ir-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. t_kn-en-s\bpw At±-l-Øns‚ \nb-am-h-en-sbbpw Bcw`w apX¬ -C-Xn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. “IqSp-X¬ ]mh-\-ambPohn-X-Øn-\p≈ Ihm-S-amWv I\ym-Xzw. am\p-jn-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ `mK-`m-KnXzw t\Sm≥ ssZh-XzsØ ]nSn-®-Sp-∏n-°p∂ Nm\-em-Wn-Xv. kz¿Ko-b-Im-cy-ßƒ°mbn a\p-jy\v BKlw \ne-\n¿Øp∂ Nnd-Ip-I-fm-Wn-Xv.-ssZ-hhpw a\p-jy-\p-ambn sFIyw ]pe¿Øp∂ IÆn-bp-am-Wv. -I-\ym-Xz-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn-emWv c£m-I-c- N-cn-X-Øns‚ irwJe ImWpI.XnXz-Ønse aq∂m-fp-I-fn¬ \n∂v ZqX-∑m¿ hgn AXv a\pjy\n-se-Øp∂p. InkvXp-hmWv B¿®-phn¿Pn≥ (B¿°n-]¿sX-t\mk v).- I-\ym-Xz-Øn-s‚ -D-Ø-a- am-XrI adn-b-am--Wv. F√m I-\ym-Xzm-cq-]n-bnepw ssZhwBflo-b-ambn P\n-°p-∂p. I\y-I-bn¬ kw- -hn-®Xv I\ym-Xzm-cq-]n-bnepwkw -hn-°p-∂p. I\ym-Xzw kpIr-X-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw ASn-ÿm-\-am-Wv. ssZh-Z¿i-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp-°-am--Wv.- am-\p-jn-I -]-cn-i-a-Øm¬ amXw I\ym-Xz-]q¿WX Akm-[y-am-Wv. Ir]m-h-c-amWv I\ym-XzsØ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xv.” -hn-hm-ln-X-\m-b -Xm≥ CXn¬ \n∂v A\y-\m-bn- t]m--b-Xn¬ At±lw ZpxJn-°p-∂p. Hcn-P-s‚bpw satXm-Un-b-kn-s‚bpw Nn¥m-[m-c-bn-eq-sS-bmWv At±-lhpw k©-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ko°p- Xm-Xzn-I¿ h-c-®p-Im-ńb [ym\m-fl-I-Po-hn-Xw -X-s∂-bmWv Xm]-k-Po-hn-X-sa∂v At±lw [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p. a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ Cu IrXn [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p.

(2) -In-kvXo-b-\m-ahpw Pohn-Xhpw F¥mWv?: lm¿tam-Wn-bkv F∂-bm-fn\v IØn-s‚ cq]-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. -In-kvXo-b-Po-hnXwssZh-kz-`m-h-Øns‚ A\p-I-c-W-am-Wv.- a-\p-jy≥ ssZh-Omb Bb-Xn-\m¬ CXv a\p-jy-\v- G-‰hpw tbmPn-®-Xm-Wv.

(3) -]p-Wy-]q¿WX: Hfnw-]n-bkv F∂ -k-\ymkn ]q¿WX-bv°p≈hgn At\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ Abmƒ°p-th≠n ]utem-kns‚ InkvXp-im-kvX

\nb-am-hen Bbn At±lw ImWp-∂p.- A-X-\p-k-cn-®mWv Ah Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw At±lw Icp-Xp-∂p. Bdmw k¶o¿Ø-\sØB[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ Hcp tlmanen A®-Sn® IrXn-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ AXv At±-l-Øn-t‚-X-√.

(5) k`m-]-kw-K-I-s\-°p-dn®v F´v ]`m-j-W-ßƒ: k`m-]-kw-K-I≥1,1-˛3,13 s‚ Hcp anÃn-°¬ mjy-amWv Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ. Cµn-b-ßƒ°p-]cn Acq-]nsb Db¿Øp-I-bmWv Cu KŸ-Øns‚ Dt±-iy-sa∂v ImWn-°p-∂p. ùan-I-t\-´-ßsf XyPn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn Acq]n Cµn-b-ßsf im¥n--bpsS temI-sØ-Øn-°pw. As√-tKm-dn-°¬ hymJym-\-co-Xn-bmWv CXn¬kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

(6) -D-Ø-a-Ko-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]Xn-\©v ]`m-j-W-ßƒ: DØ-a-KoXw1,1-˛6,8 hsc-bp≈ `mK-Øns‚ `mjy-am-Wn-Xv.- B-[ym-fln-I -`m-jy-coXnss__nƒ `m-jy-Øn¬ AXym-h-iy-am-sW∂v At±lw CXn¬ k-a¿Yn-°p-∂p.- B-ap-J-Øn¬ Hcn-Ps\ ]Io¿Øn-°p-∂p.- H-cn-Ps‚ anÃn-°¬`mjy-co-Xn-bpsS Nph-Sp- ]n-Sn-®mWv CXv cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Hcn-P-s\- ]-Zm-\p-]Zw A\p-[m-h\w sNøp-∂n-√.- D-Ø-a-KoXw ssZhhpw a\p-jym-flmhpw XΩn-ep-≈ -_-‘sØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

(7) -F≥tUm-dnse a¥-hm-Zn\n: 1kmap.28,12 apX-ep≈ `mK-ß-fpsSHcp `mjyw FgpXn XnbtUm-jykv saXm\v Ab-®p- sIm-Sp-Øp.F≥tUm-dnse Z¿i-\-°mcn kmap-th-en-s\-b-√, ]hm-N-Is‚ cq]-Øn¬Hcp ]nim-Nn-s\-bmWv I≠sX∂v ]-d-bp-∂p. kmap-th-en-s\ X-s∂-bmWvI≠sX-∂mWv Hcn-P≥- Dƒs∏sS a‰p- ]-e-cp-sSbpw A`n-]m-bw.

(8)- I¿Xr]m¿Y\: A©p ]`m-j-W-ß-fm-bn-´mWv I¿Xr-]m¿Y-\sb A]-K-Yn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. -H-∂m-aXv ]m¿Y-\-bpsS Bh-iy-I-X-sb-∏-‰nbpw ]ecpw AXv Dt]-£n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰nbpw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.- ]n-∂sØ\mepw I¿Xr-]m¿Y-\-bpsS Hmtcm `mK-sØ- ]-‰n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv.- C-Xn¬ \nc-h[n ]mtbm-KnI km∑m¿KnI Nn¥-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≠v.

(9) Kncn-]-`m-jWw: F´v ]-`m-j-W-ß-fn-embn Kncn-]-`m-j-WsØA]-K-Yn-°p-∂p.- Hcp tKmh-Wn-bn-eq-sS-∂-hÆw ssZh-h-N\w \sΩ kmh-[m\w Ah-bn-eqsS ]cn-]q¿W-X-bn¬ FØn-°p-∂p. -sπm-Xo-\q-kns‚Fs∂-bm-Unse s\tbm- -π-t‰m-WnIv Nn¥-Iƒ CXn¬ IS-sa-Sp-Øv InkvXo-b-am-°n-bn- p-≠v.

(10) 1 sIm-dn-t¥m-kns\ B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ c≠v ]`m-j-W-ßƒ:1sIm-dn.6,18;15,28 F∂n-hsb B[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈-h-bm--Wn-h. ]pXs‚


144 145

Unkw-_¿ 26˛\v Ão^s\∏‰n- Hcp ]kwKw \S-Øn. CXn¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ssZhXzw N¿®- sN-øp-∂p. Ão^≥ acn® Ah-kcw ]nXm-hn-s\bpw ]pX-s\-bpw -am-Xta I≠p-≈p,- ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ I≠n√ F∂Nne-cpsS Btcm-]Ww ASn-ÿ-m-\ -c-ln-X-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.- AXn-\-Sp-Ø -Zn-hkw sNbvX c≠mw ]kwKw Bcn-b¿s°-Xnsc ]p-Xs‚ssZhXzw Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-°p-∂p. A¤p-X-]-h¿Ø-I-\mb KnK-dnsbkvXpXn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp-\o≠ ]kw-K-ap-≠v.- X-Xz-im-kv-X-Ønepw k`m-im-kvX-Ønepw ]`m-j-W-I-e-bnepap≈ At±-l-Øns‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ FSp-Øp- Im-´p-Ibpw At±-lsØ tami-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-IbpwsNøp∂p. c‡-km-£n-bmb Xnb-tUm-dns\ kvXpXn-®p- sIm-≠p-≈-XmWvas‰m-∂v.- Xn-b-tUm¿ a-cn® Fhp-t°bvXm F∂ ÿe-Øp- h®v 381 s^_p-hcn 7˛\v sNbvX-XmWv Cu ]kw-Kw.- sk-_-kvsX-bnse 40 c‡-km-£n-Isf Ipdn®v aq∂p ]kw-K-ß-fp-≠v.- B-Zy-sØ -c-s≠Æw 383 am¿®v9˛\pw 10˛\pw sk_-kvsX-bn¬ h®pw aq∂m-a-tØXv tIk-dn-bm-bn¬h®v 379 am¿®v 9˛\pw \S-∂p.

(3)- N-c-a-]-kw-K-ßƒ: aq∂v N-c-a-]-kw-K-ßƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- aq∂pwtIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v \S-Øn-b-h-bm-Wv: At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm-\mb sate-jykv 381 sabv amk-Øn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ IqSnbkn\-Un¬ h®p acn-®-t∏mƒ, -Xn-b-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS GI-a-I-fmb ]pƒt°dnb 385-˛¬ s]-s´∂v acn-®-t∏mƒ,- Xn-b-tUm-jy-kns‚ `mcy^vfm®n√ 385 sk]vXw-_-dn¬ acn-®-t∏mƒ. t_kn-ens‚ Nc-a-hm¿jn-I-Øn¬ sNbvX Hcp ]kw-K-hp-ap-≠v.- t_-kn-ens‚ Hm¿a P\p-hcn H∂mwXobXn \S-Ø-Wsa∂ Dt±-iy-am-bn-cp∂p KnK-dn-°v. AXp-t]mse am¿At]-ans\ kvXpXn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp ]kwKw sNbvXp-. t_kn-ep-am-bn-At]-ans\ At±lw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

(4)- km-∑m¿KnI ]kw-K-ßƒ: ]`m-j-W-I-e-bpsS sI´pw -a-´p-sam∂pw IqSm-sX -Xn-I®pw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn sNbvX-h-bmWv Cu ]-kw-K-ßƒ. -Ah hnhn[ km∑m¿KnI hnj-b-ßƒ N¿® -sN-øp-∂p.

(5)- XmXznI -]-kw-K-ßƒ: Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- c≠v -]-kw-K-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv.- H∂v 383 sabv am-k-Øn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ IqSn-b- kn-\-Un¬ sNbvX ]-kw-K-am-Wv. ]pX-s‚bpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s‚bpwssZhXzw kw_-‘n-® -]-kw-Kw. -Xs‚ ImesØ ]mj-WvUn-Isf ]utem-kns‚ ImesØ tÃmbn-°p-I-tfm-Spw F∏n-°q-cn-b-∑m-tcmSpw At±lwD]-an-°p-∂p. -Xn-Xz-kw-_-‘-ambn Ah¿°p≈ A_-≤m-`n-]m-b-ßsfJWvUn-°p-I-bpw -]p-X-s‚bpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s‚-bpw- ssZ-hXzw

`m-K-ßsf B[-m-c-am°n Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv.- kp-Ir-X-]q¿W-X-bv°p≈]cni-a-Øn¬ InkvXym-\n°v G‰hpw kpc-£n-X-am-bn-´p-≈Xv InkvXp-hn-s\- A-\p-I-cn-°-em-Wv. hni-p-≤o-I-cWw kzX-¥ -]-hr-Ønbpw a\p-jy-mflm-hn¬ ssZhm-flm-hns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-hp-am-Wv. hnhn[ t]cp-IƒsIm≠v InkvXp-hns\ hnfn-°p-Ibpw Cu t]cp-I-sf√mw A]-K-Yn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p: “ssZh-i-‡n,- ssZh-⁄m-\w, Bflm-hns‚ im¥n, kXy-sh-fn-®w, hos≠Sp-∏v, \ΩpsS s]k-lm, alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥, ]m]-]-cn-lm-cw, al-Xz-Øns‚ tim`, ssZhn-I-k-Ø-bpsS ]Xn-^-e-\w, \ΩpsSBflo-b-`-£-Ww, hnizm-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w, aqe-°-√v,- A-Zr-iy-ssZ-h-Øns‚ Omb, k`m-i-co-c-Øns‚ inc-kv,- kr-jvSn-I-fpsS BZy-Pm-X≥,-a-cn-®-h-cn¬ \n∂p≈ BZy-Pm-X≥, At\Iw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬ BZy-Pm-X≥, a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw CS-bv°p≈ a[y-ÿ≥, GI-Pm-X≥, al-Xz-Øns‚ I¿Øm-hv, kØ-bpsS XXzw, \oXn-bp-sSbpw im¥n-bp-sSbpw cmPm-hv.”

(4) sZ C≥kvXn--XqtXm InkvXy-mt\m: Xm]-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚e£yhpw AXp ]m]n-°m-\p≈ am¿K-ßfpw kaq-lsØ \bn-°m-\pw-B-flm-hns\ kzoI-cn-°m\pw DX-Ip∂ B[ym-flnI \S-]-Sn-Isf kw_-‘n®p≈ Imcy-ßfpw hnh-cn-®p -sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂v Nne k\y-m-kn-IƒBh-iy-s∏-´p. Ah¿°p adp-]-Sn-bmbn 390-˛-\p -tijw Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-WnXv.]n¬°m-e- k-\ym-k-Øn¬ Cu IrXn henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn.

(5) sZ ImkvXn-Km-tkymsW: KnK-dn-bpsS B[ym-fln-tIm-]-tZiw tI vtcmjm-Ip-e-cmbn Nne¿ k`-bn¬ \n∂p ]n∑m-dn.- A-hsc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXv Fgp-Xnb sNdn-sbmcp IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv.

(6)- a-Io-\bpsS Poh-N-cnXw: aIo\m 379- ¬ acn-®p. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX KnKdn Ah-fpsS Poh-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn. B[ym-fln-I -Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]ptcm-K-an-®-h-cpsS PohnX-am-XrI ]ndsI hcp-∂-h¿°v ]-tNm-Z\w \¬Ip-sa∂ Dd-∏n-emWv CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv. AXp-t]m-se, -b-Ym¿Y ⁄m\-Øn¬ ]ptcm-K-an® aIo-\bpsS Poh-N-cnXw hnkvar-Xn-bn¬- B-≠p-t]m-Ip∂Xv icn-bp-a-√. t_kn-en-s\bpw KnK-dn-sbbpw ssZhn-I- Po-hn-X-Øn-te°v ssI]n-Sn-®p -\-S-Øn-bXv aIo-\-bm--sW∂v Kn-Kdn ]dbp-∂p.

4. ]kw-K-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw

(1)- B-cm-[-\-I-a- kw-_-‘-am-bh: B≠p-h-´sØ ][m\ s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ°p th≠n-bp-≈-hbm-Wn-h.

(2) c‡-km-£n-I-fp-sSbpw hnip-≤-cp-sSbpw kvXpXn-∏p-Iƒ: 386


146 147

-\memw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏m-tg°pw Ch-cpsS Nn¥-Iƒ ]eXpw s]mXp-]-T-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn Xo¿∂n-cp-∂p.

2. -XnXzw

ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Xzhpw XnXzhpw A]-K-Yn-°m≥ ]e IrXn-I-fnepw At±lw ian-°p-∂p.- ssZ-h-Øn-ep≈ XnXzw ]c-kv]-c- _-‘-Øn¬ \n∂v DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm≠v XnXz-Øn\p ]pd-Øp≈]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw GI-ssZ-h-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. AXp-t]mse InkvXp-hnse c≠p kz`m-h-ßfpw GI-hy-‡n-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. ]pX-s‚bpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s‚bpw ssZhXzw a‰v I∏-tUm-jy≥]nXm-°-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w hni-I-e\w sNbvXXn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ -]¶v \oko-a-am-Wv.

3.- I-\y-I-a-dnbw

ssZh-]p--X≥ I\y-I-bn¬ \n∂v ico-c-sa-SpØv a\p-jy-\m-bn.- A-h-\n¬ a\p-jym-flmhpw am\p-jnI CNvO-bp-ap-≠v.- I-\y-Isb ssZh-am-Xm-hv (-sXsbm-tXm-t°m-kv) F∂v A©p -]m-hiyw hnfn-°p-∂p. “I\y-I-bpsS I\ymXzw acW-i-‡nsb XI¿Øp. Ah-fpsS I\ym-Xz- -e-Øn¬Xń acWw XI¿∂-Sn-™-p.- A-hƒ F∂pw I\yIbmbn-cp-∂p.- A-h-fpsSI\ymXz-ap-Z `RvPn-°msX ssZh-]p-X≥ Ah-fn¬ \n∂v ]nd-∂p”(-I-\ymXzw, 13-˛19).

4.- Im-em¥yw

Imem-¥yw kw_-‘n-®- H-cn-Ps‚ ]e Bi-b-ßfpw KnKdn kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. \nXy-ambn ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂v AI-∂n-cn°p∂ Ah-ÿ-sb-∏-‰n- Nn-¥n-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v km[n-®n-√. Imem-¥y-Øn¬- F√mw XncnsIFSp-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw \∑ -]q¿W-ambn hnP-bn-°p-sa∂pw At±lw Icp-Xp-∂p. CtXm-Sp-IqSn c£m-I-c-N-cnXw ]q¿W-X--bn-se-Øp-sa∂pw ka-kvX-Po-hn-Ifpw ssZh-Øn-\v- Hcp IrX-⁄-Xm-kvtXm-Xw Be-]n-°p-sa∂pwXn∑bpsS Dd-hn-SsØ -X-s∂ -kp-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p.F∂m¬ Hcn-P-\nkw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ A_-t≤m-]-tZ-ißƒ -A-t±lwkzoI-cn°p-∂n-√. AXm-bXv Bflm-°-fpsS ap≥- A-kvXn-Xzw,- B-flm-°ƒ

in-£-tb‰v ico-c-am-Ip-∂ -X-S-h-d-bn-te°v hcp∂p F∂ Bi-bw, ]p\-cm-K-a\w sNbvXp -sIm-≠n-cn°p∂ temI-ß-fpsS Hcp `mKw amX-amWv Cutem-Ihpw CXns‚ A¥yhpw F∂p- Xp-S-ßnb Nn¥-I-sfms° At±lwX≈-n-°-f-bp-∂p.

Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-°pbpw sNøp-∂p. Ko°p-k-`bnse Fgp-Øp-Im¿- C-Xn-s\ hf-sc-b-[nIw am\n-®n-cp-∂p. as‰m∂v sNdn-sbmcp ]kw-K-amW:vC≥ kphmw Hm¿Zn-\m-tkymsW F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ]-kwKw an°-hmdpw 381 sabv amk-Øn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ IqSn-b -kn-\-Un¬sNbvX -]-kw-K-am-Imw.- F-∂m¬ Nne¿ CXv 394- se kn\-Un-te-XmImsa∂vA`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. kn\-Uns‚ hnj-b-ßƒ X-s∂-bmWv CXn¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. ]vs\hp-am-tXm-amIn F∂ A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I-sc-∏‰nbpwkqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

(6)- I-Øp-Iƒ: ]pXnb ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ 30 IØp-I-fp-≠v. KnK-dn-bp-sS hym]-I-am-b- Xm¬]-cy-ß-fn-te°pw _‘-ß-fn-te-°pw -sh-fn®w hoip-∂-h-bm-W-h.- km-ap-ly-_-‘-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ IØp-I-fp-≠v. Bfp-Isf]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠p≈Xpw ip]m¿i sN-bvXp- sIm-≠p-≈Xpw ssZh-im-kvX]-c-hp-amWv Nne IØp-Iƒ.

ssZh-imkvXw

Hcn-P-\p-tijw InkvXo-b-hn-izm-kw kay-°mbpw Iam-\p-K-X-am-bpw-h-c-®p-Im-ń-bXv KnK-dn-bm-Wv.- ssZ-him-kvX-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°pX-Ip∂Nn¥m-k-c-Wn- Xp-d∂Xpw AXn-eqsS _lpZqcw k©-cn-®Xpw At±-l-Øns‚ t\ám-Wv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ At±lw t_kn-en-s\bpw KnKdn\kym≥k-s\bpw ]n∂n-em°n.

1. -X-Xz-im-kvXhpw ssZh-im-kvXhpw

hnizm-k -k-Xy-ßƒ a\-kn-em-°m≥ \memw -\q-‰m-≠nse at‰-sXmcpk`m-]n-Xm-hn-s\-°mfpw IqSp-X-embn Kn-Kdn XXz-im-kvXw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. DØ-a-Ko-X-Ønse h[p-hn-t\m-SmWv XXz-imkvXsØ At±lwXmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Ko°p -X-Xz-im-kvX-Øns‚ hgn-]n-g-®-t]m-°n-s\ At±lw hna¿in-°pIbpw sNøp∂p.- an-tkw -cm-Pm-hns‚k¥m-\-an-√mØ ]pXn-tbm-SmWv CØcw XXz-im-kvXsØ At±lw D]-an-°p-∂-Xv. Ko°p hn⁄m\w ka-Nn-Ø-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.kpIr-X-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\v DX-Ip∂ ]eXpw AXn-ep-≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ -A-t±lw Hcn--Ps‚ injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ X-Xz-im-kvXsØ At±lwA¥n-a-hm-°m-bn Icp-Xn-bn-√: “\ap-°n-jvS-ap-≈-sX¥pw \ap°p ]d-bm-\m-In-√.- th-Z-]p-kvX-I-amWv \ΩpsS Af-hp-tImepw \nb-a-hpw.- A-Xp-ambn tbmPn-°p-∂-h -am--Xta \mw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≈p” F∂v- At±lwH-cn-SØv ]d-bp-∂p.- Nn-¥--bpsS hgn-Imńbpw k-Xy-Øn-s‚ am\-Z-WvUhpwssZh-h-N-\-am-Wv.- tπt‰mbpw sπmXo-\pkpw KnK-dnsb kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.


148 149

Xo¿°m≥ Cu Znhy-Z¿i\w klm-bn-°p-∂p. kz¿Ko-b-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ Hcp-ap-∂m-kzm-Z-\-amWv anÃnIv Z¿i-\w. tijvT-am-b- ku-µ-cy-Øn-s‚- G-‰hpw]cn-]q¿W-amb Z¿i-\- km-[yX Chn-sS-bm-Wv. Cu `qan-bn¬ h®v a\p-jy≥ X∂n¬ \n∂v ]pdØp IS-°p∂ L´-sa-∂v CXns\ hnfn-°mw.\∂mbn Hcpßn Id-Iƒ \oßn-b-h¿°v ssZhw ]tXy-I-ambn Cu Zm\w\¬Ip-∂p.

(3) -an-ÃnIv Ib‰w

]tem- -\-ß-fp-ambn \nc-¥cw ]S-s]m-cp-X-Ww.- hn-Im-c-cm-ln-Xyw (A∏-sXbvbm) F-∂ -A-h-ÿ-b-n-se-Ø-Ww.- A-t∏mƒ anÃnIv Ib‰w Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-bn. -Xn-∑-I-fn¬ \n∂v HmSn-b-I∂v ssZh-Omb ]q¿W-am-°m≥]cn-i-an-°-Ww. ssZh-sØ-t∏m-se- B-Ip-I- F-∂m¬ \oXn-am-\m-Ip-I,hnip-≤-\m-Ip-I, -\-√-h-\m-IpI, AXp-t]mse a‰p Imcy-ß-fn-epw- B-bn-cn-°pI F∂m-W¿Yw. -I-gn-h-\p-k-cn®v Cu kpIr-X-ß-fn¬ hym]-cn-°p-∂-h¿ ssh-j-ayw- Iq-SmsX Cu ùan-I- Po-hn-X-Øn¬\n∂v kz¿Ko-b- Po-hn-X-Øn-se-Øpw. -ssZ-hhpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep≈ AIew ÿm\n-I-a-√.- ssZ-hn-I- Kp-W-ap-≈-h-cm-bn -ssZ-hsØ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ, \mwkz¿K-Øn-em-Wv.- A-hn-Sp∂v kz¿K-Øn-em-Wv. Ahs\ ]m]n-°m≥ \nc-¥cw ]cn-i-an-°-Ww.- an-Ãn-knkw hgn, Id-Xo¿∂ a\p-jy-Po-hnXw hgn,\nc-¥cw kz¿K-Øn¬- B-bn-cn°m≥ \ap-°p- km-[n-°pw.- kz¿Kw -C-hnsSDZn-®p- ]-Im-in-°p-I-bm-bn.

anÃn-knkw

KnK-dn-bpsS _u≤n-I -t\-´-ßƒ AXns‚ AXyp-®-tIm-Sn-bn¬- F-Øp∂Xv anÃn-kn-k-Ønepw anÃn-°¬ ssZh-im-kvXØn-ep-am-Wv.InkvXo-b -an-Ãn-knkw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ At±lw \√- ]-¶v h-ln-®p.Ko°v XmXzn-I-cpsS ]e anÃn-°¬ Nn-¥-Ifpw KnK-dn-bn¬ IqSn ]n¬°me_nk-‚bn≥ anÃn°pI-fn¬ FØp-∂p. ]n¬°me anÃn-°p-I-fn-¬ an°-hcpw KnK-dn-bn¬ \n∂v kzm[o\w kzoI-cn-®-h-cm-Wv.

(1) -a-\p-jy-\n-ep≈ ssZh-—mb

KnK-dn-bpsS Hc-Sn-ÿm-\m-i-b-am-Wn-Xv. ssZh-Z¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw anÃn-°¬ Ib-‰-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-ambn Cu ssZh-Om-bsb At±lwImWp-∂p. -a-\p-jy≥ kr-jvSn-bpsS aIp-S-am-Wv. Ah≥ ]]-©sØX∂n¬ -H-fn-°p-∂p. -]-]-©-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Iahpw Xmf-e-bhpw a\p-jy-\n¬ ImWp-∂p. F∂m¬ a\p-jys‚ alXzw ]]-©-hp-am-bp≈km[¿ay-Øn-e-√. -]-XypX Ah-\n-ep≈ ssZh-Om-b-bn-em-Wv (-a-\p-jy-krjvSn, 16). a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ Bflm-hp-hgn kjvSm-hns‚ Omb-bm-Wv.Cu Bflm-hp -hgn Ah≥ _p≤nbpw COm-i-‡nbpw D≈-h-\m-Ip-∂p.Ah-\n¬ ssZhn-I -Ir-]m-hcw hkn-°p-Ibpw ]h¿Øn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p. a\p-jy-\n¬ Cu ssZhn-I-Omb _u≤nI `mK-Øm-sW∂vs¢sa‚pw Hcn-P\pw ]d-bp-∂p.- kz-X-¥- a-\-kn-emWv sFtd-\n-bkv CuOmb ImWp-I.- AXv \qknepw Hus´-Ivkq-knepw A-tc-tXbn-epw B-sW-∂v- KnKdn A-`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu ssZhn-I-Omb \nanØw a\p-jy≥ ]]-©-Ønse H∂m-asØ A¤p-X-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

(2) ssZh-Z¿i\w

ssZh-Om-b- \n-anØw a\p-jy≥ ssZ-h-Øns‚ _‘phpw Ah-s\-A-dn-bm≥ Ign-hp-‰-h\pw Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. \ΩpsS Bflm-hn\v ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ km[¿ay-amWv ssZhsØ Adn-bm-\p≈ Ignhv \ap°v t\Sn-Ø-cp-∂-Xv. ka- m-h-ßƒ ]c-kv]-cw- A-dn-bp∂p F∂v ]nØ-tKm-dkv BZy-ambn Nq≠n-°m-ń. Fº-tZm-¢kv AXn\p IrXy-cq]w \¬In. tπt‰m-bpsSImeØv AXv Hcp kmam-\y- X-Xz-am-bnØo¿∂p. -Zn-hyXzw Znhy-Xzw-sImt≠ Adn-bm≥ km[n°q F∂ XXzØn¬ CXv s\tbm-π-t‰m-WnIvNn-¥--bnepw ÿm\w ]nSn-®p. KnK-dn CXm-h¿Øn-®p. IÆn\v ]Im-i-c-ivan-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-hp-≠v. -Im-c-Ww, ]Imiw AXns‚ kz`m-h-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv.- A-Xp-t]mse a\p-jy\v ssZhsØ ImWmw.- Im-c-Ww,-A-h-\n-semcp ssZhn-I- L-S-I-ap-≠v. -a-\p-jy-_p-≤n-bn-ep≈ Ipdhv


150 151

aXn∏pw Df-hm-°n- (]√m-Un-bkv, eu-knbmIv NcnXw 4). hn.-P-tdm-ans‚km£yw CtXmSp tbmPn-°p-∂p. an° ss__nƒ -K-Ÿ-ß-fp-sSbpw`mjy-ßƒ°p ]pdsa ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ kw_-‘n-®v, Bcnb¿s°-Xnscc≠p KŸ-ßƒ XpS-ßn \nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ At±lw Fgp-Xn. Ah-sb-∏‰n hnh-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bm¬ AXp-Xs∂ Hcp KŸ-amIpsa∂mWv Ptdm-ans‚ ]kvXm-h-\ (a-lZv.109).

F∂m¬ Cu Aaq-ey-\n-t£-]-Øn¬ \n∂v hfsc Ipdt® \ap°pInń-bn- p-≈p. Hcn-Ps‚ B-cm-[-I≥ B-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, Hcn-Ps‚ t]cnep≈X¿°-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ZnZo-ap-kns‚ KŸ-ßƒ kwi-bn-°-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bm-IpIbpw A]-Xy-£-am-IpIbpw sNbvXp. Hcn-Ps‚ BZy-X-Xz-ßƒ F∂IrXn apgp-h≥ A∏msS kzoIm-cy-am-sW∂v ZnZo-apkv hmZn-®p. X¬^-e-ambn Nne A_-≤m-`n]mb-ß-fpsS h‡m-hmbn apZ-b-Sn-°-s∏´ ZnZoapkvkmh-[m\w A]-Xy-£-\m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

1. XnXz-sØ-∏‰n

XnXz-sØ-∏‰n 381-˛\pw 392-˛\pw CSbv°v At±lw cNn® aq∂v KŸ-ßƒ \ap°v Inń-bn- p-≠v. CXn¬ Hcn-P-\nÃv Nmbvhp-I-sfm-∂p-an-√. Ptdmw]d-bp∂p: “\n›-b-ambpw XnXz-Øn¬ At±lw ItØm-en-°-\m-Wv.”XnXz-sØ-∏‰n AØ-\m-tkym-kn-\p≈ A`n-]mbw Xs∂-bmWv CXn¬ZnZo-ap-kn-\p-≈-Xv. H∂mw]pkvXIw ]pX-s\-∏‰n; c≠m-a-tØXv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n; aq∂m-a-tØXv c≠n-t‚-bpw Npcp-°w. FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ ]mZ-aq-∂n-bn-cn-°p∂ Nne thZ-]p-kvX-I- `m-K-ß-fpsS hni-I-e\w, aq∂v ssZ-hnI Bfp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ sFIyw F∂nh CXn¬ N¿® sNøp∂p.Bcn-b≥, amkn-tUm-Wn-b≥ XS- -hm-Z-ß-sf√mw JWvUn-°p-∂p.

2. ]cnip-≤m-flm-h-s\-∏‰n

XnXzs-Ø-∏-‰n-bp≈ IrXn-bn¬ c≠p ]mhiyw (3;16,11) CtX-∏‰nZnZo-apkv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. Ko°n-ep≈ aqe-IrXn \jvS-s∏-´p. Uam-kqkv]m-∏m-bpsS \n¿tZ-im-\p-k-cWw Ptdmw 384-˛\pw 392-˛\pw CSbv°v HcpeØo≥ hnh¿Ø\w D≠m-°n. hn.-Aw-t_m-kv 381-˛¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n F∂ IrXn Fgp-Xm≥ CXns‚ Ko°v D]-tbm-Kn-®p. \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n Fgp-Xnb G‰hpw DØ-a-KŸw ZnZo-apkn-t‚-Xm-Wv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ssZh-Xzw, ka-kØ F∂nh hy‡-ambn]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.

3.- a\n-t°-b¿s°-Xnsc

Cu KŸw Ko°n¬ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. henb Hcp IrXn-bpsS `mK-amWv18 sNdnb A[ym-b-ß-fp≈ CsX∂v Nne¿ kwi-bn-°p-∂p.

A[ymbw 15

ZnZo-apkv (313-˛398)

A-Ø-\m-tkym-kn-\p-tijw CuPn-]vXnse k`-bn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂]kn-≤-cmb aq∂v k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ HcmfmWv ZnZo-ap-kv. a‰p c≠p-t]¿ hn. sXtbm-^n-e-kpw hn. kn-dn-epamWv. \memw h-b- n¬ ImgvN-\-jvS-s∏´ ZnZo-apkv A‘≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p (]-√m-Un-bq-kv, eukn-bmIvNcn-Xw, 4). Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ A‘-\m-bn-cp-∂n´pw At±lw kºm-Zn® hn⁄m-\w, AXpw Iem-e-b-ß-fn¬ Ib-dn-bn-d-ßmsX t\Sn-b-Xv, At±-lsØ hnJym-X-\m-°n. Hcp hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. Xs‚Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ssZh-im-kvX -X¿°-ß-fn¬ \n∂v At±lw AI∂pPohn-®p. F∂m¬ ka-Im-eo\ Nn¥m-tem-IØv At±-l-Øns‚ kzm[o\wZriy-am-bn-cp-∂p. AØ-\m-tkymkv ZnZo-ap-kns\ Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥Iem-e-b-Øns‚ A[n-]-\mbn \nb-an-®p (-dp-ô-\p-kv, k`m-N-cnXw, 2,7).B Iem-e-b-Ønse Ah-km-\sØ ]K¤-\mb A[ym-]-I≥ At±-lambn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ injy-∑m¿ dpô-\kpw Ptdmapw BWv. Ptdmw ZnZo-apkns\ XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc Xs‚ Kpcp-sh∂v hnfn-°p-Ibpw hfsc ]Io¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p (te-J-\w.50,1;84-,3; tlmin-bm-`m-jyw, BapJw; Ft^kyteJ-\-`m-jyw, Bap-Jw). dq^n-\kv At±-lsØ ]hm-N-I-s\∂pw A∏-kvtXm-enI a\p-jy-s\∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. hn⁄m-\-tØm-sSm∏w B[ym-fln-I-X-bnepwAt±lw JymXn t\Sn-. henb Xm]-k-Po-hn-Xw \bn-® At±lw 398-˛¬ 85-˛mw hb- n¬ acn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

]g-b-\n-b-ahpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-ahpw hmIym-\p-hm-Iy-sa-SpØv G‰hpwIrXy-ambn ZnZo-apkv hymJym-\n®p; Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-I-fpsS Adn-hn-s\-sb√mw D√w-Ln-®p-sIm≠v H∂mw\nc-bn¬ Xs∂ At±lw FØn. CukwKXn ka-Im-eo-\-cn¬ henb A¤p-X-hpw At±-l-sØ-∏‰n henb

ZnZo-apkv

152 153

]nXm-°-∑m¿°p-an-Sbv°v At±lw h¿Øn-°p-∂p. s¢sa‚ v, H-cn-P≥ BZn-bm-b-h-cpsS `mjm-ssien ZnZo-ap-kns‚ Nn¥-bn-eqsS hn.-kn-dn-en-se-Øp-∂Xpw hfsc ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. ZnZo-ap-kns‚ IrXn-I-sfms° Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ Iem-e-b-Øn¬ FSpØ ¢mkp-I-fpsS t\m´p-I-fm-Wv.Ah At\-I-cn¬ A°m-eØpw ]n∂oSpw henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn.

1. -XnXzw

XnXz-Øns‚ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-\mWv ZnZo-apkv. At±-l-Øns‚][m-\ -ssi-en-bm-bn-cp-∂p, anbm Dkn-bm- -sX-bnkv lqs]m-kvX-sk-bnkv(Hcp kØ, aq∂m-fp-Iƒ) F∂-Xv. AØ-\m-tkym-kv Cu t^m¿ape D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√. Bcn-b-kn\pw ks_-√n-b-kn\pw FXn-cmbn 358- ¬ \S∂N¿®-bn-em-Wv BZy-ambn Cu t^m¿ape ImWp∂Xv. XnXz-Øn\vGIkØbpw GI]h¿Ø-\hpamWv (]-cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰n, 17).]h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep≈ sFIy-Øn¬ \n∂v kz`m-h-Øn-ep≈ sFIyw sXfn-bp-∂p (XnXzw, 2,6,4). ]cn-]m-e-\I¿ahpw aq∂m-fp-I-fp-sSbpw ]hr-Øn-bm-Wv. CXv am\p-jnI Nn¥-bv°v A-∏p-d-Øp≈ AKmly bmYm¿Yy-am-Wv.

2. -In-kvXp-imkvXw

AØ-\m-tkym-kn-s\-t∏mse c£m-I-c -im-kvX-Øn¬ ]mZ-aq-∂n-b√ZnZo-ap-kns‚ InkvXp-im-kvXw. InkvXp-hns‚ a\p-jym-flm-hn-\p≈]m[m-\ysØ At±lw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p. tbip-In-kvXp-hn\v a\p-jym-flm-hn√ F∂ A_-≤-Nn¥ At±lw ]mtS X≈n-°-f-bp-∂p. hN\w a\p-jym-flmhp hgn ico-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´p F∂ Nn¥ h®p-]p-e¿ØnbHcn-P≥ At±-lsØ kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. a\p-jym-flm-hn-√msX am\p-jnI]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ km[y-a-√. InkvXp am\p-jn-I -]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-´p. AXp-sIm≠v a\p-jym-flm-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww (XnXzw, 3.2,27;3.21). hN-\hpw a\p-jym-flmhpw XΩn¬ InkvXp-hn¬ At`-Zy-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. AXp \nXy-amb _‘-am-Wv. AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ kw_-‘n®vInkvXp-hns‚ Db¿∏v ico-chpw hN-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-Wv. ZnZo-apkv ]d-bp-∂Xv PUw I_-dn-em-bn-cp∂ aq∂p Znh-k-ßƒ InkvXp-hns‚a\p-jym-flmhv aq∂p cmhpw aq∂p ]Iepw ]mXm-f-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂mw-\mƒ Db¿°m≥ ImØn-cp-∂p. ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw IqSn-°-e¿∂vaq∂m-a-sXm-∂p-≠m-bn-√. am‰w IqSm-sXbpw Ie¿∏p -Iq-Sm-sXbpw c≠pwtbmPn-®p. CXp-kz-`m-h-ßƒ°pw am‰w h∂n-√ (A-sX-]vtXmkv Akyp-MvIq-tXm-kv). InkvXp-hn¬ ssZhn-Iw, am\p-jnIw F∂v c≠p kz-`m-h-ßfpw c≠v C—-Ifpw D≠v. c≠v kz`mhw (Zqshm ^yqsk-bn-kv) F∂t^m¿ape IrXy-ambn D]tbm-Kn-°p∂n-s√-¶nepw, Cu Nn¥m-[m-c-bn¬

4. \jvS-s∏´ XmXzn-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

(1) tUmKva-mI-sf-°p-dn®pw Bcnb¿s°-Xn-scbpw: XnXz-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ IrXn-bn¬ 14 ]mhiyw BZy-h-N\w (t]mtXmkv temtKm-kv)F∂ Xs‚ IrXn-sb-∏‰n ZnZo-aqkv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. CXv \jvS-s∏´pF∂p Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ptdmw ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ (a-lZv. 109) sZtUmKvam-Xn-_qkv FXv tIm¥m Adn-bm-t\mkv F∂ IrXn CXpXs∂-BsW∂mWv ]WvUn-X-a-Xw. t_knens‚ Fhp-tWm-an-b-kn-s\-XnscF∂ IrXn-bpsS A\p-_-‘-ambn tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ \mepw A©pw IrXn-Iƒ Ptdmw ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ c≠p IrXn-Iƒ Xs∂bmWv. XnXz-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ IrXn-bnse ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ ta¬]-d™ A\p-_-‘-ß-fp-ambnHØp-t]m-Ip-∂-h-bm-Wv. (2) ]mj-WvUn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈- hmeyw: ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ Xs‚ IrXn-bn¬ (5,20) D≈ ]cm-a¿i-sam-gn®vas‰m∂pw CtX-]‰n \ap-°-dn-bn-√. (3) Hcn-Ps‚ \ymbo-I-cWw: Hcn-Ps‚BZy-X-Xz-ßsf \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v At±lw Hcp KŸ-sa-gp-Xn-sb∂vskmIm-´kv km£n-°p∂p (k-`m.4,25). Hcn-Ps\ a\-kn-em-°m≥ Ign-hn-√mØ km[m-c-W-°m¿ At±-lsØ sX‰n-≤-cn-®p. At∏mƒ Hcn-P\vHcp Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv mjyw \¬Im≥ ZnZo-aqkv ian-®p. F∂m¬ AtXm-sSm∏w Hcn-Ps‚ Nne sX‰p-Ifpw kzoI-cn-®p. amem-J-am-cpsS ]m]w,Bflm°fpsS ap≥ AkvXnXzw, As∏m-I-X-mkvX-knkv F∂o Hcn-P-\nÃvho£-W-ßƒ ZnZo-apkn\pw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Ptdmw ]dbp-∂p (dq-ô-\-kn-s\-Xnsc,1,6;2,16). (4) XmXzn-I\,v ico-c- cm-ln-Xy-sØ-∏-‰n, F∂n-ßs\ c≠v IrXn-I-sf-∏‰n hn.-tPm¨ Uat-j≥ kqNn∏n-°p-∂p. (5) ZnZo-aq-kn-t‚-Xmbn a‰p Nne IrXn-Iƒ IqSn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰v k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fpsS IqsS ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Ch-sb-∏‰n A¥n-am- n-]mbw]d-bm≥ km[y-a-√.

5. `mjy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønsebpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Ønsebpw \nc-h[n KŸ-ßƒ°v ZnZo-apkv `m-jy-ß-sf-gp-Xn. ]e-Xn-s\-∏-‰nbpw D≈ ]cm-a¿i-ßƒamXta \ap°v e`n-®-´p-≈p. Hcn-P-s‚bpw Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ hnZym-]m-T-im-e-bp-sSbpw `mjyco-Xn-bn¬ Xs∂-bmWv At±-lhpw `mjy-c-N\\S-Øn-b-Xv.

ssZh-imkvXw

ssZh-imkvX hnI-k-\-N-cnXw ]Tn-°m≥ ZnZo-aqkv hfsc klm-b-I-am-Wv; Ah-iym-h-iy-hp-am-Wv. AØ-\m-tkym-kn\pw I∏-tUmjy-≥

ZnZo-apkvZnZoapkv

154 155

5. D¤-h-]m-]hpw amtam-Zo-kmbpw

BZnamXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS hogvN-bn¬ \n-∂p-f-hmb ]gb ]m]-Øn¬ \n∂v (]-eøm la¿Xn-b) tbm¿Zm-\nse kv\m\whgn InkvXp\sΩ c£n-®p (Xn-Xzw, 2,12). ssewKn-I-th-gvN -hgn BZy-]m]w ]n≥X-e-ap-d-I-fn-te°v ]I¿∂p. F∂m¬ I\y-I-bn¬ \n-∂p-cp-hmb InkvXp-hn-\m-Is´ BZy-]m]w C√m-bn-cp-∂p (a-\n-t°-b¿s°-Xnsc, 8). amtam-Zo-km,Id-Iƒ Igp-Ip-Ibpw ZsØ-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ir] -\¬Ip-Ibpw ]q¿W-cm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXv c£bv°v IqSntb Xocq (XnXzw, 2,12). CXn-\vH-tc-sbmcp A]-hmZw amXw: ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ I¿a-amb c‡-km-£n-Xzw. tam≠-\n-Ãp-I-fp-sSbpw Fhp-tWm-an-b-cptSbpw kv\m\w kÀwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-s√∂v A-t±lw ]d-bp-∂p (Xn-Xzw, 2.15).

6.- I\y-I-a-dnbw

I\y-I-a-dn-bsØ At±lw ssZh-am-Xmhv (sX-sbm-tXm-t°m-kv) F∂vhnfn-°p-∂p. Ahƒ \nXy-I-\y-I-bm-Wv. ]k-h-Øn\p apºpw ]k-hm-h-k-c-Ønepw AXn\p tijhpw Ahƒ I\yI Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p(B-cn-b¿s°-Xnsc,2,70).

7. a\p-jy≥

Hcn-P-s\-t∏mse s\tbm- π-t‰m-Wn-Iv -Nn¥ ZnZo-ap-kn-s\bpw kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. a\p-jy-\n¬ _u≤n-Im-flmhv (\q-kv) arKo-bm-flm-hv (-]vkyp-s°) PUw (^yp-kn-kv) F∂n-ßs\ aq∂v LS-I-ß-fp-≠v. ico-c-hp-ambntbmPn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Bflmhv ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv, Bflm-°fpsS ap≥ AkvXn-Xz-Øn¬ At±lw hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p F∂v Nne¿Icp-Xp-∂p. sNbvX- ]m-]-Øn\v ]mb-›n-Ø-ambn Ah PU-Øn¬ AS-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂p (Xn-Xzw, 3.1).

8.- Imem-¥yw

Imem-¥y-Øn¬ ssZhw F√mw ]q¿h-ÿn-Xn-bn-¬ F-Øn°psa∂vAt±lw ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp∂p F∂v Ptdmw ]d-bp-∂p. AXm-bXv \nXy-amb\c-I-in-£- Cs√-∂¿Yw.

henb apt∂-‰-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥. c≠p kz`m-h-ßfps≠-¶nepwHcp hy‡n amXw. ]nXm-hn¬ \n-∂p≈ ]pX≥ Hcmfpw (A-t√m-kv)PU-sa-SpØv Iqin-°s∏-´Xv as‰m-cm-fp-ambn (Imbv At√m-kv) \mw Icp-Xp-∂n-√. (XnXzw, 3,6; ]cn-ip-≤m.52).

3.- ]-cn-ip-≤m-flmhv

ZnZo-apkv Xs‚ XnXz-IrXn c≠mw-]p-kvX-I-Øn-\p- ]p-dta ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰n-Øs∂ Hcp ]tXyI IrXn Fgp-Xn. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ssZh-im-kvX-⁄≥ F∂pw At±lw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]nXm-hn¬\n∂v]pd-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]pX-\n¬ \ns∂-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n kay-°mbn hnh-cn-®-Xn\v vtfmd≥kv kn\Uv At±-lsØhf-sc- ]iw-kn-®n-´p-≠v. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv krjvSn-bmWv F∂ Bcn-b≥Nn¥-bvs°-Xn-sc, Ahn-Sp∂v ]pX-s\-t∏m-s-e Xs∂ ssZh-am-sW∂vXpS¿®-bmbn At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. hnip-≤o-I-c-W-I¿aw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ I¿aw -Bbn-´mWv At±lw NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F√m Zm\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]q¿W-X-bmWv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hv. Ahs\ IqSmsX ssZh-Xz-Øn¬\ns∂m∂pw sImSp-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ssZh-am-sW∂v amX-a-√, ]nXm-hn\p ka-\p-am-Wv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ]nXm-hn¬\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v]pX-\n¬ hkn-°p-∂p (XnXzw, 1.31). ]pXs‚ Omb-bmWv Ahn-Sp∂v;]pX≥ ]nXm-hns‚ Omb-bpw. ]nXmhv hkn-°p-∂n-SØv ]pX\pw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hp-ap-≠v. a\p-jym-flmhv XnXz-Øns‚ hmk-tI-µ-am-Wv. aq∂p-t]cpw H∂n-®p- h-kn-°p-∂p (Xn-Xzw, 2.10).

4.- k`

tbip-InkvXp ÿm]n® k`-bn¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv Xs‚ Zm\-ßƒNn¥p-∂p. Ahn-Sp∂v \Zn-I-fn-t∑¬ Xs‚ k`sb ÿm]n-®p. Xs‚ Iev]-\-bm¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ ]m]n-°m≥ i‡n \¬In; Dd-h-bn¬ \ns∂-∂-t]mse Poh-P-e-Øns‚ \ocp-d-h-bm-Ip∂ Ir]-Iƒ Ah-\n¬ \nds™mgp-Ip-∂p (k-¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw, 33,4). ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hp-hgn k` F√m-h-cp-sSbpw amXm-hm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. amtam-Zo-km-sØm-ń-bn¬ I\y-I-bmbXs‚ DZ-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Ahƒ a°sf ]k-hn-°p-∂p. XnXz-Øns‚ amtam-Zn-km-sØm-ń, hniz-kn-°p∂ F√m-h¿°pw th≠n-bp≈ c£-bpsS ]Wn-∏p-c-bm-Wv. AXn¬ Igp-I-s∏-Sp-∂-hsc k¿∏-Zw-i-\-Øn¬ \n∂v c£-s]-Sp-Øp-∂p. I\y-I-bm-bn-Øs∂ \n∂p-sIm-≠v, ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv hgnAhƒ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw amXm-hm-bnØocp-∂p (Xn-Xzw, 2,13). InkvXp-hns‚ h[p, InkvXp-hns‚ auXn-Ii-co-cw, \ΩpsS amXmhv F∂n-ßs\At±lw k`sb hnfn-°p-∂p.

ZnZo-apkvZnZoapkv

156 157

1. cmP-Xz-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]`m-jWw

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®p 400-˛¬ sNbvX ]kw-K-am-Wn-Xv. X∂n-ep≈ ssZh-Om-bsb am\n-°m≥ cmPmhpw IS-s∏-´-h-\m-sW∂v A¿t°-Un-bkv NI-h¿ØntbmSv ss[cy-]q¿hw ]d-™p. A∂p tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse cmP-k-Z-kp-I-fnse ÿnXn H´pw ad-®p-h-bv°msX \n¿`-b-ambn At±lw hnh-cn-°p-∂p: “Xo-tb-‰-dp-I-fnse ]uVn-k-am-\-hpw Znhy-c-lkyw IW-s°bpw cmPm-hn\p Np‰pw Bfp-Iƒ IqSn \n¬°p∂ ]Xn-hp-t]mse tdmamkm-am-Py-Øn\v tZmjw sNbvX as‰m∂pan√. Rm≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ D¬°-WvTm-Ip-e-\m-tI≠. Ip‰w \nt‚-X-√. Cu ZpjvS-\-S-]SnBcw-`n-®-hcpw A`n-am-\n-°-Ø° kwK-Xn-bmbn ]n≥X-e-ap-dbv°v ssIam-dn-b-h-cp-amWv Ip‰-°m¿. \ns∂ IqsS-°qsS I≠m¬ \o km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS \ne-bn-te°v XmWp-t]mIpsa∂ òXn \ns∂ cmPy-Ønse XS-hp-Im-c-\m-°p-∂p. \n\°p ]mtbm-KnIhn⁄m\w ]I-cm-\p-X-Ip∂ H∂pw\o ImWp-∂n√; tIƒ°p-∂p-an-√. imco-cnI kpJ-t`m-K-ßfmWv \ns‚GI-kp-Jw. \ns‚ PohnXw IS¬Nn∏nbpsS Pohn-X-am-Wv. a\x]q¿h-ap≈ Cu AS-®n-ń-cn-°-ens‚ ê-ambn hn⁄cpw Ipeo-\-cp-amb a\p-jysc \o AI-‰p-∂p. a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ I≈-\m-W-b-ß-fmb \nIr-jvS-Po-hn-Isf \ns‚ khn-[-Øn-te°v \o kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. sNdnb XebpwA¬]w Xe-t®mdpw D≈ Pohn-Iƒ! Ah¿ hnUvVn-I-sf-t∏mse s]cp-am-dp-∂p. tImam-fn-thjw sIń kabw sIm√m\pw \ns‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚Akzm-`m-hn-I-X-bn¬ \n∂p-f-hm-Ip∂ `mcw Ipd-bv°m\pw AXv klm-bn-°p-∂p.”î

2. CuPn-]vjy≥ ]`m-jWw: tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Nne Imcy-ß-ƒ Hcp ]tXy-I-ssi-en-bn-¬ F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°-bm-WnXn¬.

3. Zntbm¨: Xs‚ XmXzn-I -Po-hn-X-ssi-ensb \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v405˛¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv.˛ a‰v ]e s\tbm- π-t‰m-WnIv IrXn-Ifpw At±lwcNn-®n-´p-≠v. Ij-≠n-bpsS amlm-flyw, kz]v\-ß-sf-∏‰n F∂nh AØ-c-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p. s\tbm -π-t‰m-Wn-k-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-°-Æn-bmbn At±-lsØ Icp-Xmw.

4. IØp-Iƒ: \nc-h[n IØp-Ifpw At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. a\-kn-s‚bpw lrZ-b-Øn-s‚bpw hninjvS KpW-ß-fp≈ Hcp ]WvUn-X-\mWvAt±-l-sa∂v Cu IØp-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Fhm-Kn-bkpw t^mknbkpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ At±-lsØ ]iw-kn-°p-∂p.

5. ]Øv KoX-ß-fpsS Hcp kam-lmcw: ssIkvXh s\tbm -π-t‰m-WnIv Bi-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂p cq]wsIm≠ hnhn[ hnj-b-ßsf ]pc-kvI-cn-®mWv Cu KoX-ßƒ.

A[ymbw 16

knt\-kn-bpkpw t\mÆpkpw

1. knt\-kn-bqkv

en_n-bm-bn¬ sskdo-\n¬ 370˛\pw 375˛\pw CSbv°v knt\-kn-bpkvP\n-®p. ]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw \mń¬ Ign-®n´v D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn\v Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bn-se-Øn. ln∏mkym F∂ ]WvUn-X, s\tbm π-t‰m-Wn°vkmln-Xy-Øn-te°pw anÃ-dn-I-fn-te°pw At±-lsØ Xncn-®p-hn-´p. Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ ZrV-am-sbmcp aaX Ah-tfm-S-t±lw ]pe¿Øn. Xs‚Kpcphpw amXmhpw kvt\ln-X-bp-ambn At±lw Ahsf Icp-Xn. At±lwBY≥kn¬ Hcp kµ¿i\w \S-Øn. AhnsS \n∂p XXz-imkvXw ]t≠]º-I-S-∂-Xp -I≠v At±lw \ncm-i-\m-bn-t∏m-bn. s]‚m-s∏m-fo-knse P\wAt±-lsØ ZuXy-hm-l-I-\mbn 399-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m-∏n-fn-te°v A-b-®p. Aan-X-Icw sh-ń-°p-d-∏n-®p-sIm≠v 402˛¬ At±lw Xncn-s®-Øn.A[nIw Ign-bmsX hnhmlw Ign-°m≥ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn-te°v ]pd-s∏-´p. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bbnse sXtbm-^n-ekv hnhmlw Bio¿h-Zn--®p-sIm-SpØp (teJ\w, 105). s]‚m-s∏m-fo-knse P\-ßƒ knt\-kn-bp-kns\410˛¬ saXm-\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. At±lw AXv ]mtS \nc-kn-®p. P\whnSm≥ Iq´m-°n-bn-√.

ì“hnhm-l-Po-hnXw XpS-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-Ww, s\tbm- π-t‰m-WnIvho£-W-ßƒ Dt]-£n-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°-cpXv”îF∂n-ßs\ c≠p Imcy-ßƒ At±lw Bh-iy-s∏- p. P\w c≠pw AwKo-I-cn-®p. Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv At±-lsØ saXm-\mbn hmgn-®p. hfsc Imcy-£-a-ambn At±lw cq]X `cn®p F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 413˛\p apºp acn-®p.

Hcp ssIkvX-h≥ F∂-Xn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ Hcp s\tbm- π-t‰m-WnIvXmXzn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. CXv IrXn-I-fn¬ hy‡-am-Wv.


158 159

A[ymbw 17

Pdp-k-te-anse hn.- kn-dn¬ (315˛386)

Pdp-k-te-anse saXm-∑m-cn¬ \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ hn.- kn-dn¬ am-XtaFgp-Øp-Im-c≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ hnJym-X-\m-bn-´p-≈p. At±-l-Øns‚ aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ß-fmWv At±-lsØ ]i-kvX-\m-°n-b-Xv. A-t±lw Pdp-k-te-an¬ 315-˛-t\m-S-SpØv P\n®p. tIk-dnbm saXm-\mb AIm-Nn-bkv348-˛¬ At±-lsØ Pdp-k-te-anse saXm-\m-bn hmgn-®p. AIm-Nn-bkvBcn-b≥ ]£-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. kndn¬ Bcn-b≥ ]£-Øn-te°vNm™Xp -h-gn-bmWv saXm-\m-b-sX∂v Nne¿ Btcm-]Ww D∂-bn-®p.F∂m¬ Xnb-sUm-sd-‰pw (-k-`m-N-cnXw, 2,22) tIm¨Ã-m‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-Un-s‚ (382)- te-J-\-hpw (-k-`m.5,9) At±lw kXy-hn-izmkn Bbn-cp∂pF∂v km£n-°p-∂p. saXm-\mbn A[nIw Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\p -aptº kndnepwAIm-Nn-bpkpw XΩn¬ A`n-]m-b-hy-Xymkw D≠m-bn.- \n-Jym-kq-\-l-tZm-kns‚ h‡m-hmbn \ne-sIm-≠ kndn-¬- B-cn-b≥ ]£-°m-cpsS t]c-W-bm¬ aq∂p -]m-hiyw cq]-X-bn¬ \n∂v _ln-jvIr-X-\m-bn.- P-dp-k-te-an¬ 357-˛¬ IqSnb kn\Uv A-t±-lsØ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n.- kn-dn¬X¿tkm-kn¬ A`bw tXSn. ASp-Ø- h¿jw skeq-jy≥ kn-\UvAt±lsØ cq]-X-bn¬ XncnsI hcp-Øn.- A-Im-Nn-bkv 360-˛¬ At±-lsØ ho≠pw ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n.- Pq-en-b≥ NI-h¿Øn `c-W-ta-‰-t∏mƒ (362)- Xn-cnsI hcm≥ kndn-en\v A\p-hmZw e`n-®p. AIm-Nn-bkv366-˛¬ acn-®p. hmse≥kv NI-h¿Øn 367-˛¬ kndn-ens\ ho≠pw \mSp-I-S-Øn.- hmse≥kv acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Cu \ne XpS¿∂p. kndn¬ samØw]Xn-s\m-∂p -h¿jw hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ Ign-tb-≠n-h-∂p. c≠mw FIyp-ta-\n-°¬ Iu¨kn-en¬ (381) -A-t±lw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 386 am¿®v 18-˛mwXobXn acn-®p.

6. c≠p ]kw-K-ßƒ: saXm-\m-b- ti-j-ap-≈-h-bmWv c≠pw. ]`m-j-W-ssi-en-bpsS AXn-]-kcw Ah-bn¬ Zriy-am-Wv. Ah-bpsS NneiI-e-ßƒ amXta \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

acn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ sl√-\n-k-Øn-s‚bpw IpXn-®p-b¿∂p- sIm-≠n-cp∂ InkvXp-aX-Øn-s‚bpw CS-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ XmXzn-I≥ F∂pwIncoSw h® πt‰m-WnÃv F∂pw At±-lsØ hnfn-°mw. saXm-\m-b-tijhpw D≈ns‚ D≈n¬ s\tbm- π-t‰m-Wn-Ãmbn Xs∂ -At±lw Ign-™p-Iq-Sn.

2. ]t\m-s∏m-fo-knse t\mÆpkv

CuPn-]vXnse Hcp AssI-kvXh Ihn-bm-bn-cp∂p t\mÆp-kv.]n∂oSv At±lw InkvXym-\n-bmbn. CuPn-]vXnse ]t\m-s∏m-fo-kn¬ 400-˛¬ ]nd-∂p. Ko°n-ep≈ G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb F∏nIv Fgp-Xn-bXv t\mÆp-km-Wv. Znsbm-Wokn-bmI F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu IrXn 48 ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-em-bn-´m-Wv A-t±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Znsbm-Wo-kpkv F∂t]K≥ tZhs‚ Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bn¬ \n∂p≈ `mc-X-bm-X-bmWv CXn-lmk hnjbw. tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ Npcp°w F∂ IrXnt\mÆp-kn-s‚-Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXns‚ ssien, Znsbm-Wo-kn-bm-I-Øn-t‚Xp Xs∂. Nne Isø-gpØp ]Xn-I-fn¬ ]t\m-s∏m-fo-knset\mÆpkv F∂v Cu IrXn-tbm-Sp-IqsS ImWp-∂p-≠v. InkvXym-\n-bmbtijw t\mÆp-kv F-gp-Xn-b-XmImanXv. adnbsØ sXsbm-tXm-tImk vF∂v Cu IrXn hnfn-°p-∂p.


160 161

sImcp-°m≥ anÃnIv ]q°ƒ \nßƒ AS¿Øn-sbSp-°p-∂p.- C-t∏mtg\nßƒ sIm´m-c-Øns‚ ]pdw-ap-‰Øv FØn-°-gn-™p. cmPmhv \nßsfAI-Øp -]-th-in-∏n-°-s´” ˛ -kvt\-lhpw hm’-eyhpw \nd-™p- Xp-fp-ºp-∂-h-bmWv Cu hm°p-Iƒ.

XpS¿∂v kv\m¿Yn-Iƒ°v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ ssNX-\y-sØ∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p: X]-kn-s‚bpw ]m¿Y-\-bp-sSbpw Acq-]n, kzbw-\n-K-lw,a\x-Zr--V-X,- ip-≤-\n-tbm-Kw, G‰hpw ]mh-\-amb Dt±iyw F∂n-h-sb-∏‰nAhsc ]t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p. c£m-I-c-c-lkyw \nKq-V-amb bmYm¿Yy-am-I-bm¬ CXp cl-ky-ambn Im°-W-sa∂v hfsc i‡n-bmbn A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. kv\m-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb am\-kn-I -\n-e-sb-∏-‰nbpw At±lwDZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p∂p: “F√m euIn-I-hy-K-X-Ifpw Zqsc-b-I-‰-Ww, -bm-sXmcphntcm-[hpw h®psIm≠n-cn-°msX F√m-h-tcm-Spw £an-°-Ww; hn. -K-Ÿ-]m-cm-b-Ww- hgn Bflo-b-`-£Ww Ign®v Bflm-hns\ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww” F∂v ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse A\p-Xm-]-w, ]m]-tam-N-\w,]-tem-`\ßƒ, kv\m\w,- c-£, kv\m\-I¿aw,- A-Xns‚ A¿Yhpw ê-ßfpw F∂n-hbpw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. \memw ]kw-K-Øn¬ InkvXob XXz-kw-lnXbpw A©m-a-tØ-Xn¬ hnizm-k-Øns‚ D¤-hhpw kz`m-hhpwNpcp°n hnhn-cn-°p-∂p. kv\m\w, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Bhm-kw,-Ip¿_m\ F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bmWv Ah-km-\sØ A©v ]kw-K-ßƒ.

Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ kndn¬ Xs∂ Fgp-Xn-b-h-b-√. ]kw-Km-h-kcwIpdn-s∏-gp-Øp-Im¿ Ipdn-®p-h®v ]n∂oSv hni-Zo-I-cn-®-h-bm-Wv. AXm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ ]Xn-hv. ]e Isø-gp-Øp -]-Xn-I-fnepw Cu Ipdn-∏p -Im-Wmw. (Ch-bpsS ae-bm-f- hn-hn¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.- tN-Sn-b-Øv, Pdp-k-te-anse kndn¬˛a-Xm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ, -tIm-´-bw, 2000).

2. tIm¨Ãm≥kyqkv NI-h¿Øn-°p≈ IØv

Pdp-k-te-an¬ 351 sabv 7˛\v BIm-iØv ImW-s∏´ Ipcnins\kw_-‘n-®mWv Cu IØv: “hn.- s]-¥n-t°m-kvXn- s]-cp-∂m-fns‚ CuZnh-k-ß-fn¬ sabv amk-Øn¬ GXm≠v aq∂p-a-Wn- k-a-bØv ]Im-i-Øm¬ cq]o-Ir-X-amb òam-Im-c-amb Hcp Ipcniv BIm-i-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-´p.- tKm-Kp¬Xm-bpsS apIƒ apX¬ Hen-hp-a-e- hsc AXv hym]n-®n-cp-∂p. Ht∂m ct≠m -t]¿ am-X-a-√,- \-K-c-Øn-ep≈ F√m-hcpw AXv hy‡-ambn I≠p. Hcp `mh-\m-kr-jvSn- t]m-se -AX s]s´∂v AXv IS-∂p-t]m-b-Xp-an-√.- G-Xm\pw aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ kabw `qan-°p -ap-I-fn¬ AXvImW-s∏- p.- kq-cy-In-c-W-ß-tf-°mƒ tim -tb-dnb ]Imiw AXv _ln¿K-

IrXn-Iƒ

1.- a-Xm-[ym-]-\-]kw-K-ßƒ (Catechetical Homilies)

Pdp-k-te-anse Xncp-°-√d tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ (Church of the Holy

Sepulcre) saXm-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ 348˛t\m-S-SpØv kndn¬ sNbvX aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ hnJym-X-ß-fm-Wv. samØw 24 ]kw-K-ß-fp-≠v. Hcp]mcw-`-]-kw-Kw ( Procatechesis), kv\m\-Øn\v Hcp-°-ambn kv\m\m¿Yn-Iƒ°p \¬Inb 18 ]kw-K-ßƒ (Catecheses), Xßƒ kzoI-cn® Znhy-c-l-ky-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v kv\m\m-¥cw \¬Inb A©p ]kw-K-ßƒ (Mystagogical Catecheses). kv\m\-Øn\v Hcp-°-ambn kndn¬\¬Inb aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ (18) hfsc efn-Xhpw kpKm-lyhpwF∂m¬ Bg-ta-dnb ssZh-imkvXw Dƒs°m-≈-p-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. F∂m¬_m°n-bp≈ A©p ]kw-K-ßƒ°v Bghpw ]c∏pw Ipd-hm-Wv. kv\m\wkzoI-cn-®-h¿°v e`n® Ir]bpw AXn\p hgn-sbm-cp-°nb ipiq-j--Ifpwhnh-cn-°p∂ Ch BZysØ 18 ]-kw-K-ß-fpsS IqsS ]n∂oSv Iqń-t®¿Ø-XmImw.

InkvXym-\n-I-fm-Im≥ BK-ln-°p-∂-h¿ t]cv dPn-Ã¿ sNø-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. kv\m\m¿YnIfmbn k` kzoI-cn-®p- I-gn-™m¬ Ah¿s°mcp]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]mSn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _u≤n-Ihpw Bflo-bhpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb ]cn-io-e\w hmNn-I-am-bn-´tX \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu ]cn-io-e\whenb t\mºns‚ Ah-k-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]t_m-[\ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ IqsS-°qsS `qtXm-®m-S\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Ahsc c£m-I-c-N-cnXw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hnizm-k-]-am-W-Ønse hnizm-k-c-l-ky-ßƒ Ah¿°v hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. I¬]-\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn\vAhsc ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w IqsS°qsS D]-h-kn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp-ßp-∂-Xn\pw A`y-kn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.- P-dp-ktew k`-bn¬ \ne-\n∂ hnizm-k-]-am-W-amWv kndn¬ hni-Zo--Icn-°p-∂-Xv.

Db¿∏p- Xn-cp-\m-fn-t\m-Sv A-\p-_-‘n-®mWv kv\m\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂Xv.kv\m\-tØm-sSm∏w aqtdm-\-`n-tj-Ihpw hnip≤ Ip¿_m-\bpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. kv\m\sØ “]Im-in-∏n-°¬” F∂pw kv\m\w kzoI-cn-®-hsc“]Im-in-X¿” F∂pw hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. ssZhn-I-]-`-bm¬ A-h¿ ]Im-in-X-cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. ssZh-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ bYm¿Y- ⁄m-\-Øm¬ Ah¿]Im-in-X-cm-Ip-∂p. ]mcw-`-]-kwKw XpS-ßp-∂Xv C]-Im-c-amWv: “]Im-in-X-cm-Im-\p≈ Fs‚ ]nb-s∏´ A¿Yn-I-tf, ]dp-Zo-km-bpsS kuc`yw\nß-fpsS ]°-te°v Hgp-In-h-cp-∂p. Ct∏mtg kz¿Kob ]qam-e-Iƒ

Pdp-k-te-anse hn.- kn-dn¬Pdp-k-te-anse hn.- kn-dn¬

162 163

Xbpw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. “kz`m-h-Ømte Ahn-Sp∂v ssZh-am-Wv,- Z-sØ-Sp-°¬ hgn-b-√. Ahn-Sp∂v ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v P\n-®p, F∂m¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-´-h-\-√. \iz-c-P∑w t]mse-b√ ]pXs‚ \nXy-X-bnse P\-\w. CuP\\w Bflo-b-am-Ip-∂p. ssZhw F∂pw ]nXm-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]q-X≥F∂pw ]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS ]pX-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXmhv ssZh-am-bn-cn-°p∂-Xp-t]mse ]pX\pw ssZh-am-Wv. a\p-jy-a-\ v hm°p-Iƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp- t]m-se-b√ ]nXmhv ]p-Xs\ P\n-∏n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ Fß-s\bmWv Cu P\-\-sa∂v Hcp a\p-jy\pw Adn-bn-√. AXv Cß-s\bpwAß-s\bpw A√ F∂p amXta \ap-°p- ]-d-bm-\m-hq. ]nXmhv ]pX-s‚bpw krjvSn-I-fp-sSbpw ]nXm-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp-t]m-se-b-√.]nXmhpw ]pX\pw kz-`m-h-Ønepw al-Xz-Ønepw i‡n-b-nepw B[n-]-Xy-Ønepw H∂m-Wv.- ]pXs‚ krjvSn-I¿aßƒ ]nXm-hn-t‚-Xp -X-s∂-bm-Wv. a\p-jy-sc-]Xn ]mXm-f-Øn-te-°n-d-ßn-b-h≥ kXy-ambpw BZn-bn¬Ifn-a-Æn¬ \n∂v a\p-jys\ D≠m-°n-b \n¿am-Xm-hm-Ip-∂p ”

\nJym-bpsS ka-k-Ø (-tlm-tam-D-kn-tbm-kv) F∂ ]Z-]-bmKw kndn-en¬ Im-Wp-∂n-√.- F-∂m¬ XØp-ey-am-b thZ-]p-kvX-I- ]-Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ-A-t±-l-Øn¬ DS-\ofw ImWmw.- A-°m-eØpw tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkv F∂]Zw ks_-√n-b≥ ]mj-WvU-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Nne¿ a\- n-em-°n-b-Xn-\m-emImw kndn¬ AXp-]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xv.- Xs‚ ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc ks_-√n-b¿-s°-Xnsc timXm-°sf At±lw t_m[-h¬°-cn°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ]pX≥ ]nXm-hp-ambn F√m-‰nepw Xpey-\m-Wv (-F≥ ]mkn≥ slm-sam-bvtbmkv) F∂ ]tbmKw ImWp-∂p-≠v.ssZh-Øns‚ ⁄m\hpw i‡n-bpw \oXnbpw hy‡n-]-c-ambn Ah-\n¬ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.- “Xs‚ ]oUm-\p-`-h-Øn-\p- ti-j-a√ Ah≥ IncoSw[cn-∏n°s∏´-Xv. Ipcn-inse kl-\-Øn\p ]Xn-^-e-ambn ssZhw Ahs\he-Øp-`m-K-Øn-cpØn F∂p Icp-Xp-∂Xp icn-b-√.” Bcn-bkv sNbvX-Xp-t]mse ]nXm-hn-s\bpw ]pX-s\bpw XΩn-e-I-‰-cp-sX∂pw ks_-√n-bkv sNbvX-Xp-t]mse ]nXm-hn-s\bpw ]pX-s\bpw Hcm-fmbn Icp-X-cp-sX-∂pw- A-t±lw timXm-°sf DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p (4,7-˛8). XpS¿∂p≈A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ Iqim-tcm-l-Ww,- kw-kv°m-cw, -D-∞m-\w,kz¿Km-tcm-lWw, c-≠m-asØ hchv F∂nh N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ \ΩpsS c£-Is\ Ipdn-®p≈ kay-°mb Hcp ssZh-im-kv-Xm-h-tem-I-\-am-Wv At±-l-Øns‚ ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.

2. ]cnip-≤m-flmhv

]cn-ip-≤-mflm-hns‚ ssZh-Xz-sØ-∏‰n kndn¬ kv]jvS-ambn ]Tn-∏n-

an-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. -A-]-Imcw A√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ- AXvZ¿in-°-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- a-dn-®v, \K-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-sc√mw Cu kz¿Ko-b-Z¿i\wsIm≠p-≠mb `b-Ømepw B\-µ-Ømepw \nd™v a¿Xo-cn-bn-te-°v(-Xn-cp-°-√-d- tZ-hm-e-b-Øn-te-°v) HmSn-°q-Sn. F√m A¤p-X-ßfpw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Pm-X\pw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hp-amb tbip-In-kvXp-hn\,v bphm-°fpw hr≤cpw F√m ]mb-Øn-ep-ap≈ kvXoIfpw]pcp-j-∑mcpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw A√m-Ø--hcpw Htc kzc-Øn¬ HcpkvtXmX-KoXw ]mSn. \ΩpsS ssZhw NI-h¿Øn°v im¥nbpw A\p-K-lhpw ]Zm\w sNøs´” F∂ ]m¿Y-\-tbm-Sp-IqsS kndn¬ IØvAh-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. Xo¿Ym-S-I¿ Cu A¤pXhm¿Ø temI-sa-ßpw]N-cn-∏n®p F∂v skmtkm-a≥ ]d-bp-∂p (-k-`m. 4,5). -tIm¨Ã≥-ssS≥NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØv I¿Øm-hns‚ Ipcniv Is≠-S-°s∏s´∂vIØn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

3.- ]-`m-j-W-ßƒ

]q¿Wambn Hcp ]`m-j-Wta \ap°p ssIh-∂n-´p-≈p. Ipf°-c-bn¬ ZqXs\ ImØv 40 h¿jw -In-S∂ Xf¿hm-X -tcm-Kn-sb-∏-‰n-bmWvCu ]kw-Kw. a‰p-≈-h-bpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

ssZh-imkvXw

A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ X¿°-ß-fn¬ \ns∂√mw Hgn-™p-\n¬°m≥At±lw ian-®p. -Xm-XznI X¿°-ß-tf-°mƒ ]tbm-KnI Imcy-ß-fn-emWvAt±lw IqSp-X¬ i≤ ]Xn-∏n-®-Xv. \nJym-bpsS h‡m-hm-b-Xn-\m-emWvAt±-l-Øn\v \o≠ hn]-hmkw A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n- h-∂-Xv.

1. InkvXp-imkvXw

aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-Øns‚ 10 apX¬ 15 hsc-bp≈ A[ym-b-ßƒI¿Øm-hmb tbip-In-kvXp-hn-s\-∏‰n N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. GI I¿Øm-th-ip-InkvXphnepw hniz-kn-°p∂p F∂ \nJym-]-t_m-[\w hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv Cu A[ym-b-ß-fn¬. ]g-b-\n-b-a -km-£y-ßƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v 10-˛mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ InkvXp--hn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ \nc-Øn- h-bv°p∂p: “InkvXp-hns‚ km£n-Iƒ \nc-h-[nbpw sshhn-[y-am¿∂-hbpw Ch-tb-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-ep-am-Wv. C-]-Imcw km£y-s∏-Sp-Ønb InkvXp-hn-ep≈ hnizmkw taen¬ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sm-\m-Iptam?” F∂p tNmZn-®p-sIm≠v ]kvXpX A[ymbw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. 11- mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Bcn-b≥, k-s_-√n-b≥ A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I¿s°-Xnsc InkvXp-hns‚ ssZh-Xzhpw kz`m-h-Øn¬ ]nXm-hp-am-bp≈ Xpey-


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km[y-a-√: “\mw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ acn-®n-√, \mw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ kwkv°-cn-°-s∏-ń-√, bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Iqin°s∏-ń-√, -b-Ym¿Y-Øn¬ D∞m\wsNbvXn-√. AXv Be-¶m-cn-Ihpw ]Xo-Im-fl-I-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. -F-∂m¬\ΩpsS c£ bYm¿Yambn-cp-∂p... -]-Xo-Im-fl-I -I¿a-ß-fn-eqsS Xs‚]oU-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v \mw bYm-¿Y-am-bpw- k-Xy-am-bpw- c£]m]n-°m≥ Ahn-Sp∂v Ch-sb√mw kuP-\y-ambn \Ωp-tS-Xm-°n ”(2,5).

4.- Ip¿_m\

Ip¿_m\ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]t_m-[-\-Øn-em-Wv kndn¬ Xs‚ap≥Km-an-I-tf-°mƒ hfsc ]ptcm-K-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. anÃ-tKm-Pn-°¬ ]kw-K-ßƒ \mepw A©pw Ip¿_m-\-sb-°p-dn-®m-Wv. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ InkvXp-b-Ym¿Y-ambn k∂n-ln-X-\m-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂ bmYm¿Yyw hfsc kv]jvS-ambn At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. 1sIm-dn.11,23-˛25 D≤-cn-®-tijw At±lw ]d-bp∂p: “CXv Fs‚ ico-c-am-Ip∂p F∂v \mY≥ Xs∂ kv]jvS-am-bn- A-∏-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ Bsc-¶nepw kwi-bn-°m≥ ss[cys∏Sptam?CXv Fs‚ c‡-am-Ip∂p F∂v Ahn-Sp-∂p- Xs∂ Dd-∏mbn ]d-bp-tºmƒBcmWv kwi-bn-°p-Ibpw CXv Ah-s‚ c‡-a√ F∂v ]d-bp-IbpwsNøp-∂Xv? ” (4,1). “AXp-sIm≠v ]cn-]q¿W-amb Bfl-hn-izm-k-tØmsSInkvXp-hns‚ ico-c-Ønepw c‡-Ønepw F∂-hÆw \mw `mK-`m-°m-Ip-∂p. A∏-Øns‚ kmZr-i-y-Øn¬ Ahn-SpsØ icocw \n\-°p \¬I-s∏-Sp-∂p; ho™ns‚ kmZr-iy-Øn¬ Ahn-SpsØ c‡-hpw.- A-ßs\InkvXp-hns‚ ico-c-Ønepw c‡-Ønepw ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xp- hgn \nßƒAhn-Sp-tØm-Sp-IqsS GI-i-co-chpw GI -c-‡hpw BIm-\m-Wn-Xv.- A-hs‚ ico-chpw c‡hpw \ΩpsS Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS tImißfmbn Xocp-tºmƒ \mw InkvXp-hm-l-I-cpw- ssZ-h-kz-`m-h-Øn¬ ]¶p-Imcpw Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p” (4,3). “]Zm¿Y-ßsf shdpw A∏hpw ho™pw Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-cp-Xv.- Ah I¿Øm-hns‚ ]Jym-]-\-a-\p-k-cn®v Ahn-SpsØ ico-chpw c‡-hp-am-Wv. Cµn-b-ßƒ A]-Imcw Imń-bmepw hnizmkw \ns∂Dd-∏n-°-s´. ]Zm¿YsØ cpNn-bn¬ \n∂v hn[n-°-cp-Xv. InkvXp-hns‚ ico-chpw c‡hpw kzoI-cn-°m≥ \o tbmKy-\m-°-s∏´p F∂v hnizmkw\n\°v Cf-ImØ Bfl-hn-izmkw \¬I-s´”(4,6). “Im\m-bn¬ sh≈sØ ho™m-°n-b-h\v ho™ns\ Xs‚ c‡-am°n am‰m≥ Ign-hp-s≠∂p \mw hniz-kn-°Ww” F∂v kndn¬ ]d-bp-∂p(4,2). ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Bhm-k-Øm-emWv A∏-ho-™-pIƒ I¿Xr-i-co-c-c-‡-ß-fm-bn Xocp-∂Xv: “Ip¿_m-\-bnse A∏hpw ho™pw Bcm-[y-am-b -Xn-Xz-Øns‚ hnip≤ hnfn-®-t]-£n-°-en-\p- apºv km[m-cW A∏hpw ho™p-

°p-∂p.- “]p-X-s\-t∏mse ]cn-ip-≤-m-flmhpw ssZhn-I-k-Ø-b-n¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Wv.- A-hn-`-‡-amWv \ΩpsS hnizm-kw,- th¿s]-Sp-Øm≥ Akm-[y-amWv \ΩpsS `‡n, \mw XnXzsØ th¿s]-Sp-Øp-∂n-√,- k-s_-√n-bpkv]Tn-∏n-®Xp-t]mse Iqń-°p-gbv°p-∂n√” F∂v At±lw ]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.16-˛pw 17˛pw ]kw-K-ßƒ ]cn-ip≤m-flm-hns\ Ip-dn-®m-Wv: “]md-t¢ØmBb GI- ]-cn-ip-≤m-flm-th-bp-≈p.- ]n-Xm-hmb GI -ssZ-hw,- c-≠m-a-sXmcp ]nXm-hn-√. GI-Pm-X-\mb ]pX\pw hN-\amw ssZhhpw GI≥.-A-hn-Sp-tØ°p ktlm-Z-c-ß-fn-√.- A-Xp-t]m-se GI- ]-cn-ip-≤-mflm-th-bp-≈p. _lp-am-\-Øn¬ X\n°p Xpey-\mbn as‰mcp ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn√.-]-cn-ip-≤m-flmhv atlm-∂-X -i-‡n-bpw ssZhn-I- bm-Ym¿Yyhpw hni-I-e-\m-Xo-X-\p-amWv” F∂p -Xp-Sßn hfsc at\m-l-c-ambn ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ Ipdn®v kndn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p (16,3). ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-Xnsc]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-h-sc-∏‰n At±lw XpS¿∂p N¿®- sN-øp∂p (16,5-˛10). £pZ-°m-c≥ iotam≥,- hn-hn-[-Xcw t·mÃn-°p-Iƒ, he‚o-\n-b¿,- am\n, am¿ky-\o-Ø¿,- tam-≠-\n-Ãp-Iƒ F∂n-h-sc- ]-tXyIw FSpØp -]-d-bp-∂p. ]gb-\n-b-a-Ønepw ]pXn-b- \n-b-a-Øn-ep-ap≈ Ahn-SpsØ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒhnh-cn-°p-∂p. “]hm-N-I-∑m-cn-eqsS ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-\m¬ kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw s]¥n-t°m-kvXn -Zn-hkw ChnsS Pdp-k-te-an¬ h®v «ol-∑m-cp-sS-ta¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ Ab-°p-I-bpw- sNbvX F√m-‰n-s‚bpw ssZhw,Ahs\ \nß-fp-sS- taepw Ct∏mƒ Ab-°s´ ” F∂p ]m¿Yn-®p-sIm≠v17-˛m-w ]kwKw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p.

3. amtam-Zokm

aq∂mw ]kw-Khpw anÃ-tKm-Pn-°¬ ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ H∂pw c≠pwamtam-Zo-km-sb-°p-dn®mWv. tdmam-te-J-\w 6˛mw A[ymb-Øn¬ hn.- ]u-temkv «olm-bpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-Øns‚ NphSp]n-Sn-®mWv hn. -kn-dn¬kv\m\w -N¿®- sN-øp-∂-Xv. InkvXp-hns‚ ac-W-Øn-epw D∞m-\-Ønepap≈ `mK-`m-Kn-Xz-amWv kv\m\w.- ]-Xo-I-ß-fn-eqsSbmWv kv\m\-I¿a-sa-¶nepw, AXp-hgn e`n-°p∂ Ir] bYm¿Y-am--Wv. ]m]-tam-N-\-sØbpw ZsØ-Sp-°-en-s\bpwImƒ D]-cn-ÿ-am-W-Xv.- A-\p-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS\mw sNøp-∂h \ap-°v c£ t\Sn-Ø-cp-∂p-. A-Xp-sIm≠v CXv Ahm-Nyhpw AKm-ly-hp-amb bmYm¿Yy-am-Wv. am™p-t]m-ImØ apZ ]Zm\wsNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]m]w t]m°p-Ibpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ \¬Ip-I-bpw-sN-øp-∂p.- A-Sn-a-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hnSp-Xepw sX‰p-Iƒ°v tamN-\hpw]m]-Øn\v arXnbpw Bflm-hn\v \h-Po-h\pw kv\m\w t\Sn-Ø-cp-∂p.-kv\m-\tam, c‡-km-£n-Xztam IqSmsX B¿°pw c£ ]m]n°m≥


166 167

A[ymbw 18

X¿tkm-knse Znb-tZm¿

At¥ym-Iy≥ k-`-bnse ]K-¤\pw tijv-T\p-amb BNm-cy-\m-bn-cp∂p X¿tkm-knse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ Znb-tZm¿. kXy-hn-izm-k-Øns‚alm-kvXw-`-ambn Pohn-X-Im-eØv At±lw ]-Io¿Øn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p.F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-e-Øv D-S-se-SpØ k`m-X¿°ß-fn¬ At±l-Øns‚]i-kvXn°v Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ aß-te-‰p. At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ P\n-® -Zn-b-tZm¿BY≥kn¬ hfsc ]i-kvX-am-w-hn[w ¢mkn-°¬ ]-T\w \S-Øn. AXn-\p-tijw At¥ym-Iy-bn-se kn¬hm-t\m-kn-s‚bpw Fta-k-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn-s‚bpw Iogn¬ ssZh-im-kvX -]-cn-io-e\w t\Sn. ]T-\-sa√mwIgn-™-t∏mƒ A-t±lw k\ym-k-Po-hnXw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. At±lwAt¥ym-Iy-bv°-SpØv Hcp k\ym-km-i-a-Øn¬ A[y£\m-bn-cp-s∂∂vskmIm-´-kpw (-k-`m.6,3) -skm--tkm-a-\pw (-k-`m.8,2) ]d-bp-∂p. ]WvUn-X\mb A[ym-]-Is\∂ \ne-bn¬ hnPm-Xnb¿°pw ]mj-WvUn-Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc \nJym-hn-izmkw Db¿Øn-°m-´m≥ Znb-tZm¿ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]cn-i-an-®p. At¥ym-Iy-bnse c≠m-asØ Iem-ebw XpS-ßn-bXv At±-l-am-Wv. tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, Xnb-tUm¿ BZn-bm-b-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚injy-K-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

hnizm-k-Xym-Kn-bmb Pqen-b≥ NI-h¿Øn 362 Pq¨ ap-X¬ 363am¿®p-hsc At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ Xma-k-n-®p-sIm≠v hnK-lm-cm-[\ ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n-°m≥ Bhp-∂-X ian-®p. Znb-tZm¿- A-sXmcp henb sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn IW-°m-°n. •oem-b¿s°-Xnsc Fs∂mcp KŸsa-gp-Xm≥ Pqen-b≥ At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®v hfsc ]Wn-s∏-´p. At\Iw cmXn-Iƒ AXn-\mbn A[zm-\n-®p. “tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ ssZhXzw Db¿Øn-°m- p-∂-Xn¬kap-Z-Ønse Hcp-b¿∂ ]md-t]mse Znb-tZm¿ Db¿∂p” (-Xn-b-sUmsd-‰v,k`m.4,22).- Pq-en-b≥ ZnbtZm-dns\ Xd-]-‰n-°m\pw A]-am-\n-°m-\pw ian-

am-Wv.- F-∂m¬ hn-fn-®-t]-£n-°-en-\p -tijw (F-∏n-s¢-sk-tbm-kv) A∏wInkvXp-hns‚ ico-chpw ho™v Ahn-SpsØ c‡-hp-ambn Xocp-∂p”(1,7).

Ip¿_m\ _en-bm-sW∂ Bi-bhpw kndn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn°p-∂p.“Bflo-b-_-en, c‡-c-ln-X-_-en, \nc-∏m-°p-∂ -_en, acn-®-h¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Bh-iy--°m¿s°-√mw- th≠n A¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ am[y-ÿy-bmKw”

Fs∂√mw kndn¬ Ip¿_m-\sb hnfn-°p-∂p. “\ΩpsS ]m]-]-cn-lm-cm¿Yw\pdp-°-s∏´ InkvXp-hm-Ip∂ _en-h-kvXp- X-s∂-bmWv Ip¿_m-\-bnseA¿∏-W-Ønepw \pdp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ip¿_m\ \ap-°pw \ΩpsS ]tc-X¿°pw Hcp-t]mse A\p-K-l-]-Z-am-sW∂v At±lw a\-kn-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p: “c‡-c-ln-X-amb coXn--bn¬ Bflo-b-_en ]q¿Øn-bmbn Ign-bp-tºmƒ Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-h¿°p -th≠n \mw ]m¿Yn-°p-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw\ap-°p -ap-tº -\n-Z-]m-]n-®-hsc \mw A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS ]m¿Y-\-I-fmepw am[yÿy--Ømepw ssZhw \ΩpsS bmN-\-Iƒ kzoI-cn°m\m-Wn-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw \ap-°p aptº \nZ-]m-]n-®- ]n-Xm-°-∑mscbpwsaXm-∑mscbpw, H‰-hm-°n¬, \ΩpsS CS-bn¬ \n∂v Ign™ Ime-ß-fn¬ IS-∂p-t]mb F√m-h-scbpw \mw Hm¿°p-∂p” (5,8- 10). ˛ Ip¿_m-\sb òXnI-chpw `b-`-‡n-P-\y-hp-amb bmYm¿Yysa∂v (aweful or awe

inspiring mysteries) BZy-ambn hnfn°p-∂Xpw kndn-em-Wv.

Pdp-k-te-anse hn.- kn-dn¬

168 169

A_vZotim ]d-bp∂p: “X¿tkm-knse Znb-tZm¿ 60 IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn. Ah-bn¬ an°Xpw Bcn-b-¿ IØn-®p-I-f-™p.- A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂h Xmsg]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv. ssZh-]-cn-]m-e-\, tPymXn-j-¿-s°-Xn-sc, Fhp-tWm-an-b¿s°-Xn-sc,- a‰p ]mj-WvUn-Iƒs°-Xn-sc,- bq-Z-¿s°-Xn-sc,- a\n-t°-b¿s°-Xn-sc, As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b-kn-s\-Xn-sc,- a-Øm-bn-bpsS kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-Øns‚ `mjyw” (BO.3.1.28).

Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ Iem-e-b-Øns‚ cq]-Im¿Y- m-jy-coXn Znb-tZm¿kzoI-cn-®n-√.- N-cn-X-]-chpw \ncp-‡n-]-c-hpamb coXn At±lw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. hn.- K-Ÿ-Øns‚ \nKq-Vm¿Y-Øn-te°v Bgv∂n-d-ßm≥At±lw Iq´-m-°p-∂n-√. \nth-in-X- K-Ÿ-Im-c≥ Dt±-in® A¿Yw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\m-Wv ian-°p-∂-Xv. an°-hmdpw F√m ss__nƒ `mK-ßƒ°pw-A-t±lw `mjy-ß-sf-gp-Xn.- Xo-b-dnbpw As√-sKm-dnbpw (Theoria and

Allegoria) XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw F∂ io¿j-IØn¬ `mjy-X-Xz-ßƒN¿®- sN-øp∂ Hcp -KŸw cNn-®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. hnPmXn-b¿°pwbqZ-¿°pw ]mj-WvUn-Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. a\nt°-b¿s°-Xnsc 25 ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-gp-Xn-sb∂v I¬°-tZm≥ saXm≥ slcm-¢n-tbm≥ -]-d-bp∂p (t^m-kn-b-kv, _nªn-. tIm. 85). Ch-bn¬- B-ZysØGgv ]pkvI-ßƒ am\n-bpsS injy-\mb A±m-kns\ JWvUn-°p-I-bm-Wv.- a-\n-t°-b¿ kz¥ Xm¬]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v km[m-cW D≤-cn-°m-dp≈Nne thZ-]p-kvX-I- hm-Iy-ß-fpsS A¿Yw XpS¿∂p≈ ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬hy‡am-°p-∂p. kn\q-kn-bm-Ã¿s°-Xnsc F∂ IrXn-bn¬ \n∂v Hcpkpdn-bm\n ^vtfmdn-tePv 33 `mK-ßƒ D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

s^mØo-\p-kv, am¬°n-tbm≥, ks_-√n-b-kv, A≥ko-d-bnse a¿sk-√pkv F∂n-h¿s°√mw FXn-cmbn Znb-tZm¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-s≠∂v Xnb-sUm-sd‰v ]d-bp∂p (]m-j.2,11). ]cn-ip-≤-m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n F∂ IrXn-sb-∏‰nt^mkn-bkv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p (-_n-ªn.-tIm. 102).- hm-\-im-kvX-kw_-‘-ambn -A-©p- Ir-Xn-I-sf-¶nepw F-gpXn-sb∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-h-bn¬Hsc-Æ-sØ-∏‰n amXsa t^mkn-bkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≈p (223).tImWn-t°m≥ Fs∂mcp IrXn-sb-∏-‰n kpbn-Zmkv ]d--bp-∂p. GXm-bmepwAt¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bnse Hcp henb Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mbncp∂p At±-lw.

®p. “•oem-b-cpsS Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X-£p-Z°mc≥, Irjn-°m-cpsS aX-Øns‚h‡mhv” F∂p XpS-ßn-b ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ Pqen-bs‚ Xqen-I-bn¬ \n∂vAS¿∂p-ho-Wp. “Ah-s‚ (-Zn-b-tZm-dns‚) \n¿Po-h-ap-Jhpw hnIr-X-cq-]hpwA\m-tcm-Kyhpw tZh-tIm]w hnfn-®-dnbn°p∂p” F∂v Pqen-b≥ sImń-tLm-jn-®p. -In-kvXp-hns‚ ssZhXzw Znb-tZm-dns‚ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-am-sW-∂p -hsc Abmƒ hymJym-\n-®p: “\km-b-cpsS a¥-hm-Zn-bmb Znb-tZm¿£p-Z-]-tbm-K-ß-fm¬ Xs‚ t`mj-Ø-ßƒ h¿≤n-∏n-®p. F√m tZh∑mcpwtZhn-amcpw Iem-tZ-hn-Ifpw `mKy-tZ-hn-Ifpw Fs∂ klm-bn-®m¬, shdp-samcp sI´p-I-Y-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Znb-tZm¿ ]Jym]n-°p∂ Abm-fpsS ]pXnb •oem-b -ssZhw lo\-amb acWhpw I√-dbpw hgn Znb-tZm¿ Ah\v Btcm-]n® ssZh-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v Fßs\ \o°s∏´p F∂vRm≥ ImWn°mw” F∂p -t]m-Ip∂p Pqen-bs‚ hoº-Sn-°¬ (PL.67.621). GXm-bmepw Pq-en-b-s‚ hoº-Sn-I-sfm∂pw hnP-bn-®n-√.- A-bmƒt]¿jym-°m-cp-ambp≈ G‰p-ap-´-en¬ A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX t]¿jy≥a-Æn¬ acn-®p-ho-Wp.

Pqen-b-s‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb hmse≥kv NI-h¿Øn Znb-tZm-dns\A¿ta-\n-bm-bn-te°v 372-˛¬ \mSp-I-S-Øn. Ahn-sS-h®v At±lw alm-\mb t_kn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. hmse≥kv acn-®-t∏m¬ Znb-tZm¿ Xncn-sI -h-cn-Ibpw kneo-jy-bnse X¿tkm-kn¬ (378) saXm-\m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.- tIm¨Ã-m‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kq-\-l-tZm-kn¬ (381) At±lwkw_-‘n-®p. 381 Pqsse 30- se cmP-Io-b-hn-fw-_cw At±-lsØ kXyhn-izm-k-Øns‚ DØ-a-h-‡m-hmbn ]Jym-]n-®p. 394- -\p- ap-ºv acn®p. ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bnse hnip≤ saXm-\mbn´mWv At±lw acn-®-Xv. F∂m¬431-˛se Ft^-tkmkv kq\-l-tZmtkmSp-Iq-sS At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn-s\-Xnsc Db¿∂p- h∂ apt∂-‰-Øn¬ Nne¿ Znb-tZm-dn-s\-Xn-scbpw IS-∂m-I-aWw \S-Øn. Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bnse kndn¬ 438-˛¬Znb-tZm-dn\pw Xnb-tUm-dn-\psa-Xnsc F∂ IrXn-bn¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b\nkØns‚ -tl-Xp- q-X-cmbn Znb-tZm-dn-s\bpw Xnb-tUm-dn-s\bpw NnXo-I-cn-®p. C°m-cWw ]d™v 499-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Iq-Snb Hcp]mtZ-in-I -kn-\Uv Znb-tZm-dn¬ Ip‰-am-tcm-]n-®p.

Znb-tZm¿ hen-sbm-sc-gp-Øp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ss__nƒ`m-jyw, hnizm-k- k-a¿Y-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Xm¿°n-I- Ir-Xn-Iƒ,- hm-\-im-kv-Xw,- `q-an-imkvXwF∂n-h- kw-_-‘n® IrXn-Iƒ BZn-bm-bh At±lw cNn-®n- p-≠v. A_vZo-tim-bp-sS (+1318) IW-°-\p-k-cn®v Znb-tZm¿ 60 IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn. F∂m¬Cu IrXn-I-fpsS -Nne iI-e-ßƒ amXta \ap°p Inń-bn-´p≈p.

X¿tkm-knse Znb-tZm¿X¿tkm-knse Znb-tZm¿

170 171

IrXn-Iƒ

At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-b-Ønse `mjm-ssi-en-bpsS DØ-a- h-‡m-hmbn Xnb-tUm-dns\ IW-°m-°mw. At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bnse G‰hpw]i-kvX-\m-b -F-gp-Øp-Im-c\pw At±lw Xs∂. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚G‰hpw henb `mjy-Im-c-\mbn ]uc-kvXy- -kp-dn-bm-\n-k` At±-lsØIW-°m-°p-∂p. an°-hmdpw F√m ss__nƒ KŸ-ßƒ°pw At±lw`mjy-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mse XmXzn-Ihpw Xm¿-°n-I-hp-amb IrXn-Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. ka-Im-eo-\ -ssZ-h-im-kvX -]-iv\-ß-fn-se√mw At±-l-Øn-\p≠m-bn-cp∂ Xm¬]-cyhpw kz¥-am-b- hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw Ah hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p. ]mjWvUX Btcm-]n-°-s∏´v ]eXpw \jvS-s∏-s´-¶n-epwCu ASp-Ø- Im-esØ ]T-\-ßfpw At\z-j-W-ßfpw ]e ]uc-kvXy-hn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Is≠-Øm≥ klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. Xn-b-tUm-dns\ kw_-‘n®v ]pXnb shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bm-Wh. A_vZo-timbpw tk¿XvtImWn-°nfpw At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-IfpsS ]ńI \¬Ip-∂p (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, -]m-No\ k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ß-ƒ,-tIm-´-bw,2006,-t].68-˛69).

1. ]g-b-\n-b-a-`m-jy-ßƒ

(1) -D¬]-Øn-`mjyw: ]©-K-Ÿnsb B[m-c-am°n Xnb-tUm¿ aq∂pKŸ-ß-ƒ F-gp-Xn-sb∂v tk¿Xv tImWn-°nƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. D¬]-Øn-`mjyw F∂mWv A_vZotim AXns\ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. ]kvXpX KŸ-Øns‚ Iptd `mK-ßƒ amXta \ap°p e`n-®n-´p-≈p. \ntk-t^m-d-kns‚ItØ-\-bnse tcJm-i-I-e-ßfpw sUhokv ]kn-≤o-I-cn® `mK-ß-fp-am-W-h. Ct∏mƒ D¬]Øn 1˛3 hsc-bp≈ `mjyhpw Ac- U-k≥ tcJm-i-I-e-ß-fp-amWv e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ]pd-∏mSv 25,8-˛20.23-˛29.30-˛38;tPmjzm 7,4-˛5;\ymbm.13,25;15,17 F∂n-h-bpsS mjy-ßƒ Xnb-tUm-dns‚ mjy-X-Xz-ßfpw`mjy-co-Xnbpw Adn-bm≥ klm-b-I-am-Wv.

(2) k¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw: CXmWv Xnb-tUm-dns‚ BZysØ IrXn.shdpw Ccp-]Xp hbkv amXw ]mb-ap-≈-t∏m-fmWv At±lw A©p-hm-ey-ß-fn-embn Cu `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv.- hyw-Kym¿Y-I¿s°-Xnsc F∂Hcp ]n¬°m-e-Ir-Xn-bn¬ CXns‚ Ipd-hp-I-sf-∏‰n At±lw Xs∂ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. ItØ-\-I-fn¬ \n∂v CXns‚ hen-sbmcp `mKw tiJ-cn®vA®-Sn-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Xn-b-tUm-dns‚ k¶o¿Ø-\-`m-jy-`mK-ßfmbnAdn-b-s∏´ ]eXpw At±-l-Øn-t‚-X√ F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Fgp-X-s∏´ Ncn-X-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ hymJym-\n-°Wsa∂v Xnb-tUm-dmWv BZy-ambn ]d-™Xv. F√m k¶o¿Ø-\-ßfpw

A[ymbw 19

-sam-]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse Xnb-tUm¿

Znb--tZm-dns‚ injy-\m-b- Xn-b-tUmdpw At¥ym-Iy-bn-emWv P\n-®-Xv. en_m\nbpkv F∂ ]WvUn-Xs‚ Iogn¬ ]`mj-W -I-ebpw kmlnXyhpw ]Tn-®p.- A-hnsS h®mWv tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ap-am-bp≈ ]cn-Nbw XpS-ßn-b-Xv. -AXv Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ \o≠p-\n-∂p. -tPm-Wns‚amXr-Ibpw D]-tZ-ihpw Hcp k\ym-kn-bm-Im≥ Xnb-tUm-dns\ t]cn-∏n-®p. Ccp-]Xv hbkv XnI-bp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Bi-a-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. s]s´∂vXo£vWX XWp-Øp-t]mb Xnb-tUm¿ A`n-`m-j-I-\mbn Km¿l-kvXy-Po-hnXw \bn-°m≥ Biaw hn´p-t]m-bn.- F-¶nepw tPmWns‚ c≠pIØp-Iƒ (Ad Theodorum lapsum) Xnb-tUm-dns\ Xn-cnsI Bi-a-Øn-se-Øn-®p. -A-t¥ym-Iy≥ sa-Xm≥ ^vfmhn-b≥ 383-˛¬ Xnb-tUm-dns\sshZn-I-\m-°n; 392-˛¬ kneo-jy-bnse sam]vkp-shkvXym saXm-\mbnAt±lw \nb-an-X-\m-bn.

At±lw HcKm-[- ]-WvUn-X\pw _p≤n-cm-£-k-∑m-cn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬\n¬°p-∂-h-\p-am-Wv. kXy-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ]i-kvX -h-‡m-hmbn]Io¿Øn-°-s∏-´p. Hcp henb k-`m-]-WvUn-X≥ F∂ JymXn-tbm-Sp-IqsS428-˛¬ acn-®p. F∂m¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn-s\-XnscD≠mb apt∂‰w AXns‚ aq¿[-\y-Øn-se-Øn-bXv AXns‚ ]i-kvX-h-‡m-hmb Xnb-tUm-dns\ X≈n-°-f-™-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. PÃo--\nb≥ NI-h¿Øn- D-cp-°p-apjvSn D]-tbm-Kn®v 553-˛se A©mw km¿h-Xn-I-kn-\Un¬ h®v Xnb-tUm-dns\bpw At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-sfbpw i]n-®p. At±-lsØ ]mj-WvUn-bmbn apZ-Ip-Øn. Xs‚ ]hr-ØnsbFXn¿Ø-h-sc-sb√mw NI-h¿Øn Aa¿®- sN-bvXp. tdmanse am¿-]m-∏m-sb-t∏mepw Abmƒ shdpsX hnń-√.

-sam-]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse Xnb-tUm¿

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2. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-`m-jy-ßƒ

(1) tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ `mjyw: Cu IrXn ]q¿W-ambn kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ \ap°p e`n-®n-´p-≠v. 1940-˛¬ thmkvtX F∂]WvUn-X≥ AXv eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-tØm-Sp-IqsS ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. 2006-˛¬ CXns‚ ae-bmf ]cn-`mj ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv-˛-Pn.-A-∏-t»-cn, tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-jw- -Xn-b-tUm-dns‚ mjyw, -tIm- -bw,2006:aZvtdm-tim-˛5: kocn ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww). sUho-kns‚ Ko°v tcJm-i-I-e-ß-fpsS ]Xn-∏ns\ (1948) B[m-c-am°n 2004-˛¬ Hcp Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\wD≠m-bn. Ko-°p-]-Xn∏pw kpdn-bm\n ]Xn∏pw XΩn¬ A¬]-kz¬]-hy-Xymkw D≠v. F¶n-epw Cu c≠v ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw Xnb-tUm-dn-s\ IqSp-X¬ hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn ImWm≥ klm-bn-°pw. aØm-bnbpsSbpw eqt°mkns‚bpw kphn-ti-j-Øn\pw \S-]-Sn- ]p-kvX-I-Øn\pwXnb--tUm¿ `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-sb-∂v- A-_vZotim ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ah-bp-sS -i-I-e-ßƒ amXta \ap°p Inń-bn-´p-≈p.

(2)-]u-tem-kns‚ ]Øv sNdnb teJ-\-ß-fpsS `mjyw: CXv HcpeØo≥ hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. A©m-w \q-‰m-≠nse Cuhnh¿Ø\w Awt_m-kns‚ t]cn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

(3) ]u-tem-kns‚ \mev henb teJ-\-ß-fpsS `mjyw: tdmam-te-J-\w, tImdn-t¥m-kp-Im¿°p≈ c≠v teJ-\-ßƒ, F_mbteJ\w F∂n-hbvs°-gp-Xnb `mjyß-fp-sS- Nne iI-e-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

3. XmXzn-I-˛-Xm¿°nI IrXn-Iƒ

(1)-a-Xm-[ym-]\ ]kw-K-ßƒ (Catechetical Homilies): anMvKm\m1932-˛¬ Xnb-tUm-dns‚ aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ I≠p-]n-Sn®v Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø-\-tØm-Sp-IqsS ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Xnb-tUm-dn-b≥Nn¥-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ -Xm¬]cyw P\n-°m≥ AXnS-bm°n. IqZm-i-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw hnizm-k-sØ-∏-‰nbpw F∂v A_vZotim ]d-bp∂ c≠p -Ir-Xn-IƒCXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. 318 ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hnizm-k-]-am-W-Øns‚ hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw Ip¿_m-\-bpsS hymJy-m-\hpw F∂v tk¿Xv tImWn-°nƒ ]d-bp-∂Xpw CtX-∏-‰n-bm-Wv.

c≠p `mK-ß-fn-embn 16 ]t_m-[-\-ß-fp-≠v. BZysØ ]sØÆw\nJym- hn-izm-k-]-am-W-Øn¬ ImWp∂ hnizm-k-k-Xy--ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. I¿Xr-]m¿Y\ (11), amtam-Zo-km(12-˛1-4), Ip¿_m-\ (15-˛16)-F-∂n-h-bqsS hymJym-\-amWv _m°n-bp≈ Bsd-Æw. BZytØ `mK-Øp-≈hkv\m\-Øn\v Hcp-°-ambn \¬I-s∏-´-hbpw _m°n-bp-≈h kv\m\w

ZmhoZv Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-sW∂v At±lw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]-e-Xn-s‚bpw kµ¿`hpw ]›m-Ø-ehpw Zmho-Zn-t‚-X√ F∂p a\-kn-em-°nbXnb-tUm-¿ -A-Xn-s\m-cp-Øcw I≠p-]n-Sn-®p. as‰m-cp Imehpw ]›m-Ø-ehpw Im´p-∂h ZmhoZv ]hm-N-I-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈XmWv.Ah Ckm-tb-ens‚ mhn hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p.- C-Xns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ ZmhoZpapX¬ a°-_m-b--cpsS Imew hsc Ime-K-W-\-b-\p-k-cn®v At±lwk¶o¿Ø-\-ßsf Xncn-°p-∂p. Zmho-Zns‚ ]hm-N-I -N-I-hm-fw- a-°-_mb¿ hsc amXta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. AXp-sIm≠v t\cn´v Hcp sakn-bm-\nIv sSIvÃpw k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fn-en-√. ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ ImWp∂sakn-bm-\nIv ]tbm-K-ßƒ At°m-a-tU-j-\m-Wv.- F-∂m¬ CXn\v \mevA]-hm-Z-ß-fps≠∂v At±lw Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p (-k-¶o. 2;8;44;109). ChbpwIrXy-ambn ]d-™m¬ sakn-bm-\nIv k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-f-√.- A-Xm-b-Xv, sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ P\-Øn-\p-th≠n Xbm-dm-°-s∏´ `mhnsb Ipdn-°p-∂-h-b-√.- Ah Xncp-A-h-Xm-c-hpw `mhnbpw hc-®p-Im-´p∂p. Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ Iem-e-b-Øns‚ As√-tKm-dn-°¬ hymJym-\-coXnbpw Ah-cpsS sakn-bm-\nIv hymJym-\-ßfpw At±lw kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-√.- Hmtcm k¶o¿Ø-\hpw Hmtcm kmlnXy]q¿W-X-bmbn IW-°m-°-Ww. kµ¿ -Øn¬ \n∂v-A-S¿Øn- am‰n `mKw `mK-am-bn ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ ]m-Sn√ F∂ XXz-sØAe-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-°m¿ ewLn-°p∂p F∂tX At±-l-Øns‚ Btcm-]-Ww. Htc k¶o¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ Bfp-Ifpw Ime-ßfpw kml-N-cy-ßfpw am‰n hymJym-\n-°m≥ Xnb-tUm¿ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. DZm. Hcpk¶o¿Ø\w `mhnsb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Ft∏mgpw A]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Xe-s°- p-Iƒ ]n¬°me Iqń-t®¿°-ep-I-fm--sW∂v At±lw ]kvXm-hn-®p. k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hymJym-\-Øn¬ Xnb-tUm-dns‚ `mjyw Hcp ]pXnb hmXn¬ Xpd-s∂∂p ]d-bmw.

(3) ]¥≠v sNdnb ]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS mjyw: Xnb-tUm-dns‚ mjy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ ]q¿W-ambn Ko°n¬ Inń-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu KŸw amX-am-Wv. CXn¬ InkvXp-imkvX kw_-‘-amb ]iv\-ß-ƒ C-√m-Ø-Xn-\m-emImw FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS FXn¿∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂v CXv c£-s]-´-Xv. ]hm-NI -Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ t\cn´v sakn-b-m-\nI `mK-ß-fp-s≠∂v At±lw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.- F-∂m¬ sakn-bm-\nI `mK-ß-sf-∂p -I-cp-X-s∏-Sp∂ ]eXpwbqZ-∑m-cpsS Db¿®-sbtbm a°-_m-b-cpsS hnP-b-sØtbm Ipdn-°p∂XmWv. kmap-th¬, tPm_v, k`m-]-kw-K-I≥, Gim-b-m, Pd-an-b,Fk-°n-tb¬, Zm\n-tb¬ F∂o KŸ-ßƒ°v Xnb-tUm¿ `mjy-sa-gpXn.-F-¶nepw Ah--sb√mw \jvvs∏-´p.

-sam-]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse Xnb-tUm¿-sam-]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse Xnb-tUm¿

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k¿°m¿ ]kvXp-X- ÿ-eØv Hcp kvIqƒ ÿm-]n-®n-´p-≠v. ]kvXpXKŸ-ti-J-c-sØ-∏‰n kq£va-hn-hcw e`n® Nne ]m›m-Xy-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿AhnsS H∂n-tesd ]mhiyw t]msb-¶nepw Imcy-amb Kth-j-W-sam∂pw\S-Øm≥ km[n-®n-√. B KŸ-ti-Jcw tk¿-Xn¬ Xs∂ Ds≠∂pw Hcn-°¬ AXv Is≠-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°p-sa-∂p-amWv ]e ]m›mXy ]WvUn-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw DØ-a-t_m-[yw. A±mbv tj¿ Xs‚ Im‰-tem-Kn¬ kqNn-∏n® Nne ssIsb-gpØp ]Xn-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ ]mco-kn-ep≈ \mj-W¬KŸ-ti-J-c-Ønep≠v. tj¿ Xs∂ Ah bqtdm-∏n¬- F-Øn-®-Xm-Im-\m-Wn-S. Xncp- A-h-Xmcw kw_-‘n-®- IrXn Hcn-°¬ Is≠-Sp-°s∏-Sp-sa∂v]Xy-m-in-°mw. Ko-°v, kpdn-bm-\n, eØo≥ `mj-I-fn-ep≈ tcJm-i-I-e-ß-f-√msX ]q¿W-ambn Cu IrXn C∂v \ΩpsS ]°-en-√. Xnb-tUm-dns‚kplr-Øp-°fpw FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse CXv D≤-cn-®n-´p-≠v. saXm-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºmWv At±lw CXv cNn-®-Xv. Bcn-b-kv, Fhp-tWm-an-bkv, As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kv F∂n-h¿s°-Xn-cm-bn- 15 ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-em-bn- mWvCXv F-gp-Xn-b-sX∂v P∂m-Un-bkv ]d-bp-∂p(-a-l-Zv.12).

(3) amkn-tUm-Wn-b-cp-am-bp≈ kwhmZw: ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ssZhXzw \ntj-[n-®-h-cmWv amkn-tUm-Wn-b¿. Ah-cp-ambn A\-k¿_m-bn¬ h®v \S-Ønb kwhm-Z-Øns‚ \S-]-Sn-°p-dn-∏m-Wn-Xv. B N¿®-bn¬Xnb-tUmdpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n F∂v A_vZo-timbpw tk¿Xv tIm-Wn-°nfpw ]d-bp-∂Xv Cu IrXn--sb-∏-‰n-bm-Wv. Hcpkpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS Cu IrXn \ap-°p ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. GsK-bnse saXm-\mb ]tXm-^n-e-kn-\m-WnXv ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂vAt¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cqkv ]d-bp-∂p.

(4)- aq∂p Xm]-k-Ir-Xn-Iƒ: ]utcm-ln-Xyw, k\ym-kw, ]cn-]q¿WXF∂n-h -kw-_-‘n®v Xnb-tUm¿ aq∂v B[ym-flnI IrXn-Iƒ Fgp-Xn.A_vZo-timbpw tk¿Xv tImWn-°nfpw CtX-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.ZmZotim J-Xmbm CXn¬ \n∂v D≤cn°p∂p.

(5) Fhp-tWm-an-b-kn-s\-Xnsc: hn.- t_-kn-ens\ \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠vFhp-tWm-an-b-kn-s\-Xnsc 25 ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ Hcp IrXn-sb-gpXn F∂vt^mkn-bkv ]d-bp-∂p.

(6) FSp-°p-∂-hs\bpw FSp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\bpw ]‰n: As∏m-≈n-\m-cn--kn-s\-Xnsc F∂ IrXn Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xv. Xs‚ Xncp-A-h-Xmcw F∂IrXn-bn¬ Btcm IpØn-Øn-cp-I-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ 415-/418 ˛¬ adp-]-Sn-bmbn´mWv Cu IrXn-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xv.

kzoI-cn-®-h¿°v \¬In-b-h-bpam-Wv. At¥ym-Iy-bn¬h®v 388˛\pw392˛\pw CS-bv°mWv Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ sNbvX-Xv.

I¿Xr]m¿Y-\sb B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ ]kwKw kXv]-hr-Øn-Iƒ°v IqSp-X-¬ ]m[m\yw \¬-Ip-∂p. ]m¿Y\ shdpw hm°p-I-fn-e-√, kXv]-hr-Øn-I-fnepw kvt\l-Øn-epw I¿Ø-hy-\n¿h-l-W-Øn-\p≈XmXv]-cy-Øn-ep-atX AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv: “]m¿Yn-°m≥ BK-ln-°p-s∂-¶n¬, AXv hm°p-I-fn-e√ kpIr-X-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ sXc-s™-Sp-∏nepwssZh-kvt\-l-Øn-epw I¿Øhy-\n¿h-l-W-Ønepw AS-ßn-bncn°p∂p.Cu Imcy-ß-fn¬ \o X¬]-c-\msW¶n¬ \o ]m¿Yn-°p-I--bm-bn-cn-°pw.”A∂-∂sØ A∏w imco-cn-I -`-£-WsØ Ipdn-°p∂p F∂-tX- A-t±lwNn¥n-°p-∂-Xv.- C-°m-cy-Øn¬ -A-t±lw Hcn-P-\n¬ \n∂pw kndn-en¬ \n∂pwhyXy-kvX-amb -hym-Jym\w \¬Ip-∂p. kv\m\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp-°-sØ-∏‰n12-˛14 ]kw-K-ßƒ khn-kvXcw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. kv\m\m¿Yn-I-fpsSt]cp -Ip-dn-°¬, ]nim-Nns\ ]pd-Øm-°m-\p≈ hnhn[ ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ,kv\m\-Pew hmgvØp∂ Iaw, kv\m\-ip-iqj F∂nh At±lw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.-

\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ \ne--hn-en-cp∂ Bcm-[-\-I-a-sØ-bmWv At±lw c≠p ]kw-K-ß-fn-embn hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ipiq-j-I-a-ß-fpsS ]q¿Whpw IrXyhp-amb hnh-cWw ChnsS Z¿in-°mw. Ip¿_m\-kw-_-‘-amb k`m-]-t_m-[-\hpw bYm¿Y- km-∂n[yw kw_-‘n®hnizm-khpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Ip¿_m-\ kzoI-cW-Øn\p th≠ am\-kn-I H-cp-°-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]m]w G‰p-]-d-bp-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰nbpw N¿®-sN-øp∂p. (CXns‚ ae-bm-f-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, Xn-b-tUm¿-˛-a-Xm-[ym-]-\ -]-kw-K-ßƒ, tIm -bw, 1986).

(2) Xncp-A-h-Xmcw: Xnb-tUm-dns‚ G‰-hp-w ][m-\-s∏´ IrXnbm-Wn-Xv. CXmWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D≤-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv. kpdn-bm\nhnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Cu IrXn 1905-˛¬ e`n-s®-¶nepw H∂mw temI- a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬ CXv \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn. Xp¿°n-bnse tk¿Xv F∂ ÿe-Øp≈KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬ Cu KŸw Is≠-Sp-°-s∏-´--Xmbn A±mbv tj¿- F-∂-saXm-t∏m-eoØm tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. -H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬tj¿ sIm√-s∏-´p.- A-t±lw sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂Xn-\p -apºv Xs‚ KŸ-ti-J-c-Ønse ][m\ KŸ-ß-sf-√mw- s]m-Xn-™p-sIń Hcp XpI¬ s]ń-bn-em°n tk¿Xn¬ tZhm-e-b-Øn-\--Sp-Øp≈ Hcp In-W-‰n¬ XmgvØn-h-®p.iXp-°ƒ h∂v At±-lsØ sIm∂v tZhm-e-b-hpw tijn® KŸ-ßfpwBi-ahpw \in-∏n-®p. -In-kvXym-\n-Isf D∑q-e-\miw hcp-Øn. Xp¿°n


176 177

AXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kv-XsØ hn[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXm-bn-cp∂p A-h-bpsS ]cm-P-b-Im-c-W-hpw.

1.- In-kvXp-im-kvXw-

A-t¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bpsS hN-\--˛a-\pjy InkvXp-im-kvX-Øns‚h‡m-hm-bn-cp∂p Xnb-tUm¿. a\p-jy-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ tb-ip-InkvXpBflm-hpw ico-c-hp-ap≈ kºq¿W -a-\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ GI-Xzhpw ZnXzhpw c≠p -X-ń¬ ImW-W-sa-∂v- A-t±lw hmZn®p.GI-XzsØ FX Du∂n-∏-d-™mepw AXv ZnXz-sØ-˛-]q¿W ssZh-Xz-sØbpw ]q¿W a\p-jy-Xz-sØ-bpw-˛-l-\n-°p-∂n-√. tbip-In-kvXp-hns\]q¿W-a-\p-jy≥ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv- G-I-hy-‡n-XzsØ _e-lo-\-am-°p-∂n-√. AtX-k-abw kjvSmhpw krjvSnbpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥-cw -hy-‡-am-°m\pw Xnb-tUm¿ ian-®p. -c-≠p -Xp-ey-i-‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ sFIy-a√ a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®-Xv. ]ns∂-tbm, k-jvSm-hmWv Zmks‚cq]-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. tbip-In-kvXp-hn¬ ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw XΩn-ep≈sFIyw D¤-h-Øns‚ BZy-\n-anjw apX¬ ]q¿Wam-bn-cp-∂p. InkvXp-hnse Ccp-kz- m-h-ßƒ- G-I-bm-fn¬ sFIy-s∏- n-cn°p∂-Xns\ Ipdn-°m≥At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ko°p-]Zw kyp\-s^bvbm F∂mWv. AXv\mJo-]qkm F∂v kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw kwtbmP\w AY-hm -sFIyw F∂vae-bm-f-Ønepw ]d-bmw. sFIyhpw ZnXzhpw Hcp-t]mse ]kv]-jvS-am-°m≥ slt\m-kn-kv- (kp-dn-bm\n: lZvbqkm; ae-bm-f-Øn¬ sFIyw)F∂ Ko°p-]-Z-tØ-°mƒ sa®-s∏-´-Xm-Wn-sX∂v KnKdn \kym≥k≥ -Xp-Sßn ]e k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpw IpXn. F∂m¬ l-Zvbqkm F∂ ]Zw\ncm-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.

At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-b-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Hs° Xnb-tUm-dn¬ImWmw. Ah Kln-°msX Xnb-tUm-dns\ a\-kn-em-°m≥ ]-bm-k-amWv.-A-Xn-sem∂v hN\w F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ ssZh-kz-`m-hsØ Ipdn°p-∂-Xmbn a\-kn-em-°n-bn-cp∂p F∂Xm-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, k¿h-kw-K-Xn-IfpwhN-\-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bm≥ ]‰n-s√-∂p -km-cw. F∂m¬ _lp-am-\yhpw _e-lo-\-hp-am-b-h-sb√mw tbip-In-kvXp, ]pX≥, I¿Ømhv F∂o \ma-ß-tfm-Sp- tN¿Øv ]d-bmw. tbip-In-kvXp -a-cn-®p, ]p-X≥ Xºp-cm≥ acn®p,\ΩpsS I¿Ømhv acn®p Fs∂ms° ]d-bm≥ Ah¿s°mcp hnj-a-hp-an-√. Imc-Ww, tbip-InkvXp ssZhhpw a\p-jy-\p-am-Wv. F∂m¬ _e-lo-\-am-b-h- h-N-\-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bm≥ Ah¿°p -a-Sn-bm-Wv. Aß-s\, hN\wacn-s®∂pw hN\w ]oU A\p-`-hn-s®∂pw ]®-`m-j-bn¬ ]d-bm≥ Ah¿-A-d-®p-\n-∂p. tbip-In-kvXp, I¿Øm-hv F∂o \ma-ßƒ hy‡n-Xz-Øn-

(7)- D-¤-h-]m-]w- kw-_-‘n®v: ]m]w \Ωp-sS- ]-Ir-Xn-bpsS `mK-amsW∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h¿s°Xnsc F∂v- A-_vZo-timbpw tk¿Xv tImWn-°nfpw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xv Cu IrXn-sb-∏-‰n-bm-Wv. t^mkn-bkv CtX-∏‰nZo¿L-amb hnh-cWw \¬Ip-∂p. At±lw A©p ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-∏‰n]d-bp--s∂-¶nepw A_vZotim c≠p ]pkvX-I-ßsf ]‰ntb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≈p.

(8) t]¿jy≥ a¥-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc: t]¿jy≥ amPn-I-fpsS A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ßsf JWvUn-®p-sIm≠v ss__n-fnse krjvSn-hn-h-cWwaq∂p ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p F∂v t^mkn-bkv ]d-bp-∂p.- A-_vZotim c≠p IrXn-I-sf-∏‰ntb ]d-bp-∂p-≈p. CXp ]q¿W-ambn \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn.

(9) ]hn-g-ß-fpsS ]pkvXIw: Xnb-tUm-dns‚ IØp-I-fpsS Cu kam-lmcw \jvS-s∏-´p- t]m-bn. Nne iI-e-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

(10) hywKym¿Y- `m-jy-I¿s°-Xnsc: Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ Iem-e-b-Øns‚ hywKym¿Y -`m-jy-co-Xn°v FXn-cmbn A©p ]pkvI-ß-fn-embnFgp-XnbXm-Wn-Xv.- ^-°p≥Zp-kn¬ D≈ Hcp D≤-cWn Hgn®v as‰m∂pwInń-bn- n-√.

ssZh-imkvXw

Cu ASpØ ImeØv Xnb-tUm-dn-b≥ IrXn-I-fn¬ ]WvUn-X-temIwIqSp-X¬ i≤ -]-Xn-∏n-°p-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Ah-tem-I-\-Øn\v ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Xnb-tUm-dn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ hn[n-hm-NIw ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ C∂v ]WvUn-X-temIw Xbm-dm-Wv. A©mwkm¿h-Xn-I- kq-\-l-tZm-kns‚ hn[n-hm-NIw (553) AXns‚ Ncn-X-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ a\-kn-em-°m-\p≈ am\-kn-Im-hÿ ]ecpw ImWn-°p-∂p-. Ft^-tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-tkmSpIq-sS (431) DS-se-SpØ At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvXhncp-≤- ap-t∂‰-Øns‚ aq¿[\yw 553-˛¬ ImWp-∂-h-cp-≠v. Xnb-tUm-dn-b≥ IrXn-I-fn¬ IpØn-Øn-cp-I-ep-Iƒ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-´p-≠v. kn\-Un¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ kµ¿`-Øn¬ \n∂vAS¿Øn- am-‰n-b-hbmWv. AXp-sIm≠v kpdn-bm-\n -hn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te°vt]msb-¶n¬ amXta bYm¿Y-Øn-ep≈ XnbtUmdn-b≥ Nn¥ a\- n-em-°m-\mIq F∂v ]ecpw Icp-Xp-∂p. Xnb-tUm-dns‚ aXm-[ym-]-\ -]-kw-K-ß-fn-em-Is´, tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ `mjy-Øn-em-Is´ ]mj-WvU-X-bn-√. Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨knepw 553-˛se kn\Upw Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ InkvXp-`m-jy-sØ -amXw am\-Z-WvU-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw


178 179

kv\m\-hn-izm-k-]-am-Ww hnh-cn-°p∂p. -k-Xy-hn-izmkØns‚ hni-Zo-I-cWamWv AXn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpI. CXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬, amcn-bpkv sa¿°m-tØm¿ Xnb-tUm-dn-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂-Xpw 553-˛se ]cm-a¿i-ßfpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-as√∂p -thWw Icp-Xm≥. Xnb-tUm¿ hymJym-\n-°p∂ kv\m\-hn--izm-k-]-amWw Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p:

“k¿h-i-‡n-bp≈ ]nXm-hm-bn, ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-hbpw ImW-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-bp-amb kI-e-Øn-s‚bpw kjvSm-hmb GI-ssZ-h-Øn¬ Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Pm-X\pw k¿h -kr-jvSn-Iƒ°pw -ap-ºp≈BZy-Pm-X-\p-amb I¿Øm-th-ip-InkvXp-hnepw (Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p∂p).Ah≥ bpK-ßƒs°√mw apºv ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v P\n-®-h\pw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-h\pw kXy-ssZ-h-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ kXy-ssZ-hhpw ]nXm-hp-ambnka-k-Ø-bp-am-Wv.- A-h≥ hgn temI-ßƒ \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw F√mwkrjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.- A-h≥ a\p-jy-cm-b -\-ap°pw \ΩpsSc£bv°pw th≠n kz¿K-Øn¬ \n∂n-dßn PUw [cn®v a\p-jy-\mbnI\y-I-a-dn-bØn¬ \n∂v P\n-°p-Ibpw s]m¥n-tbmkv ]oem-tØm-kns‚\mfp-I-fn¬ Iqin-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kwkv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fgp-X-s∏´ ]Imcw Ah≥ acn-®-h-cn¬ \n∂v aq∂mw Znhkw D∞m\wsNbvXp. Ah≥ kz¿K-Øn-te°v Itcdn ]nXm-hns‚ he-Øp-`m-KØvCcn-°p-∂p. Pohn-°p-∂-h-scbpw acn-®-h-scbpw hn[n-°m≥ Ah≥ho≠pw hcm-\n-cn-°p-∂p. ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-h\pw Poh-Zm-Xm-hp-amb GI ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hnepw GI amtam-Zo-km-bnepw GIhpwhnip≤hpamb ItØm-en-°m-k- -bnepw ]m]-ß-fpsS tamN-\-Ønepw ico-c-Øns‚ D∞-m-\-Ønepw \nXym-bp-knepw Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.”

4.- Ip¿_m\: Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ InkvXp-hns‚ km∂n-[yw, Ip¿_m\_en-bmWv F∂ kwKXn F∂nh At±lw khn-kvXcw N¿® -sN-øp-∂p. IqZm-i-bp-sS shdpw knwt_m-fnIv hymJym\w At±lw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Bhmkw hgn-bmWv A∏hpw ho™pwInkvXp-hns‚ Xncp-i-co-c-c-‡-ß-fm-Ip-∂Xv. Ip¿_m\ kzoI-cn-°p∂Hmtcm hy‡nbpw InkvXp-hns\ ]q¿W-ambn kzoI-cn-°p∂p F∂p XpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm-\-Nn-¥-Iƒ At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

5.- ]m]-tam-N\w: ]m]w- G‰p]d-bp-∂-Xns\ ]‰nbpw Ip¿_m-\- kzo-I-c-W-Øn\p apºp≈ Hcp-°sØ ]‰nbpw Adn-thmSpw Adn-hp- Iq-Sm-sXbpw sNøp∂ ]m]-ßsf ]‰nbpw Xnb-tUm¿ N¿® sNøp-∂p. eLp-]m-]-ßfpw L\-]m-]-ß-fp-sa∂v c≠p-Xcw ]m]-ßsf ]‰n At±lw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

te°v hnc¬ Nq-≠p-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ -A-e-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-°msc kw_-‘n®v F√m khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw hN-\-Øn¬ Btcm-]n-°m≥ Ah¿s°mcpaSn-bp-an-√. c≠m-a-Xv, a\p-jyXzw F∂ ]Zhpw a\p-jy≥ F∂ ]Z-hpw-am-dn-amdn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-ep-≈Xv.a\p-jy≥ F∂ ]tbmKw I≠m¬ -D-Ss\ hN-\-Øns‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-\mb Hcm-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv kwkm-cn-°p∂sX∂v A\p-am-\n-t°-≠-Xn-√.- h-N\w Xs‚ ]pXXzw F∂ hy‡nXz-Øn-te°v FSpØa\p-jy-Xz-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv ]cm-a¿iw.

-hn-izm-k-]-am-W-Øns‚ hymJym-\-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ InkvXp-im-kvX -Nn-¥-Iƒ ImWmw.- G-I-bmsf ]‰nbpw c≠v kz`m-h-ßsf ]‰nbpwhfsc hy‡-am-bn- At±lw kwkm-cn-°p-∂p (]-kwKw,6,8 F∂nhImWp-I). 381˛\pw 431˛\pw CS-bv°v -Po-hn-®n-cp∂ ssZh-im-kv-X-⁄-∑m-cn¬ InkvXp-im-kvX- hn-I-k-\-Øn\v Xnb-tUm-dn-s\-t∏mse Bcpw kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-ń-√. I¬°-tZm-\nbm kn\-Un-te°p hgn sXfn-®- ]e Nn¥m-[m-c-Ifpw Xnb-tUm-dns‚ t\´-ß-fm-Wv. As∏m-≈n-\m-cn--kns‚ hN-\-˛-amwk InkvXp-im-kvX-Ønse Ipd-hp-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-ń-bXv At±-lØns‚ t\´w Xs∂-bm-Wv. InkvXp-hns‚ a\p-jym-flm-hn\v A¿ln-°p∂ ssZh-im-kvX ]m-[m\yw \¬In-b-Xn¬ At±lw hnP-bn-®p. c≠pkz`m-h-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ sFIysØ Ipdn-°m≥ \mJo-]qkm F∂ ]Z-amWv kpdnbm\n hnh¿Ø-I≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn°p∂-Xv. Cu sFIyw At -Zy-hpw- \n-Xm-¥hpw Ahm-Nyhpw ]cn-]q¿W-hp-am-Wv. Ccp-kz-`m-h-ß-sf-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-h-sb√mw Htc-sbm-cm-fns\ ]‰n-bmWv . ]pX≥ ]nXm-hp-ambn ka-k-Ø-bm-Wv (-tlm-tam-D-kn-tbm-k v). -A-Xm-bXv ]nXm-hn\pw]pX\pw Htc kØ-bm-Wv.- ]p-Xs‚ kØ -X-s∂-bmWv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-\pw. ]pXs‚ Ccp kz`m-h-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ sFIyw Hcn-°epw th¿s]-Sp-∂n-√. tbip-InkvXp ]q¿W-kz-`m-h-ßfp≈ GI I¿Øm-hm-Ip-∂p.CXv ItØm-en°m ]t_m-[-\-am-Wv F∂p t]mIp∂p Xnb-tUm-dns‚Nn¥.

2. -a-\p-jy≥: amcn-bpkv sa¿°m-tØm¿ s]em-Pn-b-\nkw F∂ A_-t≤m-]-tZiw Xnb-tUm-dn¬ Btcm-]n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu ASp-Ø- Im-esØ I≠p-]n-Sp -Ø-ß-fp-sSbpw ]T-\-ß-fp-sSbpw shfn-®-Øn¬C∂mcpw A]-Imcw Icp-Xp-∂n-√. Btcm-]-W-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-amb D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ kµ¿`-Øn¬ \n∂v AS¿Øn am‰n-b-h-bpw- Ip-Øn-Øn-cp-I-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øn-b-h-bp-amsW∂v C∂v ]ecpw Icp-Xp-∂p.

3. ⁄m\-kv\m-\- hn--izm-k]-amWw: aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ 1˛10


180 181

kn\Uv (587) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p (-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, knt\m-Un-t°m≥Hmdn-sb-¥m-se, -tIm-´-bw, 1996,-t]Pv 227).

“kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ al-\o-b\pw `mKy-hm\pw sam]vkp-sh-kvXym -]-´-W-Ønse saXm\pw At¥ym-Iy-°m-c\pw ssZhn-I-K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS hymJym-Xm-hp-amb am¿ Xnb-tUm¿ hni-Zo-I-cn® hymJym-\-tØmSvF√m ]tZ-i-Øp-ap≈ kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ tbmPn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ct∏mgpwtbmPn-°p∂p” F∂mWv am¿ km_m-do-tim-bpsS kn\-Un-s‚ (596)-]-Jym-]-\w (-A-tX-Ir-Xn, t]Pv 240).

“sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse sa-Xm\pw hymJym-Xmhpw mKy-hm-\p-ambam¿ Xnb-tUm-dns‚ F√m IrXn-Ifpw F√m `mjy-ßfpw \msa-√m-hcpwkzoI-cn®v AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww.- ]p-Xn-b-\n-b-ahpw ]g-b-\n-b-a-hp-am-Ip∂\nt£-]-Øn-t∑¬, ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ hniz-kvX-\mbn At±lw ImW-s∏´p.]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ]t_m-[-I≥. Xs‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØpw ac-W-ti-jhpw Xncp-en-Jn-X-ß-fpsS icn-bmb `mjyw \¬In-s°m≠v Ic- I-hn-s™m-gp-Ip∂ \Zn- I-Ws° k`m-k-¥m-\-ß-sfA-t±lw \bn-°p-Ibpw t]mjn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imc-Ww, \ΩpsS]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Hcp hniz-k-\o-b-amb NcnXw km£n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mset]mcm- -ß-fpsS DK-X-bn¬ \n∂v kXy-Øns‚ ]Im-i-\-Øm¬ k`m-k-¥m-\-ßsf kwc£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Xs‚ kXy-]-t_m[-\-Øns‚ ]S-®- -bn¬ Ahsc s]mXn-bp-∂-Xn\pw F√m A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I-scbpw Xs‚Xo£vW--X-bm-Ip∂ Ip¥w sIm≠pw Xs‚ hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ amlm-flyw -sIm-≠pw IpØn-Øp-f-bv°m≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ImesØ F√m k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑mcpw At±-lsØ th¿Xn-cn®v \n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. al-\o-b\pw Znhy--\p-amb Cu hy‡n-bpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v AI-ep-∂-h¿°v FhnsS Bcw-`n-°Ww, FhnsS Ah-km-\n-∏n°Wsa∂v Adn-bmsX A⁄X F∂sX‰ns‚ Ccp- n¬ X∏n-Ø-S-bp-∂-h-cm-I-bm¬, k -bn¬ C∂v Cu ]t_m-[-I-Zu-Xyw \nd-th-‰m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. -A-t±-l-Øns‚ Imew apX¬ C∂p-h-sc-bp-≈-hcpw Cu kXy-hn-izmkw Xß-fp-sS -]-t_m-[-\-Øn-eqsS\ap°p `c-ta¬∏n-®p -X-∂-hcpw hniz-k-\o-b-cp-amb \ΩpsS F√m ]nXm-°-∑mcpw At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Isf [ym\n-°p-Ibpw Ah-tbmSv tbmPn-°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ hnizk-\ob `mjy-ßƒ ssIam-dn-Ø-cn-IbpwsNbvXn- p-≈-Xm-Wv” F∂v am¿ KnKdnbpsS kn\-Uv (605) ]Tn-∏n-®p.

XpS¿∂v, t_Xv-˛-em-]m-Xn¬ h®p IqSnb Hcp kn\-Un¬ \n∂p≈Hcp mKw KnK-dn-bpsS kn\Uv D≤-cn-°p∂p: “Cu hnip-≤-s\-∏‰n \ΩpsSCS-bn¬ B¿°pw kwibw D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°-s´.- Im-c-Ww, Xs‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-Øv, ssZh-`-b-ap≈ ]t_m-[-I-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ At±lw ]i-kvX-

Xnb-tUm¿ F∂ -hy‡n

At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bnse G‰hpw henb ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂p Xnb-tUm¿. At¥ymIy≥ Iem-e-b-Øns‚ DØ-a -h-‡mhpwAt±lw Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p.- H-cn-P-\p- tijw k -bn¬ DS-se-SpØ ]Xn-`mim-en-I-fn¬ AK-K-Wy-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. Bg-ta-dnb Nn¥-bpsS DS-a,- ssZ-h-im-kvX-Øn¬ kz¥-am-sbmcp ]mX X∑-b-Xz-tØm-Sp-IqsS shń-Øp-d∂ [nj-Wm-im-en, ka-Im-eo-\-cpsS CS-bn¬ kam-cm-[y-\mb k`m-t\-Xm-hv, B ImeØpw AXn-\p- apºpw DS-se-SpØ ]mj-WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc ]S-s]m-cp-Xnb hymJym-Xmhv F∂o \ne-I-fn-se√mw At±lw Adn-b-s∏´p: “Xnb-tUm¿ ]I¬ apgp-h≥ hmb-\-bnepw cmXn- ap-gp-h≥ ]m¿Y-\-b-nepw sNe-h-gn-®p. Zo¿L-ambn D]-h-kn-®n-cp-∂p. shdpw Xd-bn¬ InS-∂mWv At±lw Dd-ßn-bn-cp-∂Xv. F√m-Øcw Xm]-k -I¿a-ß-fnepw kzbwin£-W-Ønepw At±lw G¿s∏- n-cp-∂p” F∂mWv Xnb-tUm-dn-s\-∏‰nBfl-kp-lr-Ømb tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ Ipdn-∏v. ]pcm-X-\ -k-`-bnse Hcp tPmXn¿tKm-f-am-bn-cp-∂p -A-t±-lw.- k-a-Im-eo-\- ssIkvX-h-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ At±-lsØ hf-sc-b-[nIw _lp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p.

FtU- m-˛-\n-kn-_nkv Iem-e-b-ß-fn¬ am¿- A-t]-ans‚ KŸ-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Xnb-tUm-dns‚ IrXn-Ifpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. -t]¿jy-bnse InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v At±-lw- “ssZ-h-im-kvX-⁄\pw hymJym-Xmhpw kXy-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ kvXw`hpw a¬]m-∑m-cpsSa¬]m\pw” Bbn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS ssZh-im-kvX-Øn-epw- hym-Jym-\-coXn-Ifnepw Xnb-tUm¿ -B-bn-cp∂p am¿K-Z¿in. t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS kn\-Up-I-fn¬ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn At±-l-Øns‚ hymJym-\-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

“kneo-jym -tZ-iØv sam]vkp-shkvXym ]´-W-Ønse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ Xnb-tUm¿ Nmcn-Xy-]q¿W-hpw I¿a-\n-c-X-hp-amb PohnXw \bn-®p. 45 h¿jw ]i-kvX-amb coXn-bn¬ saXm≥ÿm\w hln-®p.- ssZ-hm-\p-K-l-Øm¬ \ho-Ir-X-hpw- hn-th-I-]q¿W-hp-amb a\-t msS Xncp-en-Jn-X-ßƒ hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ßƒs°-Xnsc t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. -tim-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw hmb-\-°m-cp-sSbpw klm-b-Øn\pw D∂-a-\-Øn-\p-ambn A[ym-]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw B[ym-fln-I- Nn-¥-I-fp-sSbpw D÷z-e-\n-t£-]w -sIm≠v k`-bpsS CuSp-h-bv]p-Iƒ At±lw\nd-®p. Xs‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØv kXy-]-t_m-[-I-cpsS CS-bn¬ At±lw]i-kvX-\m-bn-cp-∂p. -a-c-W-ti-j-am-I-s´, At±-l-Øns‚ \maw BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ kvamcIw ssZh-Øns‚ F√m k`-I-fnepwD÷z-e-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p” F∂v am¿- Cu-tim-bm-_ns‚


182 183

kq-cy-]-Im-iw-t]mse At±lw Ah-sb√mw hy‡-am°n F∂mWv _¿l-Zv_vim_m A¿_mbm F∂ -t]¿jy≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Ggmw \q‰-m-≠n¬ Ip-dn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv” (PO.9,503-˛504).

thZ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb `mjy-Im-c-\m-bn- t]¿jy≥-k` At±-lsØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂p.- an-°-hmdpw F√m ss__nƒ KŸ-ßƒ°pw At±lw `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p≠v: “hymJym-Xm-hmb Xnb-tUm¿41 hmey-ß-sf-gp-Xn.- A-h-bn¬ 150 `mK-ßfpw Hmtcm-∂n\pw 30 A[ym-b-ßƒ hoXhpw D≠v” F∂mWv am¿ -A-_vZo-tim-bpsS Ipdn-∏v (+1318).

At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿t°-‰nse t_mkvXm- cq-]-Xsb kw_-‘n®vHcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ IqSnb tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-ƒ kn\-Un¬ (394)h®v Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn Xnb-tUm-dns\ ]kw-Kn-°m≥ £Wn-®p. “C]-Imcw Hcp ]kw-K-Is\ Xm≥- H-cn-°epw ihn-®n-ń-√”F∂v]kw-K-Øns‚ Ah-km\w NI-h¿Øn ]d-bp-I-bp≠msb∂v ^°p≥Zp-kv (+571)tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p (PL.67,563). Xnb-tUm-jykv IØp-Iƒ hgnXnb-tUm-dp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

tPm¨ InskmkvtXmw BPo-h-\m¥w Xnb-tUm-dp-am-bp≈ kvt\l-_‘w \ne-\n¿Øn. hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: “Xnb-tUm-dns‚ kvt\lw -F-\n°v Hcn-°epw ad-°m≥ km[y--a-√. AXv AX-amXw \njvI-f-¶hpw lrZyhpw Bflm¿Yhpw \njvI-]-Shpw Bbn-cp-∂p. -_m-ey-Imew apX¬ \ne-\n∂ kvt\l-am-bn-cp∂p AXv... PmK-cq-Ihpw Ipeo-\-hp-am-b -B-flm-hns‚ kvt\lw F∂ [\w Fs‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ Rm≥ kq£n-°p-∂p. \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏´ Rm≥ C]-Im-c-samcp\nt£-]-Øn¬ \n∂v hfsc henb Bizmkw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p.”˛ CXn-t\-°mƒ tijvT-am-sbm-cp- hn[n CXn-t\-°mƒ tijvT-\m-b -H-cm-fn¬\n∂v D≠m-Im-\n-√.

ac-W-ti-jhpw At±-l-Øns‚ JymXn \ne-\n-∂p. “Xnb-tUm-dn-s\-Xnsc Fs¥-¶nepw D®-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ acWw Imw£n-°p∂p” F∂vsam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bn¬ Xnb-tUm-dns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb sate-jykv]kvXm-hn -°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Xnb-tUm-dns‚ InkvXp-im-kvXsØFXn¿Ø kndn¬ Xs∂bpw Xnb-tUm-dns‚ al-Xz-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p.-]u-c-kvXy-tZ-isØ P\-ßƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xmbn kndn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:“Xnb-tUm¿ hniz-kn-®-Xp-t]mse Rßfpw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. -Xn-b-tUm-dns‚ hnizmkw F∂pw \ne-\n¬°-s´” (PG.77:340). “Xnb-tUm-dns\ i]n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Zln-∏n-°-s∏-Sm≥ Xßƒ BK-ln-°ps∂∂v kndn-bm-bnse saXm-∑m¿ Hcn-°¬ ]kvXm-hn-®-Xm-bn kndn¬ Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- “km¿h-Xn-I-k-`-bpsS ]t_m-[-I≥” F∂m-Wv Xnb-

\m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-ti-jvT-\mbn Icp-X-s∏- n-cp-∂p. ssZhn-I- en-Jn-X-ß-fpsSicn-bmb hymJym\w a\-kn-em-°p-Ibpw kXy--hn-izm-ksØ _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-sc√mw At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tijw At±-l-Øns‚`mjy-ßfpw ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßfpw AwKo-I-cn®v BZ-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ]pXn-b- \n-b-a-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Znhy-]-t_m-[-\-ßƒ°v A\p-kr-X-am-bn, hnizm-k-sØ-∏‰n If¶w IqSm-sX-bp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ `mjy-ßfpw IrXn-I-fpw-A-h¿ kq£n-®p-h-®p. «ol-∑m-cn-eq-sS-bp≈ kphn-ti-j-Øn\pw ]hm-N-I-∑m-cn-eq-sS-bp≈ \n¿tZ-i-Øn\pw FXn-cm-b ]t_m-[-\-ß-sf-sb√mwAh¿ X≈n-°-f-bp-Ibpw Xd-]-‰n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v, cl-ky-amtbm ]c-ky-amtbm Cu kXy-]-t_m-[-I-s\bpw At±-l-Øns‚hnip≤ IrXn-I-sf-bpw \nµn-°mt\m A]-am-\n-°mt\m Bsc-¶nepwapXn¿∂m¬ kXy-Øn¬ \n∂v- A-bmƒ apS-°s∏-´-h--\m-bn-cn-°-s´.”

XpS¿∂v KnK-dn-bpsS kn\Uv ]t_m-[-I¿°v Xmsg∏-d-bp∂\n¿tZiw \¬Ip∂p: “]Tn-∏n-°m≥ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂-h-sc-√m-hcpw Cuhy‡n-bpsS IrXn-Isf [ym\n°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ hymJym-\-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v timXm-°ƒ°p-th≠n Xß-fpsS ]t_m-[\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.”

AtX-Øp-S¿∂v Ah-cpsS GI-tbm-K-amb Xocp-am\w \¬Ip∂p:“cl-ky-amtbm ]c-ky-amtbm ]kw-K-Øntem IrXn-I-fntem Cu aX-]-WvUn-Xs‚ hm°p-I-sfbpw `mjy-ß-sfbpw X≈n-°-f-bp-Itbm Ahy-‡-am-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬, At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒs°-Xn-sc- ]-Tn-∏n-®m¬, ssZh-Ir-]-bpsS hn⁄m-\-Øm¬ Cu ssZhnI a\p-jy≥ Fgp-Xn-bh ]q¿W-lr-Z-b-tØmsS AwKo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬, D-b-cm-g-ßƒ hln-°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚ hN-\-Øm¬ BIm-i-Ønepw `qan-bnepw Ah≥i]n-°-s∏-´-h\pw `jvT-\p-am-bn-cn-°pw. InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ BΩo-t\m-Sp-IqsS ssZh-Øns‚ tIm[w Ahs‚ ta¬ \n]-Xn-°pw” (-A-tX-Ir-Xn,-t]Pv 363˛365).

“At±lw Xs‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-Øp- am--X-a-√, ac-W-ti-jhpw Xs‚KŸ-ß-fn-eqsS temIsØ Aº-c-∏n-®p.- A-t±-l-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn® ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ A¤p-X-I¿a-ß-sf-∏‰n B¿°p hnh-cn-°m≥ I-gnbpw?At±-l-Øns‚ ]°-se-Øp∂ saXm-∑m¿ kzbw At±-l-Øn-s‚ injy-sc∂p Icp-Xn.- _u-≤n-I-hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬ \njvWm-X-cmb XmXzn-Icpw At±-l-Øns‚ apºn¬ hnZym¿Yn-I-sf-t∏mse Bbn-cp-∂p.- F-X- hn-jaw]nSn®Xpw sI´p-]n-W-™-Xp-amb ]iv\-ßfpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]°¬hcp-tºmƒ- A-h-km-\n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ A∏p-d-tØ°v IS-∂n-√.- tNm-Zy-ßƒ tNmZn-°p-∂-h¿°v At±lw hymJym-\n-®p-sIm-Sp--Øp.-


184 185

s\kvtXm-dn-b\nkw Btcm-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Im¬kn-U-¨ hncp-≤sc sFIy-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \o°-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahsc Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ FXn¿tN-cn-bn-ep-≈-hsc i]n-®p-X-≈m≥ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-IƒPÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Ønsb t]cn-∏n-®p- sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. FtU- m-bnsedm_p-f-bpw (+435) At¥ym-Iy≥ hn-cp≤ at\m-`m-h-Øn\v B°w -Iqń.s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mj-WvU-X--bp-sS bYm¿Y ]t_m-[-I-\mWv Xnb-tUm¿F∂mbn-cp∂p dm_p-f-bpsS [mc-W. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ Nn¥-b-psS shfn-®Øn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn¬ dm_pf ]mj-WvUX Z¿in-®p. At±lw Xnb-tUm-dn-\pw At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ°pw- AhssIhiw hbv°p-∂-h¿°pw FXnsc Xncn-™p. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-ens\ A\p-Iqen°p-∂-hcpw FXn¿°p-∂-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ hmZ-]-Xn-hm-Z-ß-sf√mw Xnb-tUm-dn-s\-Xn-scbp≈ \o°-ambn Iem-in-®p.- Xn-b-tUm-dns\ i]n-°pI GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS \nc-¥-c-am-b- B-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. A]-Imcw sNbvXm¬ Ah¿ ItØm-en-°m- k-`-bp-ambn sFIy-s∏Spsa∂v NI-h¿Øn Icp-Xn.

I¬°-tZm-≥- hn-cp-≤-cpsS Iymºn¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ hncp≤at\m`mhw hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. AXp apX-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v kmam-Py-Øns‚ sFIyw ]p\xÿ-m-]n-°m-sa∂v PÃo-\n-b≥ Icp-Xn. CXns‚shfn-®-Øn¬ At±lw 543/4- ˛¬ aq∂-[ym-b-ßsf Hcp HutZym-Kn-I-Un-In-bn-eqsS i]n-®p.- P-Ão-\n-b≥ hnfn-®p -Iq-ńb 553-˛se c≠mwtIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\Uv CXm-h¿Øn-®p: “Bsc-¶nepw A -‡-\mbXnb-tUm-dn-s\-bpw -A-bm-fpsS A`‡n \nd™ IrXn-I-sfbpw \ymbo-I-cn-®m¬, Abm-sfbpw Abm-fpsS A`‡n \nd™ IrXn-I-sfbpw i]n-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬, Ahsb kwc-£n-°p-I-tbm, Abmsf \ymbo-I-cn-°p-I-tbm, Abm-fpsS hymJym\w icn-bm-sW∂p ]d-bp-Itbm sNbvXm¬,Abmƒt°m Abm-fpsS IrXn-Iƒt°m KpW-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bm¬, AXp-t]m-ep≈ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ h®p-]p-e¿Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬,Cu ]mj-WvU-X-bn¬ Xs∂ Dd-®p \n∂m¬, Abmƒ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´”

(-Im-\≥, 12).

Cu coXn-bn¬ t]¿jy≥ k`-bnepw tdma≥km-am-Py-Ønse k`-bnepw Xnb-tUm-dn-s\-∏‰n hyXy-kvXm-`n-]m-b-ßƒ Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-´p-≠v.Cu ASpØ ImesØ ]T-\-ßƒ Xnb-tUm-dns‚ kXy-hn-izm-k-sØ-∏‰n IqSp-X¬ hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb NnXw ]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. F¥m-b-mepwBZn-a-k-`-bnse FÆ-s∏´ k`m-]n-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p Xnb-tUm¿.

sUm-sd‰v At±-lsØ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. F√m- k-`-I-f-sSbpw ]t_m-[-I≥F∂pw A-t±lw Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂p.

t]¿jy≥ kmam-Py-Ønse k`-bn¬ At±-l-Øn\v kap-∂-X- ÿm-\-ap-≠m-bncp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ft^-tkmkv kq\l-tZm-kn\p tij-ap-≠mbAt¥ym-Iy≥ hn-cp≤ Nn¥m-KXn At¥ym-Iy≥ ]n-Xm-°-∑m-cp-sS bi vCSn®p I-f-™p. aä-d™ ]e ]nXm-°-∑m-scbpw AØc-°m¿ ]mj-WvUn-I-fpsS KW-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. Aß-s\-sbm∂v Xnb-tUm-dn\pwtdma≥ kmam-Py-Øn¬ Nne-bn-S-ßfn¬ kw`-hn-®p. AXv HutZym-Kn-I-tc-J-I-fnepw IS-∂p-Iq-Sn. amcn-bpkv sa¿°m-tXm¿ s\kvtXm-dn-b-\n-k-Øns‚bpw s]em-Pn-b-\n-k-Øn-s‚bpw I¿Øm-hmbn 431-˛¬ Xnb-tUm-dns\ NnXo-I-cn-®p. k`-bpsS sFIy-Ønepw hnip-≤n-bnepw 428-˛¬ acn®Xnb-tUm-dn-s\-Xnsc Hcp Iq´-am-fp-Iƒ Btcm-]-W-ß-fp-ambn apt∂m-´p-h-∂p. Xnb-tUm¿ -A-kvIn-Zmkv F∂ Hcn-P-\nÃv sa-Xm≥, _nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨kyqkv F∂n-h¿ AXn\p hgn-sbm-cp-°n. tIk-dn-bm-bnse (I∏tUm-jy) saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p AkvIn-Zm-kv.- N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS]°¬ Abmƒ°v \√ kzm[o-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. NI-h¿Øn Hcn-P-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc Xncn-™-t∏mƒ AkvIn-Zm-kn\v kzm[o\w kjvS-s∏-Sp-sa∂ \ne-h-∂p.- At∏mƒ s\kvtXm-dn-b-\nkØnte°v NI-h¿Øn-bpsS i≤ Xncn-®p-hn´v Abmƒ \mSp-I-S-Ø-en¬ \n∂p c£-s]-´p. AkvIn-Zmkv Hcp-°nb sIWn-bn¬ NI-h¿Øn hoWp.- A-ßs-\-bm-Wv PÃo-\n-b≥At¥ym-Iy≥ hncp-≤-\mbn amdn-b-Xv. sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse Xnb-tUm-dns‚ ta¬ a-l-tdm≥ Xs∂ thW-sa∂v setbm¨kyqkv hmZn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ Uo°-\m-b -Hcpt_kn¬ Xnb-tUm¿-˛-hn-cp≤ a\-xÿnXn ]pe¿Øn. GI-kz-`m-h- hm-Zn-I-fm-b- A¿ta-\n-b≥ k\ym-kn-Iƒ Xnb-tUm-dns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈Nne `mK-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v Im∏n-Øpf F∂ t]cn¬ t]m¢p-kn-\v (+446)ka¿∏n-®p. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn A¿ta-\n-b¿°p≈ hmeyw F∂- tcJAt±lw Ah¿s°-gp-Xn. F∂m¬ AXn¬ Xnb-tUm-dns‚ t]cv FSpØp]d-™n-√. Xnb-tUm¿˛hncp≤ a\x-ÿn-Xn°v ]Nmcw \¬Im-\mbnUo°≥ t_kn¬ tcJ-I-fp-ambn kndn-ens\ kao-]n-®p. kndn¬ AXvKuc-h-ambn FSp-°m-™-Xn-\m¬ Uo°≥ t_kn¬ t]m¢p-kns\ kao-]n-®p. At¥ym-Iy-°m-c-\mb amIvkn-apkv F∂ Uo°\pw Xnb-tUm¿˛hn-cp≤ a-\x-ÿnXn ]N-cn-∏n-°m≥- D-’p-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. kndn-ens\ t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Abmƒ hnP-bn-®p. Aß-s\-bmWv Znb-tZm-dn\pw Xnb-tUm-dn-\p-sa-Xnsc Fs∂mcp tcJ 438-˛¬ kndn¬ FgpXnbXv. kndn¬ Xs‚Nne teJ-\-ß-fn¬ (67.71.74.78) Xnb-tUm-dns\ hna¿in-°p-Ibpw


186 187

Øp≈ ae-I-fn-te-°p- Xn-cn-®p.- A-hn-sS- I≠ ]gb Bi-a-Øn¬ \mep-h¿jw Xma-kn®v Xm]-k-I¿a-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-®p.- ]n-∂oSv X\nsb HcpKpl-bn¬ c≠p-h¿jw ]m¿Øp. AhnsS IqSp-X¬ PmK-c-W-Øn-epw-]-cn-Xym-K-Ønepw i≤m-]q¿hw kphn-tijw ]Tn-®p. hniaw IqSmsXc≠p-h¿jw X]- -\p-jvTn-®-Xn-\m¬ Btcm-Ky-Øn\v kmc-am-b tISp-]‰n.-X-Wp-∏p-sIm≠v InUv\n-Iƒ°v XI-cm-dp-am-bn.

At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb tPmWns\ 381-˛¬ At¥ym-Iy≥saXm≥ sate-kyqkv Uo°-\m-°n. 386-˛¬ ^vfmhn-b≥ At±-lsØsshZn-I-\m-°n, \K-c-Ønse ][m-\- ]-≈n-bn¬ ]kw-K-I-\mbn \nb-an-®p. 397 hsc tPm¨ Cu ZuXyw \nd-th-‰n. InkvXo-b -kp-hn-ti-j-]-kw-K-I-cn¬ H∂m-as\∂ -ÿm\w P\-ßƒ At±-l-Øn\p \¬In.At±-l-Øns‚ hfsc ]i-kvX-ß-fmb ]kw-K-ßƒ Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-ep-≈-h-bm-Wv. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ saXm≥ s\‡m-cn-bpkv 397sk]v‰w_¿ 27-˛\v acn-®t∏mƒ tPmWns\ NI-h¿Øn X¬ÿm-\-tØ-°p -sX-c-s™-Sp-Øp. AtXmsS Pohn-X-Ønse B\µw \nd™ `mKwAh-km-\n-®p. saXm≥ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°m≥ ssha-\kyw ]I-Sn-∏n-®-tPm-Wns\ NI-h¿Øn--bp-sS I¬∏-\-bm¬ _e-]-tbm-K-Ønepw NXn-hn-ep-amWv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂Xv. Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥saXm≥ sXtbm-^n-ekv 398 s^_p-hcn 26-˛\v tPmWns\ saXm-\mbnhmgn-®p.

\K-c-Ønse IpØ-gn™ PohnXw icn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v At±lwian-®p. F∂m¬ saXm≥ÿm-\-tØ-°p≈ sXc-s™-Sp∏v Xs‚ Pohn-X-Ønse G‰hpw henb \n¿`m-Ky-ambn At±lw hfsc thKw a\- n-em-°n. B ÿm-\-Øn\v At±lw XnI®pw Ai-‡-\mbn ImW-s∏-´p.At¥ym-Iy-bnse ]mh-\m-¥-co-£hpw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse hnj-en-]vX-amb A¥-co-£hpw XΩn¬ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™n√.sIm´m-c-Ønse Nc-Sp-h-en-Iƒ ImWm≥ Ai-‡-amwhn[w AX ]cn-ip≤hpw If-¶-c-ln-X-hp-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ hy‡n-Xzw. Ah-cpsStæ—-X-I-fn-te°v Cd-ßn-s®-√m≥ saXm≥ F∂ \ne A\p-h-Zn-®n-√. Cd-ßn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬- F∂pw Ah-cpsS kvt\ln-X-\mbn Ign-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.Hgp-°n-s\mØv \o¥m-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Xoh-hn-Im-c -]-Ir-Xn-°m-c-\mb At±lw Ah-sc-sbm∂pw ]cn-K-Wn-°msX Pohn-®p. sshZn-I-scbpwP\-ß-sfbpw \ho-I-cn-°m-\p≈ ]≤Xn bmYm¿Yy-Øn\p tbmPn-®-X-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- AXv At±-l-Øns‚ iXp-°-fpsS i‡n-Isf kwtbm-Pn-∏n®p.Ahsc√mw HØp-IqSn At±-lØns\-Xnsc Xncn™p.

A[ymbw 20

hn.- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw (+407)-

\mev hen-b -k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcmfpw aq∂v FIyq-sa-\n-°¬]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fp-amWv At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bn¬s]´ hn.- tPmÏnskmkvtXmw. ]√m-Un-bkv 415-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cnXw apX¬ At±-l-Øns‚ \nc-h[n Poh-N-cn-X-ßƒ Fgp-X-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. A-t¥ym-Iy-bv°SpØv 344-˛\pw 354-˛\pw CSbv°v Ipeo-\cpw [\n-I-cp-amb amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂v tPm¨ P\n-®p. ]mY-an-I- hn-Zym-`ymkw amXm-hmbA≥Xq-km-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-®p. inip-hm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mtg ]nXmhv acn-®p.- A∂vA≥Xq-kmbv°v shdpw Ccp-]-Xp -h-bt ]mb-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p.A≥U-Km-Øn-bp-kns‚ Iogn¬ XXz-im-kvXhpw tkm^nÃv en_m-\n-bp-kns‚ Iogn¬ ]`m-j-W-I-ebpw A`y--kn-®p. Kpcp-°-∑m-cpsS hmN-I-°-k¿Øp-Iƒ At±lw CjvS-s∏- n--√. _p≤n-am-\mb Cu a-\p-jy≥ ssZhn-I-⁄m-\-Øn¬ B\µw Is≠-Øn-sb∂v ]√m-Un-bkv ]d-bp-∂p.A∂sØ At¥ym-Iy≥ sa-Xm≥ sate-kyqkv, tPmWns\ i≤n-°p-Ibpw kz`m-h-ti-jvT-X-bn¬ k¥p-jvS-\m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.- Xs‚ IqsSXma-kn-°m≥ saXm≥ At±-lsØ A\p-h-Zn-®p. -]-hm-N-I-Zr„ym CuBfpsS `mhn At±lw Z¿in-®p. XpS¿∂v tPm¨ amtam-Zokm kzoI-cn°p-Ibpw aq∂p- h¿j-sØ -tk-h-\-Øn-\p-tijw hmb-\-°m-c≥ F∂\nc-bn-te°v Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ImeØv tPmWns‚ KpcpX¿tkm-knse Znb-tZmdpw kl-]mTn sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse Xnb-tUm-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

tPm¨ hfsc X]-›-cy-Iƒ \nd™ PohnXw \bn-®p.- At±lwXs‚ `h-\-Øn¬ \n∂v AI∂v GIm-¥-Po-hn-X-Øn\v BK-ln-s®-¶nepw,Xs∂ ho≠pw Hcp hn[h B°-cp-sX∂v AΩ At]-£n-®-Xn-\m¬ Ah-tfm-sSmØv `h-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ Ign-®p-Iq-ń.- F-¶nepw Ah-km\w kao-]-

hn.- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw

188 189

Ahƒ \rØw hbv°p-∂p. ho≠pw Ahƒ tbml-∂ms‚ Xe Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p” (-skm-Im-´-kv,- k-`m.6,18). AXv i-Xp-°ƒ Icp-hmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. NI-h¿Øn At±-lsØ k`m-tPm-en-I-fn¬ \ns∂√mw apS-°n.tPm¨ AXv Iq´m-°n-bn-√. DS-s\, Hcp ]≈n-bnepw Ib-dn-°qSm F∂vNI-h¿Øn DØ-chp ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.- tIm-¨-Ã≥kns‚ IS-hn¬ 404ZpxJ-i-\n-bmgvN kv\m\-ip-iq-j-bv°mbn tPmWpw hniz-kvX-cmb sshZn-Icpw H∂n-®p-Iq-Sn-b-t∏mƒ S-∑m¿ P\-ßsf hnc- n-tbm-Sn°p-Ibpw kv\m\-P-e-Øn¬ c‡w Ie¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp (-]-√m-Un-b-kv, euknbmIv Ncn-Xw,33,34). \K-cw -hn-Sm≥ 404 Pq¨ 9˛\v NI-h¿Øn DØ-chnSp-IbpwsNdnb A¿ta-\n-bm-bnse Iu°m-k-kn-te°v At±lsØ \mSp-I-S-ØpIbpw sNbvXp. At±lw aq∂p-h¿jw AhnsS Xma-kn-®p.- P\ßƒXo¿Y-bm-X-bmbn Ahn-tS-°p- sN√m≥ XpS-ßn. At∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ At±-lsØ Icn-¶-S-en-s‚ Ingt° XocØp≈ ]nXyqkvF∂ h\-]-tZ-i-tØ°v am‰n.- bm-Xm-t¢-iw- sIm≠pw £oWw sIm≠pw]Xn-Iq-e-Im-em-h-ÿ -sIm≠pw XI¿∂v 407 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14-˛\v t]m¥p-knse sImam-\-bn¬ h®v tPm¨ acn-®p.

\mSp- I-S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p -ap-ºv tPm¨ tdmanse saXm-\m-b -C-∂-sk‚n-\pw -an-em-\nse saXm-\mb sht\-cn-bq-kn\pw AIzn-em-bnse saXm-\mb sImam-kyq-kn\pw IØpI-sf-gp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Hc-t\z-jWw \S-Øm≥tdmamsa-Xm-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p. Cu Imcy-ß-sfms° ]√m-Un-bkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v (-U-b-temK,v 8˛11). tPmWns\ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n--b -Im-cyw sXtbm-^n-ekpw tdmans\ Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. C∂-sk‚ v ]m∏m AXw-Ko-I-cn-®n-√. ]uc-kvXycpw ]m›m-Xy-cp-amb saX-m-∑m-cpsS kwL-sØ-s°m≠v Hc-t\z-jWw \S-ØWw F∂m-h-iy-s∏-´p. AXv \ncm-I-cn-°s∏-´-t∏mƒ ]m›m-Xy-k-`- ]u-c-kvXy-k-`-I-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w hnt—-Zn-®p.CXn\p ]cn-lmcw sNøp-∂-Xp-hsc k`mkwk¿K-an-s√∂pw tdmw I¬]n-®p. tPmWns\ \o°n-b-tijw tIm¨kv‰m‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ A¿km-Nn-bpkv(+405) \nb-an-X-\m-bn. XpS¿∂v h∂ A‰n-°pkv tPmWns‚ t]cv A\p-kva-c-W∏ńI-bn-¬ tN¿Ø-Xn-\p-tijw amX-amWv tdmw ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fp-am-bp-≈- Iq-´mbva ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®-Xv. 438 P\p-hcn 27-˛\v tPmWns‚ùXn-Im-h-in-jvS-ßƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v «ol-∑m-cpsS ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

hf-sc-b-[nIw IrXn-I-fp-sS I¿Øm-hmWv tPm¨. At¥ym-Iy≥Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fm-Wv IqSp-X-embn kwc-£n-°-

At±lw hfsc emfn-Xy-]q¿W-amb Pohn-X-amWv \bn-®-Xv.- kz-Øn¬A-[n-I-]¶pw Bip-]-Xn-Ifpw BXp-cm-e-b-ßfpw ]Wnbm\pw ]mh-ßsfkwc-£n-°m\pw kw`m-h\ sNbvsX-¶nepw, ssh-Zn-I-cp-sSbpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw [m¿an-I-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øm-\p≈ ]cn-iaw ITn-\-am-b- F-Xn¿∏n¬Iem-in-®p. Ip‰-°m-cmb Iptd saXm-∑m-sc -F-t -tkm-kv kn\-Un¬ (401)h®v At±lw ÿm\-`jvS-cm-°nb---t∏mƒ AXv D®-tIm-Sn-bn-se-Øn.- D-Ss\\mńepw Zqsc-bp-ap≈ iXp-°-sf√mw HØpIqSn At±-lsØ Xd-]-‰n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. sIm´m-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ A\p-`m-hhpw Cub-h-kcw XWp-Øp-t]m-bn. G‰hpw A-Sp-Ø- kvt\-ln-X¿ -t]mepw At±-lsØssIsh-Sn-™p.

Fhp-tUm-Ivkym- cm⁄n Hcp ÿew ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-®-t∏mƒ InskmkvtXmw Ahsf Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn.- A-e-Ivkm-WvUnb≥saXm\pw A\p-`m-h-c-ln-X-amb \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfpw Ae-IvkmWvUnbmbpw XΩn-ep≈ k`m-cm-jvSo-bØns‚ ê-am-bn-cp∂p B \n-e-]m-Sv. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mam-Wy-Øn-te°v D-b¿∂-t∏mƒ, Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bpsS ]mam-Wyw k`m-X-e-Øn¬ aq∂mwÿm\-tØ°p XmWXn¬ Ah¿°v Aa¿j-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne-t∏m-sgms° AXv ]I-Sn-∏n-°m\pw Ah¿ apXn¿∂p. B ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWvsXtbm- n-e-kn\v tPmWn-t\m-Sp≈ a\w-am‰w \mw a\-kn-em-t°-≠-Xv. HmIvkn-\-Un¬ h®v (403) 36 saXm-∑m¿ tbmKw IqSn Inskm-kvtXm-ans\hnkvX-cn-°p-Ibpw ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A¿t°-Un-bkvNI-h¿Øn Xocp-am\w AwKo-I-cn®v tPmWns\ _nYo-\n-bm-bn-te°p\mSp-I-S-Øn.- P\w _l-f-ap-≠m°p-sa∂v `b∂pw sIm´m-c-Øn-ep-≠mbAXym-lnXw \nan-Øhpw ]nt‰-Zn-hkw Xs∂ NI-h¿Øn At±-lsØXncn-sI- hn-fn-®p. BtLm-j-]q¿hw \K-c-Øn-se-Ønb InskmkvtXmw«ol-∑m-cpsS \ma-Øn-ep≈ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v at\m-l-c-am-sbm-cp -]-kwKw\S-Øn.- a-s‰mcp ]kw-K-Øn¬ cm⁄n-sb kvXp-Xn-®p-sIm≠v ]kw-Kn®p(skmtkm-a≥, -k-`m.8,18,8).

F∂m¬ Cu im¥-amb A¥-co£w A[n-I-\mƒ \o≠p-\n-∂n-√.Fhp-tUm-Ivkym- cm-⁄n-bpsS Hcp ]Xna IØo-U¬ tZhm-e-b-Øn-\-SpØv ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ Xnc-°m-bn.- I-Øo-U-en-\-SpØv hfsc H®-∏m-Sm-sW∂v tPm¨ ]cm-Xn-s∏-´p. AXv hy-‡n-]-c-am-b- A-]-am-\-ambn cm⁄nIcp-Xn. tPmWpw hnIm-c-`-cn-X-\mbn kv\m]-I-tbm-l-∂ms‚ s]cp-∂mƒZnhkw cm⁄nsb D∂wh®p-sIm-≠v Hcp ]kwKw \SØn: “ho≠pwtltdmZym i‡n ]m]n-°p-∂p. -ho≠pw Ahƒ Iq≤-bm-Ip-∂p. ho≠pw

hn.- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmwhn.- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw

190 191

At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®p 386- \pw 397- \pw CSbv°v -sN-bvX-h-bm-Wv. At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-b-Øns‚ mjy-co-Xn-Iƒ tlman-en-I-fn¬ Zriy-am-Wv. B¥cn-Im¿Yw I≠p-]n-Sn®v AXv ]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-b- co-Xn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bmWv At±lw Ah-ew-_n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Bg-ta-dnb Nn¥bpw ]I-S-\-]m-S-hhpw FSp-Øp -]-d-tb-≠-h-bm-Wv. At±lw]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønepw ]pXn--b-\n-b-a-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse ]ho-W-\m-bn-cp-∂p.A\p-Zn-\ -Po-hn-X-]-iv\-ß-fn-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-ambcoXn-bn¬ At±lw Ahsb hymJym\n-®n-cp-∂p.

1.- D¬∏-Øn-tlm-an-en-Iƒ: D¬∏-Øn-sb B[m-c-am°n c≠p- ]-c-º-c-I-fn-ep≈ tlman-en-I-fp-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ BZysØ `mjy-tlm-anenD¬∏-Ønsb B[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm--sW∂v tXm∂p-∂p. BZy-]-c-ºc 386-˛¬ At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®p- sN-bvX-h-bm-Wv. Ah-km-\sØ ]kwKwHgnsI _m°n-sb√mw D¬∏-Øn-bpsS BZysØ aq∂v A[ym-b-ßsfB[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈-h-bm-Wv. c≠mw ]c-ºc D¬∏Øn apgp-h-s‚bpw mjy-tlm-an-en-bm-Wv. D¬∏Øn BZn-ap-X¬ A-h-km\w hsc `mKw `mK-ambnXncn®v hniZoIcn-°p-∂p. Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ \-S-∂Xv 388-˛embn-cn-°mw.H∂m-a-tØ-Xn¬ Bdpw c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ Adp-]-tØgpw ]kw-K-ß-fp-≠v.

2.- k-¶o¿Ø-\ -tlm-an-en-Iƒ: sXc-s™-SpØ 58 k¶o¿Ø-\-ßsfB[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ tlman-en-I-fmWv ]g-b-\n-b-asØ B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈G‰hpw \√ ]kw-K-ßƒ. Cu 58 ]kw-K-ßfpw At±lw \S-ØntbmF∂v kwi-bn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. Ah hymJym-\-ßƒ (sl¿a-s\bvbm) F∂io¿j-I-ØnemWv \ap°p e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv; tlman-en-Iƒ F∂ Xe-s°-ń-e-√. Ah-bpsS D≈-S°w tPmWns‚ Ign-hp-Isf hnfn-®-dn-bn°p-∂p.kpIr-X-ßfpw Xn∑-Ifpw (k-¶o.100,142,146),- b-Ym¿Y ]m¿Y\ (7,9,141),k¶o¿Ø-\m-em-]w, InkvXo-b -`-h-\-ß-fnse Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ (41,134) XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-∏‰n tPmWn\v ]nbw-I-c-ß-fm-b Bi-b-ßƒ Cu ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ ImWmw. ]tXm-kns‚ tdmam-bm-X (48), hnip≤ \mń-te-°p≈Xo¿Ym-S\w (109), ]utcm-ln-Xy -ti-jvTX (113,116), -I-\ymXzw (44,113), Hcp-°-tØm-Sp- Iq-sS-bp≈ Ip¿_m-\- kzo-I-cWw (113) F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰nbpwAt±lw Cu tlman-en-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. Bcn-b≥,- a-\n-t°-b≥hn`m-K-°m¿°pw kmtamkm-´-°m-c≥ ]utem-kn\pw FXn-cmbn Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ hnh-cWw ImWmw (46,109,148). Cu tlman-en-I-fn¬ sk]vXz-Pn¥vsSIvÃv IqSmsX a‰p Nne ]Xn-∏p-Ifpw At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-®p- Im-Wp-∂p≠v. 58 tlman-en-Iƒ°p ]pdta a‰-t\Iw tlman-en-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚t]cn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ Ah At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xs√∂mWv]WvUnX -a-Xw.

s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv. ]n≥X-e-ap-d-bpsS kvt\lhpw A`n-\-µ-\hpw B¿Pn-°m≥At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™p. Id-Xo¿∂ hy-‡n-Xzhpw Bflm¿YX \nd™Pohn-Xhpw euIn-I-ZrjvSym At±-l-sØ -Zp-c-¥-Øn-¬ F-Øn-®p. -F-∂m-eXv At±-l-Øns‚ al-Xzhpw ]i--kvXnbpw h¿≤n-∏n-®p. kzX-kn-≤-ambHcp hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ DS-a-bm-W-t±-lw. kz¿W-\m-hp-Im-c≥ -F-∂¿Ywhcp∂ Inskm-kvtXm-tam-kv (-I-nskm-kvtXmw) F∂ ÿm\w ]kw-K-Nm-Xp-cn-hgn At±-l-Øn\p Inń. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-emWv BZy-am-bn Bkw⁄ At±-l-Øns‚ t]tcm-Sp-IqsS tN¿°-s∏-´-Xv. ]ns∂∂pw AXvAt±-l-Øns‚ t]cns‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ipeo-\-ssi-en, kzX-kn-≤-amb Nn¥, ss\k¿Kn-I-amb NmXpcn F∂nh HØp-h-∂-t∏mƒ tPm¨,Inskm-kvtXm-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. -A∂pw C∂pw tPmWns‚ ]`m-j-W-ssien-k-ap-∂-X-ambn \n¬°p-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ an°- Ir-Xn-Ifpw ]kw-K-ß-fmWv. Hcp Ime-L-´-Øns‚ \m\m-h-i-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWh.]i-kvX-\mb tPmWns‚ t]cn¬ ]-ecpw KŸ-ßƒ ]N-cn-∏n®Xn-\m¬,-AØcw \nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

1.- tlm-an-en-Iƒ (-]-kw-K-ßƒ)

Bflm-°-fpsS bYm¿Y- n-j-Kz-c-\m-bn-cp∂p tPm¨. Ah-cpsS tcmK-ßƒ hfsc IrXy-ambn hnth-Nn-®-dn-bm\p≈ kzm`m-hnI Ignhv At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. -A-tX-k-abw a\p-jy-cpsS _e-lo-\-X-sb-∏-‰n- Xn-I®pw t_m[-hm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ kzm¿Y-X,- [q¿Øv,- A-l¥ XpS-ßn-bh ImWp-tºm-sg-√mw -\n-in-X-ambn hna¿in-°m≥ At±lw aSn-®n--√.-Nne ]kw-K-ßƒ c≠p- a-Wn-°q¿ hsc Zo¿Ln®ncp∂p. P\-lr-Z-b-ßsfkv]¿in-°m-\pw Ah-cpsS i≤- ]n-Sn-®p- \n¿Øm\pw At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™n-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ `mh\ A¤p-Xm-h-l-am-Wv. InkvXobPohnXw kw_-‘n-®p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ [mc-W-Iƒ C∂pw \ΩpsS_lp-am-\hpw BZ-chpw A¿ln-°p-∂p.

\ap°p e`n-®n-cn-°p∂ ]kw-K-ßƒ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v At±lwXbm-dm-°nb tcJ-I-fn¬ \n∂-√.- ]n-s∂-tbm, ]kwKw ihn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ timXm-°-fmtcm Fgp-Xnb Ipdn-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv. A°m-eØvhenb ]kw-K-I-scms° Ipdn-s∏-gp-Øp-Imsc ]kw-K-k-abw \nb-an-°pI]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. GXm-bmepw, ]e ]kw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw c≠p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ssIsb-gp-Øp -]-Xn-Iƒ \ap°p Inń-bn´p-≠v. H∂nse `mj efn-XhpwarZp-hp-am-Wv; a‰Xv ISp-∏-ta-dn-b-Xpw. BZy-tØXv ]n¬°m-eØp hcp-Ønb Xncp-Ø-tem-Sp- Iq-Sn-b-h-bm-Imw. an° ]kw-K-ßfpw thZ-]p-kvX-IsØ B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ mjy-tlm-an-en-I-fm-Wv. AØcw tlman-en-Iƒ


192 193

Nne tlmanenIƒ ]`m-X-Øn¬ sNbvX ]kw-K-ß-fm-sW∂v 31.5;18.2F∂o- `m-K-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

hy-`n-Nm-c-Øn¬ ]nSn-°-s∏´ kvXobpsS Imcyw (-tbm-l.7,53-˛8,11)tPm¨ N¿®-sN-bvXn-ń-√. Xs‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ Hcn-SØpw tPm¨ Cu thZ-]p-kvX-I-`mKw kv]¿in-®n-ń-√. At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ At±lw D]-tbm-Kn®ss__n-fn¬ CXp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ At±lw CXn\pw `mjy-sa-gp-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu tlman-en-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ Xm¿°n-I-Nm-bvhv D-≈-h-bm-Wv.tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Ønse ]e `mK-ßƒ°pw Hcp ]t£ A°m-eØv Bcn-b≥ hn`m-K-°m¿ Zp¿`m-jy-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°mw. ]pX≥ kXy-ambpw ssZh-am-sW∂v khn-kvXcw XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc At±lw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

6.- \-S-]-Sn-tlm-an-en-Iƒ: \S-]-Sn-K-ŸsØ B[m-c-am°n tPm¨ 55]kw-K-ßƒ \S-Øn. BZysØ ]Øp \q‰m-≠n¬ \S-]-Snsb B[m-c-am°n Cu tlmanen amXta ]q¿W-am-bn- \-ap°p e`n-®n-´p -≈p.-tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v 400-˛m-am-≠n¬ sNbvX ]kw-K-ß-fm-W-h.Npcp-s°-gp-Øp-Im-cpsS t\m´p-Iƒ hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn- FgpXnb-h-bmWvAh.- At±-l-Øn\v Ah Xncp-Øp-∂-Xn\v kmh-Imiw e`n-®n-s√-∂p-tXm-∂p-∂p. “]ecpw \S-]Sn KŸsØ Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂p. Cß-s\-sbmcpIrXn Ds≠-∂p- Xs∂ ]e¿°pw Adn-bn-√. -F-∂m¬ CXn¬ \nc-h[nAaq-ey-\n-t£-]-ß-fp-≠v.- AXp-sIm≠v CXns\ B[m-c-am°n `mjyw-N-a-bv°m≥ HcpsºSp∂p” F∂v tPm¨ ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.

7. tdmam-te-J-\ -tlm-an-en-Iƒ: ]utemkv «olm-bpsS teJ-\-ßsfB[m-c-am°n tPm¨ \nc-h[n tlman-en-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚tlman-en-I-fn¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw teJ-\-ßsf B[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈-h-bm-Wv.- ]u-tem-kns‚ hy‡n-Xzhpw t\´-ßfpw tPmWns\ ]e -]m-hiyw tImcn-Ø-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Bflm-°-fpsS CS-bs‚ DØa amXrI At±lw ]utem-kn¬ Im-Wp-∂p. At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®v 381-˛\pw 398-˛\pw CSbv°v tdmam-te-J-\sØ B[m-c-am°n tPm¨ sNbvX 32 ]kw-K-ß-fmWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ImesØ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏-´ -tdm-am-te-J-\-`m-jyw. At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw at\m-l-chpw CXp-X-s∂. “tdmam-te-J-\- m-jy-Øn¬ ]WvUn-X-\m-b -A-t±-l-Øns‚ hn⁄m-\- -WvUmcw \nd™pIhn-bp∂p” F∂v s]eq-kn-b-Ønse Ckn-tZm¿ ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. “Xs‚IrXn-Iƒ A‰nIv ssien-bn¬ ]kvXm-hn-°m≥ Znhy-\m-b -]u-temkvBK-ln-®m¬ Cu ]i-kvX-\mb Kpcp ]d-™-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn ]d-I-bn-s√∂v F\n-°p -tXm-∂p-∂p.- A-X -K-Wy-am-Wv tPm-Wns‚

3.- G-imbm tlman-en-Iƒ: Gim-bm-bpsS KŸsØ B[m-c-am°nBdv tlman-en-Iƒ Ko°p-aq-e-Øn¬ Inń-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ NneXvAt¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®pw NneXv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®pw sNbvX-h-bm-Wv.- G-im-bm-bpsS Hcp kºq¿W-`mjyw A¿ta-\n-b≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p.- C-hbv°p ]pdta a‰v Nne ]g-b-\n-b-a -K-Ÿ-ß-sfbpwB[m-c-am°n tPm¨ ]kw-Kn-®n´p-s≠-¶nepw Ah ]q¿W- cq-]-Øn¬e`n-®n- n-√.

4. aØmbn tlman-en-Iƒ: aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-ti-jsØ B[m-c-am°n 90 tlman-en-I-fp-≠v. Cu kphn-ti-j-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn \ap-°p- In-ń-bn-cn-°p∂ G‰hpw ]mNo-\hpw ]q¿Whp-amb tlman-en-I-f-tX Ch. -ChAt¥ym-Iy-bn¬h®v 390-˛¬ sNbvX-h-bm-Im-\m-Wn-S. ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw a\n-t°-b-sc-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in°p-∂p.- ]-g-b-\n-baw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ \n∂vhyXy-kvX-am-sW∂ a\n-t°-b≥ ]tabw \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p.- A-Xm-bXv,]g-b-\n-b-a-ssZhw I¿°-i\pw \oXn-\n-jvT\pw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-ssZhwkvt\l-\n-[n-bpw- B-sW∂ Bi-bw X≈n-°-f-bp-∂p.- c-≠nepw \nb-a-Zm-Xmhv Hcmƒ Xs∂sb∂v tPm¨ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. F∂m¬ ]g-b-Xv Hcp-°hpw ]pXn-b-Xns‚ apt∂m-Snbpw amX-am-Wv.- In-kvXp-hns‚ I¬∏-\-Iƒ bqZ-\n-b-a-ßfpsS ]q¿ØoI-c-W-amWv.- A-h-bpsS Ipd-hp-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn°p-∂p. ssZhn-I- cm-Pm-hns‚ IØp-I-fmWv kphn-ti-j-ßƒ. Bcn-b≥ Nn¥-I¿s°-Xn-cmbn ]pXs‚ ssZh-Xzhpw ssZh-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ka-Xzhpw tPm¨ Db¿Øn-°m-´p-∂p. Xs‚ a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-sØ-∏‰n kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ am\p-jnIcoXn Ah-ew-_n-®mepw, ]pX≥ ]nXm-hn\p Xpey-\m-sW∂v At±lw Xd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂p. A°m-e-Øp≈ hnt\m-Z- cw-K-ßsf At±lw Ip‰-s∏-Sp -Øp-∂p. - k-\ym-kn-Isf ]pI-gvØp-∂p.A∂sØ Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v s\bvsX-SpØ kw`-h-ßfpwcoXn-I-fp-sa√mw ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ ImWmw. k\ym-kn-IfpsS Pohn-Xw,-h-kvXw, -[ym-\w, -tPm-en- F-∂n-h (69-˛70) hnh-cn-°p-∂p. Ah¿ Fßs\Xn∑-Isf Pbn-°p-s∂∂v Nq≠n-°m- p-∂p. Ah-cpsS kpIr-Xhpw ‡nbpwF√m-h¿°pw amXr-I-bm-Wv.- Zm-\-[¿a-Øn\v F√m-h-scbpw Blzm\wsNøp-∂p. ]mh-s∏-´-hsc InkvXp-hn-s‚bpw \Ωp-sSbpw ktlm-Z-c-ß-sf∂v At±lw hnfn-°p-∂p.

5. -\memw kphn-ti-j- tlm-an-en-Iƒ: tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-jsØB[m-c-am°n Fgp-X-s∏´ 88 tlman-en-Iƒ BZy-kp-hn-ti-j -tlm-an-en-I-tf-°mƒ sNdp-Xm-Wv. an°-hmdpw 391-˛-emWv Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ \S-∂-Xv.-A-h-tbm-tcm∂pw ]Øp-ap-X¬ ]Xn-\-©p-hsc an\n-‰p-Iƒ \ofp-∂-h-bmWv.


194 195

kmtamkm- -°m-c≥ ]utemkv F∂n-h¿s°-Xn-cmbn nen. 2,6- 11 s\ B[m-c-am-°n- Ggmw tlman-en-bn¬ Xncp-A-h-Xm-c-kXyw Dds° ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. InkvXp-hns‚ bYm¿Y ssZh-Xzhpw bYm¿Y a\p-jy-Xzhpw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p. -In-kvXp-hn\v Bflmhpw ico-c-hp-ap-≠v,- kz-`m-h-ßsf Iqń-°p-g-bv°p-Itbm shń-am-‰p-Itbm sNø-cp-Xv. Hcp ssZhhpw ssZh-]p-X-\mb Hcp InkvXphpw amX-ta-bp-≈p. Hs∂∂p Rm≥ ]d-bp-tºmƒH-ssc-Iyw. AXv Iqń-°p-g-bv°-e-√.- Hcp kz`mhw a‰-Xn¬ e-bn-®p -t]m-bn√.- H∂v a‰-Xp-am-bn _‘-s∏-ń-cp∂p F∂p -t]m-Ip∂p At±-l-Øns‚Nn¥.

12.- sIm-tfm-ky-te-J\ tlman-en-Iƒ: tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v399-˛-emWv sImtfm-ky-te-J-\sØ B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ 12 tlman-en-IƒXbm-dm-°n-b-Xv. aq∂mw tlman-en-bpsS Ah-km\w Xs‚ sa-Xm≥ ÿm-\-sØ∏‰n hy‡-ambn kwkm-cn-°p-∂p: “\nßƒ Fs∂-b-√ -]u-tcm-ln-XysØ-bmWv \nµn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv F∂n¬ \n∂v Dcn-™p am‰-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ-Fs∂ \nµn-®p-sIm-≈p-hn≥. Imc-Ww,- ]ns∂ Rm≥ I¬]-\-Iƒ Xcm≥apXn-cn-√.- F-∂m¬ \mw Cu knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew,\mw A\¿l-\m-sW-¶nepw, \ap°v al-Xzhpw A[n-Im-c-hp-ap-≠v. tami-bpsS knwlm-k\w _lp-am\w A¿ln-s®-¶n¬, AXn-\m¬ AXv ihn-°-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, AXnt\°mƒ -F-Xtbm A[n-I-amWv InkvXp-hns‚ knwlm-k-\w? ÿm\-]-Xn-Iƒ- G-Xp- X-c-°m-cm-bmepw Fw_-kn-bpsS am\y-X-bm¬ hfsc _lp-am-\y-cm-Wv. Rßƒ Hcp ZuXyw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Rßƒ ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂v h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXtXsaXm≥ÿm-\-Øns‚ al-Xzw...-a-\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ÿm\-]-Xn-I-fmbn Rßƒ h¿Øn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CXns\ \nßƒ- A-]-am-\n-®m¬, Rß-sf-b√ saXm≥ÿm-\-sØ X-s∂-bmWv Ah-tl-fn-°p-∂-Xv. Cbm-sf-tbm, Abm-sftbm A√, saXm-s\- X-s∂-bmWv \nµn-°p-∂-Xv” (3,4).

13.- sX-k-tem-\n-Iy-te-J-\ -tlm-an-en-Iƒ: H∂mw teJ-\sØ B[m-c-am°n ]Xn-s\m∂pw c≠mw- te-J-\sØ B[m-c-am°n A©pw tlman-en-Iƒ At±lw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v Xbm-dm-°n.

13.- A-P-]m-eIteJ\ tlman-en-Iƒ: Xntam-Xn-s°-gp-Xnb H∂mw teJ-\sØ B[m-c-am°n ]Xn-s\´pw c≠mw teJ-\sØ B[m-c-am°n ]Øpwtlman-en-Iƒ A-t¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®v Xbm-dm-°n. Xntam-Xn-bpsS saXm≥ÿm-\-sØ-∏‰n XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc ]d-bp-s∂-¶nepw, A∂v tPm¨ saXm-\msW∂-Xns‚ kqN\ ImWp-∂n-√. \K-cm-Xn¿Øn-I-fn¬ ]m¿°p∂ \nc-

Ah-X-c-Whpw cq]- w-Knbpw” F∂pw At±lw Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p (-te-J\w,5,32). s]em-Pn-b≥ X¿°-Øn¬(422) hn.- A-K-Ãn≥ ]Ømw tlman-en-bn¬ \n∂v F´p- `m-K-ßƒ D≤-cn-°p-∂p (-Pq-en-b-s\-Xnsc, 1,27). D¤-h-]m]w kw_-‘n®v tPm¨ s]em-Pn-b≥ ho£-W-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®n-ń√F∂p- sX-fn-bn-°m-\mWv A]-Imcw D≤-cn-®-Xv.

tdmam-te-J\w XmXzn-I-]-iv\-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-s∂-¶nepw, shdpwXmXzn-I- N¿®-I-fn-e√, B[ym-fln-Ihpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb Imcy-ßƒ N¿®sNøp-∂Xn-emWv At±-l-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ Xm¬]-cyw. InkvXo-b- cm-jvSobNn-¥-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈-XmWv 23-˛mw tlman-en.- “A-[n-Imcw ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p-h-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ -A-[n-Im-c- ÿm-\-ßƒ a\p-jy-cp-≠m-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.”Nne tlman-en-Iƒ hfsc hep-Xm--Wv. Ah ]kw-Kn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ c≠p-a-Wn-°q-sd-¶nepw th≠n-h-cpw.

8.- sIm-dn-t¥mkv teJ-\-tlm-an-en-Iƒ: H∂mw teJ-\-Øn\v \m¬]-Øn-\mepw c≠mw -te-J-\-Øn\v ap∏Xpw tlman-en-Iƒ At±lw Xbm-dm-°n. H∂mw ]c-ºcbpw (21,6) c≠mw ]c-º-cbpw (26,5) At¥ymIy-bn¬h®m-Wv Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xv. InkvXo-b-c-lkyw F∂ ]utem-kns‚ Bi-bw -B-Zy-]-c-º-c-bnse Ggmw tlman-en-bn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂p (7,1-˛2). -In-kvXp-a-X-Øns‚ Cu \nKq-VX Xnc-kvI-cn-®- A-t\m-a-b¿- F∂ Bcn-b≥ hn`m-KsØ ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm-≠mWv At±lw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv.Cu c≠p ]c-º-c-Iƒ°pw ]pdta 1 sImdn.7,1; 15,28; 2sIm-dn.4,13 F∂n-hbv°v ]tXy-I-ambn Ggv tlman-en-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

9. Kem-Xy-te-J\ tlman-en-Iƒ: B-[p-\nI hymJym\ coXnbn-emWvCu tlman-en-Iƒ. AXm-b-Xv, Hmtcm hmIyhpw FSp-Øp≈ A]-K-Y\w.-A-t¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®m-bn-cn°mw CXv Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xv.

10. Ft^-ky-te-J\ tlman-en-Iƒ: At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®v Ft^-ky-te-J-\-sØ B[m-c-am°n 24 tlman-en-Iƒ \S-Øn. At¥ym-Iy≥ P\-Øn\v ]nb-¶-c-cmb hn. _m_n-em-kn-s\bpw hn.- Pq-en-b-s\bpw tPmÄ\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p (9; 21.3). hn.- Pq-en-b≥ Hcp ]mhiyw At¥ymIymkµ¿in-®n-´p-s≠∂v Xnb-sUm-sd‰v ]d-bp-∂p (-k-`m. 4,27).- k-\ym-k--]-ÿm-\w (6,13), saeo-jy≥ ioiva (11,5), InkvXo-b- hn-hm-lw (20)F∂n-hbpw At±lw Ch-bn¬ N¿® -sN-øp-∂p.

11.- n-en-]y-te-J\ tlman-en-Iƒ: Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ \S-Øn-bXv Fhn-sS -h-®m-sW∂v IrXy-ambn \ap-°-dn-hn-√.- At¥ym-Iytbm tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏ntfm Bbn-cn°mw ]kw-K-ÿ-ew. am¿ky-\o-Ø¿, Bcn-b¿,-


196 197

3.- [m¿an-I -]-Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒ

timXm-°-fpsS [m¿an-I-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p- tPm-Wns‚ tlman-en-I-fp-sS-sb√mw Dt±-iyw.- F-∂m¬ C°mcywamXw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ ]kw-K-ßfpw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. \h-h-’-c- Zn-\-Øn¬ At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®p \S-Ønb Hcp ]kw-K-Øn¬ A∂tØt]°q-Øp-Isf At±lw \nin-X-ambn A]-e-]n-°p-∂p. k¿°-kn\pwIfn-Iƒ°pw Xotb-‰-dp-Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc F∂ t]cn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬h®v 399 Pqsse aq∂n\v sNbvX ]kwKw ]kn-≤-am-Wv. A∂v]≈n-bn¬ ]IpXn Bfp-Iƒ t]mepw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. P\w k¿°kvImWm≥ t]mbn. ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bm-gvN- t]mepw IpXn-c-tbm´w \S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\bpw ZpxJ-i-\n-bm-gvN- t]mepw Xotb-‰-dn¬ ]cn-]mSn \S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\bpwAt±lw A]-e-]n-°p-∂p. Xotb-‰¿ kmØms‚ Akw-ªn-bmsW∂ A`n-]m-b-amWv At±-l-Øn-\v. kmap-ly-\o-Xn-t_m[w At±-l-Øn¬ ap¥n-\n∂p. ]W-°m-c\pw ]mh-s∏-´-h\pw XΩn-ep≈ Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ At¥ym-Iy-bnepw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnepw At±lw Z¿in-®p. A°m-eØvtIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Aº-Xn-\m-bncw ]mh-s∏-´-h-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂pF∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ IW-°v; In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ Hcp e£-hpw (-\-S-]Sn -tlm-anen 11,3).- ]m-h-s∏- -hsc ]cn-K--Wn-°msX, kzm¿Y-cmbn \S-°p∂]W-°m-cpsS Al-¶m-csØbpw uXn-I- a-\x-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw At±lw \nc-¥cw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. At±lw Ahsc Zm\-[¿a-ßƒ°mbn\n¿_-‘n-®p.

4.- s]-cp-∂mƒ ]-kw-K-ßƒ

tPmWns‚ s]cp-∂mƒ ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ 386 Unkw-_¿ 25-˛\v sNbvXInkvakv ]kw-K-amWv G‰hpw ]i-kvXw.- \o-Xn-kq-cy-\mb InkvXp-hns‚ P∑-Zn\w Unkw-_¿ 25-˛-\m-sW∂v ImWn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚e£yw. ]Øp-h¿jw apºmWv At¥ym-Iy-bnse P\-ßƒ Cu s]cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-sX∂v ]kw-K-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. as‰mcpInkvakv ]kwKw IqSnbp≠v. InkvXp-hns‚ kv\m\hpw F∏n-^-\nbpwF∂Xv 387 P\p-hcn 6˛\v \S-Ønb Z\-lm-]-kw-K-am-Wv. s]klm hymgm-gvN-bpsS Hcp ]kw-K-Øns‚ c≠p- ]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ e`y-am-Wv.- Zpx-J-sh-≈n-bm-gvN-bpsS aq∂p ]kw-K-ßfpw Db¿∏ns‚ Hcp -]kw-Khpw s]¥n-t°mkvXnbpsS c≠v ]kw-K-ßfpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ a‰v ]kw-K-ßƒ At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xs√∂mWv ]WvUn-X-aXw.

5.- kvXp-Xn-]-`m-j-W-ßƒ

tPm_v, Fse-bm-k¿, a°-_m-b¿,- A-h-cpsS AΩ XpS-ßnb ]g-b-

h[n GIm-¥-hm-kn-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]d-bp-∂p. AXv At¥ym-Iy B-Im-\m-Wn-S. ssS‰-kn-s\-gp-Xnb teJ-\w (6), ^ne-tam-s\-gp-Xn-b -te-J\w (3)F∂n-hsb B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ tlman-en-Ifpw At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®m-WvX-bm-dm-°n-b-Xv.

14. -F-_m-b-te-J\ tlman-en-Iƒ: tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬h®v 403/4˛¬ F_mb-te-J-\sØ B[m-c-am°n 34 tlman-en-Iƒ At±lw Xbm-dm-°n. I n-b-tZm-dns‚ \n¿tZ-im-\p-k-cWw apXn-b-m-\pkv F∂-bmƒ AheØo-\n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.

2.- Xm-Xzn-I-˛-Xm¿°nI IrXn-Iƒ

1. ssZh-Øns‚ AKm-ly-kz-`m-h-sØ-∏‰n: c≠p- ]-c-º-c-I-fn-em-bn12 tlman-en-I-fp-≠v. BZysØ As©Æw 386/7˛¬ At¥ym-Iy-bn¬h®pw _m°n-bp-≈h 397-˛¬ tIm¨kv‰m‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®pw At±lwXbm-dm-°n. ssZhw kzbw Adn-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xßƒ ssZhsØ Adn-bp∂p F∂p hoº-Sn® At\m-a-b¿- F∂ Bcn-b≥ hn- m-K-°msc JWvUn-°p-∂p (2,3). ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw XΩn¬ _‘-tabn-√, hyXy-kvX-ß-fmWv F∂ dmUn-°¬ Bcn-b≥ ho£Ww C°q-´¿ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®p.Ahsc FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v ssZh-Øns‚- A-hm-Nyhpw A]-cn-ta-bhpwA\-¥-hp-amb kz`m-hsØ At±lw Db¿Øn-°m-´p-∂p. -]n-Xmhpw]pX\pw Xpey-cm-Wv,- ]n-Xm-hn-s\-t∏mse ]pX\pw ssZh-Xz-Øn¬ `mK-`m-Kn-Xz-ap-s≠∂v At±lw kv]jvS-ambn ]Tn-∏n-®p.

2. aXm-[ym-]-\ -]-kw-K-ßƒ: At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bn¬ ]-kw-K-I-\m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv kv\m\m¿Yn-Isf Hcp-°p∂ ZuXyhpw tPmWn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AØ-c-Øn¬ s]´ 12 ]kw-K-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. kv\m\m¿Yn-Iƒ°pw kv\m\w kzoI-cn®v ]p\¿P∑w ]m]n® \h-Pm-X¿°pw th≠nsNbvX-h-bmWv Ch.- aq∂v kam-lm-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv Ch -\-ap°v e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. (Ch-bpsS ae-bm-f-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn. -tN-Sn-b-Øv,hn. tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, aXm-[ym-]-\- ]-kw-K-ßƒ, tIm´-bw, 2003).

3. -bq-Z¿s°-Xnsc: timXm-°-fmb InkvXym-\n-Isf Dt±-in-®p-≈--F´v tlman-en-Iƒ At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®mWv ]-kw-Kn-®-Xv. Nne InkvXym-\n-Iƒ blq-Z-cpsS kn\-tKm-Kp-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS BtLm-j-ß-fn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.- A-hsc AXn¬ \n∂v ]n¥n-cn -∏n -°m-\m-Wn-Xv. bqZ-∑m¿ InkvXp-hn-s\- X-≈n-°-f-™-Xn-\m¬in£m¿l-cm-sW∂v At±lw Nq≠n-°m- p-∂p.


198 199

(2) cq]-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ tlman-en-Iƒ: AI-am-k-‡-cmb P\°q´w387-˛¬ cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ cq]-ßƒ X√n-s∏m-ń-®p. CXn¬ Ip]n-X-\mb-Xn-b-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn At¥ym-Iy≥ \Kcw ]mtS \in-∏n-°m≥Xocp-am-\n-®p. ^vfmhn-b≥ DSt\ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-seØn NI-h¿Ønsb km¥z-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-®p. `b-N-In-X-cmbn ]≈n-bn¬ XSn-®p-Iq-Snb P\-ßsf kam-iz-kn-∏n-°m≥ InskmkvtXmw ian-®p. samØw21 ]kw-K-ß-fp-≠v. Ah-km\w ^vfmhn-bs‚ ]cn-i-a-ßƒ hn-P-b-n-®p.NI-h¿Øn F√mh-tcmSpw £an-®-Xmbn tPm¨ Adn-bn-®p. Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ ]kw-K-I≥ -F∂ ÿm\w At±-l-Øn\v t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.

(3)- F-hp-tXm-∏n-bp-kn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ c≠v tlman-en-Iƒ: Fhp-tXm-∏n-bpkv F∂ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ 399- ¬ Xs‚ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v \njvIm-kn-X-\m-b-t∏mƒ, ac-W-Øn¬ \n∂p c£-s]-Sm-\mbn tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ HmSn-°-bdn _en-]o-T-Øn¬ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®p -In-S-∂p. Aßs\ _en-]o-T-Øn¬A`bw tXSp-∂-hsc D]-Z-hn-°-cp-sX∂ [mcW D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- AbmƒA[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Ccp-∂-t∏mƒ Cu \nbaw am‰m≥ ian-®n-cp-∂p. AbmƒtZhm-e-b--Øn¬ A`bw tXSn-°n-S∂ Ah-kcw Abm-fpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ ASpØ Rmb-dmgvN, AXm-bXv 399 P\p-hcn 17-˛\,v k`m-]-kw-K-I≥ 1,1 s\ B[m-c-am°n tPm¨ -Hcp ]kwKw sNbvXp. amb,- k¿hXpwamb F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]kw-K-hn-j-bw. Iptd Znh-k-ßƒ°p-tijwAbmƒ ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v t]mbt∏mƒ, A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Abmsf ssk]-kn-te°v \mSp-I-S-Øn. k`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Abmsf H‰n-s°m-SpsØ∂Btcm]Ww as‰mcp ]kw-K-Øn--eqsS tPm¨ \ntj-[n-°p-∂p.

(4) \mSp-I-S-Øn-en\p apºpw ]nºp-ap≈ ]kw-K-ßƒ: \mSp-I-S-Ø-en\p apºpw XncnsI FØn-b-Xn-\p -ti-jhpw 403-˛¬ sNbvX ]kw-K-ßƒ lrZ-b-kv]¿in-bm-Wv. -im-¥X ssIsh-Sn-b-cp-sX∂pw k`-bpsSAPø- i-‡n-bn¬ hniz-kn-°-W-sa∂pw H∂m-asØ ]kw-K-Øn¬ D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. Xs∂ A\p-k-cn-®-hsc A`n-\-µn-°p-Ibpw If-¶-c-ln-Xbpw\n¿a-e-bp-amb tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ k -sb c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ ]Io¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

7.- ]-Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒ

Cu KW-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ Bdp IrXn-I-fp-≠v. Hmtcm-∂n-s\-∏-‰nbpwNpcp-°-ambn N¿®-sN-ømw.

(1) ]utcm-ln-Xy-sØ-∏‰n: Bdv ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-em-bn-´mWv CXv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ a‰v IrXn-I-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-bn CXv

\n-ba hnip-≤-sc°p-dn-®pw, sdmam-t\m-kv,- Pq-en-b≥, _¿emw, s]em-Pn-b,- s_-sc-\n-kv, s]mkvtZm-kv XpS-ßnb c‡-km-£n-Isf Ipdn®pw Ct·-jy-kv, _m_n-em-kv, ne-tKm-Wn-bp-kv, HkvXmtXym-kv, sate-kyqkv F∂oAt¥ym-Iy≥ sa-Xm-∑msc Ipdn®pw At±lw kvXpXn-]-`m-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. X¿tkm-knse Znb-tZm-dns\ Ipdn-®p-≈Xv At±-l-Øns‚km∂n-[y-Øn¬ 392-˛¬ \S-Øn-b-Xm-Wv. hn. -]u-tem-kns\ Ipdn-®p≈kvXpXn-]-`m-j-WamWv G‰hpw i≤m¿l-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. hn-Pm-Xn-b-cpsS«olm-tbmSv At±-l-Øn-\p≈ aXn∏pw kvt\lhpw BZ-c-hp-sa√mwAXn¬ hy‡-am--Wv. sNte-Zm-bnse A\n-bm-\pkv AXv 415˛\pw 419˛\pwCSbv°v eØo-\n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp: “InskmkvtXmw ChnsSHcp henb «olmsb hc-®p-Im-´pI am-X-a-√,- ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n-°pI IqSnsNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. InkvXo-b-]q¿W-X-bpsS Hcp kPo-h-am-Xr-I-bmbnAh≥ Hcn-°¬Iq-Sn- Xo-cp∂p” F∂m-Wv hnh¿Ø-Is‚ Ipdn-∏v. F√mkpIr-X-ß-fp-sSbpw kam-lm-c-ambn ]utem-kns\ tPm¨ ImWp-∂p.-lm-t_¬ apX¬ kv\m]-I -tbm-l-∂m≥ hsc-bp≈ ]g-b-\n-ba hnip-≤-cp-ambn At±lw ]utem-kns\ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Hmtcmtcm KpW-ß-fn¬ Ah≥ Ah-sc-sb√mw sh√p-∂p.- _-e-lo\\mb a\p-jy\vssZhnI- i-‡n-bm¬ FX-amXw Db-cm≥ km[n-°p-sa-∂v ]utemkv Imń-Ø-cp-∂p. ]X-dm-Ø -ss[-cy-tØmSpw Xf-cm-Ø- kvt\-l-tØm-Spw- IqsSFßs\ ]Xn-_-‘-ßsf Ah≥ t\cn´p F∂v tPm¨ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.-U-am-kvI-kn-te-°p≈ hgn-at[y Ah\v F]-Imcw am\-km-¥-c-ap-≠m-sb∂pw NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p.- b-lq-Z-cpsS ]Xn-I-c-WsØ ]utem-knt‚Xp-ambn At±lw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. A¤p-X-ßƒ I≠n-´pw Ah¿- A-d-®p-\n-∂p. F∂m¬ ]utem-km-Is´ hnfn-®-hs\ D≈-gn™v kvt\ln®vAhs‚ ]n∂m-se- t]mbn. C-ßs\ t]mIp∂p ]utem-kn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈kvXpXn-]-`m-j-Ww.

6. kmµ¿`nI ]`m-j-W-ßƒ

Hmtcm ]tXyI kµ¿`-Øn¬ sNbvX \mev ]kw-K-ß-fp-≠v.

(1) tPmWns\ At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm-\mb vfmhn-b≥ 386-˛¬ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn-te°v Db¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ sNbvX-XmWv Hcp ]kw-Kw. “hmbpw\mhpw \¬In-b ssZh-Øn\v Xs‚ Cu ]kwKw ka¿∏n-°p∂p” F∂vAt±lw ]d-bp-∂p. Xs∂ sshZn-I-\m-°nb ^vfmhn-b\v XpS¿∂v \µn]d-bp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ A∏-kvtXm-en-Im-cq-]n-sb -]Xn At±-lsØkvXpXn-°p-∂p.- Xm-s\mcp \√ sshZn-I≥ Bbn-cn°m≥ X\n-°p-th≠n]m¿Yn-°-W-sa∂v F√m-h-tcmSpw At]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.


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s∏-Sp-∂p.”- C-h-sb√mw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ sshZnIÿm-\-Øn\v Xm≥XnI®pw Atbm-Ky-\m-sW∂v tPm¨ Icp-Xp-∂p. IrXn-bpsS kw`m-j-W-coXn Hcp `mjm-ssi-en-bmbn IW-°m-°mw.- Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂t_kn¬ Bcm-sW∂v Adn-bn-√.

2.- k-\ym-k-Po-hnXw: k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Hu∂Xyw ]kv]-jvS-am-°m≥ tPm¨ ]e IrXn-Ifpw cNn-®p. BZy-tØXv Xnb-tUm-dn-s\-gp-Xnb c≠p IØp-I-fm-Wv.- Xs‚ kplr-Øm-b -Xn-b-tUm¿ k\ym-k- Po-hnXØn¬ hnc-k-X -tXm∂n AXpt]-£n®v sl¿sambvs\ F∂ -kvXo-bp-ambn _‘-Øn-embn Km¿l-kvXy-Po-hnXw \bn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ,AXn¬ \n∂v ]n≥Xn-cn-∏n-°m≥ hoWp-t]mb Xnb-tUm-dn\v F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IsØ-gp-Xn. AXn\v Xnb-tUm¿ \¬Inb adp-]Sn tPmWn\v Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn tXm∂m-™-Xn-\m¬, c≠maXv Hcp IØp-IqSn Ab-°p-IbpwXnb-tUm-dns\ XncnsI Bi-a-Øn¬ FØn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.˛ sZsImw]p-¶vkn-tbmsW H∂pw c≠pw IrXn-Ifpw Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-te-Xm-Wv. k\ym-ksØ FXn¿°p-∂-h¿s°-Xnsc F∂- t]-cn¬ aq∂p hmey-ßfn-embn Hcp IrXn cNn-®p. InkvXob amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\mbn Ipń-Isf k\ym-k-`-h-\-ß-fn¬ Ab-°-W-sa∂v CXn¬A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p.

3.- I-\ym-Xzhpw ssh[-hyhpw: I\ymXzw F∂- IrXn 1 sImdn.7,38-˛s‚ Hcp hymJym-\-am-Wv.- hn-hmlw tijvT-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬ I\ymXzwAXnepw tijvT-am-Wv. Cu IrXn-sb-∏‰n sImdn-t¥mkv tlmanen 19,6-˛¬ tPm¨ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. A°m-eØv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ HcpsX‰mb \S-]-Sn-I-aw \ne-\n-∂p. -Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmb kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m¿-˛-k-\ym-kn-\o-k-\ym-kn-Iƒ˛H∂n®v Htc `h-\-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂p.AXns\-Xnsc At±lw c≠p I¬]-\-I-fn-d-°n. H∂v: hX-ÿ-cmbkvXoIsf ktlm-Z-cn-I-sf∂ `mth-\ Nne- ssh-Zn-I¿ Xß-fpsS `h-\-ß-fn¬ h-\-kw-c-£-W-Øn\pw a‰pw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn- \√-X-√. c≠v:hX-ÿ-cm-b -kvXo-Iƒ Xma-kn-°p∂ `h-\-Øn¬ ÿnc-ambn Ah-cpsS-IqsS ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Xma-kn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. Ct∏mƒ ]iv\-sam∂pw Cs√-¶nepw CXn¬ \n∂v DS-se-Sp-°m-hp∂ CS¿® \mw AI-t‰-≠-Xm-Wv. ˛F∂m¬ tPmWn\v henb FXn¿∏ns\ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p: “ssZh-kvt\-l-an-√m-Ø-hcpw hnIm-c-ß-fm¬ IØn-Pz-en-°p-∂-h-cp-amb ]´-°m¿ \-J-in-Jm¥w CXns\ FXn¿Øp” F∂v ]√m-Unbkv ]d-bp-∂p. ˛ bph-hn-[-hbv°v F∂ IrXn, `¿Ømhv \jvS-s∏´ Hcp bph-X-cpWnsb kam-iz-kn-∏n-°m≥- F-gp-Xn-b-XmWv. hn[-h-I-fmb kvXoIƒ ]p\¿hn-hm-l-

Adn-bs∏-Sp-Ibpw mjm-¥cw sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNbvXn-´p-≠v. CtX-∏‰n s]eq-kn-b-Ønse Ckn-tZm-dns‚ Ipdn∏v it≤-b-am-Wv: “ssZh-kvt\-l-Øm¬ IØn-Pz-en-°p∂ hnImcw IqSm-sX- CXphmbn-°m≥- B¿°pw km[y-a√. ]utcm-lnXyw FX al-\o-bhpw FX]bm-k-ta-dn-bXpw BsW∂v CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. AXv F]Imcw \nd-th-‰-W-sa∂pw Cu IrXn Im´p-∂p. ssZhn-I- c-l-ky-ß-fpsS hymJym-Xmhpw k` apgp-h-s‚bpw ]Im-i-hp-amb _nkm≥ky-Ønse tPm¨hfsc i≤-tbmSpw IrXy-ambpw Ah cNn-®p. ssZhw BK-ln-°p-∂Xp-t]mse ]utcm-ln-Xy-Zu-Xyw \n¿h-ln°p-∂-h¿ Ah-cpsS kpIr-X-hpwi≤-bn-√msX \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-h¿ Ah-cpsS Ipd-hp-Ifpw CXn¬ hc-®p-Im-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Z¿in-°pw” Uo°-\mbn-cp∂ Ime-Øm-bn-cn°mw (381-˛386) At±lw CXv cNn-®-Xv (skmIm-´kv, k-`m.6,3).- Ptdmw CXv 392-˛¬hmbn-®n-cp-∂p (-a-l-Zv.129). tPmWpw t_knepw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-j-W-Øns‚ amXr-I-bn-emWv IrXn.

“]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ al-\o-bX ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ Bsc-¶nepwAXp -kzo-I-cn-°msX HmSn-t∏m-Ip-s∂-¶n¬ Abmsf Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-\n-√.hn.- «o-lm- t]mepw àn-®p-t]m-bn.- ]p-tcm-ln-X≥ Id- Xo¿∂-h-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww.- ]-cn-ip-≤-\m-b-n-cn-°-Ww.- AXpw aÆn¬ \ns∂-SpØ Cu icocØn¬.Cu kml-N-cy-ß-fn-¬ Ah≥ X∂n¬ \n∂v AXymKlw Zqsc-b-I-‰-Ww.-A-h≥ hn⁄m-\nbpw hnth-In-bp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Icp-X-ep-≈-h-\pw- hy-‡-amb ho£-W-ap-≈-h-\p-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´mepw iIm-cn-°-s∏-´mepw im¥X ssIsh-Sn-b-cp-Xv. Hcp km[m-c-W- ssh-Zn-I\v CXvAXym-h-iy-am-sW-¶n¬ saXm\v FX-tbsd Bh-iy-amWv Ch-sb-√mw!sshZn-I\v Bh-iy-amb KpW-ß-fn-√m-Ø-h≥ HmSn-°-b-dm≥ ian-°-cp-XmØ Xpd-bmWv ]utcm-ln-Xyw.- ]-`m-j-W-I-e-bn¬ Ah≥ \n]p-W-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww. apJ-kvXp-Xn-°p-th≠n ]Sm¿Y \S-Øp-∂Xv sshZn-I\vtN¿∂-X-√.”

Bdmw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ k\ym-k-Po-hn-Xhpw saXms‚ Pohn-XhpwXΩn¬ At±lw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. At\-I-\mƒ k\ym-kn-bmbnPohn-°p-Ibpw k\ym-ksØ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]pI-gvØp-Ibpw sNøp∂tPm¨ ChnsS ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn-\mWv H∂mw ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂-Xv. “At\-I-cpsS Bflm-°sf c£n-°p-∂-Xn-t\°mƒ F-fp-∏-amWv Hcm-flm-hns\c£n-°p-∂-Xv. k\ymkn kzbw ]q¿W-\mbn c£bv°v ian-°p-∂p.sshZn-I≥ -H-cp- ]-Sn-IqSn IS∂v At\-I-cpsS Bfl-c-£bv°v Imc-W-°m-c-\m-Ip-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v ]utcm-ln-Xyw D]cn]cn-]q¿WX Bh-iy-


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6.- bq-Z-¿°pw hnPm-Xn-b¿°p-sa-Xnsc: Cu KW-Øn¬ c≠p IrXn-I-fp-≠v. Pqenb\pw hnPm-Xn-b¿°p-sa-Xnsc hn.- _m-_n-em-kn-s\-∏‰n F∂-XmWv H∂m-a-tØXv. AXv Fgp-Xn-bXv 382-˛-em-Wv. InkvXp-a-X-Øn\v FX-amXw Db¿® D≠m-sb∂pw hnK-lm-cm-[\ FX-amXw Xd- ]-‰n-sb∂pw_m_n-em-kns‚ Ncn-X-Øn¬ At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. aX-a¿Z-\-Øn¬sIm√-s∏-´- c-‡-km-£nbpw saXm-\p-am-bn-cp∂p _m_n-em-kv. hnizm-k-Xym-Kn-bm-b- Pq-en-b≥ 362-˛¬ _m_n-em-kns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v At¥ym-Iy-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ U^vs\-bnse I√-d-bn¬ \n∂v FSp-Øp-am-‰n. -A-hnsSAt∏m-tfm-bpsS Bcm-[\ kPo-h-am-°n. F-∂m¬ AXn\p Xncn-®-Sn-bmbn,A[nIw sshImsX (362 HIvtSm-_¿ 24) B Aºew IØn- \-in®p;Pqen-b≥ Xs∂bpw 363 Pq¨ 26˛\v X-d-]‰n. Cu c≠p kw`-h-ßfpw_m_n-em-kns‚ i‡n-bpsS sXfn-hp-I-fmbn At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.

c≠m-a-tØ-Xv, InkvXp ssZh-am-sW∂v bqZ¿°pw hnPm-Xn-b¿°p-sa-Xnsc F∂ IrXn-bm-Wv. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ \n∂pw InkvXp-hns‚ ]h-N-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw InkvXp ssZh-am-sW∂v At±lw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. Pdp-k-te-ans‚ \mihpw k`-bpsS hf¿®bpw CXn\v as‰mcp sXfn-hm-bpwImWn-°p-∂p: “òI-c-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-am-bn-cp∂ Ipcniv A\p-K-l-Øns‚AS-bm-f-am-bn. cmPm-°-∑m¿ IncoSw am‰n-h-®v InkvXp-hns‚ ac-W-Øns‚AS-bm-f-amb IpcnsiSp-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS hkvX-Ønepw Inco-S-Øn-epw-Ip-cn-ins‚ AS-bm-f-ap-≠v. Ah-cpsS ]m¿Y-\-I-fnepw Bbp-[-ß-fnepwAXp-≠v. ]cn-ip-≤-amb tai-bnepw Ipcniv \mń- \n¿Ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.-tem-I-Øns‚ F√m `mK-ß-fnepw Ipcniv kqcy-t\-°mƒ tim`-tbmsS]Im-in-°p-∂p.” ˛ InkvXp-hns‚ hnPbw ]q¿W-am-Wv. temIw apgp-h≥ Ahs‚ \maw ]c-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ Bcm-[\ F√m-bn-SØpw hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p” F∂p- t]m-Ip∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥. (C-h-bpsS ae-bmf-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, InkvXp-im-kv-Xw,- hn.-_m-_n-em-kns‚ NcnXw,tIm-´-bw,2006).

8.- I-Øp-Iƒ

tPmWnt‚Xmbn 263 IØp-Iƒ ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v.- an-°Xpw hfscsNdp-Xm-Wv. Ah hn]-hm-k-Im-eØv Fgp-Xn-b-h-bm-Wv. kndn-bm-bnepwtIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏n-fnepw D≈ Xs‚ kvt\ln-X-cpsS Imcy-ß-fn¬ At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xm¬]cyw Ah hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p.- hn-]-hm-k-Øn¬ I-gn-bp-∂ Xs‚ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ a\w-s\m-¥p- I-gn-bp-∂-hsc At±lwkam-iz-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ 17 FÆw Hfnw-]n-bmkv F∂ k`m-ip-iq-j-Ibv°pw cs≠Æw C∂-sk‚ v ]m-∏m-bv°p-am-Wv.

Øn\v apXn-cmsX hn[-h-I-fm-bn-Øs∂ \ne-\n¬°m≥ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wvc≠m-aXpw hnhmlw Ign-t°-≠ F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n F∂- Ir-Xn.

4.- Ip-ń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkw kw_-‘n®v: hy¿Ym-`n-am-\w,- Ip-ń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkw F∂o- c-≠p -hn-j-b-ßƒ- H-∂n®v tN¿Øp h®ncn°pI-bm-Wv Hcp KŸ-Øn¬. At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ A°m-eØv ]cs° \ne-\n∂[q¿Øpw hgn-]n-g® Pohn-XhpamWv Hcp- N¿®m-hn-j-bw. Ipń-I-fp-sShn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn¬ i≤n-t°-≠-Xn-s\-∏‰n as‰mcp N¿®: “Ipń-Isf sNdp-∏-Ønte \√-h-gn°v hf¿Øn-sb-¶nte Ah¿ tæ—-X-I-fn-te°v Xncn-bm-Xn-cn-°q. F√m A[x-]-X-\-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Im-cWw [m¿anI ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ A`m-h-am-Wv” (15). “Cu tem-I-Øns‚ A[x-]-X\w X-S-bm≥ -Bcpw ]cn-i-an-°p-∂n-√. Ipń-I-sf-∏‰n Bcpw i≤n-°p-∂n-√.-ip-≤-X-sb-∏‰n A-h-tcm-Smcpw kwkm-cn-°p-∂n-√. [\-Ønepw euIn-I-]u-Vnbnepw lrZbw hbv°-cp-sXt∂m, ssZh-I¬]-\-Iƒ am\n-°-W-sat∂m Ah-tcm-Smcpw ]d-bp-∂n-√” (17). “Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-amWvamXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS G‰hpw D∂-Xhpw ]cn-]m-h-\-hp-amb ZuXyw. euIn-I-k-ºmZyw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂Xn\vv ian-°msX Bflo-b- k-ºm-Zy-amWvAh¿°mbn t\tS-≠-Xv. IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Ime-Øn-\p -th-≠n-b-√, IS-∂p -t]m-ImØ \nXy-Xz-Øn-\p -th-≠n-bmWv Ip™pßsf Hcp-t°-≠-Xv.”-˛-Ip-ń-I-fpsS _u≤n-I-]-cn-io-e-\-sØ-∏‰n tPm¨ ChnsS N¿® sNøp-∂n-√.- A-Xp-t]mse a\x-im-kvX-]-c-amb Dƒ°m-gvN-Ifpw Zriy-a-√.

5.- th-Z-\-sb-∏‰n: Xs‚ Hcp kl-k-\ymkn Bbn-cp∂ kvXKo-dn-bp-kns‚ \ncm-i-bnepw Bflo-b- G-Im-¥-X-bnepw Abmsf Biz-kn-∏n-°m-≥, Hcp Uo°-\m-bn-cp∂t∏mƒ tPm¨ Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv thZ-\-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ aq∂p ]pkvX-I-ßƒ. ]co-£-W-ß-fpsS Dt±iyw N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-°p-∂p. Ch-bn-se√mw ssZhn-I-]-≤Xn ImWm≥ -D-]tZ-in-°p-∂p. BZwapX¬ ]utemkv «olm hsc thZ\ kln-®-h-cp-sS Ncn-Xw c≠pwaq∂pw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-h¿ F°meØpw henb ]bm-k-ßƒ°pw ]tem-`-\-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂v At±lw hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p. ˛ \ΩpsS kl-I-cWwIqSmsX B¿°pw \sΩ D]-Z-hn-°m≥ km[y-a√ F∂ as‰mcp IrXnbpw\ap°p e`n-®n-´p-≠v. A∂sØ XI¿∂ ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xnbpw Ccp-f-S™Ah-ÿbpw I≠v CS-dn-b-hsc Biz-kn-∏n-°m≥ as‰mcp IrXn IqSnAt±lw Fgp-Xn. Ch c≠pw 405-/406 Ime-b-f-hn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-h-bm-Wv.ssZhn-I-]-≤Xn \ap-°v kphy-‡-a-s√-¶nepw, \oXn-am≥ ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ \mw ssZhn-I-]-cn-]m-e-\sb tNmZyw -sN-ø-cp-sX∂v At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p.


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kap-≤m-c-I\pw Bbn-cp-∂p. thZ-]p-kvX-I- hy-mJym-\-Ønepw Cu ]mtbm-Kn-I- Nmbvhv hy-‡-am--Wv. XmXz-n-I -N¿®-I-tf-°mƒ ]mtbm-Kn-I- N¿®-I-fm-Wv At±lw CjvS-s∏-´--Xv. F∂m¬ Zp¿K-l-amb ssZh-im-kvX-]-iv\-ßƒ Bg-ambn ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.- Xn-cp-en-Jn-XsØ B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ ]kw-K-ß-fpw N¿®-I-fpw. ]c-º-cm-K-X- kXy-hn-izmkw hniz-kvX-ambpw kv]jvS-ambpw At±lw hc-®p-Im-ń.

1.- In-kvXp-imkvXw

At±lw Znb-tZm-dns‚ injy\pw Xnb-tUm-dns‚ kl-]m-Tn-bp-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-Øns‚ InkvXp-im-kvX -h-‡m-hmbntIm¨kv‰m‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-ń-√. Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bbpwtIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfpw XΩn-ep≈ AI¬® h¿≤n-∏n-°-cpsX∂p Icp-Xn--bmImw At±lw Hgn-™-p- \n-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ InkvXp-im-kvX-Ønepw`mjy-co-Xn-I-fnepw At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmWv At±lw Ncn-®-Xv.kz`m-hsØ Ipdn-°m≥ Dkn-bm-bpw (-^yq-kn-kv) hy‡n-XzsØ Ipdn-°m≥ lypt∏m-Ã-kn-kpw (t]m-skm-t∏m¨) At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.]nXm-hns‚ kØ-bn¬ \n∂mWv ]pX≥.- ]n-Xmhpw ]pX-\pw- X-Ωn-ep≈_‘-sØ- Ip-dn-°m≥ tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkv (k-a-k-Ø)F∂ \nJymbpsS-]Zw Ipd-™Xv A©p ]mh-iy-sa-¶nepw At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.]nXm-hn\p Xpey≥, kØ-bn¬ Xpey≥, kØ-bn-ep≈ XpeyX XpS-ßnb]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ At±lw IqSp-X¬ CjvS-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.

]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ ]pX\pw \nXy\msW∂v At±lw]Tn-∏n-°p∂p. a‰v At¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥-I-sc-t∏mse Bcn-b¿s°-XnscInkvXp-hns‚ ]cn-]q¿W -ssZ-h-Xzhpw, As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b¿s°-Xnsc ]cn-]q¿W -a-\p-jy-Xzhpw At±lw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p.- c≠p kz`m-hß-fp-sSbpwbmYm¿Yyhpw tbmPn∏pw FSp-Øp -]-d-bp-∂p. “]nXm-hns‚ kz`mhwXs∂-bmWv ]pX-\pw. InkvXp-hn\v Hcp a\p-jy-i-co-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-AXv kz`m-h-Øn¬ \Ωp-tS-Xp- Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p” (-tdm-am-tlm-anen, 13,5).“F∂m¬ AXv \Ωp-tS-Xp-t]mse ]m]-]-¶n-e-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- c≠p kz`m-h-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw Hcp InkvXp am-X-ta-bp-≈p: Ahn-Sp∂v Bbn-cp∂ \ne-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂p-sIm≠v Ah≥ A-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xns\ kzoI-cn-®p.- A-hn-Sp∂va\p-jy-\mbn Xo¿s∂-¶nepw ssZh-ambn ÿnXn-sN-bvXp. A-hn-Sp∂v a\p-jy-\m-bn, a-\p-jys\ kzoI-cn-®p. Ahn-Sp∂v ssZh-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬IqSn-°-e-ctem, -th¿Xn-cnthm C√. GIssZ-hw, ssZh-]p-X-\mb HcpInkvXp. Hcp InkvXp F∂p Rm≥ ]d-bp-tºmƒ sFIy-amWv A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv ”(^n-en-]y-te-J-\ -tlm-anen, 7,2- 3). “sFIy-hpw (-slt\mknkv)

9.- A-b-Ym¿Y IrXn-Iƒ

tPmWns‚ ]i-kvXn -aqew At\Iw IrXn-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-®p. Ah-bn¬ 300- FÆw A®-Sn-®n-´p-≠v. hfscIqSp-X¬ FÆw Ct∏mgpw ssIsb-gp-Øp-]-Xn-I-fn¬ Xs∂bmWv.- NneIrXn-I-fpsS bYm¿Y I¿Øm-°sf I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°vIgn-™n-´p-≠v. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kv, Km_m-e-bnse skth-cn-b≥, At¥ym-Iy-bnse vfmhn-b≥, Ct°m-Wn-b-Ønse Bw^n-tem-°n-b-kv, Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, Pdp-k-te-anse slko-°n-bp-kv,At¥ym-Iy-bnse KntKm-dn-tbm-kv, ko\m-bnse A\-kvXm-tkym-kv,tPm¨ Ua-jo≥ XpS-ßnb Nne-cp-sS IrXn-Iƒ Ch-bn¬ \n∂v Xcw-Xn-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. \nc-h[n AbYm¿Y- Ir-Xn-Iƒ D-≈-Xn¬ aqs∂-Æ-sØ-∏‰n Npcp-°-ambn hnh-cn°mw:

1. aØm-bn-bp-sS- kp-hn-ti-j-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A]q¿W-IrXn: a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ CXv hym]-I-ambn ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. 54 tlman-en-I-fmWvCXn-ep-≈-Xv. A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hcp Bcn-b-\mWv CXns‚I¿Øm-hv. eØo-\mbncn°mw aqe-Ir-Xn-

2. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚bpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚bpw Npcp°w: thZ-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Hmtcm KŸ-sØbpw ]‰n hnh-cn-°p∂ Hcp Bap-J-Ir-Xn-b-m-Wn-Xv.

3. Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ en‰¿Pn: At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ en‰¿Pn C∂sØ cq]-Øn-em-bXv hfsc Ime-ßƒ°p- ti-j-am-Wv.-F´pw H≥]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ssIsb-gp-Øp -]-Xn-Iƒ shdpw c≠pw]m¿Y-\-Itf Inskm-kvtXm-an¬ Btcm-]n-°p-∂p-≈p. AXp-t]mse 629-˛se tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\Uv t_kn-en-s‚bpw bmt°m-_n-s‚bpwen‰¿Pn-I-sf-∏‰n ]cm-a¿-in-°p-s∂-¶nepw Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ en‰¿Pn-sb-∏‰n au\w Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p. ]n¬°m-e- ssI-sb-gp-Øp- ]-Xn-I-fn¬ A\m-^-d- ap-gp-h≥ Inskm-kvtXm-an-t‚-Xm-bn-´mWv ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

ssZh-imkvXw

hn.-tPm¨ InskmkvtXmw ssZh-im-kv-X -]-iv\-ßƒ A]-K-Yn®vHcp IrXn-bpw Fgp-Xn-bn-ń-√. \mev/A©v \p‰m-≠pIfnse ssZh-im-kvX-˛-Xm-XznI X¿°-ßfnsem∂pw At±lw Dƒs∏-ń-√.- ]m-j-WvU-X-I-sf-∏‰nkwkm-cn-®-Xp- Xs∂ Ah-sb-∏‰n timXm-°ƒ°v Adnhpw ⁄m\hpw]I-cp-∂-Xn-\p -th-≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kz`m-hw-sIm≠pw cq]o-I-c-Ww-sIm≠pwAt±lw Bflm-°-fpsS bYm¿Y CS-b-\pw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ henb


206 207

Is‚ 17 IS-a-I-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]m]-ßƒ tI´v tamN\w \¬I-Wsa∂v ]d-™n-ń-√. kv\m\-Ønepw tcmKo-te-]-\-Ønepw ]m]w tamNn-°m≥ sshZn-I\p Ign-bp-sa∂v Hcp ÿeØv ]d-bp-∂p (-]u-tcm-ln-Xy-sØ-∏‰n 3,6).

5.- Ip¿_m\

hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-s\∂v B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv hn.-tPm¨ InskmkvtXmw hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ InkvXp-hns‚km∂n-[yw, Ip¿_m\ _en-bmWv F∂ kwKXn F∂nh At±lwN¿®sNøp∂p.- X-’w-_-‘-ambn \nc-h[n `mK-ßƒ D≤-cn-°m-\p-≠v.“Cu IqZm-isb b-`-‡n-I-tfm-Sp-IqsS thWw kao-]n-°m≥.”- “]-cn-ip≤`b-Øns‚ tai” F∂p Ip¿_m-\-sb- A-t±lw hnfn-°p-∂p. “`b-`-‡n-P-\-Ihpw ssZhn-I-hp-am-b- ta-i,” “òXn-I-c-amb cl-ky-ßƒ,” “Znhy-c-l-ky-ßƒ,” “Ahm-Ny-am-b -c-l-ky-ßƒ,” “`bhpw _lp-am-\hpwA¿ln-°p∂ cl-ky-ßƒ” Fs∂√mw Ip¿_m-\-sb At±lw hnfn-°p-∂p. IqZmi sNbvX Imkmsb “]mh-\-ò-Xn-bpsS Imkm,” “òXn-P-\-I-amb c‡w,” “Aaq-ey-c-‡w” F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. “Ip¿_m\ `b-P-\yhpw`b-¶-c-hp-amb _en-bm-Wv.- AXv òXn-I-chpw ]mh-\-hp-amb _en-bm-Wv.G‰hpw oXn-I-c-amb _en-bm-Wv.” _en-]o-TsØ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-sIm≠vAt±lw ]d-bp∂p: “AhnsS InkvXp sIm√-s∏-´-Xmbn InS-°p-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ PUw CXm, \ΩpsS apºn¬ InS-°p-∂p. InkvXp-hns‚ ]m¿iz-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgp-In-b-Xp -X-s∂-bm-Wv Imkm-bn-te-Xv. a\p-jym, GXp _en-amw-k-amWv \o \ns‚ ssIIƒsIm≠v FSp°p-∂-sX∂v Nn¥n-°p-I.GXm-Wv \o kao-]n-°p∂ _en-]o-T-sa∂v Hm¿°p-I. s]mSnbpw Nmc-hp-amWv \osb-¶nepw \o kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv InkvXp-hns‚ ico-chpw c‡-hp-am-sW∂v Hm¿°pI” (I¿Xr-P-\-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]kw-Kw, 7).

tPmWns‚ Nne ]tbm-K-ßƒ ISp-∏-ta-dn-b--h-bm-Wv: “I¿Øm-hns\\mw ImWpI am-X-a-√, \mw \ΩpsS ssIIƒ sIm≠v Ahs\ FSp-°-Ww,- `-£n-°-Ww, Ahs‚ amwk-Øn¬ \ΩpsS ]√p-Iƒ Aa¿Ø-W-w.-A-h-\p-ambn G‰hpw At`-Zy-ambn \sΩ H∂n-°-Ww. Ipcn-in¬ h®v\mY≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xv-˛-Xs‚ Imep-Iƒ HSn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xv-˛-\n-ß-tfm-Sp≈ kvt\lw -aqew Ct∏mƒ _en-bn¬ Ahn-Sp∂v A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. F√m-hcpw `£n®v Xr]vX-cm-Im≥ sNdp-I-j-W-ß-fmbn \pdp-°-s∏-Sm≥ Ah≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. _en A¿∏n-°p∂ ]ptcm-ln-X≥ InkvXp-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p” (1sIm-dn.-tlm-an-en,24,-2).

tbmPn-∏pw (-kyp-\-s^bvbm) hgn hN-\-amb ssZhhpw PUhpw H∂m-Wv.- Iq-Sn-°p-g-t™m, H∂p a‰-Xns\ Iogvs∏-Sp-Øntbm A√. -]-XypX,Ahm-Ny-am-b tbmPn-∏p- h-gn-bm-Wv. AXv Kl-W-i-‡n°v AXo-X-hp-am-Wv.- AXv Fß-s\-sb∂v tNmZn-°-cp-Xv ”(-tbm-l.tlmanen, 11,2).

2.- I-\y-I-a-dnbw

At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-b-Øns‚ in£-W-Omb tPmWns‚ acn-tbm-f-Pn-bnepw Zriy-am-Wv. ]e IrXn-I-fnepw ssZh-am-Xmhv (sXsbm-tXm-t°mkv) F∂v ]tbm-Kn-®p- Im-Wp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ InkvXp-hns‚ AΩ(InkvtXm-tXm-t°mkv) F∂pw a\p-jys‚ AΩ (Bs¥m-t∏m-tXm-t°mkv) F∂pw- ]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ adn-b-Øns‚ \nXy-I-\yXzwhy‡-ambn ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p (a-Ømbn tlmanen, 4,3): “]e Imcy-ßsf ]‰n-bpw \mw A⁄-cm-Wv. DZm. A\-¥X Fßs\ DZ-c-Øn-embn? F√mwhln-°p-∂-hs\ Hcp kvXo hln-®-sX-ßs\? I\yI Ahs\ ]k-hn-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂pw I\yI Bbn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv Fßs\?”F∂v- A-t±lw tNmZn-°p-∂p.

3.- D-¤-h-]m]w

aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-Øn¬ kv\m\-Øns‚ ê-ß-sf-∏‰n tPm¨khn-kvXcw kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. “sIm®p-Ip-™p-ßƒ°v ]m]-ß-fn-s√-¶nepw \mw Ahsc kv\m\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p” F∂ tPmWns‚ hmNIwD≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v F¢m-\p-anse Pqen-b≥ F∂ s]em-Pn-b≥, D¤-h-]m]w\ntj-[n-°m≥ At±-lsØ Iq´p-]n-Sn-°m≥ ian-®p.- C-Xn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbntPmWns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v A\p-Iq-e-amb F´v `mK-ßƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v Pqen-b\v hn.- A-K-Ãn≥ adp-]Sn \¬In, tPm¨ D¤-h-]m]w]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-s∂∂v ka¿Yn-®p.

4. ]m]-tam-N\w

]m]-ßƒ G‰p]d-bp-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n \nc-h[n ]mhiyw tPm¨ kwkm-cn-°p--∂p. F∂m¬ AXv F√m-h-cp-sSbpw apºmsI ]c-ky-ambn ]m]wG‰p]d-bp-∂-Xpw ssZh-Xn-cp-ap-ºm-sI -amXw lrZbw Xpd-∂p-Im- p-∂-Xpam-Imw. Cu c≠m-asØ coXn At±lw IqsS-°qsS Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p. ssZh-Xn-cp-ap-ºm-sI-bp≈ G‰p-]-d-®n-en¬ ssh-Zn-Is‚ ]°-ep≈ G‰p-]-d-®n¬Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn At±lw kwkm-cn-°p-∂n-s√∂pw Ds≠∂pw Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. Nne ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ cl-ky-°p-º-km-c-Øn\p sXfn-hmbntPmWns\ D≤-cn-°m-dp-≠v.- F-∂m¬- AXv AX- i-cn-b-s√∂v a‰p-Nn-e¿Icp-Xp-∂p. ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ IS-a-I-sf-∏‰n N¿® -sN-øp-∂n-SØv sshZn-


208 209

A[ymbw 21

s\kvtXm-dn-bkv

kndn-b-bn¬ P¿a\ojy F∂ ÿeØv 381-˛\p tijw s\kvtXm-dn-bkv P\n-®p. At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-b-Øn¬ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn.- A-t¥ym-Iy-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ Hcm-i-a-Øn¬ k\ym-kn-bm-bn. At¥ym-Iy≥ k -bnsessh-Zn-I-s\-∂- \n-e-bn¬ At±lw ]i-kvX-\m-b -Hcp hm‹n-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂p (-P∂m-Un-b-kv, a-l-Zv.53). At±-l-Øns‚ ]ikvXn \nanØw Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn 428-˛¬ At±-lsØ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn \nb-an-®p. ]mj-WvUn-Iƒ, ioiva-°m¿, bqZ-∑m¿ F∂n-h¿s°-Xnsc At±lw I¿i-\- \-S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-Øp. \K-csØ ]hn-Xo-Icn-°m≥ At±lw Xocp-am-\n-®p. Bcn-b¿, amkn-tUm-Wn-b¿, s\mth-jy¿ F∂n-h¿s°-Xnsc t]mcm-Sn. F∂m¬- A-[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX At±-l-sØbpw Nne¿ ]mj-WvUn-bmbn apZ-Ip-Øn.-

A∂sØ k`m-X-e-Øn-ep-≠mb X¿°-ß-fn¬ saXm-s\∂ \ne-bn¬s\kvtXm-dn-bkv CS-s]-´p. XpS¿∂p-≠mb hmZ-]-Xn-hm-Z-ßƒ 431-˛seFt^-tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-kn¬- F-Øn-®p. Ahn-sS-h®v s\kvtXm-dn-bkvÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°-s∏-´v, At¥ym-Iy-bnse Bi-a-Øn-te°v Abv°-s∏-´p. ]n∂oSv (435) CuPn-]vXnse aW-em-c-Wy-Øn-ep≈ Hcm-i-a-Øn-te°v\mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏- p. 451- \p tijw acn-®p.- A-∂sØ k`m-cm-jvSo-b-Øns‚-bpw Nc-Sp-h-en-Ifp-sSbpw Zpc-¥-êØn\v At±lw Cc-bm-bn.

am\p-jnI _e-lo-\X \nanØw k`-bpsS apJw hncq-]-am-b- Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p A©mw \q‰-m-≠v. Ft^-tkm-kv Iu¨kn-enepw (431)Im¬kn--U¨ Iu¨kn-enepw (451) am\p-jn-I -_-e-lo-\X kpkv]-jvS-am-bn-cp∂p. ]c-kv]cw a\-kn-em-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-tISv A°m-eØv ap∂n-´p- \n-∂p. Cu Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ ]iv\-ßƒ k¶o¿W-am-°n-sb∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. Chbv°v t\XrXzw sImSp-Ø-h-cpsS s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-Iƒ,

ÿm-]-\ -h-N-\-ßƒ D®-cn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ IqZmi \S-°p∂p:“InkvXp tai-bv°-cn-In¬ Ccp∂ AtX hncp-∂mWv Ct∏mgpw Hcp-°s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu hncp∂v a‰-Xn¬ \n∂v Hcp coXn-bnepw hyXy-kvX-a-s√∂v hniz-kn-°p-hn≥. Cu hncp∂v a\p-jy-s\m-cp-°n, a‰Xv Ahn-Sp∂vXs∂ Hcp°n F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv icn-b-√. A∂pw C∂pw I¿Øm-hmWv]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw F√mw A¿∏n-°p-∂-Xpw. \mw the-°m-cpsS `mKwsNøp-∂p.- A-hn-Sp-∂mWv Bio¿h-Zn-°p-∂Xpw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw.hbv°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-h-sb -In-kvXp-hns‚ ico-chpw c‡-hp-am-°p-∂Xva\p-jy-\-√, ]ns∂-tbm, \ap-°p-th≠n Iqin-°-s∏´ InkvXp- X-s∂-bm-Wv. sshZn-I≥ ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Cu hm°p-Iƒ D-®-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬i‡nbpw Ir]-bpw- I¿Øm-hn-t‚-Xm--Wv. Ahn-Sp∂v ]d-bp∂p, CsXs‚ico-c-am-Ip-∂p. \ΩpsS apºn¬ hbv°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-hsb Cu hm°vcq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. h¿≤n-®p- s]-cp-Ip-hn≥ F∂v Hcn-°¬ D®-cn-°-s∏´ hm°v F√m Ime-tØ°pw D≈Xpw P\n-∏n-°m≥ \ΩpsS kz`m-h-Øn\v i‡n \¬Ip-∂-Xp-am-Wv.- A-Xp-t]m-se, CsXs‚ ico-c-am-Ip∂pF∂v- H-cn-°¬ D®-cn-°-s∏´ hm°v A∂p-ap-X¬ InkvXp-hns‚ hc-hp-hsc _en ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-s°m≠v ]≈n-I-fnse F√m _en]o-T-ß-fnepw]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.”˛ s]k-lm- hym-gmgvN sNbvX c≠p ]kw-K-ß-fn-emWvC]-Imcw ImWp-∂-Xv.- Htc ]kw-K-Øns‚ c≠p ]Xn-∏p-I-fm-bn-cn°mwCh- c-≠pw.

Ip¿_m\ _en-bm-Wv.- F√m Znh-khpw AXv A¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.“Cs∂mcp _en-h-kvXphpw \msf as‰mcp _en-h-kvXp-hp-a√ A¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]ns∂-tbm, Ft∏mgpw H∂p-X-s∂.- A-Xp-sIm≠v GI-_-en-bmWv;Cu temI-Ønepw a‰-Xnepw ]q¿Wambn GI InkvXp-hmWv. F√m-bn-S-Øpw G-I-i-co-cw. -]-e -ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ A¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw Ahn-Sp∂vGI-i-co-cw B-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Hcp _entb D≈p” (F_mb-tlm-anen, 17).

hn.- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw

210 211

Heracleides=LH, p.199). ˛ Cu ]m¿Y-\-bpsS ê-sa-t∂mWw ItØmen-°\pw anem-\n¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-h-\p-amb jn∏n-tbmWn s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v anem-\n¬ \n∂p -Xs∂ Xs‚ IrXn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. C∂p e`yamb s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ IrXn-Ifpw tcJ-I-fpw jn-∏n-tbmWn A]-K-Yn-®v, s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ \nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-®p.

jn∏n-tbm-Wn-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-®v ]-ikvX ]Sn-ÃnIv ]WvUn-X-\m-b- I¿-Zn-\mƒ Kn¬a-b¿ s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ ian-®p:“InkvXp-hn¬ kØm-]-c-amb sFIy-amWv s\kvtXm-dn-bkv Kuc-h-]q¿hw At\z-jn-®Xv F∂ kwKXn \ntj-[n-°m≥ km[y-a-√.- kz-`m-h-Øn-em-Wv At±lw Ft∏mgpw ZnXzw Is≠-Øn-b-X.v s\-kvtXm-dn-bkv HcpXoh-hmZn Bbn-cp-∂n-√.- A-t¥ym-Iy≥ Nn-¥m-K-Xn-bp≈ Hcp anX-hm-Zn-B-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±lw” F∂tX Kn¬a-b-dns‚ Nn¥(A.Grillmeier, Christ

in Christian Tradition,I, p.517).- hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-en-\p- ti-j-ap≈kssÌy N¿®-I-fnepw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ Nn¥m-co-Xnsb \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ ]e ]WvUn-X-∑mcpw ]cn-i-an-®p. “s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ icn-bmbnhymJym-\n-°m≥ km[n-°pambn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Ir-Xn-Iƒ sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-´p. ]c-kv]c hncp-≤-amb hn[n-I-fp-≠mbn ” F∂v hm≥ sZ¿B¬Ãv Hcp ao‰nw-Kn¬ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn (WWS.1.p.16). s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ im]-ßƒ \o°-Wsa-∂p- hsc hmZn-°p-∂-h¿- B-[p-\n-I -Im-e-Øp-≠v.

IrXn-Iƒ

\nc-h[n hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n®v s\kvtXm-dn-bkv At\Iw IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn- (P∂m-Un-bk,v- alZv.53). A_vZo-tim-bpsS Im‰-temKv AXvÿnco-I-cn-°p∂p (BO.3.1.35 ). F∂m¬ Ah-bn¬ hfsc Ipd®p amXtae`n-®n-´p-≈p. Xnb-tUm-jykv c≠m-a≥ NI-h¿ØnbpsS I¬∏-\-bm¬(435) s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ IrXn-Iƒ \in-∏n-°s∏´p. t]¿-jy≥k` NneIrXn-Iƒ kq-£n-®p.- Ah Xs∂bpw Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-amsW∂v]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

1. -U-am-kvI-knse slcm-¢n-sZ-kns‚ _km¿ (Liber Heracleides/

eo-_¿ slcm-¢n-sZ-kv˛LH). s\-kvtXm-dn-b-kn¬ \n∂v Cu IrXn amXta]q¿W-ambn \ap-°p Inń-bn-´p-≈-p. s\kvtXm-dn-bkv Xs‚ Pohn-Xm-h-km\w Bbn-cn°mw CXp cNn-®-Xv. Hcp kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬1895-˛¬ CXv I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-´p. 1910-˛¬ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn. skmt^m-Wnbkv F∂-bm-fp-ambn \S-Øp∂ kw`m-j-W-Øns‚ coXn-bn-emWvIrXn. Xs‚ \ne-]mSv \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ IrXn-bnep-S-\ofw At±lw ian-

Ch-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØ a‰m-fp-I-fpsS kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, Iem-e-b-]-›m-Ø-e-ßƒ, kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ F∂n-h-sbms° ]nf¿∏p-Iƒ°v tlXp-hm-bn.- B-cn-b≥ ]mjWvUX -t]mse k`-bpsS Xmbvth-c-d-°p∂ ]iv\-ß-sfm∂pw Cu kn\-Up-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬X¿°-ap-≠m-b-t∏mƒ c≠p I£n-I-fpw FXn¿hn-`m-K-Øn¬ ]m-jWvUXBtcm-]n-®p. a‰p-≈-h-sc-∏‰n Htcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw D≠m-bn-cp∂ [mc-W-bm-bn-cp-∂p, hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb ]mjWvUX Bbn-cp-∂n-√ AXv. A°m-eØv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ \S∂ k`m-cm-jvSo-b-Øn-¬ Xe-bn´v apX-se-Sp-°m≥ Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ saXm--∑m¿ ]cn-i-an-®n-cp-∂p. DZm. KnKdn\kym≥ks\ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ \n∂v \o°p-∂-Xn\pw tPmÏnskm-kvtXm-ans\ \mSp- I-S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ \o°p-∂Xn\pw Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ saXm-∑m¿°v ]¶p-s≠∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. ]iv\-ßƒ k¶o¿W-am-°n-b-Xn¬ ]m›m-Xy- k- m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn\pwAh-cp-tS-Xmb ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse tPm¨ In-skmkvtXmwXm¿°n-I -Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ImWn® hnthIw s\kvtXm-dnbkv ImWn-®n√F∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ft^-tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-kn-\p-tijw InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ hen-sbmcp `mKw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ ]mj-WvUn-bm-bn-´mWvIcp-Xp-∂-Xv. AXnte°p \bn-®- N-cn-X-kw-`-h-ßƒ as‰mcp KŸ-Øn¬A]-K-Yn-®n-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬ ChnsS Bh¿Øn-°p-∂n-√ (-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- kq-\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ,- tIm´bw, 1996,- t]-Pv, 73-˛130).

s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ kw_-‘n-®v B[p-\nI Ime-Øp≈ ]WvUn-X-∑mcpw GIm-`n-]m-b-°m-c-√.- Nn-e¿ -A-t±-lsØ ]mj-WvUn-bmbn Icp-Xp-tºmƒ a‰p- Nn-e¿ AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. _Øq≥ t_°¿ 1908-˛¬s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ kXy-hn-izmkw sXfn-bn-°m≥ Hcp iaw \S-Øn.s\kvtXm-dn-b-\nkw F∂ ]mj-WvUX s\kvtXm-dn-bkv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂n√F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ \nK-a-\w (J.F.Bethune Baker, Nestorius and

his Teaching, p.82). 1908-˛-\p-tijw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ i‡n-bmbnA\p-Iq-en® BfmWv sUman-\n-°≥ k`mw-K-amb epbnPn jn∏n-tbm-Wn.c≠p KŸ-ß-fn-embn s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ kXy-hn-izm-khpw \nc-]-cm-[n-Xzhpw shfn-®-Øp -sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ At±lw Hcp iaw \S-Øn(L.I.Scipioni, Ricerche sulla Cristologia del Libro di Eraclide di

Nestorio, Friburg,1956; Nestorio e il Concilio di Efeso, Milano, 1974).s\kvtXm-dn-bkv Xs‚ KŸ-Øn¬ an-em-\nse Awt_m-kns\ hnfn-®p -]m¿Yn-°p∂ Hcp `mK-ap≠v: “Awt_m-tk, kwkm-cn-°-Wta.- ]o-Un-Xs\ Ah-K-Wn-°-cp-tX. ]c-Zq-j-Isc i≤n-°-cp-tX. -i-≤n-°-s∏-SmsX\n¿tZm-j-c‡w Nn¥-s∏-Sm≥ CSbmI-cp -tX”(G.R.Driver, Liber

s\kvtXm-dn-bkvs\kvtXm-dn-bkv

212 213

K-Yn-®m¬ F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. kndn¬ Ae-Ivkm-WvUnb≥ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \S-Ønb ]tbm-K-ßƒ At¥ym-Iy≥ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬s\kvtXm-dn-bkv \ncm-I-cn-®p.- F-∂m¬ s]mXpth Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥Nn¥m-coXn k`-Iƒ hym]-I-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw At¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥m-co-Xn-Ifpw ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßfpw X≈n-°-f-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1.- lyp-t∏m-Ãm-‰n-Ihpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-am-b- sF-Iyw

ssZh-kz-`m-hhpw a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-hp-sa∂ c≠p kz`m-h-ßƒ GI-bm-fn¬ sFIy-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ Ipdn-°p-∂- ]-Z-amWv kzm`m-hn-ssI-Iyw (-sl-t\m-knkv IØ yqkn≥ Imbv IØv lypt]m-Ã-kn≥). Bflm-hpw ico-chpw XΩn-ep≈ sFIy-amWv CXns‚ ZrjvSm-¥w. Cu ZrjvSm-¥-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-cn-°¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn\v kzoIm-cy-am-bn-√.-B-flm-hv,- i-cocw F∂o c≠v LS-I-ßƒ IqSn-t®¿∂v a\p-jy≥ F∂vaq∂m-a-sXm∂v D≠m-Ip-∂p. CXv imiz-X-amb sFIy-a-√. a\pjy≥ acn-°p-tºmƒ Bflmhpw ico-chpw th¿s]-Sp-∂p.- InkvXp-hnse kz`m-h-ßƒ A-Xp-t]mse th¿s]-Sp-∂-X√.- H--cn-°¬ sFIy-s∏-´m¬ ]ns∂m-cn-°epw th¿]n-cn-bp-∂n-√. ico-c-Øns‚ thZ-\-I-fn¬ Bflmhpw thZ-\n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ thZ\ ssZhXzw kln-°p-∂n-√.Bflmhpw ico-chpw A]q¿W- kz-`m-h-ß-fm-Wv. F∂m¬ InkvXp-hm-Is´ ]q¿W-a-\p-jy\pw ]q¿W-ssZ-h-hp-am-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm≠v Ahn-SpsØkz`m-h-ßƒ c≠pw ]q¿W-am-Wv. Cu Imc-W-ß-fm¬, s\kvtXm-dn-bkvBflm-hn-s‚bpw ico-c-Øn-s‚bpw tbmPn-∏ns‚ ZrjvSm¥w Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂p.

ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw F∂ Ccp-bm-Ym-¿Yy-ßfpw Ah-bpsSkØm-]-c-amb tbmPn∏pw ]kv]-jvS-am-°m≥ kzm`m-hnssIIyw(slt\m-knkv IØ ^yqkn≥) A]-cym-]vX-am-sW∂v DZm-l-c-W-Øns‚ hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ \n∂v s\kvtXm-dn-bkv FØn-t®¿∂p (LH. p.8-9;33-39;49-50;154-

155;161-162;179;313-314). A-Xn-\p-]-Icw hy‡n-]-c-amb sFIyw (-]¿tkm-]nIv sFIyw) F∂ Bibw At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ At±lw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. AXns‚ A¿Yw C]-Im-c-amWv: ssZh-kz-`m-h-ap≈ ssZh-]p-Xs‚ Bf-Xzw- (]¿tkm-]m) a\pjymh-Xm-c-Øn¬a\p-jy-kz- m-h-Øns‚ IqsS Bf-Xz-am-bn. tbip-hns\ Xm\m-°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-\m-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ KpW-K-W-ßƒ, am\p-jn-I-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ, tbip-hns‚]¿tkm]m F∂p ]d-bmw.- F-∂m¬ ssZh-]p-Xs‚ BfXzw H∂p- am-X-ta-bp-≈p. -AXv ]pX≥ X-ºp-cms‚ BfXzw Xs∂-bm-Wv. ˛ kmc-k-Ø-

°p-∂p. Cu IrXn ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-b-ti-jw, s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈]c-º-cm-K-X-amb A`n-]m-b-ßƒ am‰n-°p-dn-°m≥ ]ecpw k∂-≤X ]I-Sn-∏n-®p -Xp-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. \jvS-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-≥ Hcp I]-S-\m-a-amWv KŸ-Øn\p \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

2.- ]-¥≠v FXn¿ im]-ßƒ

kndn-ens‚ ]¥≠v im]-ßƒs°-Xnsc s\kvtXm-dn-bkv Fgp-Xn-b-XmWnsX∂v Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.- Hcp eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS CXv\ap-°p ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ CXv Hcp ]n¬°m-e -Ir-Xn-bm-sW∂pws\kvtXm-dn-b-knt‚-X-s√∂pw ]ecpw C∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.

3.- Sm-PUn

CXns‚ Nne mK-ßƒ amXta e- n-®n- p-≈p. At¥ym-Iy-bnse Bi-a-Øn¬ h®v 431-˛-\p tijamWv CXv Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xv.

4. ssZh-Lm-X-I¿s°-Xnsc

kndn-ens\ JWvUn®p sIm≠v kw`m-j-W -ssi-en-bn¬ Fgp-XnbCXn-s‚bpw Nne `mK-ßƒ amXta ssIh-∂n-´p-≈-p.

5. -]-kw-K-ßƒ

GXm≠v Ccp-]Xv h¿j-tØmfw s\kvtXm-dn-bkv At¥ymIy-bnepwtIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnepw hfsc ]i-kvX-ambn ]kw-Kn-®p. At±lwXs∂ Xs‚ Nne ]kw-K-ßƒ ske-Ãn≥ ]m∏mbv°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Nne ]kw-K-ßƒ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ t]cnepw ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

6.- I-Øp-Iƒ

sÛ-dnIv eq^vkv F∂ ]WvUn-X≥ ]Xn-\©p IØp-I-fpsS]ńI ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Ah-bn¬ ]sØÆw ]q¿W-ambpw a‰p-≈h `mKn-I-ambpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. aqs∂Æw Ko°nepw a‰p-≈h kpdn-bm-\n-bnepweØo-\n-ep-am-Wv.

s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ ]iv\-ßƒ

Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bnse kndn -ens‚ InkvXp-im-kv -X-Øn¬s\kvtXm-dn-bkv Nne ]iv\-ßƒ I≠p. kndn-en\v icn-bmb hymJym\w\¬In k` a\-kn-em-°p-∂p. -A-Ø-cØn-ep≈ hymJym\w \¬In kndn-ens\ a\-kn-em-°m≥ s\kvtXm-dn-bkv Iq´m-°n-bn-√. kndnepw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ icn-bmbn a\-kn-em-°m≥ Hcp-sº-ń√. ]c-kv]cw a\-kn-em-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ ian®p F∂p -tXm∂pw Ah-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ A]-


214 215

s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ \ymb-hmZw

tbip-In-kvXp-hn¬ ssZhnI Bsf∂pw am\p-jnI Bsf∂pw c≠m-fp-Iƒ- D-s≠∂v s\kvtXm-dn-bkv ]Tn-∏n-®p- F∂m-Wt√m s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ t]cn-ep≈ Btcm-]-Ww. s\kvtXm-dn-bkv AXv hfsc i‡n-bmbn\ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw hy‡n-Xz-Øn-ep≈ sFIyhpw kz`m-h-ß-fpsSZnXzhpw ]kv]-jvS-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-\mhpw: “]pX≥ Hcm-fm-sW∂pw hN-\-amb ssZhw as‰m-cm-fm-sW∂pw Rm≥ ]d-™n-ń-√. -h-N-\-amb ssZhw kz`m-h-Ømte H∂v,Bebw kz`m-h-Ømte as‰m-∂v.- sF-Iyw-hgn GI-]p-X≥ F∂mWvRm≥ ]d-™n- p-≈Xv” (Loofs, Nestoriana, p.3088-11). “ssZh-Xzhpw inip-hn¬ Zriy-amb I¿Øm-hns‚ PUhpw XΩn¬ FX Zr-V-amb sFIy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Xm¶ƒ a\-kn-em-°m-\mWv Rm\nXp ]d-bp--∂-Xv.-in-iphpw inip-hns‚ I¿Ømhpw Htc Hcmƒ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p” (Loofs,

Nestoriana, p.2921˛4).

“InkvXp F∂ \ne-bn¬ InkvXp Ahn-`m-Py-\m-Wv.- ssZ-hhpw a\p-jy\pw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahn-Sp∂v ZnXz-\m-Wv. ]pX-Xz-Øn¬ Ahn-Sp∂vGI-\m-Wv.- F-Sp-°p-∂-h\pw FSp-ØXpw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahn-Sp∂v ZnXz-am-Wv. ]pXs‚ Bf-Xz-Øn¬ Ahn-Sp∂ Hcp hy‡n-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬ Ccp-\-b-\-ßƒ I-W-s°, ssZ-h-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw a\p-jy-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kz`m-h-ß-fn¬ Ahn-Sp∂v hyXn-cn-‡-\m-Wv. \mw c≠v InkvXp-°-sf-t∂m, c≠v]p-X-∑m-sc-t∂m, GI-Pm-X-∑m-sc-t∂m, I¿Øm-°-sft∂m ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂n√.-Hcp ]pX\pw as‰mcp ]pX-\p-a-√.- BZyw Htc-I-Pm-X\pw ]n∂oSv Htc-I-Pm-X-\p-a-√.- BZyw Hcp InkvXphpw ]ns∂mcp InkvXp-hp-a-√.- ]n-s∂-tbm, -kr-jvShpw Akr-jvS-hp-amb kz`m-h-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏´ Htc Hcmƒ”

(Loofs, Nestoriana, p. 2805-˛10).

InkvXp-hnse Ccp-kz-`m-h-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep≈ sFIyw G‰hpw ZrV-am-Wv.- Xn-Xz-Ønse aq∂m-fp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Ipdn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn® ]Zw -Xs∂ InkvXp-hnse c≠p kz`m-h-ßsf Ipdn-°m≥ KnKdn\kym≥-k≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse XnXz-Øn¬ aq∂m-fp-IƒXΩn-em-Wv sFIyw. -F-∂m¬ InkvXp-hn¬ c≠m-fp-I-f-√. Cu hyXym-kw KnK-dn-bn¬ Xs∂- kv]-jvS-am-bn-cp∂p (Epistle 101 to Cledonius:

PG.37.180). -Xn-Xz-Ønse aq∂m-fp-Ifpw XΩn¬ At`-Zy-amb sFIy-am-Wv.-F-∂m¬ aq∂m-fp-Ifpw IqSn-t®¿∂v Hcm-fm-Ip-∂n-√. AXp-t]mse InkvXp-hnse c≠v kz`m-h-ßƒ GI-hy-‡n-bn¬ At`-Zy-ambn sFIy-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.- F-∂m¬ kz-`m-h-ßƒ XΩn¬ IqSn-°p-g-®nen-√. CXn\v ]‰nb

bn¬ kndn¬ ]d™Xpw s\kvtXm-dn-bkv ]d-™-Xpw H∂p- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- ]-Z-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep≈ A¥cw amX-ta-bp-≈p. ]t£ CXv A`n-]mb-hy-Xym-k-Øn\v Hcp Imc-W-am-bn.

2.-ssZ-h-Lm-X-I-Xzw (-Theopaschism)

Ae-Ivkm-Wv-Un-bm-°m¿°v Ah-cpsS anÃn-°¬ ssZh-im-kvX-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ “ssZhw acn-®p, hN-\w acn-®p” Fs∂ms° ]d--bm≥bmsXm-cp hn-j-a-hp-an-√. AXv icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ Ah¿ a\-kn-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ “ssZhw acn®p” F∂v ]®-`mjbn¬ ]-d-bm≥s\kvtXm-dn-bkv Ad-®p-\n-∂p. “ssZhXzw acn®p” F∂ A¿-Y-Øn¬ a\-kn-em°nbXmWv AXn\p Imc-Wsa∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. “InkvXp acn-®p, ]pX≥ acn-®p, \ΩpsS I¿Ømhp acn-®p” Fs∂ms° ]d-bm≥s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn\v Hcp hn-j-a-hp-an-√. “hnip≤ KŸ-Øn¬ C]-Im-c-amWv ]d-™n-´-p-≈-Xv. InkvXp ssZhhpw a\p-jy-\p-am-I-bm¬ ta¬∏-d™ ]tbm-K-am-Wv Iptd-°qSn icn, a‰Xv sX‰n-≤m-cWbv°v CS \¬Ipw”

F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-s‚ Nn¥ (Loofs, Nestoriana, p.169. 14-20).

3.- ssZ-h-am-Xmhv

s\kvtXm-dn-b-kv At¥ym-Iy-bn¬- B-bn-cp∂ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ Cu]ZsØ sNm√n N¿®-Iƒ \S-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. c≠p hn-`m-K-ambnXncn™v P\-ßƒ X¿°n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. “ssZhXzw \ntj-[n-°msX a\p-jys‚ amXmhv F∂p ]d-™m-epw, a\p-jyXzw \ntj[n-°msX ssZh-am-Xmhv F∂p ]d-™mepw sX‰n-√. P\-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw Zpcm-tcm-]Ww \S-Ø-cp-sX∂p amXw.- F-∂m¬ InkvXp ssZhhpw a\p-jy-\p-am-I-bm¬,InkvXp-hns‚ AΩ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-XmIpw Iptd-°qSn icn. hn.- K-Ÿ-Ønepw Cu `mj-bmWv ImWpI” F∂m-bn-cp∂p s\kvtXm-dn-bkns‚hmZw. “adnbw ssZh-am-Xmhpw a\p-jy-am-Xm-hp-am-Wv. kz`m-h-Ømte adnbwtbip F∂ a\p-jys‚ AΩ-bm-Wv.- ssZ-h-Xz-hp-am-bp≈ sFIyw-hgn ssZh-]p-Xs‚ AΩ-bm-Wv.- Im-cWw Ah-fn¬ \n∂p P\n-®Xv ssZh-]p-X-\m-Wv. s^mXo-\p-kv, am\n, Bcn-bkv, As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkv, kmtamkm- -°mc≥]utemkv F∂n-h-cpsS A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ßsf JWvUn-°m\pw InkvXp-hns‚ AΩ F∂ ]tbmKw klm-bn-°pw. \nJym-bnse ]nXm-°-∑mcpw\ΩpsS I¿Ømhmb tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ P\-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv ]d-™-Xv. kvXoIƒ ico-c-Øn-s‚tbm Bflm-hns‚tbm amXw AΩ-am-c-√-t√m.kvXo a\p-jys‚ AΩ-bm-Wv.- A-Xp-t]mse InkvXp-hns‚ AΩ-bmWvadn-bw.- In-kvXp F∂ ]Zw hy‡n-XzsØ Ipdn-°p-∂p,- A-Xp-t]mse ssZh-Xz-sØbpw a\p-jy-Xz-sØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂p” (LH.98-100).


216 217

A[ymbw 22

sskd-knse Xnb-sUm-sd‰v

At¥ym-Iy-bnse Ah-km-\sØ G‰hpw henb ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-\mWv Xnb-sUm-sd-‰v. At±lw 399-˛-t\m-S-SpØv At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ P\n-®p. Ahn-sS-bp≈ k\ym-km-i-a-ß-fn¬ ]Tn®p. sskd-kns‚ saXm-\mbn 423-˛¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. hfsc Imcy-£-a-ambn 35 h¿jwcq]-Xm- -cWw \n¿h-ln-®p. P\-ß-fpsS BflnIhpw euIn-I-hp-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Xm¬]-cy-]q¿hw i≤n-®p. hnPm-Xn-b¿, bqZ¿, ]mj-WvUn-IƒF∂n-h¿s°-Xnsc ]S-s]m-cp-Xn. sskdkv \Kcw tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw\K-c-Øn¬ ]e-hn[ kuI-cy-ßƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xnepw i≤n-®p.

At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-b-Ønse `mjyco-Xn-Ifpw Nn¥m-[m-c-Ifpwkz¥-am-°nb Bfm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. kndnepw s\kvtXm-dn-bkpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-ß-fn¬ Xnb-sUm-sd‰v At¥ym-Iy≥ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. a‰vAt¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥-I-sc-t∏mse Xnb-sUm-sd‰pw kndn-en¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkw Z¿in-®p. Ft^-tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ h®v At±lw At¥ym-Iy-bnse tPmWns‚ ]£w tN¿∂p.- kn-\Uv s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ apS-°n-b-Xn-\p -ti-jhpw At±lw Xs‚ A`n-]mb-ß-fn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂p. kndn-en-s\bpw Ft -tkmkv kn\-Un-s\bpw hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v A©p ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Hcp IrXn-sb-gp-Xn. 433-˛se sFIy-t^m¿ape AwKo-I-cn-®p.kndn¬ Aw-Ko-I-cn® sFIy-t^m¿ape Xbm-dm-°n-bXv Xnb-sUm-sd-‰m-sW∂p hsc Nne¿ Icp-X-p-∂p. Fhp-Xo-°-kns‚ ]mj-WvUX DS-se-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ AXn-s\-Xn-scbpw At±lw i‡-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-®p. Fhp-Xo-°-kn-s\-Xn-cmbn 447-˛¬ Fcm-\n-kvsX-kv(-bm-N-I≥) F∂ Xs‚ IrXn]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. c≠mw Ft^-tkmkv kn\Uv F∂v Nne¿ hnfn-°p∂XkvI-c-kn-\-Un¬ h®v (449) A°m-c-W-Øm¬ kndn-ens‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbZnb-kvtIm-tdmkv Xnb-sUm-sd-‰ns\ ÿm\-`-jvS\m°n \mSp-I-S-Øn.

]Z-amWv kyp\-s^bvbm. s\kvtXm-dn-bkv H∂n-tesd ]mhiyw KnK-dnbpsS Cu teJ\w D≤-cn®v InkvXp-hnse GI-hy-‡n-Xzhpw c≠v kØ-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ sFIyhpw kv]jvS-am-°m≥ ian-°p∂p:

“FSp-Ø-Xn-\m¬ FSp-Ø-h-s\bpw FSp-°-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ FSp-°-s∏-´-Xn-s\bpw G‰p-]-d-tb-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. -Xn-Xz-Øn-se-t∏mse Ah H∂pwas‰m-∂p-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬ H∂pw as‰m-∂p-a-√” (LH.207). as‰m-cn-SØv: “XnXz-Øn¬ GI-k-Ø-bp≈ aq∂m-fp-Ifpw aq∂m-fp-I-fp≈ GI-k-ØbpwD≈-Xp-t]mse ChnsS GI -hy-‡n-Xz-ap≈ c≠p- k-Ø-Ifpw c≠pkØI-fp≈ GI- hy‡n-Xz-hp-ap-≠v” (LH.247).

“Zr-iyhpw AZr-iyhpw H∂-s√-¶n¬ \ΩpsS c£-I≥ H∂pw as‰m-∂p-am-Wv.- a-\p-jy-\m-bnØo¿∂ ssZhw,-ssZ-h-am-bnØo¿∂ a\p-jy≥”

(LH.200).- “ssZ-hhpw a\p-jy-\p-sa∂v c≠v kz`m-h-ß-fp-≠vv.- F-∂m¬ c≠v]pX-∑m-cn-√.- \-ΩpsS c£-I≥ H∂pw as‰m∂pw sIm≠m-Wv.- F-∂m¬H∂pw as‰m-∂p-a-√-. H-cn-°-ep-a-√.” (LH.215). “H∂pw as‰m-∂p-am-Wv ”F∂p]d-™m¬ Hcp kz`m-hhpw as‰mcp kz`m-hhpw F∂m-W¿Yw. “H∂pwas‰m-∂p-a√” F∂p ]d-™m¬ Hcmfpw as‰m-cm-fp-a√ F∂mW¿Yw.“Ah (kz-`m-h-ßƒ) H∂pw as‰m∂pamWv.- F-∂m¬ Ahn-Sp∂v Bf-Xz-Øn¬ H∂pw as‰m-∂p-a√” (LH.220). “Ahn-Sp∂v kz`m-h-ß-fn¬ H∂pwas‰m-∂p-ambn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ sFIy-Øn¬ Ahn-Sp∂v t`ZwIqSm-sX-bm-Wv. hyXn-cn-‡-amb kz`m-h-ßƒ ]cn-KWn-°p-tºmƒ Ahn-Sp∂v H∂pw as‰m-∂p-ambn KWn-°-s∏-Sp∂p” (LH.221).- “A-hn-Sp∂v hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬- G-I≥. kØ-I-fn¬ H∂pw as‰m∂pw” (LH.233).

tbip-InkvXp GI hy‡n-bm-Wv,- A-hn-Sp-tØ°v c≠v kz`m-h-ß-fp-≠v, Ah c≠pw H∂√ F∂ kwKXn s\kvtXm-dn-bkv hfsc hy‡-ambn ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse GI-hy-‡n-bn-ep≈ Ccp-kz- m-h-ß-fp-sSbpw kpZr--V-amb sFIyw At±lw ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v bmsXmcpkwi-bhpw th≠.

InkvXp-hnse sFIyw kqNn-∏n-°m≥ s\kvtXm-dn-bkv ]e ]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p: kyp\-s^bvbm, G-‰hpw ASpØ sFIyw (union),hmkw (indwelling), FSp-°¬ (assumption), hkvX-[m-cWw (putting

on). I¬°-tZm-\nbm kq\-l-tZmkn-s\-∏‰n s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn\v kt¥m-j-am-bn-cp-∂p.- Xm-s\m-cn-°pew Ccp-]p-X-∑m-sc-∏‰n ]d-™n- n-s√∂pw Xm≥]Tn-∏n-®Xp Xs∂-bmWv I¬°-tZm-\n-bmbpw tijvT-\mb setbmbpw]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂pw C\nbpw kam-[m-\-Øn¬ acn-°m-sa∂pw At±lwacp-`q-an-bnse hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ h®v Fgp-Xp∂p (LH.374.379-380).

s\kvtXm-dn-bkv

218 219

]e thZ-]p-kvXI KŸ-ßƒ°pw At±lw kºq¿W-`mjyw cNn-®p.IqSmsX ]bm-k-ap≈ `mK-ßsf B[m-c-am°n tNmtZym-Ø-c -co-Xn-bn¬]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßfpw Fgp-Xn.

(1) AjvS-K-Ÿ-ß-fnse ]iv\-ßƒ: ss__n-fnse BZyKŸßsfB[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ tNmtZym-Ø-c-ß-fm-Wv AXns‚ D≈-S-°w.- A-Xns‚A\p-_-‘-ambn tPmjzm, \ymbm-[n-]-∑-m¿, dqØv F∂o KŸ-ßsfB[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ tNmtZym-Ø-c-ßfpw sImSp-°p-∂p. ln∏m-kyqkv F∂“G‰hpw ]nb- a-Is‚” At]-£-b-\p-k-cn®v 453-˛-\p-tijw Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv.- A-\-kvXm-kyqkpw t^mkn-bkpw CXv [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

(2) cmPm-°-∑m¿, Zn\-hr-Øm¥w F∂n-h-bnse ]iv\-ßƒ: ap≥Ir-Xn-bpsS XpS¿®-bm-Wn-Xv. tNmtZym-Ø-c- co-Xn-bn-emWv cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ]Xn-]m-Z-\w. F∂m¬ Zn\-hr-Øm¥w XpS¿®-bmb hnh-cW-amWv.

(3) k¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw: k¶o¿Ø\-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bmb Hcp `mjy-am-Wn-Xv. \nc-h[n k¶o¿Ø-\-`m-jy-ßƒ Xm≥ hmbn-®n-´p-s≠∂v Bap-J-Øn¬ At±lw ]d-bp-∂p.- Nn-eXv XnI®pw cq]-Im¿Y ]Xn-]m-Z-\-am-Wv.- Nn-eXv Ign-™-Im-e- kw-`-h-ß-fmbn sak-bm-\nI k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒAh-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- bq-Z-`m-jy-ßƒ CØ-c-Øn¬ s]´-h-bm-Wv. Cß-s\-bp≈ AXn-cp-I-S∂ coXn-Iƒ am‰n Hcp a[y-am¿Kw kzoI-cn®v HcpØ-a-`mjyw cNn°m-\mWv At±lw DZy-an-®-Xv. Ncn-X-]-c-am-bh Ncn-X-]-c-ambnImWp-I, sak-bm-\nI k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ B co-Xn-bn¬ ImWp-I F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ]≤Xn. 441˛\pw 449˛\pw CS-bv°m-bn-cn°mwCu `mjyw cNn-®-Xv .

(4) DØ-a-Ko-X-`mjyw: CsXm-cm-Zy-Im-e- Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. P¿a-\ojysaXm≥ tbml-∂ms‚ Xm¬]-cy-]-Im-c-amWv CXp cNn-®-Xv. kvXo]p-cp-j- kvt\-l-sØ ]-‰n-bmWv KŸw N¿® sNøp-∂-sX∂ ho£Ww X≈n-°-f-™v, -K-Ÿ-Øns‚ B¥cnIm¿Y-Øn-te-°v At±lw hnc¬ Nq-≠p-∂p. CXn¬ Hcn-Ps‚ `mjy-coXn At±lw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. -In-kvXp- h-c\pw k` h[phpw F∂-XmWv DØ-a-Ko-X-Øns‚ k`m-fl-Im¿Yw.

(5) Zm\n-tb¬ `mjyw: bqZ-hn-cp-≤-Nn-¥m-coXn Cu IrXn-bn¬ Zriy-am-Wv. ]hm-N-I∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ \n∂v CXns\ am‰n \n¿Øp∂ coXnAt±lw \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p. Cu mjy-Øn¬ kqk-∂m-bpsS IYbpw _men-s‚bpw k¿∏-Øn-s‚bpw hnh-c-Whpw At±lw tN¿Øn-ń-√. ]hm-N-I-

At±lw DSs\ setbm am¿]m-∏msb hnhcw Adn-bn-®p. setbm kn\UvAwKo-I-cn-®n-√.- am¿ky≥ NI-h¿Øn-bp-sS CS-s]-S¬ hgn 450-˛¬ Xnb-sUm-sd‰v Xncn-sI-h-∂p. I¬°-tZm-\nbm kn\-Un¬ Xnb-sUm-sd-‰ns‚`mK-`m-KnXzw A¬]-w FXn¿∏p-≠m-°n. -kn-\-Uns‚ Hcp ]tXy-I-k-tΩ-f\w At±-l-Øns‚ ]iv\w N¿® sNbvXp. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-Xnscim]w Ds®-cn-s®-¶nte kn\-Un¬ ]th-in-∏n-°mhq F∂v Nne¿ imTyw]nSn-®p.- A-h-km\w Xnb-sUm-sd‰v AXn\p hgßn: “s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn\pw`mKy-h-Xn-bm-b I\y-I-a-dnbw ssZh-am-Xm-hs√∂v ]d-bp-∂-h¿°pw GI-Pm-X-\mb ]pXs\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°p-∂-h¿°pw im]w” F∂p®-cn-®-t∏mƒ At±-lsØ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn kn\-Un¬ ]th-in-∏n-®p. XpS¿∂vAt±lsØ sskdkv cq]-X-bn¬ ]p\x-]-Xn-jvTn-®p. kXy-hn-izm-k-]-t_m-[-I-\mbn At±lw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. sskd-knse k`-sbGXm≠v Ggv h¿jw IqSn At±lw `cn-®p. 466-˛¬ acn-®p. XpS¿∂p-≠mb At¥ym-Iy≥ hn-cp≤ apt∂-‰-Øns‚ ê-ambn 553-˛se c≠mwtIm¨Ãm‚nt\m-∏nƒ kn-\Uv Xnb-sUm-sd-‰nepw Ip‰-am-tcm-]n-®p. kndn-ens‚ ]¥≠v im]-ßƒs°-Xn-scbpw Ft -tkmkv kn\-Un-s\-Xn-scbpwXnb-sUmsd‰v Fgp-Xn-b- tc-J-bm-Wv aq∂-[ym-b-ßƒ F∂dnbs∏Sp-∂-Xn¬H∂v. PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS \n¿_-‘-Øm¬ AXns\bpw kn\Uvi]n®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bnse hfsc ]i-kvX\pw ka¿Y-\p-amb Hsc-gp-Øp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p Xnb-sUm-sd-‰v.- h-fsc hym]-I-amb hnj-b-ß-fn¬At±lw Xm¬]cyw ImWn-®n-cp-∂p. ssZh-im-kvX-Ønse an°-hmdpwF√m imJ-I-fnepw At±lw ssIh-®n-cp-∂p. 35 ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-sb∂v 450-˛¬ At±lw Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p (-te-J\w, 145).- F-∂m¬ hfscIpd®p IrXn-Itf \ap-°p -e-`n-®n-´p-≈p. Ah-bn¬ \n∂v At±-l-Øns‚AKm-[-amb ]mWvUn-Xyw \ap°p Kln-°m-\m-hpw. ¢mkn-°¬ km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ At±-l-w \n]p-W\mbn-cp-∂p. \nc-h[n Ko°v kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ At±lw hmbn-®n-cp-∂p.- am-Xr-- m-j-bmb kpdn-bm-\n°p]pdta a‰p ]e `mj-Ifpw At±-l-Øn\v hi-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw IrXn-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bXv Ko°n-em-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ Ko°v ]q¿Whpw ssienhy‡hpw EPp-hp-am-sW∂v t^mkn-bkv km£n-°p-∂p.

1.- `m-jy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

Xnb-sUm-sd‰v Xs‚ `mjy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥bv°pwAe-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ Nn¥bv°pw CSbv°v Hcp a[y-am¿Kw kzoI-cn-®p.

sskd-knse Xnb-sUm-sd‰vsskd-knse Xnb-sUm-sd‰v

220 221

a‰v IrXn-I-fn¬ \¬Ip∂ ]cm-a¿i-sam-gn®v as‰m∂pw \ap-°-dn-bn-√.t]¿jy≥ cmPm-°-∑m-¿ am¥n-I-cpsS t]c-W-bm¬ InkvXym-\n-Isf]oUn-∏n-®-Xn\v am¥n-I-sc Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

(4)- bq-Z-∑m¿s°-Xnsc: 431˛\v apºv Fgp-Xnb Cu IrXnbpw \ap°pe`n-®n-ń-√. ]hm-N-I-∑m¿ InkvXp-hn-s\-∏‰n ]h-Nn®p F∂p ImWn-°p-I-bmWv CXns‚ e£yw F∂v 145-˛mw IØv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

3.- tUm-‹m-‰nIv ˛ Xm¿°n-I -Ir-Xn-Iƒ

(1) kndn-ens‚ ]¥≠v im]-ß-fpsS JWvU\w

s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-Xnsc kndn¬ ]¥≠v im]-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp tcJ Ab-®p- sIm-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bn¬ s]´-]-ecpw AXn\v JWvU\w Fgp-Xn.- A-°q-´-Øn¬ Xnb-sUm-sd‰pw 431-˛¬HscÆw Fgp-Xn. AXn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥m-coXn hc-®p-Imń, s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ ssieo-]-tbm-K-ßsf \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Cu IrXn kndn-en¬]mj-WvUX Btcm-]n-®-Xn-\m¬, 553-˛se kn\Uv CXns\ i]n-®p-X-≈n.-A-°m-c-W-Øm¬ CXv \jvS-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bm-bn. F∂m¬ kndn¬ CXn-s\-gp-Xn-b adp-]-Sn-bn¬ \n∂v CXns‚ an°- `m-K-ßfpw e`y-am-Wv.

(2) s]‚m-tem-Knbw: kndn-en\pw Ft^-tkmkv kn\-Un-\pw FXn-cmbn 431- ¬ Xnb-sUm-sd‰v A©p -]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-embn Fgp-Xnb IrXnbpw553-˛se kn\Uv \ncm-I-cn-°pIbpw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. t]sc-SpØp ]d-bmsX t^mkn-b-kv CXn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-°p-∂p (-_n-ªn.-tIm.46).-A-ßs\ Iptd `mK-ßƒ ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v.

(3) XnXzw, Xncp-A-h-Xmcw F∂n-hsb Ipdn®v: kndn-ens‚ t]cn-emWv Cu c≠v ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Inń-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b¿s°-Xn-sc- k-Xy--hn-izmkw hc-®p- Im- p-IbmWvv e£yw. F∂m¬ AtXm-sSm∏wkndn-en-s\bpw kndn-ens‚ kn\-Un¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h-scbpw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ssZh-am-Xmhv F∂ t]cn-t\m-sSm∏w a\p-jy-am-Xmhv F∂ t]cpwadn-b-Øn\v tNcp-∂-XmsW∂v KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-km-\ -`m-KØp ImWmw.

(4)- F-cm-\n-kvsX-kv (-bm-N-I≥): At±-l-Øns‚ ][m-\-s∏´tUm‹m-‰nIv IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv.- G-I-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn 447- ¬ \mep`mK-ß-fmbn Fgp-X-s∏´ InkvXp-im-kvX- IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv.- £p-Z-°m-c≥iotam≥, sN¿tZm, am¿kn-b≥, he‚o-\-kv, _¿ssZ-km≥, As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kv, Bcn-b-kv, -F-hp-tWm-an-b-kv F∂n-h-cpsS A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Cc-s∂-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv GI-kz-`m-h-hmZw F∂-tX KŸ-Im-cs‚ Nn¥. Bap-J-Øn¬ Xs‚ Xe-s°-ńs\ At±lw \ymbo-I-cn-

`m-jy-ß-fn¬ BZy-tØ-XmWv CsX∂v k¶o¿Ø-\ -`m-jy-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

(6)- F-k-°n-tb¬ `mjyw. (7) ]¥≠v sNdnb ]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS`mjyw. (8)- G-im-bm-`m-jyw. (9)- P-d-an-bm-`mjyw F∂n-ßs\ ]hm-N-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒs°√mw At±lw `mjy-sa-gp-Xn.

(10) ]utem-kns‚ ]Xn-∂mev teJ-\-ß-fpsS `mjyw: At±-l-Øn-s‚ -Hcp ]n¬°me IrXn--bm-Wn-Xv. ]pXn-b- \n-b-a- `m-jy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ CXp-amXta Ah-ti-jn-®n-´p-≈p.

2.- A-t∏m-f-sP-‰n-°¬ IrXn-Iƒ

(1)- t]-K≥ tcmK-ßƒ°p≈ ]Xn-hn[n AYhm kphn-ti-j-kXywKo°v XXz-im-kvX-Øn¬ \n∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂p-˛ CXmWv At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ At∏m-f-sP-‰n-°¬ Ir-Xn. k`m]n-Xm-°-∑m-csS ImesØ Ah-km-\sØ At∏m-f-Pnbmbn CXns\ IW-°m-°mw.CØcw IrXn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw at\m-l-c-am-WnXv F∂mWv ]WvUn-Xm`n-]m-bw. ASn-ÿm-\-]-iv\-ßsf kw_-‘n®v In-kvXp-a-Xhpw t]K-\n-khpw \¬Ip∂ DØcw ]¥≠v ]_-‘-ß-fn-embn \nc-Øn-h®v, kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ Hu∂Xyw hc-®p-Im-´m≥ At±lw ian-°p∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ¢mkn-°¬ km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep≈ Adnhv CXn¬ ]-I-S-am-Wv.- \q-dn-te-sd -t]-K≥ Xm-Xzn-Isc At±lw D≤-cn-°p-∂p.- A-Xp-t]mse k`m-km-ln-Xy-Im-cn¬ \n∂v \nc-h[n D≤-c-Wn-I-fp-ap-≠v.- s¢-sa‚ns‚ kvtSmam-‰,-F-hp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn-s\m-cp°w F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v 340D≤-c-Wn-I-fp-≠v.- CXv Fgp-Xn-bXv F∂m-sW∂v IrXy-ambn ]d-bm≥ ]bm-k-amWv: 423, 437 F∂o h¿j-ßƒ Nne¿ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p. 449-˛\p -apºvFgp-X-s∏´p F∂p JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-bmw.

(2) -ssZ-h-]-cn-]m-e\: ssZh-]-cn-]m-e\ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]Øv ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ß-fmWv CXns‚ D≈-S-°w.- A-t¥ym-Iy-bn¬ h®v Hcp ]WvUn-X-k-Z-kn¬ sNbvX ]kw-K-ß-fm-W-h. -A-t±-l-Øns‚ hmNm-e-Xbpwssienbpw Ch ]kv]-jvS-am-°p-∂p. BZysØ As©Æw kzm`m-hn-I-I-ao-I-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw _m°n-bp-≈h [m¿an-I -I-ao-I-c-W-Øn¬\n∂pw ssZh-]-cn-]m-e\ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. -ssZ-h-Øn\v a\p-jy-tcm-Sp≈kvt\l-Øns‚ G‰hpw DØ-a-hpw tijvT-hp-amb ZrjvSm-¥-ambn c£-Is‚ XncpA-h-Xmcw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. 431˛\pw 435˛\pw CS-bv°m-bn-cn°mw Cu ]kw-K-ßƒ \S-∂-Xv.

(3)- t]¿jy≥ am¥n-I¿s°-Xnsc: Xnb-sUm-sd‰v Cu IrXn-sb-∏‰n


222 223

a¿in-®n- n-√.- F-∂m¬ Bcnb≥, As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-b≥ ]mj-WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc k`-bpsS hnPbw FSp-Øp-Im-´p-∂p. Cu k`m-N-cn-X-Øn-eqsS ]eAaq-ey-tc-J-Ifpw \ap-°p e`n-®n- p-≠v. skmIm- -kv,- skm-tkm-a≥ , dpô-\kv F∂n-h-cpsS k`m-N-cn-X-ß-sf-∏‰n At±-l-Øn\v Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A∏-ta-bm-bn¬ 449/450 Ime-b-f-hn¬ hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ Ign-™-t∏m-fmWv At±lw CXv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv.

(3) ]mj-WvU-Xm-N-cnXw : At±-l-Øns‚ Ah-km-\sØ Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-am-Wn-Xv. A©p KŸ-ß-fn-embn 453- ¬ At±lw CXv cNn-®p. £pZ-°m-c≥ iotam≥ apX¬ Fhp-Øo-°kv hsc-bp≈ ]mj-WvU-sc-∏‰nBZysØ \mep ]pkvX-I-ßƒ N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.- A©mw ]pkvXIw k`-bpsS kXy-hn-izmkw hc-®p-Imń, ]mj-WvU-cpsS Im]Syw shfn-s∏-SpØp-∂p. PÃn≥, sFtd-\n-b-kv, -s¢-sa‚ v, Hcn-P≥, tIk-dn-bm-bnseFhp-tk-_n-b-kv, Fta-k-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ At±-lØns‚ tkmX-kp-I-fmWv. sFtd-\n-b-kns‚ “]mj-WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc” F∂ IrXn-bpsS H∂mw ]pkvX-Ihpw lnt∏m-fn-‰-kns‚ “^nsem-skm-^p-sa-\-”F∂ IrXnbpsS ]Ømw ]pkvX-Ihpw Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ “k`m-N-cn-Xhpw” At±lw apJy-ambn Bi-bn-®n-´p-≠v. ne-skm-^p-sa\ Hcn-P-t‚-XmWv F∂tX At±lw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∏n-^m-\n-b-kns‚ “]\m-cn-tbm≥” - At±-l-Øn\v A⁄m-X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂ptXm∂p-∂p.

5. -]-kw-K-ß-fpw- I-Øp-I-fpw

At±-l-Øns‚ \nc-h[n ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ Ipd®p amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p. s]mXp kn\-UpI-fn¬ At±lw sNbvX ]kw-K-ßƒ \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-an-s\-∏‰n A©p ]kw-K-ßƒ\S-Øn--sb∂v t^mkn-bkv ]d-bp-∂p. At±-l-Øn-s‚ 500-˛-tesd IØp-Iƒ hmbn-®n-´p-s≠∂v 14-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \nsk-t^m-dpkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ GXm≠v ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. 5˛mw \q‰m-≠nse-k-`m-N-cn-X-]-T-\-Øn\v Ah klm-b-I-am-Wv.

°p-∂p. Hcp kXy-hn-izm-knbpw bmN-I-\mb GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Znbpw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-j-W -cq-]-Øn-emWv IrXn. InkvXp-hns‚ am‰-an-√mØ ssZh-kz-`m-hw, Ccp-kz-`m-h-ßfpw XΩn¬ IqSn-°-e-cm-Xn-cn-°¬, kl-\m-Xo-X-amb ssZh-kz-`mhw F∂nh N¿®- sN-øp-∂p. 88- ]n-Xm°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂p≈238 `mK-ßƒ At±lw D≤-cn-°p∂p.

(5) kXy-hn-izmk ]Im-i\w: hn.- P-Ãns‚ t]cn-emWv Cu IrXnAdn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ set_m≥ F∂ ]WvUn-X≥ CXv Xnb-sUm-sd-‰n-t‚-Xm-bn sXfn-bn-®n- p-≠v. B co-Xn-bn¬ At¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cqkv CXn¬ \n∂p≤-cn-°p-∂p.

(6) kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°p≈ tNmtZym-Ø-c-ßƒ: PÃns‚ t]cn-¬]N-cn-® Cu IrXn Ncn-X-]-chpw XmXzn-Ihpw [m¿an-Ihpw hymJ-ym-\-]-c-hp-amb \nc-h[n ]iv\-ßƒ N¿®- sN-øp-∂p.

(7) -\-ΩpsS I¿Øm-th-ip-InkvXp F∂ GI-]p-X≥ amXw.- ˛ -C-h-bv°p-]p-dta a‰p ]e IrXn-Ifpw At±-lØn-t‚-Xmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw CXp-hsc e`n-®n-ń-√.

4. Ncn-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

(1)- k-\ym-k-N-cnXw : CXmWv At±-l-Øns‚ BZysØ Ncn-X-K-Ÿw. 30 A[ym-b-ß-fn-embn 28 ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-sSbpw aq∂v kvXo-I-fp-sSbpw PohnXw hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p. Ah-cn¬ an°-hcpw At¥ym-IybpsSkao-]-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-hcpw Xnb-sUm-sd-‰ns‚ ]cn-N-b-°m-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. \nXy-k-Ωm\w ]m]n-°m≥ IS∂p-t]mb tbm≤-m-°sf∏‰nBZy-sØ 20 A[ym-b-ßƒ N¿® -sN-øp-∂p. -Ct∏mgpw t]mcm-´-Øn¬ -G¿s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-h-sc- ]-‰n-bm-Wv ti-jn-®h. Ah-cn¬ sia-tbm≥ sZkvXq-\nbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. 14-˛25 A[ym-b-ßƒ sskdkv cq]-X-bnse k\ym-kn-Isf ]‰n-bm-Wv.- ]-√m-Un-b-kns‚ k\ym-k-N-cn-X-hp-ambn CXns\ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Ømw.- K-Ÿ-Øns‚ Ah-km\w “Znhyhpw ]cn-ip-≤-hp-ambkvt\l-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]kwKw” Fs∂mcp ]Xn-]m-Z\w A\p-_-‘-ambnAt±lw tN¿Øp. ssZh-kvt\lw amX-amWv k\ym-kn-I-fpsS Btbm-[-\-Øn-¬ Ah¿°v i‡n ]I¿∂p sImSp-ØsX∂v sXfn-bn-°p-I-bmWvCXp-h-gn. CXv hnc-Nn-X-am-b-Xv 444-˛-em-bn-cn°mw.

(2) k`m-N-cnXw : Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Ah-km-\n-∏n-®n-SØv Xnb-sUm-sd‰v XpS-ßp∂p.- A-Xm-bXv Bcn-b≥ X¿°w apX¬ (323) Xnb-tUm-dns‚ ac-Ww-hsc (428). s\kvtXm-dn-bkv 428-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-kmb Imcyhpw s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ X¿°-ßfpw- ]-cm-


224 225

hmbpw Icp-Xp-∂p. k\ym-kn-I-fp-sS- C-S-bn¬ At±-l-Øn\v henb ÿm\-am-bn-cp∂p. tIm]v‰nIv k` HIvtSm-_-dn¬ 15˛\pw kndn-b≥ k` HIvtSm-_¿ 17˛\pw At±-l-Øns‚ Hm¿a sIm≠m-Sp-∂p.

sXtbm-^n-ekv Hcp henb Fgp-Øp--Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Xnb-sUm-sd‰v,setbm, Pem-kyq-kv, P∂m-Un-bqkv F∂n-h¿ CtX-∏‰n kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. ]t£ hfsc Ipd®v IrXn-Itf \ap°v Inń-bn-´p-≈p. 380 apX¬479 hsc-bp≈ Db¿∏p Xncp-\mƒ ImWn-°p∂ Hcp ]©mwKw (]m-kvI¬Im\≥) At±lw D≠m°n. 388-˛¬ AXv Xntbm-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn°p sImSp-Øp. F∂m¬ NI-h¿Øn B Ie-≠¿ kzoI-cn-®n-√. AXns‚BapJw amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p. sXtbm-^n-ekv \nc-h[n IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-sb-¶nepw hf-sc-°p-d-®v, AXpw Ptdm-ans‚ eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS amXta Inń-bn-´p-≈p.

Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ ]Xn-h-\p-k-cn®v sXtbm-^n-ekpw ]mkv°¬IØp-Iƒ Ab-®n-cp-∂p. Ipd-™Xv 26 FÆ-ap-≠v. Ptdm-ans‚ eØo≥hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ah-bn¬ aqs∂Æw amXw tijn-°p-∂p. Cu teJ-\-ßƒ 401, 402, 404 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn-te-XmWv. Hcn-P≥, As∏m≈n-\m-cnkv F∂n-h¿s°-Xn-cmWv Cu teJ-\-ßƒ. a‰p ]mkv°¬ teJ-\-ß-sf-∏‰n ]ecpw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. Nne¿ AXn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-°p-∂p-.F∂m¬ an°Xpw \jvS-s∏-´-p. \nc-h[n ]`m-j-W-ß-fpsSbpw I¿Øm-hmWv At±lw. F∂m¬ ]e-Xn-s‚bpw t]cv amXta \ap-°-dnbq.

A[ymbw 23

hn.-sX-tbm-^n-ekv (385-˛412)

AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]n≥Km-anbpw kndn-ens‚ amXr-k-tlm-Z-c\pw ap≥Km-an-bp-am-bn-cp∂p sXtbm-^n-e-kv. A°m-esØ ]ecmjvSo-b-˛-a-Xm-flI ]iv\-ß-fnepw Xe-bn´v hnP-b-I-c-ambn Xe-bq-cn-t∏m-cm≥ At±-l-Øn\p km[n-®p. aq∂p kw`-h-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ImeØvCuPn-]vXn¬ \S-∂p. (1) CuPn-]vXn¬ t]K-\n-k-Øns‚ ac-W-a-Wn: CuPn-]vXn¬ Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp∂ t]K-\n-ksØ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-tØm-Sp -IqsS XpS-®p -am-‰m≥ 391-˛¬ At±lw iaw \S-Øn. hnPm-Xn-b-cpsS \nc-h[n Bcm-[-\m-e--bßƒ XI¿°s∏-´p. Ah-bn¬ kdm-s]hpwansXhpw Znb-\o-tkmkpw- Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. AXn-\p -]-Icw Ae-Ivkm≠n-bm-bn-¬ D-S-\ofw h-enb ssIkvXh tZhm-e-b-ßƒ Db¿∂p-. (2) Hcn-Ps‚ t]cn-ep≈ hmKzmZw: sXtbm-^n-ekv 399 hsc Hcn-Ps‚ Bcm-[-I-\m-bn-cp∂p; Hcn-Ps‚ Bcm-[-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Pdpk-te-anse tPmWns‚kvt\ln-X-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. Iptd Ign-™-t∏mƒ Hcn-P-s\-Xn-sc Xncn-™p.401˛se Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ kn\Uv Hcn-P-\n-ksØ i]n®p F∂v skmIm-´kpw skmtkm-a\pw km£n-°p-∂p (k-`m.6-,75;k`m.8,11). \nXn-b≥ acp-`q-an-bn¬ Hcn-Ps‚ \nc-h[n Bcm-[-I-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS ta¬A°m-eØv Nne¿ BI-aWw Agn-®p-hn-´p. Zntbm-kvtIm-d-kv, AtΩm≥,Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, Fhp-Xo-anbkv F∂n-ßs\ \mev ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ BI-a-Whnt[-b-cm-b-n. sXtbm-^n-e-kn\v BI-a-W-Im-cn-Isf XS-bm≥ Ign-™ns√∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. (3) hn.- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ ÿm\-`w-ihpw hn]-hm-khpw: Inskm-kvtXm-ans\ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m°n \mSp-I-S-Ønb Hm°v kn\-Un¬ (403) sXtbm-^n-ekpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

]√m-Un-bpkv, A¿t\m-_n-b-kv, Xnb-sUm-sd-‰v, setbm am¿]m-∏m,hnPn-en-bqkv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ sXtbm-^n-e-kns\ alm-\mbpw k`m-]n-Xm-

hn.-sX-tbm-^n-ekv

226 227

IØns‚ IqsS ]Øv im]-ßƒ (anathema) tN¿Øv s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-\v A-b-®p. ]Øp Znh-k-ßƒ°Iw sX‰mb ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ ]n≥h-en-°m-Ø-]£w ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°p-Ibpw al-tdm≥ sNm√p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂v kndn¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ Adn-bn-®p. ]iv\w k¶o¿W-am-b-Xn-\m¬ 431-˛¬ Xnb-tUm-jykv c≠m-a≥ NI-h¿Øn s]¥n-t°mkvXnZnhkw Ft^-tkm-kn¬ Hcp kn\Uv hnfn-®p-Iq-ń. -k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬(Pq¨ 22, 431) kndn¬ Xs∂ B[y£yw hln®p. s\kvtXm-dn-bkns\ÿm\-`-jvS-\m°n, k`-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°n. kndn-ens‚ ]Øp- im-]-ßƒ HutZym-KnI tcJ-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-®p. s\kvtXm-dn-bkns‚ InkvXp-imkvX XXz-ßƒ X≈-n°-f™p. ssZh-am-Xmhv (sX-sbm-tXm-sIm-k v)F∂ ]Z-]-tbmKw AwKo-I-cn-®p.

\mep-Znhkw I-gn™v At¥ym-Iy-bnse tPm¨ ]uckvXy ]hn-iy-bnse (Oriens) saXm-∑m-tcm-sSmØv ÿe-sØ-Øn. as‰mcp ao‰nw-KvIqSn kndn-ens\ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°p-Ibpw k`bv°p ]pd-Øm-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. NI-h¿Øn kndn-en-s\bpw s\kvtXm-dn-bkn-s\bpw Pbn-en-e-S-®p. Ipsd Znh-k-ßƒ°p-tijw kndn¬ Pbn¬ hnap-‡-\m-bn. HIvtSm-_¿ 30-˛\v c≠mw AØ-\m-tkym-kmbn Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°-s∏- p. s\kvtXm-dn-bkns\ At¥ym-Iy-bnse B-i-a-Øn-te°v Ab®p.At¥ym-Iybpw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bbpw XΩn-ep≈ ]nW°w 433 hscXpS¿∂p. Ah-km\w At¥ym-Iy-bnse tPm¨, -s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚apS°v AwKo-I-cn-®p. sskd-knse Xnb-sUm-sd‰v D≠m-°n-bXpw ]uc-kvXy¿ AwKo-I-cn®-Xp-amb t^m¿ape kndn¬ kzoI-cn-®p. AXn¬ adn-b-Øns‚ ssZh-am-XrXzw kv]jvS-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. 444 Pq¨ 27-˛\v At±lwacn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

BZy-Ime InkvXo-b-k`bnse Hc-Xn-Im-b-\mWv kndn¬. IrXn-I-fn¬ [mcmfw \jvS-s∏-s´-¶nepw ao™ns‚ (J.P.Migne) ]Øv hmey-ßƒkndn-ens‚ IrXn-IfmWv (PG. 68- 77). Nne- Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒAt±-lØns‚ Pohn-X -Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ D≠m-bn. amcn-bqkv sa¿Im-tXm¿eØo-\nepw FtU- -bnse dm_pf kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw Nne IrXn-Iƒhnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. A¿ta-\n-b≥, FtXym-]y≥, Ad-_n hnh¿-Ø-\-ßfpw ]n¬°m-eØp≠m-bn. Ko°n¬ C√mØ ]e IrXn-Ifpw Cuhnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv Inń-bn- p-≈-Xv. AKm-[-amb Nn¥m-i-‡n-bpsSDS-a-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. Bibhy‡X kndn-ens‚ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.Bcnb-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ AØ-t\-jy≥ ka-c-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-cp-∂p 428 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L´w. Cu ImeØv At±lw ]e `mjy-Ir-

A[ymbw 24

hn.-kn-dn¬ (378-˛444)

sXtbm-^n-ekv 412 HIvtSm-_¿ 15˛\v acn-®-t∏mƒ XntamXn F∂B¿®p-Uo-°s\ ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ]≤-Xn. F∂m¬ c≠p Znh-k-Øn-\Iw sXtbm-^n-e-kns‚ A\-¥n-c-h-\mb kndn¬ (Iq-dn-t√m-kv) Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-IbpwB ÿm-\-Øv A-h-tcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ P\n®p hf¿∂ kndn¬ CuPn-]vXnse k\ym-kn-I-fpsS IqsS Iptd-\mƒ Xma-kn®p F∂ [mcW hn.- C-kn-tZm-dns‚IØp-Iƒ ]c-Øp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ At¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cqkv CuIØp-I-fpsS hmkvX-hn-I-X-sb-∏‰n kwibw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. kndn-em-Is´ Xs‚ IrXn-I-fn-sem∂pw k\ym-kn-I-fp-ambn X\n-°p≈ _‘-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂n-√.

s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv (428)kndn¬ IqSp-X¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-imkvXw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ ]kw-K-ß-fn-eqsS ]pd-Øp- h-∂-t∏mƒ]e¿°pw Kln-°m≥ hnjaw tXm∂n. kndn¬ 429-˛se Hcp CSb teJ-\-Øn¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ kwkmc coXnsb A]-e-]n-°p-Ibpw At±-lsØ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kndn¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnsek\ym-kn-Iƒ°v X’w-_-‘-ambn AtXm-sSm∏w Hcp \o≠-te-J\w F-gp-Xn. kndnepw s\kvtXm-dn-bkpw ]c-kv]cw IØp-Iƒ ssIam-dn. c≠p-t]cpw tdmanse ske-Ãn≥ ]m-∏mbv°v IØp-I-sf-gp-Xn. tdman¬ 430BK-Ãn¬ IqSnb kn\Uv s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ho£-W-ßfpw N¿®m-co-Xn-Ifpw Akzo-Im-cy-ß-sf∂p hn[n-®p. kndn-ens‚ ho£Ww am¿]m∏mkzoI-cn-®p. Cu X¿°-Øn¬ ]iv\w ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Ccp-I-£n-I-fn-sem-cm-fmb kndn-ens\ Xs∂ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. kndn-em-Is´ Xs‚

hn.-kn-dn¬

228 229

Xn-cmbpw At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn\v F-Xn-cmbpw 429˛\p apºv12 ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-em-bn- Fgp-XnbXmWn-Xv.

(2) eq°m-kphn-ti-j`mjyw: eq°m-bpsS kphn-ti-jsØ B[mcam-°n-bp-≈ ]`m-j-W-ß-fm-Wn-Xn¬. ]mtbm-KnI Imcy-ß-fn-te-°m-WnXvshfn®w hoip-∂-Xv. At±lw CXv cNn-®Xv 430-˛\p tijambncn-°mw.Ko°n¬ aq∂v ]`m-j-W-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambpw a‰p NneXv `mKn-I-ambpwe`n-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ 156 ]`m-j-W-ß-fp-≠v. s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ hncp-≤-Nn-¥m-[mc CXn¬ hy‡-am-Wv.

(3) aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ `mjyw: C-Xns‚ Nne `mK-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p. _nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨kyqkpwAt¥ym-Iy-bnse Ftâpw CtX∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p.

(4) a‰p-≈h: tdmam-te-J-\-`mjyw, sImdn-t¥m-kp-Im¿s°-gp-XnbteJ-\-ß-fpsS `mjyw, F_m-bteJ-\`mjyw F∂n-h-bpsS Nne i-I-e-ßƒ ItØ-\-I-fn-eqsS e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

3. Bcnb¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ IrXn-Iƒ

(1) \nt£]w (Thesaurus): CXn¬ XnXzw kw_-‘n-®p≈ Bcnb≥XS-k-hm-Z-ßfpw Ah-bpsS JWvU-\-ßfpw ImWmw. Xs‚ Kpcp-hmbAØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ Ime-Sn-I-sf kndn¬ CXn¬ ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂p. IrXn-bpsS aq∂nsemcp`mKw A-Ø-\m-tkym-kns‚ Bcnb¿s°-Xnsc (Con-

tra Arianos)F∂ IrXn-bpsS Bh¿Ø-\-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse ZnZo-ap-kns‚ Fhp-tWm-an-bp-kn-s\-Xnsc F∂ IrXnbpw At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. kndn-ens‚ IrXn-I-fn-te‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hy‡X CXn-\msW∂vt^mknbkv ]d-bp-∂p. At±lw 423-˛\pw 425-˛\pw CS-bv°v CsX-gp-Xn.AXn\p apºpXs∂ (412)FgpXn F∂p ]d-bp-∂-h-cp-ap≠v.

(2) ka-k-Ø-bmb ]cn-ip≤ XnXzw (De Sancta et Consubstantiali

Trinitate): BZy-tØXv Fgp-Xn-b-Xn\v sXm´p-]nsº-bmWv Cu c≠mwBcnb≥ hn-cp-≤-Ir-Xnbpw Fgp-Xn-bXv. At±lw CXv Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c≥s\ta-kn-bq-kn-\v ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xs‚ kvt\ln-X-\mb sl¿an-bm-kp-am-bp≈ Ggv kw`mj-W-ß-fm-Wv C-Xns‚ D≈-S-°w. BZy-Ir-Xn-bpsS35 A[ym-b-ß-sf-°mƒ Iptd-°qSn hy‡n-]-c-amWv Cu Ggv kw`m-j-W-ßƒ.

4. s\kvtXm-dn-b¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ IrXn-Iƒ

(1) s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ ssZh-Zq-j-W-ßƒs°-Xnsc: s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-Xnsc A©v hmey-ß-fn-embn kndn¬ 430-˛¬ Hcp IrXn-sb-gp-Xn.

Xn-Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ 428˛\p tijw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\-Xnscbp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfn-¬ At±lw k¿h-i-≤bpw tIµo-I-cn-®-p.`mjy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ coXn- X-s∂-bmWv At±lw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønse F√m Imcy-ßƒ°pw B¥cn-Im¿YwsImSp-°p∂ Hcn-Ps‚ ho£Ww A∏msS kzoI-cn-®n-√. ]pXnb\nb-a`m-jy-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ hmNym¿Y ][m-\-am-Wv.

1. ]g-b-\n-b-a-`m-jy-ßƒ

(1) Bflm-hnepw kXy-Ønepw ssZhsØ Bcm-[n-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n®v 17 ]pkvX-I-ßƒ (]-©-K-Ÿ-`m-jyw): kndnepw ]√m-Un-bpkpwXΩn-ep≈ kw`m-j-W-am-bn- m-Wn-Xv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn\vcq]-Im¿Yw \¬Im≥ At±lw i≤n-°p-∂p. ]tXyIw sXc-s™-SpØ]©-KŸn `mK-ß-fpsS `mjy-am-Wn-Xv. ]g-b-\n-b-asØ A£-c-Øn¬amXsa I¿Ømhp \o°n-bp-≈p. B¥-cm¿Y-Øn¬ \nbaw Ct∏mgpw\ne-\n¬°p-s∂∂v CXn¬ Im´p-∂p. Acq-]n-bn-ep≈ Bcm-[-\-bpsSap≥Ip-dn-Ifpw kqN-\-I-fp-amWv ]g-b-\n-b-a- ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-∂mWv At±-lØns‚ hmZw. a\p-jy-Ipew F]-Imcw ]m]-Zm-ky-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]nim-Nns‚- ASn-aØØn¬ \n∂pw tamNn-∏n-°-s∏-s´∂v BZy-KŸw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. c≠pw aq∂pw ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ InkvXp-hn-eq-sS-bp≈ \oXo-I-cWw, ssZh-kvt\-lw, ]c-kvt\-lw, ]utcm-ln-Xyw, ssZhm-cm-[-\, blq-Z-cpsS Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ BZn-bm-bh N¿® -sN-øp-∂p. 412˛\pw 420˛\pwCSbv°v CXv Fgp-X-s∏-´p.

(2) •-ôdm: taev]--d™ KŸ-tØmSv At`Zyw _‘-s∏-- -Xm-Wv 13]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Fgp-X-s∏´ Cu IrXn. Bflm-hn-ep≈ Bcm-[-\-bpsSA¿Yw Ip-td-°qSn hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

(3) ]hm-N-I-`mjyw: ]¥≠v sNdnb ]hm-NI-∑m¿°v kndn¬cNn® mjy-amWv D≈-S-°w.˛ a‰v ]e ]g-b-\n-b-a -K-Ÿ-ßƒ°pw At±lw`mjyw Na-s®-¶nepw ItØ-\-I-fn-eqsS Nne iI-e-ßƒ amXta Inń-bn-´p-≈p. cmPm-°-∑m¿, k¶o¿Ø-\w, DØ-a-Ko-Xw, kp`m-jn-X-ßƒ, Pd-anb,Fk-°n-tb¬, Zm\n-tb¬ F∂n-h-bmWv A]-Imcw Inń-bn-´p≈h.

2. ]pXnb \nb-a-`m-jy-ßƒ

(1) tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ `mjyw: XmXzn-Ihpw Xm¿°n-I-hp-amb NmbvhmWv CXn\p-≈-Xv. ]pX≥ ]nXr-k-Ø-bn¬ \n∂p- Xs∂D≈-h-\m-sW∂pw ]nXm-hn\pw ]pX\pw hy‡n-Xz-ap-s≠∂pw kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ \n∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. Bcn-b-kv, Fhp-tWm-an-bkv F∂n-h¿s°-

hn.-kn-dn¬hn.-kn-dn¬

230 231

(7) Xnb-tUm-dn\pw Znb-tZm-dn-\p-sa-Xnsc: 438˛emWn-sX-gp-Xn-b-Xv.Ko°nepw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw \nc-h[n `mK-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

(8) InkvXp GI-\m-Wv: InkvXp-hns‚ hy‡nXzw GI-amsW∂Bibw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

5. Pqen-b-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ hnizm-k-k-a¿Y\w

hnizm-k-Xym-Kn-bmb Pqen-b≥ NI-h¿Øn •oem-b¿s°-XnscFs∂mcp KŸ-sa-gp-Xn, In-kvXp-hn-s\bpw InkvXp-a-X-sØbpw Xmd-Sn-°m≥ apXn¿∂t∏mƒ, AXn-s\-Xn-sc-bmWv Cu IrXn. aX-Xym-Kn-bmbPqen-b-s‚ KŸ-ßƒs°-Xnsc InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]cn-ip≤ aX-Øn-\p-th≠n F∂mWv ]q¿W-amb Xe-s°-´v. Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn-°m-WnXv ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. BZysØ ]Øp IrXn-Iƒ amXta Ko°n¬Ahn-I-e-ambn \ap°v Inń-bn-´p-≈q. Hcn-Ps‚ sN¬kq-kn-s\-Xnsc F∂IrXn-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn®v, AtX coXn-bn-em-Wv C-sX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kndn-¬ CXv At¥ym-Iy-bnse tbml-∂m\v A-b-®p-sIm-SpØp F∂v sskd-knse Xnb-sUm-sd‰v ]d-bp-∂p (te-J-\w,83). an°-hmdpw 433-˛\pw 441˛\pwCS-bv°mWv CsX-gp-Xnb-Xv.

6. t\mºp-Ime teJ-\-ßƒ (]m-kvI¬ IØp-Iƒ)

CuPn-]v‰nse ]mc-º-cyw A\p-k-cn®v kndnepw t\mºp-Im-e-te-J-\-ßƒ Ab-®n-´p-≠v. AØcw 29 FÆw A®-Sn-®n´p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]mkvI¬]kw-K-ßƒ (Homiliae Paschales) F∂ Xe-s°-ń-emWv A®-Sn-®ncn-°p-∂-Xv. t\mºv, D]-hmkw XpS-ßnb ]mtbm-KnI Imcy-ßfmWv N¿® sNøp-∂-sX-¶nepw, A∂sØ k`m-Xe-Ønse X¿°-ß-sfms° IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. ˛403 apX¬ 512 hsc-bp≈ h¿j-ß-fn-te°v kndn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb]mkvI¬ tS_nƒ \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn. kndn-ens‚ BapJw amXw A¿ta-\n-b≥ hnh¿-Ø-\-Øn¬ ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v.

7. ]kw-K-ßƒ

\ap°v 22 ]kw-K-ßƒ Inń-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ NneXv `mKn-I-ambnamXta e`n-®n-´p≈p. hnhn[ ]kw-K-ßƒ (Homiliae Diversae) F∂mWv]km-[-I¿ Ahbv°v sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ t]¿. BZysØ 8 FÆwFt^-tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ (431) kndn¬ sNbvX ]kw-K-ß-fm-Wv.\mem-a-tØXv amXm-hn-s\-∏‰n 431 Pq¨ 23˛27 \v Ft^-tkm-kn¬ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn¬ sNbvX ]kwKamWv. ]Xn-s\m-∂m-atØXv \mem-a-tØ-Xns‚ thsdmcp ]Xn-∏m-Wv.

429˛¬ s\kvtXm-dn-bkv ]kn-≤o-I-cn® ]kw-K-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-am-WnXv.t]sc-SpØv ]d™nńs√-¶nepw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ ]kw-K-k-am-lm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v \nc-h[n D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ CXnep-≠v.

(2) kXy-hn-izmkw: s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ X¿°-ßƒ XpS-ßnb DSs\cmP-k-Z-kn¬ kndn¬ ka¿∏n® aq∂p satΩm-dm-WvU-ß-fm-Wn-h.s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ kzm[o\w cmP-k-Z-kn¬ D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\mWv C]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. H∂v Xnb-tUm-jykv c≠ma≥ NI-h¿Øn-°m-Wv. a‰p-≈-h-bn¬ H∂v A¿tI-Un-b, aco\m F∂o c≠p cmPktlm-Z-cn-Iƒ°pwas‰m∂v ]qƒt°-dnb F∂ aqØ-k-tlm-Z-cn-°pw Fhp-tUm-Ivknb F∂cmP-`m-cybv°pw Bbn-cn°mw F∂v tIk-dn-bm-bnse tbml-∂m≥ (6˛mw\q‰m-≠v) ]d-bp-∂p.

(3) s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]¥≠v im]-ßƒ: skse-Ãn≥ ]m-∏m-bpsS teJ-\-tØm-Sp-IqsS 430-˛¬ CXv s\kvtXm-dn-bkn-\-b-®p. DS-s\- Xs∂ Ahsb \ymbo-I-cn-t°≠ Bhiyw t\cn-´p. AXn-\mbn AØcw aqs∂-Æ-sa-gp-Xn. 1. ]uckvXy saXm-∑m¿s°-Xnsc:kmtamkm-´-bnse A¥-tbmkv kndn-en¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cnkw D∂-bn-®p.CXn\p adp-]-Sn-bm-bn-´m-Wn-Xv. 2. Fhp-Hm-]vkn-b-kn-\p≈ IØv: sskd-knse Xnb-sUm-sd‰v kndn-en¬ GI-kz-`m-h-hmZw Btcm]n-®p. AXn-s\-Xn-sc-bm-Wn-Xv. 3. Xm≥ cNn® 12 im]-ßsf \oXo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v kndn¬aq∂m-aXv Hc-t∏m-fPn IqSn-sb-gpXn: Ft^-tkmkn¬ h®v P-bn-en¬ InS-°p-tºm-ƒ 431 BK-Ãv, sk]vXw-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ F-gp-Xn-. Xs‚ im]-ß-tfm-tcm∂pw thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥ kndn¬ _≤-s∏-Sp-∂p.

(4) cmPm-hn-s\-gp-Xnb At∏m-fPn: Pbn¬ hn-ap-‡-\mbn \mń-se-Øn-b-tijw Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn°v Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-WnXv. Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-en\v apºpw ]nºp-ap≈ Xs‚ ]hr-Øn-Isf CXn¬At±lw \ymbo-I-cn-°p∂p.

(5) GI-Pm-Xs‚ a\p-jym-h-Xmcw kw_-‘n®v: Ko°n¬ Nne iI-e-ßƒ amXta Ah-ti-jn-®n-´p-≈p. eØo≥, A¿ta-\n-b≥, kndn-b≥hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]q¿W-ambn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. InkvXp, AΩm-\p-th¬,tbip F∂o \ma-ß-fpsS A¿∞w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. AXn-\p-tijwInkvXp-hns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb sFIyw -A-]-K-Yn-°p-∂p.

(6) adn-bsØ ssZh-am-Xm-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-°mØh¿s°-Xnsc: CXvkndn-ens‚ IrXn-bm-sW∂v PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Xs‚ IrXn-bn¬ 542-˛¬ ]d-bp-∂p.


232 233

1. ssZh-im-kvX-coXn

kndn-ens‚ Bi-b-ßƒ amX-a-√, ]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xnbpw k`m-X-e-Øn¬kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. Ko°p ]nXm-°-∑m-cp-sS- C-S-bnse kvsImfm-Ãn-°mbnAt±-lsØ IW-°m-°mw. ss__n-fn¬ \n∂p-ff D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw sXfn-hp-Ifpw sIm≠v hmZ-ß-fp-d-∏n-°m≥ At±lw i≤n-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬\n∂v imkvXo-b-ambpw IrXy-ambpw sXfn-hp-Iƒ \nc-Øm≥ XpS-ßn-. ap≥Km-an-Iƒ Aßs\ sNbvsX-¶nepw AXvIrXy-ambn hc-®p-Im-Wn-®Xv At±-latX. IqSm-sX, _u≤nI sXfn-hp-Iƒ IqSn Iqń-t®¿°p∂ coXn XpS-ßn-bXv At±-lam-Wv. kn-dn-en-\p- apºvBcnbcpw As∏m-≈n-\m-cnbcpw Cu coXn kzoI-cn®ncp∂p.

2. InkvXp-imkvXw

kndn-ens‚ IrXn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn¬ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmb hnI-k\w ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. BZy-Ime IrXn-I-sfms°AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ Bh¿Øn-°pI amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv a\p-jym-flm-hn\p th≠X ]m[m-\yw \¬ImsX, hN-\-˛-amw-k (temtKmkvkm¿Ivk v) InkvXp-im-kvX-Øns‚ h‡m-hmbn´mWv At±lw h¿Øn-®Xv.

s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ X¿°-tØm-Sp-IqsS At±-lØns‚ InkvXp-imkvXw hnI-kn-°m≥ XpSßn. lyp-t∏m-Ãm-ÃnIv bqWn-b≥ (hy‡n-]-c-amb sFIyw) F∂ XXzØns‚ ]Nm-c-I-\mbn. AXm-b-Xv, c≠p kz`m-h-ßfpw Ie¿t∏m, t`Ztam IqSmsX Hcp hy‡n-bn¬ tbmPn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hN\w a\p-jy-\n¬ hkn-°-b-√, c≠p kz`m-h-ßfpw XΩn¬[m¿anI_‘w amX-a-√, ]Xyp-X, GI-\mb ssZh-]p-X-\n¬ c≠p kz`m-h-ßfpw Ie¿t∏m, t`Ztam IqSmsX tbmPn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. InkvXp c≠pkz`m-h-ap≈ GIhy‡n-bm-Wv. Bfn¬ \n∂v GI-Xzhpw kz`m-h-Øn¬\n∂v ssZzXhpw D¤-hn-°p-∂p.˛CXv Ae-IvkmÜn-b≥ coXn-bm-Wv.Cu XXzw kndn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®- co-Xn-bn¬ an° A∏-kvtXm-en-I-k-`-I-fpw kzoI-cn-°p∂p. At¥ym-Iy≥ ]›m-Ø-eap≈ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ CtX-kw-KXn ]¿tkm-∏nIv bqWn-b≥ - (hy-‡n-]-c-amb sFIyw) F∂ ]Z-]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- c≠pw kmc-k-Ø-bn¬ H∂p-X-s∂.AXmWv C∂sØ a\-kn-em-°¬.

F∂m¬ kz`mhw (physis) lypt]m-kvX-knkv (hypostasis) F∂o]Z-ßƒ A¿∞-¢n-]vXX IqSm-sX-bmWv kndn-ep-]-tbm-Kn--®sX∂v Nne¿Btcm-]n-®n-cp-∂p. Hcn-SØp kndn¬ ]d-bp∂p: anb ^yqknkv Xq temKpskk¿t°m-sat\/ mia physis tou Logou sesarkomene (teJ\w,46.2).

8. IØp-Iƒ

sP.-]n.ao™v 88 FÆw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw kndn-en-t‚-X√ F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. 17 FÆw a‰p-≈-h¿ kndn-en-\-b-®-Xm-Wv. jzm¿’v ]pXp-Xmbn As©-Æ-Øns‚ Ko°p]Xn∏v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. \mseÆw XnI®pw ]pXn-b-Xm-Wv. H∂v eØo-\n¬ amXw Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. kndn-b≥, tIm]v‰n-Iv, A¿ta-\n-b≥ `mj-I-fnepw IØp-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. A∂sØ kmaqly cmjvSo-bm-¥-co£w Adn-bm≥ Ch klm-bn-°pw.

\memw teJ\w (Epistola Dogmatica) s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-\v kndn-eb®c≠mw IØm-Wv. CXv Ft^-kp-kv Iu¨kn¬ AwKo-I-cn-®p. AhnsSIqSnb 123 saXm-∑m¿ \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-am-W-Øns‚ hymJym-\-ambn CuIØv kzoI-cn-®p. 451-˛¬ setbm ]m∏mbpw CXn-t\mSp tbmPn∏v ]I-Sn-∏n-®p. 451-˛se I¬°-tZm-\nbm kn\Upw 553-˛se tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒkn\Upw Cu Imc-W-Øm¬ CXw-Ko-I-cn-®p.

kndn¬ 430-˛¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-\-b® aq∂mw IØv (te-J\w,17)Ipsd ]iv\-ßƒ krjvSn®p. 12 im-]-ßfpw IØns‚ ]tXyIssienbpw X¿°-ßƒ°p Imc-W-am-bn. at‰ IØn\p Inńb kzmKXwFt^-tkm-kn¬ CXn\p e`n-®n-√. F¶nepw Iu¨kn-ens‚ \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ CXpw tN¿°-s∏-´p. ]n¬°m-eØv CXn\pw AwKo-Imcw e`n-®p.

teJ\w 39 FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ IØv F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. kndn¬433-˛¬ At¥ym-Iy-bnse tPmWn-\-b-®-Xm-Wn-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv Symbolum

Ephesinum F∂pw Laetentur CaeliëF∂pw CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn.At¥ym-Iy-°mcpw Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b°mcpw XΩn¬ sFIy-Øn¬ F-Øn-t®¿∂-Xn¬ kndn¬ k¥pjvSn ]I-Sn-∏n®p sIm≠v Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv.Im¬kn-U¨ kn\Uv Cu IØv AwKo-I-cn®p.

ssZh-imkvXw

kndn-ens‚ ka-Im-en-I-\mb ske-Ãn≥ ]m∏m (422-˛32) kndn-ens\ItØm-en°m hnizm-k-Øns‚ DØa kwc-£-I≥ (Bonus Fidei

Catholicae Defensor), A∏-kvtXm-enI a\p-jy≥ (Vir Apostolicus), kpk-ΩX ]ptcm-ln-X≥ (Probatissimus Sacerdos) F∂n-ßs\ hnfn-°p-∂p. ac-W-tijw At±-l-Øns‚ JymXn hf-sc- h¿≤n-®p. InkvXp-imkvXwkw_-‘n®v Ah-km\ hm°mbn kndn-ens\ Ko°p-k` AwKo-I-cn-®p.A\-kvXm-tkymkv 7˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ At±-lsØ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS apZ(Seal of the Fathers) F∂p hnfn-®p. tdma≥ Xncp-kwLw 1882-˛¬ At±-l-Øn\v k`m-a¬∏m≥ (Doctor Ecclesiae) F∂ ÿm\-\maw \¬In.


234 235

A[ymbw 25

CuPn]v‰nse k\ymk]nXm-°-∑m¿

ssIkvX-h k\ymk-]-ÿm\w CuPn-]vXn-emWp XpS-ßn-b-Xv. sl√-\nI temI-Ønse XmXzn-I-c√; Ko°v Bi-b-ßƒ eh-te-i-ta-imØss\¬ Xoc-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p AXn-\m-cw`w Ipdn-®-Xv. InkvXob ]t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬ Dd-™p-In-S∂ Bi-b-ß-fn¬ ASn-bp-d®v Ah¿ Bi-a-]-ÿm\w XpS-ßn. CuPn-]vXn¬ k\ym-k-]-ÿm\w XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-apºpw k\ym-k-Po-hn-Xw \bn-°p-∂-h¿ k`-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m-eXv hy‡n-I-fm-bn´pw kmaq-ly- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ Pohn-®p-sIm≠pw Bbn-cp-∂p. ]pXnb ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ h‡m-°ƒ temI-Øn¬ \n-t∂m-Sn-b-I∂v GIm-¥-X-bn¬ A`bw ]m]n®p.

A°m-esØ kml-Ncyw AXn-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. tUjykns‚ aX-a¿Z-\- Im--eØv (250) At\-I¿ acp-`q-an-I-fn¬ A`bw tXSn.Nne-¿ A-hnsS Iptd-\mƒ Xßn (F-hp.-k-`m.6,42). a‰p- Nn-e-cm-I-s´, GIm-¥hpw ]mh-\-hp-amb PohnXw \bn-°m≥ AhnsS ÿnc-Xm-a-k-°mcm-°n. Ah-cmWv Bi-a]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ apt∂m-Sn-Iƒ.

k` cmjvSo-b-ambn kzmX¥yw ]m]n-®-t∏mƒ Hcp-Xcw euIm-b-Xn-IXzwík`-bn-seßpw ImW-s∏-´p. AXn-t\m-Sp≈ FXn¿∏m-bn-´mWvBi-a-]-ÿm\w hym]-I-am-bXv. km¿h-Xn-I-ambn hf¿∂p-h∂ euIm-b-Xn-IXzw temI-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ Hm´whgn \nb-¥n-X-am-bn.

Bcw-`-Z-i-bn¬ Bi-a-]-ÿm\w ]T-\-ß-tfmsS√mw hn]-Xn-]-Øn-Im-ń-bn-cp-∂p. hnizm-khpw XXz-im-kvXhpw XΩn-ep≈ tbmPn-∏n-°epwHØp-tN¿°epw Ah¿ CjvS-s∏-ń-√. InkvXp-a-Xhpw sl√-\nkhpwXΩn¬ Hcp _‘hpw Ah¿ I≠n-√. Nne k\ym-kn-Iƒ Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ hnZym-]m-T-im-e-tbm-Sv, ]tXy-In®v Hcn-P-t\m-Sv, ISpØ hntcm[w

AXns‚ A¿∞w Ah-X-cn® hN-\-Øns‚ GI-kz-`m-hw. F∂m¬^yqkn-kv (-kz-`m-hw) F∂-Xp-sIm≠v kndn-ep-t±-in-®-Xv GI-hy-‡nXzwF∂m-Wv.

Cu ]tbm-K-Øns‚ Bcw-`-I≥ eh-Zo-Iy-bnse As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-km-Wv. At±lw kz`m-hhpw (physis) hy‡n-Xzhpw (person) XmZm-fly-s∏SpØn I≠-bm-fm-Wv. ta¬]-d™ ssien hn.-A-Ø-\m-tkym-kn¬\n∂p hs∂∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-®mWv kndn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. AXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ kndn¬ ]d™p: InkvXp-hn¬ Hcp kz`m-hta D≈p. tbmPn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp c≠p kz`mhw (duo physeis); tbmPn-®p-I-gn™v H∂v (mia

physis). AXm-b-Xv, Cu `mKØp kndn-en\v hy‡-X-bp-s≠-¶nepw tIƒhn-°m¿°v hy‡X Ipd-hmWv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Nne¿ kndn-en¬ As∏m-≈n-\m-cn-khpw GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zhpw Btcm-]n-®-Xv. CXn-s\-Xn-scbpwkndnen\v Fgp-tX-≠n-h-∂p. I¬°-tZm-\nb kn\-Un-emWv (451) Cu]t_m-[\w Gsd hy‡-am-b-Xv. AXm-bXv c≠p kz`m-h-ßfpw Hcphy‡n-bn¬ ktΩ-fn-°p-∂p (duo physeis hen prosopon kai mian hypostasin).

3. I\y-I-a-dnbw

kndn¬ adn-bsØ sXsbm-tXm-tImkv (ssZ-h-am-Xm-hv) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. hN-\-amb ssZh-Øns‚ AΩ F∂p-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ 433-˛sesFIy-t^m¿ap-e-bn¬ kndn¬ kΩ-Xn-®p. ssZh-am-Xmhv (sX-sbm-tXmtIm-kv) F∂p ]d-™m¬ Ah-X-cn® tbip-hns‚ AΩ F∂m-W¿∞w.˛adn-b-Øn¬ P∑-]m-]-Øns‚ em©-\- t]m-ep-an-√. hnhn[ hnti-j-W-ß-fm¬ kndn¬ adn-bsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p (]-kw-Kw, 4).

InkvXp GI-hy-‡n-bmWv F∂ Ncn-X-kXyw Db¿-Øn-°m-´m≥kndn¬ A[zm-\n-®p. k¿h-i-‡nbpw AXn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-®p. ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ kndn¬ sNbvX kw`m-h\ henb apX¬°q-´m-Wv. B[p-\nI ImesØ kss`-Iy-N¿®-I-fn¬ InkvXp-imkvXw kw_-‘n®v kndn-ens‚ hymJym-\-amWv ASn-ÿm-\-]-am-W-ambn k`-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv.

hn.-kn-dn¬

236 237

AI-se-b-√mØ Hcp ÿeØv FIm-¥-Po-hnXw \bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. ]Xn-\-©p -h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw 35-˛mw hb-kn¬ At±lw ]nkv]n¿ F∂ÿe-Øv, Dt]-£n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ Hcp tIm´-bn¬ Xm]k-Po-hnXw Bcw-`n-®p. 25 h¿j-tØmfw AhnsS Xma-kn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ amXrI A\p-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v At\-I¿ At±-l-Øn\p Np‰pwIqSn GIm-¥-Po-hnXw XpS-ßn. Aßs\ henb kaq-l-ßƒ Xs∂ D≠m-Im≥ XpS-ßn. \nXn-b,tjXv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse kaq-l-ß-fm-tW‰hpw ]kn-≤w. At¥mWntbmkv Ah-cpsS t\Xm-hm-sb-¶nepw GIm-¥-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Xs∂- Ign-™p-Iq-Sn. At¥m-Wn-bpsS injycpw GIm-¥-Po-hn-X-°m-cmbn Pohn-®p.sN¶-S-en-\-Sp-Øp≈ tImƒknw ae-bn¬ h®v 356-˛¬ 105-˛mw hb- n¬At±lw acn-®p.

Znhy-⁄m-\-ap≈ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p At±lw F-∂mWv AØ-\m-tkymkv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. At±lw Fgp-Øpw hmb-\bpw ]Tn®n-ń-s√-¶nepw, Ir]-bmepw a\-xkw-kvI-c-W-Ømepw \nd-™-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p.ssZh-Øn-\mbn \nc-¥cw Pohn-®p-sIm≠v ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ Znhy-⁄m\w kºm-Zn-®p. ]IrXn At±-l-Øns‚ DØa Kpcq-hmbn-cp-∂p.F∂m¬ a‰p k\ym-kn-I-tfmSpw NI-h¿Øn-am-tcmSpw IØp-IƒhgnAt±lw kº¿°w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. Nne IØp-IfpsS hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn-´p-≠v. kzbw Adn-bpI F∂-XmWv k\ym-kn-bpsS H∂m-asØ [¿asa∂v At¥mWn DZv-t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p. kzbw Adn-bp-∂-h≥ ssZh-sØ- A-dn-bm≥ i‡-\m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. \ap°p \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ssZh-Ir-]sb Adn-bp-I-bmWv kzbw Adn-hv. XpS¿∂v ssZhwhgn-\-S-Øp∂ hnhn-[ -L-´-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]tem-`-\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Hs°-bp≈ ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒ IØp-I-fn¬ ImWmw. At¥m-Wn-bpsS \nbawF∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IrXn At±-l-Øn-t‚-X-√. hn.-A-Ø-\m-tkymkvAtX-∏‰n H∂pw ]d-bp-∂n-√. Bi-a-Po-hnXw XpS-ßn-b-hsc AXn-¬ D-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw a‰p-≈-hsc AXn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ktΩ-f-\-ßƒkwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ At±lw X¬∏-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn-¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]kwK-k-am-lmcw At±-l-Øn-t‚-X√. hn.-A-Ø-\m-tkymkv \¬Ip∂ Hcp N¿®m-kw-Klw amXta At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xmbn´p≈p.

2. AtΩm-Wmkv

At¥m-Wntbmkns‚ ac-W--tijw ]n-kv]n-dnse GIm-¥-hm-kn-I-fpsS Iq´w AtΩm-Wmkv F∂ k\ym-k-h-cys‚ t\Xr-Øn-embn. At¥m-Wn-tbmkns‚ BZy-in-jy-cn-¬ H-cm-fm-W-t±-lw. At±-l-Øns‚ Ggv IØp-Iƒ Ko°nepw ]Xn\©v IØp-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw Inń-bn-´p-≠v. Ae-

]pe¿Øn. F∂m¬ Cu FXn¿∏v A[n-I-\mƒ \o≠p-\n-∂n-√. hnZym-`ym-k-tØmSpw hn⁄m\- k-ºm-Z-\-tØmSpw IqSp-X¬ A\p-I-ºm-]q¿W-amb \bw Ah¿ kzoI-cn-®p- Xp-S-ßn. k\ym-kn-I-fp-sS- C-S-bn¬ \nc-h[n Fgp-Øp-Im¿ D≠m-bn. Ah¿ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp kmln-Xy-imJhf¿Øn-sb-Sp-Øp. k\ymk \nb-a-ßfpw B[ym-flnI ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßfpwacp- q-an-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS B[ym-flnI sNm√p-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-ßfpwBfl-I-Ym-I-Y-\-ßfpw, Bflob Pohn-X-k-lm-bn-I-fmb IrXn-I-fpw ]kw-K-ßfpw IØp-I-fpw Ah-cpsS Xqen-I-bn¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øp-h-∂p.

XpS¿∂v XnI®pw Bi-a-]-c-amb Pohn-X-km-l-Ncyw hc-®p-Im-´p∂IrXn-I-fpsS N´-°q-ń¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp -I-S-∂v, ]WvUn-tXm-Nn-X-amb teJ-\-ßƒ hnc-Nn-X-am-bn. Ah¿ ssZh-im-kvX-]-c-ambpw Ncn-X-]-c-ambpw]m[m-\y-ap≈ IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®p. ]e Bi-a-ßfpw Io¿Øn-tI´ ]T-\-tI-µ-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

CuPn-]v‰nse k\ym-ksØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-W-ßƒ Gdn-b -]¶pwk\ym-kmw-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv \mw Kln-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-tb≠ c≠p aq∂p tcJ-Ifp≠v. H∂v, slte-t\m-s∏mfo-knse saXm-\mb ]√m-Un-b-kns‚ eukn-bmIv Ncn-X-am-W v. c≠m-a-tØXv CuPn-]vjy≥ k\ym-kn-I-fpsS NcnXw F∂ KŸ-am-Wv. AXns‚ I¿ØmhvB-sc-∂-dn-bn-√. dqô-\kv AXp eØo-\n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.skmIm-´kpw skmtkm-a\pw k\ym-kn-I-sf-∏‰n hnh-cw \¬Ip-∂p.AXp-t]mse ]nXr-kq-‡-ßƒ F∂ Ir-Xn-bpsS Nne mK-ßfpw AØ\m-tkymkv Fgp-Xnb At¥m-Wn-tbm-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xhpw hfsc klm-b-I-am-Wv.

CuPn-]v‰n¬ Bi-a-]-ÿm\w c≠p coXn-bn¬ ]N-cn-®p. H∂m-a-tØXv GIm-¥-Po-hnXw ˛ B≥s°m-dn-‰nkw AYhm sl¿an-‰nkw. c≠m-a-tØXv kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw ˛ skt\m-_n-‰nkw AYhm samWm-Ãn-knkw.sl¿an-‰n-k-amWv BZyw XpS-ßn-b-Xv.

1. At¥m-Wn-tbmkv (250-˛356)

CuPn-]vXn¬ GIm-¥ -k-\ym-k-]-ÿm\w XpS-ßn-bXv hn.-A-t¥m-Wn-tbmkm-Wv. Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnse AØ-\m-tkymkv At¥m-Wn-tbmkns‚ PohN-cnXw FgpXn. (A-Xns‚ ae-bm-f- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v:Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- k-\ym-k-Øns‚ A¥¿[m-c,-tIm-´-bw,19922)

a[yCuPn-]v‰nse tImam-bn¬ 250-˛¬ At±lw P\n-®p. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ- acn-®-t∏mƒ D≈-sX√mw ]mh-ßƒ°v \¬In. `h-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v

CuPn]v‰nse k\ymk]nXm-°-∑m¿CuPn]v‰nse k\ymk]nXm-°-∑m¿

238 239

A-Xn\v Ptdmw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ t]cv. 56 A[ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn k\ym-kn-I-fpsS I¿Ø-hy-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

5. Xnb-tUm¿ (+368)

tlm¿kn-sb-kn-bpsS kl-]-h¿Ø-I-\mb Xnb-tUm¿ hf-sc-b-[nIw Ign-hp-I-fp≈ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ ka-Im-en-I-cp-sS-sb√mwA`n-\-µ-\-Øn-\v A-t±lw ]mX-am-bn. ]t°m-an-b≥ kaql--Øn¬ D-S-se-SpØ Ielw ian-∏n-°m≥ Xnb-tUm-dn\p I-gn-™p. At±lw ]e ]pXnbkaq-l-ßfpw XpS-ßn. 368 G]n¬ 27\v At±lw acn-®p. 18 h¿j-tØmfwAt±lw A[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Xnb-tUm-dns‚ aq∂p IØp-I-sf-∏‰nP∂m-Un-bkv ]d-bp-∂p- (a-lZv. 8˛9). Ptdm-ans‚ hnh¿Ø-\-ØneqsSHscÆw \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Ad omnia monasteria de pascha F∂m-W-Xns‚ t]cv.

6. CuPn-]vXnse a°m-cn-bpkv

tjØnse k\ym-k-k-aqlw XpS-ßn-bXv At¥m-Wn-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-\mb AtΩm-≥ B-sW-¶n-epw, AXnse ]i-kvX-\mb t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p CuPn-]vXnse a°m-cn-bpkv. a°m-cn-bpkv Zn F¬U¿ F∂pw ëalm-\mb a°m-cn-bqkvíF∂pw C-t±lw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CuPn-]vXnse k\ym-k-]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn-\v D-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\-sØ-∏‰n ]√m-Un-bkpw (eu-knbmIv Ncn-Xw,17) dpô-\kpw (k-\ymkNcn-Xw,28) “As∏m-^v-sX-Kv-am-Xm ]mXpw”íF∂ IrXnbpw kqNn∏n°p∂p. DØc CuPn-]vXnse Hcp Kma-Øn¬ 300-˛¬ a°m-cn-bpkv P\n-®p. ap∏Xmw hb- n¬sjXnse acp-`q-an-bn¬ GIm¥Pohn-Xw XpSßn. 60 h¿jw AhnsS Xma-kn-®p. At±-l-Øn\v Np‰pw \nch[n injy-∑m¿ -Iq-Sn. At±lw hfscthKw injy∑m-cpsS hnizmkw B¿Pn-°p-Ibpw kpIr-X-Øns‚ DØa-am-Xr-I-bmbn Xocp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 40 hb-km-b-t∏mƒ tcmK-im-¥n-h-chpw `mhn-Im-cy-ßƒ A-dn-bm-\p≈ hchpw At±-l-Øn\p e`n-®p.k\ym-kn-I-fpsS ]nXm-hmb At¥m-Wntbmkns\ a°m-cn-bpkv ]e]mhiyw kµ¿in-®n-´p-≠v. hm¿[-Iy-ImeØv a°m-cn-bq-kns\ Bcn-b≥_nj-∏mb eqNn-bkv ss\¬ \Zn-bnse Hcp Zzo]nte°v \mSp-I-S-Øn.F∂m¬ A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX At±lw XncnsI hcn-Ibpw 390˛\papºv acn-°bpw sNbvXp. ]e IrXn-Ifpw a°m-cn-bq-kn-t‚-Xmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-. ]√m-Un-bp-tkm, dpô-\-tkm, a°m-cn-bq-kns‚ IrXn-I-sf-∏‰nH∂pw ]d-bp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ ]n¬°me Isø-gpØp ]Xn-I-fn¬ ]e samgn-Ifpw IØp-I-fpw ]m¿Y-\-I-fpw ]`m-j-W-ß-fpw Ir-Xn-Ifpw At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xmbn ImWp-∂p-. 50 B[ym-flnI ]`m-j-W-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Ivkm-WvUn-b≥ Nn¥mssien Ah-bn¬ ImWm-\n-√. AXp-t]mse]n¬°me k\ym-kn-I-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ah hyXy-kvXhpam-bn-cp-∂p.

3. ]t°m-an-bkv (290-˛346)

CuPn-]v‰ns‚ hS-°≥ ]hn-iy-I-fn¬ GIm-¥-Po-hn-X-°m-cmbk\ym-kn-Iƒ k\ym-k-]-ÿm\w XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ sX°≥ ]hn-iy-I-fn¬ ]t°m-an-bkv F∂ k\ym-kn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-°m-cmb k\ym-kn-Iƒ h¿[n-®p-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn. AssI-kvXh amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬\n∂p P\n® ]t°m-an-bkv 20-˛mw hb- n¬ InkvXym-\n-bmbn. ]tetam≥ F∂ Xm]-ks‚ IqsS Iptd-\mƒ Pohn-®p. H∂m-asØ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-tIµw (sk-t\m-_n-bw) Xs_-∂o-knbn¬ 320-˛¬XpS-ßn. ss\ens‚ he-Øp-`m-KØv tX_mbvUv Xoc-ØmWv Xs_-∂okn.AXn\pw ]pdsa ]pcp-j-∑m¿°mbn F´pw kvXoIƒ°mbn c≠pw `h-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn. Ah-bpsS s]mXp-]n-Xm-hmbn Pohn-®p.

s]mXp-Po-hn-Xhpw k\ym-kn-I-fp-sS C-S-bn-ep≈ kvt\l\n¿`-c-ambIq´m-bvabpw krjvSn-°m-≥ A-t±lw ]cn-i-an-®p. BZy-\n-b-a-ßƒ kmaq-lym-cq-]n-, Zmcn-Zyw, sFI-cq-]yw, A\p-k-c-W-w F∂nh kw_-‘n-®m-Wv. ]t°m-an-b-kns‚ Bdv Poh-N-cnXßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. F-gp-Xs∏Sp-∂-Xn-\p- apºv k\ymk kaq-l-ß-fn¬ Ah hmNn-I-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ \nb-am-h-en- ]n¬°me k\ymk\nbaZm-Xm-°ƒs°√mw amXr-I-bm-bn- Xo¿∂p. ]√m-Un-b-kns‚ hnh-c-W-a-\p-k-cn®v (eu-knbmIv Ncn-Xw,32,1) Hcp ZqX≥ ]t°m-an-b-kn\v Cu\nb-am-hen ]d-™p- sIm-Sp-Øp. Ptdmw CXns‚ eØo≥ hnh¿Ø\wD≠m-°n. AtXmsSm-∏w, k\ym-kn-Iƒ°v ]t°m-an-bkv sImSpØ D]-tZ-i-ßfpw ]Xn-s\m∂v IØp-Ifpw Ptdmw tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.

4.-tlm¿kn-sbkn (+380)

]t°m-an-bkv acn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv s]tXm-Wn-bp-kns\ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn \nb-an-®p. F∂m¬ At±lw c≠p amkta Pohn-®p-≈p. AXn-\p-tijw tlm¿kn-sbkn k\ymk kaq-l-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In. Bi-a-hm-kn-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn h¿≤n-®p. 350-˛¬ kaq-l-Øn¬ ]bm-k-ß-fp-≠m-b-t∏mƒ At±lw Xnb-tUm-dns\ klm-bn-bm-bn \nb-an-®p. Ptdm-ans‚eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-tØm-sSm∏w tlm¿kn-sb-kn-bpsS sNdn-sbmcpIrXnbpw tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. Doctrina de institutione monachorum F∂m-Wv


240 241

flnI Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mbn At±-lsØ IW-°m-°mw. Ing°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ap≈ k\ym-kn-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fmbnhmbn®v ]Tn®n-cp∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv \nc-h[n alm-∑m-cn¬ At±-l-Øns‚kzm[o\w Zriy-amWv. ]√m-Un-b-kv, tPm¨ ¢n-am-°p-kv, slko-°n-bp-kv, hnizm-k-km-£n-bmb amIvkn-ap-kv, \ntk‰mkv kvsXØm-tØmkv,am_p-Knse ôsem-Ivko-t\m-kv, \n\n-th-bnse Ck-lm-°v, tPm¨ _¿I¬Zq≥, _¿ F_-mbm, tPm¨ Im n-b≥ F∂n-h¿ Ah-cn¬ ][m-\n-I-fm-Wv. Fhm-Kn-b≥ anÃn-knkw \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Nne IrXn-I-fpsS iI-e-ß-sfm-gn®v Ko°n-ep≈ an°IrXn-Ifpw \jvS-s∏- p. dpô-\-kn-s‚bpw P∂m-Un-b-kn-s‚bpw eØo≥hn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw kndn-b≥, A¿ta-\n-b≥, Ad-_n-, FtXym-]y≥hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn-ep-ambn IrXn-Iƒ an°Xpw Inń-bn- p-≠v. a‰p NneXp t_kn-en-s‚bpw A≥ko-dm-bnse \oeq-kn-s‚bpw IrXn-I-fpsS IqsSbp-≠v.

(1) B‚n-sd-ń-t°mkv : B‚n-sd-ń-t°mkv Fs∂mcp KŸw Fhm-Kn-bkv Fgp-Xn-sb∂v skmIm-´kv (k-`m.4,23) ]d-bp-∂p. ]co-£n-°p∂Acq-]n-Iƒs°-Xn-sc thZ-]p-kvXI hmIy-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v F´p `mK-ß-fmbn CXn¬ Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. P∂m-Un-bkpw CtX-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p-(a-lZv.11). ]co-£W hnt[-b-\m-b-t∏mƒ I¿Ømhv thZ-]p-kvX -hm-Iy-ßƒ D-≤-cn®v ]nim-Nns\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xns‚ amXr-I-bn-em-Wv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. P∂m-Un-bkv CXv eØo-\n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.F∂m¬ Ko°p- aq-e-Ir-Xnbpw Cu eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\hpw \jvS-s∏-´p.kpdn-bm-\n, A¿ta-\n-b≥ ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ Cu IrXn ]q¿Wambn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. k\ym-knsb Ae- p∂ F´v Aip-≤m-cq-]n-I-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv F´p ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn N¿®. t`mP-\-]n-bw, hy`n-Nm-cw, Zhym-K-lw, ss\cm-iyw,ipWvTn, k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-tØm-Sp≈ aSp-∏v, \njvIn-b-Xzw, Hu≤Xyw F∂n-h-bmWv AjvSm-cq-]n-Iƒ.

(2) k\ymkn (Monachikos) : k\ymkn F∂ t]cn¬ c≠p `mK-ß-fp≈ Hcp IrXn Fhm-Kn-bkv FgpXnbn-´p-≠v. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬(Praktikos) \qdv hmN-I-ß-fp-≠v. c≠mw `mKw (Gnostikos) A≥]Xv hmN-I-ß-fpw. c≠mw`mKw Ko°nepw H∂mw `mKw kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep-ambn Inń-bn-´p-≠v. dpô-\-kpw P∂m-Un-b-kpw D≠m-°nb eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ \jvS-s∏-´p. At¥m-Wntbmkv, CuPn-]vXnse a°m-cn-bq-kv, AØ-\m-tkym-kv, skdm-]n-tbm≥, ZnZo-aq-kv, t_kn¬ F∂n-h-cpsS samgn-I-fm-Wv C-Xnse D≈-S-°w. (]m‡n-t°m-kns‚ ae-bm-f-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v:Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿-˛3, -tIm-´-bw,200,-t]-Pv,148-˛179).

7. Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bnse a°m-cn-bpkv(+394)

At±lw CuPn-]vXnse a°m-cn-bp-kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn-cp∂p.]h-N-\-h-c-hpw ZpjvSm-cq-]n-Isf Hgn-°m-\p≈ hchpw At±-l-Øn-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 300-˛\p aptº P\n-®p. 394-˛¬ acn®p. 335-˛¬ sI√nbmacp-`q-an-bn¬ Xmakw XpS-ßn. a°m-cn-bp-kns\ Chn-sS- h-®mWv ]√m-Un-bkv Im-Wp-∂-Xv. a°m-cn-bp-kns‚ B[ym-flnI Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n ]√m-Un-bkv hnh-cn-°p-∂p. a°m-cn-bpkv sshZn-I-\m-bn-cps∂∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±-lØns‚ IrXn-I-sf-∏-‰n ]√m-Un-bpkv ]d-bp-∂n-√. an°-hmdpwAt±lw H∂pw Xs∂ Fgp-Xn-°m-Wm-\n-S-bn-√. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ sNm√p-Ifpw ]kw-K-ß-fpw \nb-a-ßfpw At±-l-Øn-t‚-X√ F∂p-thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥.

8. t]m≥Xp-knse Fhm-Kn-b-kv (+399)

c≠v a°m-cn-bp-kn-s‚bpw injy-\mWv Fhm-Kn-b-kv. t]m≥Xp-knseCt_m-d-bn¬ P\n-®-Xp-sIm≠v t]m≥Xp-knse Fhm-Kn-bkv (F-hm-Kn-bkv t]m¥n-°p-kv) F∂v At±lw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p (skm-Im-´kv,k`m.4.23). alm-\mb t_kn¬ At±-lsØ hm-b-\-°m-c\mbn \nb-an-®p. KnKdn \kym≥k≥ Uo°-\m-°n. 381-˛se tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒkn\-Un¬ \kym≥k-t\m-sSm∏w At±lw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb hmZ-K-Xn -I-fn¬ \n]p-W-≥ B-bn-cp -∂-Xn -\m¬ÿesØ saXm-\mb s\‡m-cn-bpkv Fhm-Kn-b-kns\ Xs‚ klm-bn-bm°n. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse hmkw Xs‚ kpIr-X-Po-hn-X-Øn\v XS- -am-sW∂p I≠v BZyw Pdp-k-te-an-te°pw ]ns∂ AhnsS \n∂v CuPn-]vXn-te°pw t]mbn. \nXn-b≥ ae-I-fn¬ c≠p h¿jw A⁄m-X-hmkwIgn-®p. AXn-\p-tijw sI√nb acp-`q-an-bn¬ k\ymkw Bcw-`n-®p.AhnsS 14 h¿jw Pohn-®p. Ahn-sS -h-®mWv c≠p a°m-cn-bq-kp-am-cp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm-≥ A-t±-l-Øn\p km[n-®-Xv; KŸ-c-N-\ -hgn D]-Po-h-\-am¿Kw t\Sn F∂v injy-\mb ]√m-Un-bkv ]d-bp-∂p (eu-knbmIvN-cn-Xw, 38,10) Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bnse sXtbm-^n-ekv Fhm-Kn-b-kns\saXm-\m-°m≥ BK-ln-®-t∏mƒ At±lw hgn-s∏-ń-√. At±lw 54-˛mwhb- n¬ 399- ¬ acn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

InkvXob `‡n-kw-h¿≤-I-ß-fmb \nc-h[n IrXn-I-sf-gp-XnbBZysØ k\ymkn Fhm-Kn-b-km-Wv. samWm-ÃnIv anÃn-knkØns‚I¿Øm-hmWv At±lw. CuPn-]vjy≥ acp-`q-an-bnse G‰hpw \√ B[ym-


242 243

\¬In. Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw sUmtdm-sX-bqkv F∂ k\ym-knsbG¬]n-®p. s\mho-tjy‰v coXn-bn-ep≈ ]cn-io-e\w At±l-Øns‚ IqsS\S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬390˛¬ \nXn-bm-bn-te°pw ]n∂oSv sN≈n-bm-bn-te°pw t]mbn. sN≈n-bm-bn¬ BZyw a°m-cn-bqkns‚ IqsSbpw ]n∂oSv Fhm-Kn-b-kns‚IqsSbpw H≥]Xp h¿jw Xma-kn-®p. ho≠pw BtcmKyw XI-cm-dn-em-b-t∏mƒ ]e-kvXo-\m-bn¬ t]mIm≥ kplr-Øp-°ƒ t]cn-∏n-®p. ]√m-Un-bkv 400- m-am-≠n¬ _nYo-\n-bm-bnse slte-t\ms∏mfo-knse saXm-\mbn.Hcn-P-\nÃv X¿°-ß-fn¬ AXn-thKw IpSp-ßn. 405˛¬ tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-an-\p-th≠n hmZn-°m≥ At±lw tdman-te°v bmX sNbvXp. ]nt‰-h¿jw A¿t°-Un-bkv NI-h¿Øn At±-lsØ DØ-c- Cu-Pn-]vXn-te°v\mSp-I-S-Øn.. 412-/13˛¬ XncnsI hcm≥ A\p-hmZw Inń. At∏mƒ Kem-Xy-bnse Akv]q\m cq]-X-bpsS saXm-\m-bn. 431˛se Ft^tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-kn\p sXm´p-apºv acn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

(i) eukn-bmIv NcnXw : ]√m-Un-b-kns‚ G‰hpw henb IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. Xnb-tUm-jykv c≠m-a≥ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS sIm´m-c-ØnsetNw_¿sse-\m-bn-cp∂ eukp-kn\mWv CXv ka¿∏n-®ncn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv eukn-bmIv NcnXw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CuPn-]v‰v, ]e-kvXo-\m, kndn-bm, Gjym-ssa-\¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ D≠mbk\ym-k-]-ÿm-\-ß-sf-∏‰n CXv hnh-cn-°p-∂p. t\cn´v I≠-dn™ kwK-Xn-Ifpw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂p tI´ hnh-c-W-ßfpw H∂n-®p- tN¿ØmWvAt±lw 419/20˛¬ CXv F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IY-Ifpw kw`-h-ßfpw \nc-Øn- h-®n-cn-°p-∂p. IYm-cq-]-Øn¬ ]eXpw ImW-s∏-Sp-sa-¶nepw, At±lwt\cn v I≠h bmYm¿Yy-ß-f-s√∂v hcp-∂n-√. eØo-\n-te°pw ]uc-kvXy-`m-j-I-fn-te°pw CXv hfsc thKw hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´p. dpô-\-km-Wvv eØo-≥ hnh¿Ø\w \S-Øn-b-Xv (a-e-bmf hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, -]m-No-\-k-\ym-k-N-cn-Xw,- tIm-´-bw,1992).

(2) hn.-tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ PohNcnXw : hn]-hm-k-Øn¬Bbn-cn-°ptºmƒ (408) tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ Pohn-XsØ kw_-‘n®v kw`m-j-W-ssi-en-bn¬ Hcp IrXn-sb-gp-Xn. Inskm-kvtXm-ans\kw_-‘n®v hf-sc IrXy-amb hnh-cWw CXp \¬Ip-∂p. tπt‰m-bpsSt^tUm-bpsS amXr-I-bn-em-Wv C-sX-gp-Xnbn-cn°p-∂-Xv.

(3) C≥Uy-bnse Bfp-I-sf-°p-dn®pw _m“-W-sc-°p-dn®pw : CXn\v\mep `mK-ß-fp-≠v. CXn¬ H∂m-a-tØXp amXta ]√m-Un-bkv Fgp-Xn-

(3) k\ym-kn-Iƒ°pw k\ym-kn-\n-Iƒ°p-ap≈ IÆmSn: Cu Xe-s°-ń¬ 50 hmN-I-ßƒ Ko°p aqe-Øn¬ Inń-bn-´p-≠v. dpô-\kv AheØo-\n-te°v X¿Pa sNbvXp.

(4) Kvt\m-ÃnIv ]iv\-ßƒ (Problema Gnostica) 600 hmN-I-ß-fpsSkam-lm-c-am-Wn-Xv. 100 hoX-ap≈ 6 ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Ah Xncn-®n-cn-°-bm-Wv. Ah sk≥Nyp-dokv (Centuries) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ko°p-IrXn\jvS-s∏-s´-¶nepw kpdn-bm-\n, A¿ta-\n-b≥ hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. XmXzn-I˛-B-[ym-flnI kz`m-h-ap≈ ]iv\-ßƒ CXn¬ N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-Wv.

(5) -]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n (Peri Proseuches): A≥ko-dm-bnse \oeq-kns‚IrXn-I-fpsS IqsS ImWp∂ ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n F∂ IrXn Fhm-Kn-b-kn-s‚-Xm-Wv. (a-e-bm-f-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, -]m¿Y\ k`-bn¬,-tIm-´bw,1993,-t]-Pv,202˛231).

(6) De malignis cogitationibus: \oeq-kns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS IqsS-bm-WnXpw ImWp-∂Xv .

(7) Fhp-tfm-Kn-bpkv k\ym-kn°v.

(8) ]m¿Yn-°m-\p≈ D]-tZiw: kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS- CXve`n-®n-´p-≠v. (ae-bm-f- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- ]m¿Y\ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bn¬,- tIm-´-bw,1991,-t]-Pv,62-˛70).

(9) thZ-]p-kvXI `mjy-ßƒ: `mjy-ß-fnepw Hcn-P-\m-Wv At±-l-Øns‚- Kpcp. samgn-I-fm-bn-´mWv hmIy-ß-sf-√mw. k¶o¿Ø-\w, ]`m-j-I≥, tPm_vv, eqt°m-kv, F∂n-h-bvs°√mw At±lw `mjy-ß-sf-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

(10) IØp-Iƒ: kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ 67 IØp-Iƒ Inń-bn-´p-≠v. Bcn-b-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc ]Tn-∏n-°bpw XnXz-kw-_-‘-amb kXy-hn-izmkw hc-®p-Im-´p-Ibpw sNøm≥ Cu IØp-I-fn¬ At±lw ian-°p-∂p.

9. ]√m-Un-bkv

Fhm-Kn-b-kns‚ injy-\mb ]√m-Un-b-kmWv CuPn-]vjy≥ k\ym-k-]-ÿm\ Ncn-X-I¿Øm-°-fn¬ G‰hpw KW-\o-b≥. 363/4˛¬ Kem-Xy-bn¬ P\n-®p. ¢mkn-°¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Dd® hnZym-`ymkw kºm-Zn-®-tijw 388˛¬ CuPn-]vXn-se-Øn. Ckn-tZm¿ F∂ sshZn-I≥ k\ymk-Po-hn-X-Øn-\p≈ ]mcw` ]mTß-sfms° Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bn¬ h®v


244 245

Øp-∂p: “A\p-Iº kwK-Xn-Iƒ hnI-e-amtb ImWq; shdp∏v H´pw ImWp-Itb C√. ImgvN hnI-e-am-°p∂ Ch c≠n¬ \n∂pw Aßv hnap-‡-\m-I-W-sa-¶n¬, Xd-∏n®v \ntj-[n-°m≥ t]mImsX Xm¶ƒs°Xn-cmbn D∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Btcm-]-W-ßƒ \oXn-am-\mb \ymbm-[n-]s‚ hn[n°vka¿∏n-°p-I. kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv ka-kvXhpw Adn-bp∂ ssZhwXmtg-°n-dßn hcm\pw tkmtZm-ans‚ \ne-hnfn tIƒ°m\pw Xncp-a-\- mbn; kwK-Xn-Iƒ ASpØp a\- n-em-°-W-sa∂pw IrXy-ambn Xq°n-t\m-°-W-sa∂pw AXn-eqsS ssZhw \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ft -tkm-kn¬ktΩ-fn® ]ecpw Ah-⁄tbmsSbmWv Xm¶sf-∏‰n kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-In-kvXp-hns\ kw_-‘n® kwK-Xn-I-fpsS icn-bmb hnizmkw tXSp∂Bfm-bn-´-√, hy‡n-sshcm-Ky-ßƒ°-\p-krXw ]h¿Øn-°p∂h\mbn-´mWv Ah¿ Xm¶sf ImWp-∂Xv. Ah¿ ]d-bp∂p: Abmƒ sXtbm-^n-e-kns‚ ktlm-Z-co-]p-X-\m-Wv. AbmfpsS kz`m-h-co-Xnbpw A]-ImcwXs∂-bm-Wv. ssZh-t]-cn-X\pw ssZh-kvt\-ln-X-\p-amb tPmWn-s\-Xn-scsXtbm-^n-ekv ]c-ky-ambn Ip≤-\m-bn. A\-¥n-c-h\pw AXp-t]mse]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xp\n-bp-∂p. c≠pw XΩn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw A¥-c-ap-s≠-∂p-≈Xv as‰mcp kwKXn”(te-J\w,1:310).

11. AXn-s∏-bnse sj\qZ

CuPn-]v‰nse kmaq-ly- k-\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]t°m-an-bkv Ign-™m-¬ G‰hpw KW-\o-b-\mb hy‡n sj\q-Zm-Wv. At±lw 83 h¿jw(383-˛466) tX_m-bnUv acp-`q-an-bnse AXns∏ kaq-l-Øns‚ A[n-]-\m-bn-cp-∂p. 2200 k\ym-kn-Ifpw 1800 k\ym-kn-\n-Ifpw At±-l-Øns‚ Iogn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v t_im F∂ injy≥ km£n-°p-∂p. Xs‚ \nb-am-h-en-bn¬ ]t°m-an-b-kn¬ \n∂v ]eXpw sj\qZm am‰n-°p-dn-®p. At±lwka¿∞-\mb t\Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. kndn-en-t\m-sSm∏w sj\qZv 431-˛¬ Ft^-tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ kw_-‘n-®p. 118 hb-kp-≈-t∏mƒ acn-®p.tIm]v‰n-Iv, Ad-_n, kpdn-bm-\n Poh-N-cn-X-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ hy‡n-Xz-sØbpw t\´-ß-sfbpw ]pI-gvØp-∂p. \nc-h[n ]kw-K-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw At±-l-Ønt‚-Xm-bn- e`n®n´ps≠∂v t_im km£n-°p-∂p.

12. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS samgn-Iƒ

]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS samgn-Iƒ (A-s∏m- vsX-‹mXm ]mXpw) F∂ IrXnCuPn-]vjy≥ k\ym-k -]-ÿm-\-sØ-∏‰n at‰-sXmcp tkmX- n-s\-°mfpw hy‡-ambpw IrXy-am-bp-ap≈ hnh-c-W-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p-. A©mw\q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn-emImw CsX-gp-X-s∏-´-Xv. ]i-kvX-cmbk\ymk -ti-jvT-cp-sSbpw GIm-¥-hm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw samgn-Iƒ, AhcpsS

bn-´p≈p F∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. Hcp CuPn-]vjy≥ ]WvUn-Xs‚ `mcX]cy-S-\-th-f-bnse A\p-`-h-ßƒ C-Xn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

10. -s]-eq-kn-b-Ønse Ckn-tZm¿ (360-˛435)

CuPn-]vXn¬ s]eq-kn-b-Ønse Hcp sshZn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p Ckn-tZm¿.At¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cqkv km£n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, `‡n-bnepw thZ-]p-kvXI ⁄m\-Ønepw At±lw Io¿Øn-am-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ckn-tZm-dn-t‚-Xmbn 2000 IØp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. At±lw XnI™ k\ym-k-Po-hnXw\bn-°bpw k\ym-kn-I-fp-sS C-S-bn¬ kw]qPy-\mbn ]cnKWn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw Bi-am-[y-£-\m-bn-cpt∂m F∂v JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-bm-\m-hn-√. ¢mkn-°¬ hnZym- ym-khpw IrXy-amb ssZh-imkvX]cn-io-e-\hpw At±-l-Øn\v e`n-®n-cp-∂p. At±lw hn.- K-Ÿ-sØ-bmWv][m-\-ambn Bi-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F¶nepw ]mNo\ k`m-]n-Xm-°∑mscbpw]cn-Nb-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne IØp-Iƒ Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnses¢sa‚n¬ \n∂v ]Zm-\p-]Zw ]I¿Øn-b-Xm-Wv. sZtam-kvX-\-kv, tπt‰m,Acn-tÃm-´¬, tlma¿ F∂n-h¿ Ckn-tZm-dn\v ]nbw-I-c-cm-bn-cp-∂p.InkvXp-imkvXw kw_-‘n®v k`m-]-t_m-[\w Db¿Øn-°m-´m≥At±lw ian-®p. InkvXp-hns‚ ssZh-Xzw,- a-\p-jyXzw F∂nh thZ-]p-kvXI hm-Iy-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v At±lw sXfn-bn-®p. Xm≥ cNn® c≠v IrXn-I-sf-∏‰n At±lw Xs‚ IØpI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-s∂¶nepw Ah \ap°vInń-bn- n-√.

Ckn-tZm¿ Hcp ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-\m-bn-cp-s∂∂v IØp-Iƒ km£n-°p-∂p. A°m-eØv ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ A_-≤ -]-t_m-[-\-ßƒs°-Xnsc icn-bmb InkvXp-imkvXw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m≥ At±lw i≤n-®p. hn.-K-Ÿ-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠pw Ahsb icn-bmbnhymJym-\n-®p-sIm≠pw Bcnb¿s°-Xnsc InkvXp-hns‚ ssZhXzw ]Tn-∏n-®p. At¥ym-Iy≥ hnZym-]m-T-im-e-bpsS kzm[o\w hymJym-\-ß-fnepwXmXzn-Im-]-K-Y-\-Ønepw Zriy-a-tX. XpS¿®-bmbn tlmtam-D-kn-tbmkv(k-a-k-Ø) F∂ ]Zw At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. \nJym-bnse ]t_m-[\w ]cn-ip-≤m-fl -t]-cn-X-am-I-bm¬ AXv kXy-amWv, F√m-hcpw AXv]n≥sN-√Ww F∂v At±lw D]-tZ-in®p a\nt°-b¿s°-Xn-sc InkvXp-hns‚ a\p-jyXzw ]tLm-jn-°m\pw At±lw aSn-®n-√.

Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bnse hn.-kn-dn-ep-ambn Ckn-tZm¿ \nc-¥cwkº¿°w ]pe¿Øn F∂v IØp-Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ft^-tkm-kn¬ h®v 431-˛¬ kndn¬ sNbvX kwK-Xn-I-tfmSv ]q¿W-ambn tbmPn-°m≥ At±-lØn\p Ign-™n-√. AXn\v kndn-ens\ At±lw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-


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A[ymbw 26

Gjym-ssa-\-dnseaq∂v k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°∑m¿

1.- A≥ko-dm-bnse \oeqkv

Kem-Xy-bn¬ A≥kodm-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ Hcm-i-a-Øns‚ A[y-£-\m-bn-cp∂p \oeq-kv. 4/5 \q‰m≠pI-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂p. GXm≠v 430-˛-t\m-S-SpØv acn-®p.- A-t±lw tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ injy\pw t]m¢pkv,]√m-Un-b-kv, B_m a¿t°mkv, Ckn-tZm¿ F∂n-h-cpsS ka-Im-en-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. \o-eq-kns‚ IØp-Iƒ Xs∂bpw At±-lsØ tPmWns‚injy-\mbn NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ \K-c-Øn¬ 407-˛¬`qI-ºhpw A·n-_m-[bpw D≠m-b-t∏mƒ,- \-K-c-Øn-\p-th≠n ]m¿Yn-°-W-sa∂v A¿t°-Un-bkv NI-h¿Øn \oeq-kn-t\mSv At]-£n-®p. tPmWn-t\mSv N-I-h¿Øn sNbvX A]-cm-[-ßƒ \nan-Ø-amWv Cu sISp-Xn-IƒD≠m-b-sX∂pw AXp-sIm≠v ]m¿Yn-°m≥ km[n-°-bn-s√∂pw \oeqkvadp-]Sn \¬In.

F∂m¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Poh-N-cn-Xw CXn¬ \n∂vhyXy-kvX-am-Wv. AX-\p-k-cn®v alm-\mb Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Ime-Øv (379-˛395) At±lw \K-c-Ønse Hcp ]os^-IvSm-bn-cp∂pB tPmen cmPn-h®v Xs‚ aI-\mb sXsbm-Up-fp-kn-t\m-Sp- IqsS ko\mbvae-bn-te°v k\y-kn-°m≥ t]mbn.- h-gn-°p- h®v A]-cnjvIrX¿ AhscBI-an-°p-Ibpw aIs\ Xń-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.- \o-eqkvc£-s]-´p. Ah-km\w aI\pw c£-s]´v ]nXm-hns‚ ]°-se-Øn. ]e-kvXo-\-bnse Hcp saXm≥ Ah-cn-cp-h¿°pw sshZn-I-]´w \¬In. CXm-Wv hnh-c-W-ßƒ (\dm-tkym-sWkv) F∂ IrXn-bnse Ncn-Xw. F∂m¬CXns‚ Ncn-X-]-cX C∂v Bcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. Hcp ]n¬°meKo°p-Im-cs‚ `mh-\m-kr-jvSn-bm-Wn-Xv.

kpIr-X-ß-fp-sSbpw ]hr-Øn-I-fp-sSbpw sNdnb hnh-c-W-ßƒ F∂nhCXn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ko°n-¬ F-gp-Xp-∂-Xn\v apºv tIm]v‰n-°n¬ hmsam-gn-bmbn ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ A£-c-am-e-I-a-Øn¬ CXvIao-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. BZysØ k\ymkn At¥m-Wnbpw Ah-km-\-tØXvHmdpw BWv.

13. ¢nkvam-bnse am¿ HutK≥

CuPn-]vXnse ¢nkvam-bn¬ P\n® am¿ HutK≥ ]mh-s∏- -hsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXo-h-X¬∏-c-\mbncp-∂p. GXm≠v 25 h¿j-tØmfw IS-en¬ apßn-Ø∏n apØp-®n-∏n-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Zcn-Z¿°v hnX-cWw sNbvXp-h-∂p. AXn\p tijw k\ym-k-tijvT\mb ]t°m-an-bkns‚ ]°¬sN∂p k\ym-k-hkvXw kzoI-cn-°bpw k\ym-k-Po-hnXw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw t]¿jy-bn¬ \nkn-_n-kn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Cu…m-a-e-bn¬ t]mbn Iq´p-Im-cp-samØv k\ym-k-Po-hnXw Bcw-`n-®p. t]¿jy-bnse InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ k\ym-k-]-ÿm-\-Øn\v Bcw-`-an-´Xvam¿ -Hu-tK-\m-sW∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw kvXoIƒ°p-ambnAt±lw k\ym-k-`-h-\-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. j∏q¿ c≠m-a≥ F∂ t]¿jy≥cmPm-hns‚ ap≥]msI (309-˛379) \nc-h[n A¤p-X-ßƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw kphn-ti-j-Øn\p km£yw hln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]K-¤-cmb\nc-h[n injy-∑m¿ At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn. HutK≥ XpS-ßnb ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ t]¿jy≥ k\ym-k-]-ÿm\w hf¿∂p ]pjvSn-]m-]n-®p. GIm-¥-hm-kn-Ifpw Iq -Po-hn-X-°m-cp-amb k\ym-kn-Iƒ t]¿-jy-bn-seßpw D≠m-bn. HutK≥ CuPn-]vXp-Im-c-\√ F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-hcpw D≠v.47

CuPn]v‰nse k\ymk]nXm-°-∑m¿

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]q¿W-X-bp-tS-Xp-amb Pohn-X-Øn-te°v a‰p-≈-hsc \bn-°p-∂p. F√mIe-I-fnepw H∂m-a-tØ-XmWv Bflm-°sf \bn-°pI F∂-Xv. A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ hn⁄m-\hpw ]Iz-Xbpw ]cn-N-bhpw D≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- kz¥wCjvSw- ]q¿W-ambn ]cn-Xy-Pn-°p-∂-Xnepw A[n-Im-cnsb H´pw FXn¿°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw A\p-k-cWw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A\p-k-c-W-h-Xw F-Sp-Ø-h¿ Ipi-hs‚ ssIbnse Ifn-a-Æp-t]mse h¿Øn-°-Ww. B⁄-Isf hna¿in-°p-I-tbm, ]cn-tim-[n°pItbm sNøm≥ ]mSn-√. kzbwad∂v A[n-Im-cn-Isf A\p-k-cn-°-Ww.” ˛ \o-eq-kns‚ IØp-I-fn¬CXnse 21 hmN-I-ßƒ ImWmw.

(2) Zmcn-Zy-hXw: A≥ko-dm-bnse am·m F∂ k`m-ip-iq-j-I-bv°p-th≠n Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv. -D-Øaw, a[y-aw, A[-aw- F-∂n-ßs\ aq∂p-Xcw Zmcn-Zy-h-X-sØ-∏‰n At±lw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. ]cn-]q¿W- ssZ-h-tk-h-\-Øn-\p≈ ka¿∏Ww H∂m-a-tØ-Xv.- A-[x-]-X-\-Øn-\p- ap-ºp≈BZ-Øns‚ AhÿbmW-Xv. c≠m-a-tØXv Npcp-ßnb Af-hn-¬ ico-c-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Icp-Xp∂p. bYm¿Y- k-\ymkn Cu KW-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p.-]q¿W-ambn euIn-I-k-ºm-Zy-Øn-\mbn ]c°w ]mbp-∂-Xm-Wv aq∂m-a-tØ-Xv. \n¿`m-Ky--h-im¬ k\ym-k]ÿm-\-Øn¬ aq∂m-a-tØ-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-embn I≠p-h-cp-∂Xv. AXv amXr-I-bn¬ \n∂p≈ am¿K-`wiw Xs∂-bm-Wv.- k-\ym-kn-Iƒ hnim-e-am-b -tXm-´-ß-ƒ kºm-Zn-°p-∂Xpw I∂p-Im-en-Isf hf¿Øp-∂Xpw At±lw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.- Zm-cnZyw kw_-‘n®v a[y-am¿Kw A-h-ew-_n-°m≥ At±lw k\y-m-kn-Isf Blzm-\w-sN-øp-∂p.- ssI-Iƒ sIm≠v A[z-m-\n®p Pohn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv Zmcn-Zyw. -ti-jn-°p-∂- k-abw ]m¿Y-\bv°pw Bflm-°-fpsS Imcyw At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnip≤ KŸw hmbn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kpIr-X-ßƒ A`y-kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw sNe-h-gn-°-Ww.

(3)- B¬_n-b-\p≈ kvXpXn-]-`m-jWw: A≥ko-dm-bn¬ P\n-®-B¬_n-b≥ Iptd-\mƒ ASp-Øp≈ k\ym-km-i-a-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p.-]-e-kvXo-\-bn-te°v Hcp Xo¿Y-bmX \S-Øn.- CuPn-]vXnse \n-Xn-b≥acp-`q-an-bn¬ h®v acn-®p.

(4) -k-\ym-k- ti-jvTX: k\ym-kn-Iƒ \K-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂-I∂v acp-`q-an-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-Xns‚ KpW-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. temI-Øn-ep≈Xm]-k-Po-hn-X-tØ-°mƒ acp-`q-an-bnse GIm-¥-Po-hnXw A`n-Im-ay-ambnAt±lw Icp-Xp-∂p. ]co-£-W-ßfpw ]m]-t]-c-W-Ifpw hio-I-c-W-i‡n-Ifpw acp-`q-an-bn¬ Ipd-hm-Wv. hy¿Ym-`n-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v c£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]m]-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AI-‰p-∂p. a\p-jy-cpsS

IrXn-Iƒ

\oeq-kn-t‚-Xm-bn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IrXn-I-fn¬ ]eXpw At±-l-Øn-t‚-X√ Fs∂m-c-`n-]m-b-ap-≠v.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ Iptd IØp-Ifpw ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßfpw Inń-b-n-´p-≠v.

1. -I-Øp-Iƒ: At±-l-Øns‚ IØp-I-sf-∏‰n 787-˛se \nJym-Iu¨knepw t^mkn-bkpw (_n-ªn.-tIm. 201)- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p. setbmA√m-kyqkv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®- k-am-lm-c-Øn¬ \mep `mK-ß-fn-embn 1061IØp-I-fp-≠v.- H‰ hmN-I-Øn-ep-≈- Nne IØp-Ifpw Cu kam-lm-c-Øn-ep-≠v. Nne IØp-Iƒ ]q¿W-amtbm mKn-I-amtbm ho≠pw ho≠pw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. \oeq-kns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v FSpØ Nne- `m-K-ßƒ°vIØns‚ cq]w \¬In-b-XmImw Nne-sX-¶n-epw.- B-i-a-ÿ-cmImw Chkam-l-cn-®-Xv. ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ Ch Bh¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-bn-°m-Wpw. IrXy-ambn ASp-°pw- Nn- -bp-an-√m-sX-bmWvCu kam-lm-c-Øn¬ Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. D]-tZ-i-Øn-\mbn Xs∂ kao-]n-®-h¿°v At±lw IØp-Iƒ Ab-®n-cp-∂p. ]e IØp-Ifpw thZ-]p-kvX-I-`m-K-ß-fpsS A]-K-Y-\-amWv. At±lw ss__n-fns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb A¿Yhpw As√-tKm-dn-°¬- A¿Yhpw \¬Ip-∂p.- I-Øp-I-fn¬XmXzn-I- N¿®-Iƒ Ipd-hm-Wv. -In-kvXo-b -]-cn-]q¿WX-bmWv G‰hpw][m\ N¿®m-hn-j-bw. “In-kvXp-hns\ A\p-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS InkvXob-]-cn-]q¿WX ]m]n-°m≥ km[n-°pw.- b-Ym¿Y XXz-imkvXw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂Kpcp-hmWv InkvXp. \mw Ahs‚ injy-cm-Ip-I-bpw Ahn-SpsØ A\p-I-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.- I-d-Xo¿∂ Pohn-X-Øn-eq-sS,- hn-Im-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂vBflm-hn-s\bpw ico-c-sØ-bpw hnap-‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS, Ahs\ A\p-I-cn-°m≥ \ap-°p -km-[n-°pw.”

2. ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒ

(1) Bi-am-`ym-k-ßƒ (-tem-tKmkv AkvtI-Xn-t°m-kv). -aq∂p `mK-ßfp≈ Cu IrXn 425- \p- apºv hnc-Nn-X-am-bn. k\ym-k-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚D¤-hhpw k\ym-k-sa∂ Bi-bhpw H∂mw `mK-Øpw (1-˛20 A[ym-b-ßƒ) -B-i-am-[y-£s‚ IS-a-Iƒ c≠mw `mK-Øpw (21-˛41)- k-\y-m-kn-I-fpsS IS-a-Iƒ aq∂mw `mK-Øpw (42-˛66) N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. -InkvXp ]Tn-∏n-®- b-Ym¿Y XXz-im-kvX-ambn k\ym-k-Po-hn-XsØ At±lw Nn-Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p. “k\ym-kn-I-fp-tSXv Zmcn-Zy-Øn-t‚--Xpw -A-[zm-\-Øn-t‚-Xp-am-bPohn-X-am-Wv. ]pcm-X-\- k-\ym-kn-Iƒ°p-≈X Xo£vWX Xs‚ Ime-Øp-≈-h¿°n√. Bi-am[y£s‚ ISa Kuc-h-ta-dn-b-Xm-Wv.- A-bmƒXs‚ amXr-I-bmepw hN-\-Ømepw Xncp-Ø-ep-I-fmepw Acq-]n-bp-tSXpw

Gjym-ssa-\-dnse aq∂v k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°∑m¿Gjym-ssa-\-dnse aq∂v k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°∑m¿

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fp-sSbpw aqe-Im-c-Whpw ssZhn-I-Nn¥ F√m A\p-K-l-ßfp-sSbpw Dd-h-bpam-Wv.

(2) ]hr-Øn-Iƒ hgn- \o-Xo-I-cn-°-s∏Smsa∂v Nn¥n-°p-∂-h-sc-∏‰n:Bcw-`-Øn¬ ap≥K-Ÿ-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. -kp-dn-bm\n ]Xn-∏n¬ c≠pw H∂m-bn-´mWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

(3) A\p-Xm-]-sØ-∏‰n: ]m]-hn-Im-c-ßƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ \nc-¥-c- t]m-cm- -Ønepw ]m¿Y-\-bnepw kl-\-Ønepw A\p-Xm]w AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂pF∂v 13 A[ym-b-ßfnembn hnh-cn-°p∂p.

(4)- D-]-hmkw: D]-hm-k-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX \mev A[ym-b-ß-fn-embn hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

(5)- \n-s°m-fm-kn-\p≈ IØv: Kem-Xy-bnse \ns°m-fmkv F∂ -Xm-]-ks‚ IØn-\p≈ adp-]-Sn-bmWn-Xv. ssZhw \¬In-bn-´p≈ A\p-K-l-ßsf ]‰n-bp≈ Nn¥bpw InkvXp- hgn e`n® c£sb∏‰n-bp≈ Nn¥bpwF√m- hn-Im-c-ß-sfbpw \nb-¥n-°m≥ klm-bn-°pw. ad-hn, A⁄-X,Dt]£ F∂o aq∂v Xn∑-I-sf-∏‰n bph-k-\ym-kn-Iƒ°v ap∂-dn-bn∏p\¬Ip-∂p.

(6)- kv\m-\-sØ-∏‰n: sakm-en-b¿- F∂ A_-≤-hn- m-K-°m¿s°-Xnsckv\m\-Øns‚ ê-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. kv\m\w a\p-jysc ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂n-√, Xß-fpsS D≈n-ep≈ ]nim-Nns\ kv\m\m-¥cw ITn-\-Xm-]-k-I¿a-ßƒ sIm≠pw ]m¿Y\-sIm≠pw amXta Cd-°m≥ Ignbq F∂vC°q- ¿ ]Tn-∏n-®p.

(7)- B-fl-KXw: kv\m\-sØ-∏‰n F∂ IrXn-tbmSv Bi-b-]-c-ambnkmay-ap-≈-Xm-Wn-Xv.

(8)- A-`n-`m-j-I-\p-am-bp≈ N¿®: Hc`n-`m-j-I\pw Hcp hr≤-Xm-]-k\pw XΩn-ep≈ kwhm-Z-am-Wn-Xv.- Xm-]-k≥ an°-hmdpw B_m a¿t°mkvXs∂-bm-bn-cn-°m-w. tIkp-Iƒ°pw hyh-lm-c-ßƒ°pw FXn-sc k\ym-kn-Iƒ ]kw-Kn-®-Xn-\m¬ A`n-`m-j-Is‚ hcp-am\w Ipd-™p. AbmƒIp-]n-X-\m-bn.- A-Xn-s\ -kw-_-‘n-®mWv N¿®. c≠mw `mKØv hr≤-k-\ym-knbpw kl-k-\ym-kn-Ifpw IqSn as‰mcp ]iv\w N¿®- sN-øp∂p:k\ym-kn-Iƒ°v Bsc-sb-¶nepw tImSXn I-b-‰mtam?N¿®-bpsS Npcp°wKŸ-Øn¬ ImWp-∂n-√.- H-cp-]t£ \jvS-s∏-´-Xm--bn-cn-°mw.

(9)- a¬°o-k-tZ°v: a¬°o-k-tZ°v hN-\-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-c-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v Icp-Xn-bh¿°v FXn-sc-bmWnXv.

kvXpXn F√m \√ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw XI¿°p-∂p. acp-`q-an-bn¬ ssZh-hp-ambn At`-Zy-_‘w ]pe¿Øm≥ km-[n-°p-∂p.

(5) Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw injy-scbpw kw_-‘n® IrXn k\ym-k-]-ÿm\w kw_-‘n-®p-≈-Xm-Wv.

(6) F´p aqe-]m-]-ß-ƒ: Aan-X-t`m-P-\w, hy`n-Nm-cw, AXymK-lw,tIm]w, Ae-k-X, ZpxJ-`m-hw, hy¿Ym-`n-am-\w, Al-¶mcw F∂n-h-bmWvF´p aqe-]m-]-ßƒ. F´p aqe-]m-]-ßƒ- F∂ Bibw \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ k\ym-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ Nn¥m-co-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p.FhmKn-b-kv, tPm¨ Imkn-b≥ F∂n-h¿ CXp- kw-_-‘n®v N¿-®sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. a‰p ]m]-ßƒ°v Ah tlXp-hm-I-bm¬ Ahsbaqe-]m-]-ßsf∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂p.

(7)- \-jvS-s∏-´ -Ir-Xn-Iƒ: DØ-a-Ko-X-`m-jyw, ]kw-K-ßƒ, PmXn-Iƒs°-Xn-sc, Fhp-Im¿]n-bpkv F∂ k\ym-kn°v F∂o IrXn-Iƒ\jvS-s∏-´p.

(8)- A-bYm¿Y- Ir-Xn-Iƒ: ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏-‰n F∂ Fhm-Kn-b-≥ IrXn,- F-hp-tfm-Kn-bkv F∂ k\ym-kn°v F∂- Ir-Xn-, s]cn-kvtX-cn-bm-bv°v,kq‡-ßƒ, F´p ZpjvS-hn-Nm-c-ß-sf∏‰n F∂o- Ir-Xn-I-ƒ At±-l-Øn-s‚ t]cn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂p.

2.- B_m a¿t°mkv

tPm¨ In-skm-kvtXm-ans‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂p B_m- a¿t°m-kv.-\o-eq-kn-s‚bpw Ckn-tZm-dn-s‚bpw ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- K-em-Xy-bnseHcm-i-a-Øn¬ A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ A[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂p. am¿°pkv Fsc-an-Xm, k\ym-kn-bm-b -a¿t°mkv Fs∂ms° At±lw hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. -Po-hn-Xm-h-km\w ]e-kvXo-\-bnse acp-`q-an-bn¬ GIm-¥-hmkw \bn-®p. -an-°-hmdpw 430˛\p tij-am-bn-cn°mw acn-®-Xv.

IrXn-Iƒ

\m¬]Xv Ir-Xn-I-tfmfw B_m a¿t°mkv cNn-s®∂pw Ah-bn¬Fs´Æw Xs‚ ]°¬ Ds≠-∂pw- \n-sk-t^m-dpkv ]d-bp-∂p. t^mkn-b-kv H≥]-sX-Æ-Øn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p (_n-ªn.-tIm. 200).Ch \ap°p e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

(1)-B-flo-b-\n-baw: Bflm-hns‚ \nbaw (tdm-a.7,14) F¥m-sW∂vhy‡-am-°p-I-bmWv CXn¬. Bflm-hns‚ \nbaw ]cn-]q¿W-X-bpsS Pohn-X-am-Wv. 201 kq‡-ß-fn-embn AXns\ A]-K-Yn-°p-∂p. -k-\ym-k- I-S-a-I-sf√mw AXn¬ -Dƒs°m-≈p∂p. ssZhsØ ad-°p∂-Xv F√m ]m]-ß-

Gjym-ssa-\-dnse aq∂v k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°∑m¿Gjym-ssa-\-dnse aq∂v k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°∑m¿

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A[ymbw 27

\mep Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v Ncn-XsagpXnb \mep-t]-sc ]-‰n-bmWvCu A[ym-bw. Ah-cn¬ aq∂p-t]¿ A¬am-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p. k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-\mb Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv- F-gp-Xn- \n¿Øn-bn-SØv Ah¿ Xp-S-ßn. Xnb-sUm-sd‰v Fgp-Xnb k`m-N-cn-X-sØ-∏‰n t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠-t√m.koZnse ^nen-∏v, ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bp-kv, skmI-m´-kv,- skm-tkm-a≥F∂n-h-cmWv B Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿.- A-h-cn¬ ^n-sem-kvtXm¿Pn-bpkv Bcn-b≥ ]£-]m-Xn-bm-b-n-cp-s∂-∂v Nn-e¿ I-cp-Xp∂p.

1.- ko-Znse ^nen∏v

]wô-en-bm-bnse koZn¬ \n∂mWv nen-∏v.- tPm¨ In-skmkvtXmw^nen-∏ns\ Uo°-\m-°n.- tPmWpw ^nen∏pw kvt\ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- ssh-Zn-I-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂p -]m-hiyw ^nen∏pw ]mXn-b¿°okv sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ÿ-m-\m¿Yn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ aq∂p ]mh-iyhpw -Xn-c-kvIr-X-\m-bn. ]Icw knkn-∂n-bp-kpw(426) s\kvtXm-dn-bkpw (428)amIvkn-an-bm-\pkpw (431) sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. ^nen∏v 434˛\pw 439˛\pwCSbv°v temI-kr-jvSn- ap-X-¬ 426 hsc-bp≈ Hcp InkvXo-b-N-cnXw(In-kvXym-\nt° lnkvtXmdn-bm) 36 hmey-ß-fn-epw 1000 tXmtam-bvI-fn-ep-ambn Fgp-Xn. CXns‚ Nne `mK-ßƒ amXta \ap-°p- e-`n-®n-´p-≈p.F∂m¬ AtX-∏‰n skmIm-´kpw t^mkn-bkpw ]e hnh-c-W-ßfpw\¬Ip-∂p-. skmIm-´kv ]d-bp∂p: “k`m-N-cn-X-sa-∂-√, -In-kvXo-b -N-cn-X-sa-∂mWv At±lw CXn\v t]cn- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-t\Iw Imcy-ßƒ H∂n®vCXn¬ Iqń-t®¿Øn-cn-°p∂p XmXzn--I-hpw imkvXo-b-hp-amb kwK-Xn-I-fn¬ Xm≥ A⁄-\s√∂v ImWn-°m-\p≈ BKlw CXn¬ ]-I-S-am-Wv.tPyma-Sn-°¬ XXz-ßƒ, IW-°p-im-kvX- kw-_-‘-am-b-h, kwKo-X-X-Xz-ßƒ,- Zzo-]p-Iƒ,- a-e-Iƒ,- h-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh-c-W-ßƒ, a‰-

(10) -s\-kvtXm-dn-b¿s°-Xnsc: s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mj-WvU-X-bvs°-Xnsc 430/431-˛¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm--Wn-Xv.

3. -s^m-Xo-knse Znb-tZm-°pkv

Znb-tZm-°pkv Hcp k\ymknbpw Bi-am-[y-£\pw B-bn-cp-∂p.-]n-∂oSv F∏o-cq-knse s^mXo-kns‚ saXm-\m-bn-. A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬Pohn-®n-cp-∂p.- Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en¬ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øp. 468-˛-t\m-S-SpØv acn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ NneB[ym-flnI IrXn-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.- At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n hf-sc-sbm∂pw Adn-hn-√.

(1) B[ym-fln-I ]cn-]q¿W-X- kw-_-‘n-®p≈ 100 A[ym-b-ßƒ:InkvXob anÃn-kn-khpw B[ym-fln-I-Xbpw kw_-‘n® Hcp \√ IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. bYm¿Y- ]m-Xbpw sX‰mb hgn-Ifpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p:]pWy-]q¿WX ]m]n-°m-\p≈ icn-bmb hgn-I-fp-≠v.- B- h-gn-I-fn-eqsS\oßn-sb-¶nte ]q¿W-X-bn¬ FØp-I-bp-≈p.-˛-k-\ym-k-k-aq-l-ØnseB[ym-fln-I- ]n-Xm-sh∂ \ne-bn-emWv At±lw D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv. CuIrXn ]n¬°m-e Bflo-b-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.amIvkn-ap-kv, skmt^m-Wn-b-kv, ]nXr-kq-‡-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hv, Xem-kn-bp-kv, t^mkn-bkv F∂n-h¿ CXn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-°p∂p.- tPm¨ ¢nam-°p-kv, sska¨ Zn \yq Xnb-tfm-Pn-b≥ F∂n-h¿ CXn¬ \n∂v kzm[o\wkzoI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. CXv 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ djy≥ mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\wsNø-s∏-´p. djy≥ `m-j-bn¬ t]mepw CXns‚ kzm[o\w Zriy-amWv.semtbm-f-bnse Ct·-jykpw Bhn-em-bnse tX-kymbpw CXnse XXz-ßƒ kzmwio-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

(2)-kz¿Km-tcm-l-W-tlm-anen: tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ c≠p-kz-`m-h-ß-sf-∏‰n hy‡-ambn ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. ssZh-]p-X≥ a\p-jy-kz-`mhw FSp-Ø-Xp-hgn a\p-jys‚ ssZho-I-cW -]-Inb Bcw-`n-®p. GI-kz-`m-h-]m-j-WvUX X≈n-°-f-™p -sIm-≠p≈ Hcp ]Jym-]-\-tØm-Sp-IqsS IrXnAh-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p.

(3)- Z¿i\w: kz]v\-Øn¬ kv\m]-I- tbm-l-∂m-\p-ambn \S-Ønbkw- m-j-W-am-Wn-Xv. Znhy-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kz`m-hw, ssZhn-I- sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ,kz¿Ko-b- -Z¿i\w F∂nh N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.

(4) -a-X-]-T\w: Z¿i\w F∂ IrXn-tbmSv kmay-ap≈ CXv ssZh-Øn\v temI-tØm-Sp≈ _‘w, ssZh-Øns‚ k¿h-hym-]-I-Xzw,- am-em-J-am¿, Ah-cp-sS -⁄m-\w,- kz¿Ko-b -Z¿i\w F∂nh N¿® -sN-øp-∂p.

Gjym-ssa-\-dnse aq∂v k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°∑m¿

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2. -^n-sem-kvtXm¿Pn-bpkv

I∏-tUmjym sk°p≥Zm-bnse t_mdn-kp-kn¬ 368-˛¬ ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bpkv P\n-®p. Ccp-]Xmw hb-kn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬t]mbn. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ap°m¬ ]¶pw Ahn-sS-Ø-s∂ -Xm-a-kn-®p.- A¬am-b-\m-bn-cp-∂ At±lw Fhp-tWm-an-bkv F∂ Bcn-b≥ t\Xm-hns‚A\p-bmbn Bbn F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Bbn-cp∂ ImeØv Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ IrXn-b-psS XpS¿®-bmbn 425˛\pw433˛\pw CSbv°v 12 ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn, 300˛\pw 425˛\pw CS-bv°p≈kw`-h-ßƒ hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v -Hcp k`m-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn. Fhp-tWm-an-b-kn-\p -th-≠n-bp≈ At∏m-f-Pn-bm-Wn-sX∂v Nne¿ -A-`n-]m-b-s-∏Sp-∂p.-t^m-kn-bkv ]d-bp∂p: “^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bpkv F∂ Bcn-bs‚ k`m-N-cnXw F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ IrXn hmbn-°q.- a-s‰√m k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑m-cp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂pw hyXy--kvX-amWv CXns‚ t]m°v. Abmƒ F√m Bcn-b-∑m-scbpw ]pI-gvØp-∂p.- k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-Isf \nµn-°p-∂p.- CXv kXy-hn-izm-k-tØm-Sp≈ BI-a-W-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a-√. NcnXw F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ ]m-j-WvUn-I-fp-sS -kvXp-Xn-∏m-Wn-Xv. ssien D∂Xw Xs∂.- `mj]e-t∏mgpw Imay-hpw. Be-¶m-cn-I -]-tbm-K-ßƒ hfsc \-∂mbn a\-kn-em-Ip-∂-h- X-s∂. Cu IrXn ck-I-chpw hmbn-°m-≥ C-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬ Nne-t∏m-sgms° DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ A\-h-k-tcm-Nn-Xhpw Ac-kn-I-hp-am-bn -tXm-∂mw.- A-\m-h-iy-amb s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw h®-XmWv`mj. -A-Xr-]vXn-I-c-amb Hc-hy--‡-bn-te°v hgpXn hogp-∂-Xm-bn hmb-\-°m-c-\p- tXm-∂pw. KŸ-Im-c≥ ]e-t∏mgpw [m¿an-I -hn-Nn-¥-\-ßƒ \S-Øm-dp-≠v. Bcn-b≥ ]mj-Wv-U-X-bpsS D¤hw sIm≠v- B-cw-`n-®v,- A-`-‡-\mb Gkyq-kn¬ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu Gkyq-kns\ kl-]m-j-WvUn-Iƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v \o°n.- a-‰p-≈-h-tc-°mƒ Ah≥ ZpjvS-X-bn¬ ap∂n-´p-\n∂p F∂-XmWv Imc-Ww. a\-kn-√m- a-\-tkm-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw ^nsemkvtXm¿Pn-bpkv CXv AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.- F-∂m¬ hnizm-k-Xym-Kn-bmb Pqen-b≥ Abmsf Xncn-sI- hn-fn-°p-Ibpw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu Ime-L´w hsc-bp-≈- N-cn-Xw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. KŸ-I¿Ømhv Hcp I≈\pw hnh-cWw `mh-\m-kr-jvSn-bp-am-Wv. -G-kyq-kn-s\bpw Fhp-tWm-an-b-kn-s\bpw Ah≥ ][m-\-ambn ]pI-gvØp-∂p.-Ime-∏-g-°-Øn¬ s]´ hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ Ah¿ ip≤o-I-cn-®-tX.- C-Xp-hgn Ah≥ -Hcp s]cpwI≈-\mbn kzbw Nn-Xo-I-cn-°p∂p. Ah≥\ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bn-se -F-hp-tk-_n-b-kn-s\bpw ]pI-gvØp-∂p.- A-h≥Abmsf alm≥ F∂m-Wv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.- Iq-SmsX C≥Uym-°mc≥ sXtbm-

t\Iw \nkm-c-Im-cy-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-√mw CXn-ep-≠v.- A-]-k-‡-am-b- Im-cy-ßƒ hnj-b-hp-ambn Iqń-°p-g-®-Xp-hgn At±lw Xs‚- IrXn IpØ-gn-™ -co-Xn-bn-emWv Na-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-Xp-t]m-se,- Fs‚ t\m´-Øn¬]WvUn-X¿°pw ]ma-c¿°pw Hcp-t]mse D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amWXv. AXn-se -D-≈-S-°-Øns‚ Kuchw ]ma-c-∑m¿°v H´pw Zln-°p-∂-X-√.- hn-e-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-hp-≈-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Bh¿Ø-\ -hn-c-k-Xsb A]-e-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. F∂m¬ -Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw -Xm-¥m-ß-fpsS cpNn-°-\p-kr-X-ambn Cu KŸsØ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s´. F\n°p ]d-bm-\p-≈Xv CXvam-X-am-Wv.- Xm≥ hnh-cn-°p∂ kwK-Xn-I-fpsS Ime-I-a-∏-ńI At±lwIqń-°p-g-bv°p-∂p. -Xn-b-tUm-jy-kv N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØp \S∂kwK-Xn-Iƒ hnh-cn-®-Xn-\p -ti-jw- D-Ss\ AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ Ime-tØ-°p- t]m-Ip-∂p. - A-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Imcy-ßƒ IrXn-bn¬ DS-\ofwImWmw”(k-`m.7,27).

t^mkn-b-kns‚ Ime-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw 36 KŸ-ßƒ 24 Bbn Npcp-ßn. t^mkn-bkv ]d-bp∂p: “InkvXo-b-N-cnXw F∂ t]-cn¬ koZnse^nen∏v Fgp-Xnb IrXn hmbn-°q. BZn-bn¬ ssZhw BIm-ihpw qanbpwkrjvSn®p F∂ -hm-NIw sIm≠m-WnXv XpS-ßp-∂-Xv.- tami Fgp-XnbNcn--X-Øns‚ hnh-cWw -Nn-e-bn-SØv Npcp-°nbpw Nne-b-n-SØv hnkvX-cn®pw \¬Ip-∂p. H∂mw ]pkvX-IØn\v 24 hmey-ß-fp-≠v.- a‰v 23]pkvXI-ßƒ°pw AXp-t]m-se- X-s∂. Ah Rm≥ I≠n-´p -≠v.`mjbv°v HmPt m, tijvT-Xtbm C√.- ssi-en°v Ipeo-\-Xz-an-√.- ]-cØn]d-™n-cn-°p∂p.- a\w aSp-∏n-°p∂ ssien-bm-Wv. -hm-b-\-°m-c\v KpWwhc-W-w F-∂-Xn-ep-]cn Xs‚ Adnhv ]Z¿in-∏n-°m-\m-Wv- A-t±lw ian-°p-∂-Xv. ]eXpw Ncn-X-hp-ambn _‘an-√m-Ø-Xm--Wv.- N-cn-Xw- F-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ F√m-Øcw hnj-bßfpw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ KŸ-sa∂vhnfn-°p-∂-XmIpw t`Zw...-tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]m-Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m-cmbknkn-∂n-bp-kv, -t]m-°p-fpkv F∂n-h-cpsS ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp∂p nen∏v.]e-t∏mgpw knkn-∂n-bp-kns\ Xs‚ Ncn-X-Øn¬ IS-∂m-I-an-°p-∂p-≠v.- ^nen-∏n-s\- sa®-s∏´ hm‹nbmbn IcpXnbncp-s∂¶nepw knkn-∂n-bpkmWv ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn sXcs™Sp°-s∏-´Xv” (-_n-ªn.- tIm. 35).

hfsc henb KŸ-am-b-Xn-\m-emImw CXv \jvS-s∏-Sm≥- C-S-b-bm-b-Xv.- F-hp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ C√m-Ø- ]-eXpw CXn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. ˛ C-Xn\pw ]pdta a‰p ]eXpw ^nen∏v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-s∂∂vskm-Im-´kv ]d-bp-∂p (-k-`m.7,27).- F-∂m¬ -A-h-sbm∂pw Inń-bn-ń-√.

\mep Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿\mep Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿

256 257

saXm-∑m-cp-sSbpw IØp-Iƒ BZn-bm-b-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ tkmX-kp-Iƒ. \ap°p e`n-®n-cn-°p∂Xv KŸ-Øns‚ c≠mw ]Xn-∏m-Wv. Nne-tkm-X-kp-Iƒ hkvXp-\n-jvT-a-s√-∂p -I≠v BZy-tØXv At±lw ]p\-c-h-tem-I\w sNbvXp. (ae-bm-f-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, skmIm-´-kv, k`m-N-cn--Xw, tIm´bw, 1990. -hn-h.-s]m-^.-sI.-hn.-tPm-k-^v).

4. skmtkm-a≥

skmIm-´-kns‚ Hcp kaIm-enI-\m-bn-cp∂p ke-ao-\n-bpkv sl¿an-bmkv skmtkm-a≥. At±-lhpw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Hcp A`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e-kvXo-\-bn¬ Kmkm-bv°-Sp≈ s_tY-en-bm-bn-emWvAt±lw P\n--®-Xv. hf-sc-b-[nIw bmX-Iƒ°p-tijw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°n. A-hn-sS -h®v 439˛\pw 450˛\pw -C-Sbv°v Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ k`m-N-cn-X-Øn\v XpS¿®-bmbn 324- ap-X¬ 425 hsc-bp≈NcnXw HºXp ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Fgp-Xn Xnb-tUm-jykv c≠m-a≥NI-h¿Øn°v (+450) ka¿∏n-®p. 425-˛450 Ime-L-´-N-cnXw \ap-°p -e-`n-®n- n-√. skmtkm-a≥ skmIm- -kns\ Bi-bn-®n- p-≠v. ]e Imcy-ß-fnepwkmayw ImWmw.- F-∂m¬ skmtkm-as‚ ssien-bm-Wv IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-´-sX∂v t^mkn-bkv A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p (-_n-ªn.-tIm.30). Cu N-cn-X-K-Ÿ--Øn-\p -apºv, kz¿Km-tcm-lWw apX¬ 323 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Ønse Hcp k`m-N-cn-X-kw-Klw At±lw Fgp-Xn-sb-¶nepw AXp e`n-®n- n-√.

^n-ekv XpSßn ]e-sc-bpw-, -A-h-cp-sS Pohn-Xhpw ]hr-Øn-I-fpw\nanØw, -A-h≥ kvXp-Xn-°p-∂p. ”

“]e-kvXo-\-bnse tIk-dn-b≥ sa-Xm≥ AIm-Nn-b-kns\ Abm-fpsSI¿°-i -a-\x-ÿn-Xnbpw sImSn-b -h-©-\-bp-w \nanØw \ninX-ambnhna¿in-°p-∂p. Abmƒ Xs‚ kl-]m-j-WvUn-Isf Cu Imcy-Øn¬IS-Øn-sh-ń-sb∂v Ah≥ X-s∂ -]-d-bp-∂p. Ah¿ ]-c-kv]cw tZzjn-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse a‰-`n-]m-b-ß-fp-≈-h-sc-bpw. CXp-hsc Rm≥ hmbn-®p.- ]n-∂oSv as‰mcp hmey-Øn¬ Bdp KŸ-ß-ƒ -IqSn ImWm\n-S-bmbn.Aßs\ samØw 12 KŸ-ßƒ D≠mbn-cn-°mw.- Hmtcm KŸ-Øn-s‚bpwBZy£cw H∂n-®p-tN¿Øm¬ ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bp-kns‚ t]cm-bn”(-_n-ªn.-tIm.40). Cu Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ°p- ]p-dta 12 ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ- F-SpØv Hcp kwK-lhpw (F-∏n-t‰mw) t^mkn-bkv Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-b-p-kns‚ IrXn \jvS-s∏-s´-¶nepw CuF∏nt‰mw Hcp Nq≠p-]-e-I-bmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.- \-ap°p e`n-°mØ ]eIrXn-Ifpw ^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bpkv D]-tbm-Kn®p F∂v t^mkn-b-kns‚kwK-l-Øn¬ \n∂v sXfn-bp-∂p.

3.- skm-Im-´kv

skmIm- kv 380 -t\m-S-SpØv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ P\n-®p. sl√m-Un-b-kv, AtΩm-Wn-bkv F∂o hymI-c-W-]-WvUn-X-∑mcpsS Iogn¬ hnZy-A-`y-kn-®p.- A-h-km-\w -Hcp A`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p.- Hcp Xnb-tUm-dns‚ t]c-W-bm¬- Fhp-tk-_nb-kns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn 305 apX¬ 439hsc-bp≈ Ime-L-´Ønse k`m-N-cnXw G-gp- ]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-embn Fgp-Xn. Hmtcm ]pkvX-Ihpw Hmtcm NI-h-¿Øn-bpsS acWw sIm≠v Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu NcnXw hkvXp-\n-jvThpw kXy--k-‘-hp-am-sW-∂mWv s]mXp-th-bp≈ A`n-]m-bw.- F-hp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ k`m-N-cn-X-Øn\v ]e¿ Xp-S¿®- F-gp-Xnsb¶nepw CXmWv G‰hpw sa®w F∂v Hc-`n-]m-b-hp-ap-≠v.- F-∂m¬ ]Xn-]m-Z-\-Øn-\v \n-d-∏-In-t´m,- ssZ-h-im-kvX-Xm¬]-cytam C√.- k-`-bv°p-≠mb tImfn-f-°-ß-fmWv At±-l-Øns‚Xm¬]-cy-hn-j-bw.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fp-ambn _‘s∏´ Imcy-ß-fn-emWv At±lw IqSp-X¬ i≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. At±lw Xs‚ tkmX-kp-Isf kq£va-\n-co-£Ww sNøp-Ibpw an°-bn-S-ß-fnepw A°mcyw FSp-Øp- ]-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.- A-t±lw \nc-h[n Fgp-Øp-Imsc D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≠v: dpô-\-kv, Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, AØ-\m-tkym-kv, Pem-kn--b-kv,Fhp-tXm-∏n-b-kv, sa-Xm-∑mcpsS ]ń-I-Iƒ, slcm-s¢-bm-bnse k_o-\pkv ]kn-≤o-I-cn® I¨ko-en-b¿ k-am-lm-cw, NI-h¿Øn-am-cp-sSbpw

\mep Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿\mep Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿

258 259

Whpw A√m-sX-bp-ap≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ (29-˛34); t^‰-en-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc(35-˛38); kzX-¥-a-\- v(39-˛41); ssZhn-I-]-cn-]m-e\ kw_-‘n-®p≈InkvXob ]t_m-[-\w(42-˛44) F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv hnj-b-hn-`-P-\w.

tπt‰m, Acn-tÃm-´¬, F∏n-°q-cp-kv, tÃmbnIv XmXzn-I¿ F∂n-hscs\ta-kn-bpkv A]-K-Yn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Kme≥ F∂ `nj-Kz-c≥,s]cn-∏-sX-‰nIv Gkyq-kv, AtΩm-Wn-bp-kv, sπmXo-\p-kv, s]m¿ô-cn,bmw_vfn-°pkv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS KŸ-ßfpw At±lw ]Tn®n-cp-∂p.tπt‰m-sb-t∏mse Bflm-hns‚ ap≥ AkvXnXzØn¬ At±lw hniz-kn-®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ s\tbm-πt‰m-WnIv ssZzXw X≈n-°-f-bp-∂p. a\p-jym-flm-hns\ A]-K-Yn°ptºmƒ Acn-tÃm-´-ens‚ Nn¥-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. ssZh-imkvXw At¥ym-Iy-\m-sW-¶nepw InkvXp-imkvXw kw_-‘n®v Xnb-tUm-dn-b≥ ssien kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-√.

a[y-Im-e-L-´-Ønse P\-ßƒ s\ta-kn-bpkns‚ IrXn [mcm-f-ambnhmbn-®n-cp-∂p. tkmX-kn-s\-∏-‰n-sbm∂pw ]d-bmsX tPm¨ U-a-jo≥Xs‚ “kXy-hn-izmk hni-I-e\w” F∂ IrXn-sb-gp-Xm≥ CXp]-tbm-Kn-®p. Hcp \q‰m-≠p-I-gn-™v, ôPn-b-bnse Hcp k\ym-kn-bmb sate-kypkv ]Zm-\p-]-Z-anXv ]I¿Øn “a\p-jy-L-S\” Fs∂mcp IrXn-sb-gp-Xn. sate-ky≥ ]I¿∏v as‰mcp tIm∏n-bmbn thW-sa-¶n¬ Icp-Xmw.F∂m¬ sate-kypkv s\ta-kyp-kns‚ t]scm-cn-SØpw tN¿Øn-ń-√.\o m-bnse hn.-Kn-tKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ “a\p-jy-krjvSn” F∂ IrXn-bpsSXe-s°´v s\ta-kyp-kn-s‚-Xp-ambn kmay-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬, s\ta-kyp-kns‚IrXn KnK-dn-bpsS IrXn-bmbn hfsc \mf-tØbv°v ]ecpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. F´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ A¿ta-\n-b-\n-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX A¿ta-\n-b≥ saXm≥ CXv KnK-dn-bpsS IrXn-bm-bn-´mWv Icp-Xn-b-Xv. c≠peØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ D≠m-b-h-bn¬ H∂v KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ t]cv\¬Ip-∂n-√. a‰Xv KnK-dn-bpsS t]cmWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv. se¿tWm-bnseB¿®p-_n-j∏v \nt°m-fm-hpkv A¬^m-kqkv (+1085) BWv Hcphnh¿Ø-I≥. a‰Xv Hcp dn®m¿Uv _p¿Kp≥Untbm (1194). BZy-tØXval-\mb B¬_¿´pw c≠m-a-tØXv ]o‰¿ semw_m¿Upw tXmakv AIzn-\mkpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p. \thm-∞m-\-Im-eØv c≠p ]pXnb eØo≥hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ IqSn-bp-≠m-bn. H∂v tPm¿Pntbm h√ (1499) F∂-bmfpwa‰Xv tPm¨ sImt\mhv F∂ sUman-\n-°≥ k\ym-kn-bpw. KnK-dn-bp-sS-Xm-bn-´mWv ]e-cp-anXv A®-Sn-®-Xv. a\p-jys\ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]T-\-ßƒ°v hn.-tXm-akv AIzn-\m-kns\ Cu IrXn klm-bn-®n-´p≠v.

A[ymbw 28

-F-ta-k-bnse s\ta-kn-bpkv

Fta-k-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ Hcp ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂p s\ta-kn-bp-kv.At±-l-sØ-∏‰n A[n-I-sam∂pw \ap-°-dn-bn-√. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-sØ-∏‰n Fs∂mcp KŸw At±lw 400-˛¬ cNn-®p. B KŸwhfsc ]m[m-\y-ap≈ H∂m-Wv. KŸ-Im-c-s\-∏‰n Ipsd-sbms° shfn®whoip-∂-XmWv B IrXn. At±lw Ipsd-sbms° en_-d¬ Ko°v hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn. XXz-im-kvXhpw sshZyhpw ]Tn-®p. a\x-im-kvX-Ønepwico-c-im-kvX-Ønepw ss\]pWyw t\Sn. shfn-]m-Sp-ambn HØp-t]m-I-Ø° Hcp a\p-jy-imkvXw πt‰m-WnIv XXz-Nn-¥-bn¬ ]Wn-Xp-b¿ØpIF∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p e£yw. Bflmhpw ico-c-hp-ap≈ a\p-jys‚ A]-K-Y\w kmam\yw `wKn-bmbn \S-Øn. ]mXn-`m-knI temI-Øn-s‚bpwbmYm¿Yy- tem-I-Øn-s‚bpw CS-bv°p≈ IÆn-bmWv a\p-jy≥; CutemIw a\p-jy-\p- th-≠n-bmWv; ka-kvX-kr-jvSn-Ifpw a\p-jy-tk-h-\m¿Y-amWv F∂p t]mIp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥.

a\p -jy -s\-∏‰n ka-K -ambn A]-K -Yn°m\m-bn -cp∂p ]≤-Xnsb¶nepw, AX-v ]q¿W-am-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™n-√. samØw44 A[ym-bß-fp-≠v: Hcm-ap-Jw(1); Bflm-hn-s\-∏‰n (2); Bflmhpw ico-chpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w (3); icocw (4); ]Zm¿Yßƒ (5); `mh\ (6);ImgvN (7); kv]¿i\w (8); cpNn (9); tIƒhn (10); aWw (11); _p≤n-i‡n(12); Hm¿ai‡n (13); Nn¥bpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°epw (14); Bflm-hns‚ hn`-P\w (15); hnImcw (16); tamlw (17); kt¥mjw (18); ZpxJw (19); `bw(20); tIm]w (21); _p≤n-bpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn\v Iogvh-g-ßmØ arKo-bm-flmhv (22); hf¿® (23); \mUn-bn-Sn∏v (24); P\n-∏n-°p∂ i‡n (25); HcpPohn-bpsS Pohn-XsØ \nb-¥n-°p∂ i‡n-Isf as‰mcp t\m´-Øn¬(26); C—sb Bi-bn-®p≈ ]h¿-Ø-\w (27); izk\w (28); C—m-\p-k-c-

-F-ta-k-bnse s\ta-kn-bpkv

260 261

Zhpw ih-kw-kvIm-chpw 2. CXn¬ Hcp A\m-^-d-bp-ap≠v. AXn\vhn.-a¿t°m-kns‚ A\m-^-d-bp-ambn kmayhpw Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ hyXym-khpw D≠v. Rmb-dm-gvN-bv°p≈ BZy -]m¿Y-\, ]kw-K-Øn\p tij-ap≈ ]m¿Y-\, kv\m\m¿∞n-Iƒ°p- th-≠n-bp≈ ]m¿Y-\bpwBio¿hm-Z-hpw, tcmKn-Iƒ°p -th-≠n-bp≈ ]m¿Y-\bpw Bio¿hm-Z-hpw, sImbvØp ]m¿Y-\, ssh-Zn-I¿°pw P\-ß-ƒ°pw th≠n-bp≈epØn-\n-bm, ap´p-Ip-Øp-tºmgp≈ ]m¿Y\ F∂n-ßs\ ]Xn-s\m-s∂Æw. AXp-I-gn™v kvtXmXm¿∏W ]m¿Y-\-I-fm-Wv. A\m-^d]m¿Y-\-I-fn¬ Hcp hyXymkw amXw ImWp-∂p. ÿm]\hnh-cWwIgn-™v ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Bhm-k-Øn-\m-bp≈ ]m¿Y-\bv°p ]IcwhN-\-tØm-Sp≈ ]m¿Y-\-bmWvîCXn¬. B `mKw ChnsS D≤-cn-°mw.

]cn-ip-≤≥

“Bbn-c-ß-fpsS Bbn-c-ß-fpw, ]Xn-\m-bn-c-ß-fpsS ]Xn-\m-bn-c-ß-fp-amb amem-J-am¿, ][m\ amem-J-am¿, knwlm-k\ ZqX-∑m¿, i‡n-Iƒ, A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ, cmP-Xz-ßƒ F∂n-h¿ \n\°v ipiq-j -sN-øp∂p.Bdmdp Nnd-Ip-I-fp≈ tijvTcmb c≠v tkmt∏-∑m¿ \ns‚ kao-]Øv\n¬°p-∂p. c≠p-sIm≠v Ah¿ AhcpsS apJw aqSp∂p; c≠p-sIm≠vAh-cpsS ]mZw aqSp∂p; c≠p Nnd-Ip-Iƒ sIm≠v Ah¿ ]d-°p-∂p.Ah¿ \ns‚ hnip-≤nsb ]mSn-∏p-I-gvØp-∂p. \ns‚ hnip≤n Rßƒ]Io¿Øn-°p-∂Xp Rß-fn¬ \n∂p kzoI-cn-°-W-ta. km_-Xns‚I¿Ømhv ]cn-ip-≤≥, ]cn-ip-≤≥, ]cn-ip-≤≥; BIm-ihpw `qanbpw\ns‚ al-Xz-Øm¬ \nd-™n-cn-°p∂p (G-im. 6:2˛3). \ns‚ A¤p-X-I-c-amb al-Xz-Øm¬ BImihpw `q-anbpw \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p.”î

ÿm]-\-hn-h-cWw

“i‡n-I-fpsS I¿Øm-th, \ns‚ i‡n-sIm≠pw \ns‚ mK- m-KnXzwsIm≠pw Cu _en \nd-bv°-W-sa. Cu kPoh _en-sb, Cu c‡-c-ln-X-_-ensb \n\-°m-Wt√m Rßƒ AW-®-Xv. \ns‚ GI-Pm-Xs‚ ico-c-Øns‚ ]Xn-cq-]-amb Cu A∏sØ \n\-°m-Wt√m Rßƒ A¿∏n-®-Xv. ico-c-Øns‚ ]Xn-cq-]-amWv A∏w.

Fs¥-∂m¬, I¿Øm-hmb Cutim, Xm≥ H‰n-s°m-Sp-°-s∏´ cmXn-bn¬ A∏-sa -SpØp apdn®v Xs‚ injy-∑m¿°v \¬In -sIm≠vAcpƒsNbvXp: FSpØp `£n-°p-hn≥; CXv Fs‚ ico-c-am-Ip∂p; CXvIS-ß-fpsS ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn \nßƒ°p-th≠n apdn-°s∏-Sp∂p.

C°m-c-W-Øm¬ Xs‚ ac-W-Øns‚ Hm¿a BN-cn-®p-sIm≠v

A[ymbw 29

Xvapbn-knse skdm-]n-tbm≥

skdm-]n-tbm≥ Z£nW CuPn-]vXn¬ Xvapbn-knse saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. saXm-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºv At±lw Hcp k\ym-k-ti-jvT-\mbn Ipsd-\mƒ Pohn-®p. Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤n- sIm≠pw hmNm-e-X -sIm≠pw At±lw]tXyIw ]cn-K-W-\m¿l-\mbn-cp∂p (skmtkm-a≥, k-`m. 4.9). At±-l-Øns‚ ]mWvUn-Xyw -\nanØw kvsImfm-Ãn-°pkvíF∂v At±-lsØhnfn-®n-cp∂p (Ptdmw, a-l-Zv.99). -A-Ø-\m-tkym-kns‚ kvt\ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øn\v AØ-\m-tkymkv ]e kp]-[m\ IØp-Ifpw Ab-®n-´p-≠v: Hcp s^Ã¬íIØpw (339) ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ kw_-‘n®\mep IØp-Ifpw AXn¬ s]Sp∂p. 339-˛\v apºpXs∂ At±lw saXm-\m-bn-cn-°Ww. AØ-\m-tkymkv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te°v 356-˛¬Ab® ZuXy-kw-L-Øn¬ skdm-]n-tbm\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw362˛\p tij-am-bncn-°mw acn-®-Xv.

a\n-t°-b¿s°-Xn-cmbn skdm-]n-tbm≥ Hcp IrXn FgpXn (Ptdmw, a-lZv 99). \∑Xn∑-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ am\n-t°-b≥ ssZzX-hmZsØ AXn¬JWvUn°p∂p. AXp-t]mse hn.-KŸw kw_-‘n-®p≈ a\n-t°b≥ XSkhm-Z-ßƒ°pw DØcw ]d-bp-∂p. IØp-I-fpsS Nne iI-e-ßƒ amXtaInń-bn- p-≈p. At±lw cNn® k¶o¿Ø\`mjyhpw \jvS-s∏- p.

Fhp-t°m-tem-Kn-tbm≥

]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp ssIsb-gp-Øp-]Xn skdm-]n-tbms‚t]cn-ep≈ Fhp-t°m-temKntbm≥ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. AXn¬ 30- ]m¿Y-\-I-fp-≠v. H∂pw A©pw ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ°p apºn¬ skdm-]n-tbms‚t]cp≠v. F∂m¬ a‰p-≈-hbpw At±lw Xs∂ Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xm-Imw.Iq¿_m-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn. 18: kv\m\w 17: ]´w 3; ssXem-io¿hm-


262 263

Ah-km-\-]m¿Y-\bpw kvXpXn∏pw

“\ns‚ P\-Øns‚ IrX-⁄-Xm-kvtXmXw kzoI-cn-®m-epw. CuImgvN-Ifpw kvtXmXm¿∏-W-ßfpw A¿∏n-®-hsc A\p-K-ln-®m-epw.Ch¿s°-√m-h¿°pw Btcm-Kyhpw sFiz-cyhpw kt¥m-jhpw Bflm-hn-s‚bpw ico-c-Øn-s‚bpw F√m A\p-K-l-ßfpw ]Zm\w sNø-W-sa. \ns‚ GI-Pm-X-\mb Cutim-an-in-lm-bn-eqsS ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn¬Ah≥ Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bpw BIp-∂-Xp-t]m-sebpw hcm-\n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bpw. kvXpXnbpw kvtXmXhpw Xe-ap-d-X-e-ap-d-tbmfw F∂p-sa-t∂°pw BΩo≥. ”î

P\-ß-fpsS Ip¿_m\ kzoI-c-Whpw XpS¿∂p≈ ]m¿Y-\bpwIgn™v amtam-Zo-km-I-aw, aqtdm-\-`n-tj-Iw, ]´wsImSp-°¬ ipiqjF∂n-h-bv°p≈ ]m¿Y-\-I-fm-Wv. Ah-km-\-tØXv ]tc-X¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]m¿Y-\-bm-Wv. acn-®-hsc Hm¿Øp ]m¿Yn-°p∂ Hcp ]pcm-X-\-tc-J-bm-Wn-Xv. ]tc-X¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]m¿Y\ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p. HcpsaXm-`n-tjI ]m¿Y-\bpw CXn-ep≠v AXpw NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

acn® kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]m¿Y\

“Poh-s‚bpw ac-W-Øn-s‚-bpw- ta¬ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ ssZh-ta, Acq-]n-IfpsSbpw k¿h-P-U-Øn-s‚bpw ssZh-amb I¿Øm-th, Poh\pwac-Whpw \¬Ip-∂-h\pw ]mXm-f -hm-Xn-en-te°p \bn-°p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-\n∂p XncnsI hnfn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ssZh-ta, \o a\p-jy-\n¬Bflm-hns\ krjvSn-°p∂p; \o hnip-≤--cpsS Bflm-°sf Iqń-t®¿°p-Ibpw hniaw ]Zm\w sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \oXn-]q¿hhpw ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-hp-amb coXn-bn¬ \o \ns‚ krjvSn-Isf am‰p-Ibpw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw cq]-t`-Z-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \o amXw am‰-an-√m-Ø-h\pw \nXy\pw Agn-™p -t]m-Im-Ø-h\pw BIp-∂p. Cu Zmks‚(Zm-kn-bp-sS) \nZbv°pw hni-a-Øn\pw th≠n Rßƒ \nt∂mSv At]-£n-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ Bflm-hn-s\bpw Acq-]n-sbbpw A_-lm-ant\mSpwCk-lm-°n-t\mSpw bmt°m-_n-t\mSpw F√m hnip-≤-tcm-Spw- IqsSta®n¬ÿ-eØpw hni-a-ÿ-eØpw k¥p-jvSn-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa. \ns‚kXy-hm-KvZm-\-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®v, \o \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ Znh-kw, Chs‚ ico-csØ Db¿∏n-°-W-sa. \ns‚ hnip≤ ta®n¬ ÿe-ß-fn¬ AXn\vA¿l-amb Ah-Im-i-`mKw \¬I-W-sa. Chs‚ ]m]ßfpw sX‰p-Ifpw\o Hm¿°-cp-tX. Chs‚ acWw im¥hpw A\p-Kr-lo-X-hp-am-bn-cn-°-s´.Biz-kn-∏n-°p∂ \ns‚ Bflmhn\m¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ZpxJw\o°-W-ta. Rßƒs°-√m-h¿°pw `mKy-Ic-amb A¥yw \¬I-W-sa.

Rßfpw Cu A∏w A¿∏n®p ]m¿Yn-°p-∂p. kXy-ssZ-h-ta, Cu _enhgn Rß-sf-√m-h-scbpw \nt∂mSv cay-s∏-Sp-Ø-Wsa; Rß-tfmSv Zbm-]q¿hw h¿Øn-°-W-ta. Imc-Ww, ae-ap-I-fn¬ NnX-d-s∏´p InS-°p-I-bpw,Iqń-t®¿°-s∏´v H∂mbn Xocp-Ibpw sNbvX Cu A∏wt]mse \ns‚]cn-ip≤ k`sb F√m P\-]-Z-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw F√m ÿeØp \n∂pwF√m ]´-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Kma-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw `h-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pwH∂n-®p-tN¿Øv kPo-hhpw ImtXm-en-I-hp-amb \ns‚ GIk`-bm-°n-Øo¿°-W-ta.

AXp-t]mse c‡-Øns‚ ]Xn-cq-]-amb Cu Imkmbpw \n\°vRßƒ A¿∏n-°p-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, I¿Øm-hmb Cutim `£-W-Øn-\p-tijw Imkm-sb-Sp-Øv, injy-∑m-tcmSv AcpƒsNbvXp: FSpØv IpSn-°p-hn≥; CXv Fs‚ c‡-am-Ip-∂p. CXv ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn-\mbn \nßƒ°pth≠n sNmcn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]pXnb \nb-a-am-Ip-∂p. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ \ns‚c‡-Øns‚ ]Xn-cq-]-amb Cu Imkm Rßƒ \n\-°¿∏n-°p-∂p.”î

hN-\-tØm-Sp≈ ]m¿Y\

“kXy-ssZ-h-ta, \ns‚ hnip≤ hN\w Cu A∏-Øn-t∑epw Imkm-bn-t∑epw h∂v Bh-kn-°-s´. CXv hN-\-Øns‚ ico-chpw kXy-Øns‚c‡hpw Bbn-Øo-c-s´. CXp kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h¿s°√mw CXp Poh-Zm-b-I-amb ia\w ]Zm\w sNøs´; CXv Ah-cn-ep≈ F√m-hn[ _e-lo-\-X-I-sfbpw kpJ-am-°-s´. F√m-hn[ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bnepw kpIr-X-ØnepwAhsc i‡o-I-cn-°-s´. kXy-ssZ-h-ta, CXv Ah¿°v hn[n-t°m, kw`-a-Øn-t\m, e÷bvt°m Imc-W-am-I-cp-tX. ”î

Poh-\p-≈-h-cp-sSbpw ]tc-X-cp-sSbpw A\p-kva-cW

“\nXy-ssZ-h-ta, \ns‚ GI-Pm-X-\n-eqsS ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn¬\nt∂mSp Rßƒ At]-£n-°p∂p; Cu P\-Øns‚ ta¬ Icp-W- tXm-∂-Wta; ]ptcm-K-Xn-°¿l-cmbn Chsc hn[n-°-Wta. \ns‚ amem-J-amscCu P\-Øns‚ ]°-te°v Ab°-Wta; Aßs\ ZpjvSs‚ ta¬ Ch¿hnPbw hcn-°m≥ klm-bn-°-Wta; \ns‚ k`sb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-IbpwsNø-W-ta. \nZ ]m]n-®-hcpw Rßƒ A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-amb F√m]tc-X¿°p-th-≠nbpw Rßƒ \nt∂mSv At]-£n-°p-∂p. Cu Bflm-°sf hnip-≤o-I-cn-°-Wta; Fs¥-∂m¬ \o Ah-sc-sb√mw Adn-bp-∂p-h-t√m. I¿Øm-hn¬ \nZ ]m]n-®-hsc hnip-≤oI-cn-°-Wta. \ns‚hnip≤ i‡nItfm-sSm∏w Ahsc FÆ-W-ta. \ns‚ cmPy-Øn¬Ah¿°p ÿehpw hmk-ÿm-\hpw \¬I-W-ta.”î

Xvapbn-knse skdm-]n-tbm≥Xvapbn-knse skdm-]n-tbm≥

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A[ymbw 30

aq∂v kn\-Up-Iƒ

1. -A≥kodm kn\Uv

Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬ Kem-XybpsS Xe-ÿm-\-amb A≥-ko-dm-bn¬ h®v314˛¬ kndn-bm-bn¬ \n∂pw Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ 13 saXm-∑m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp kn\Up IqSn. anem≥ hn-fw-_-c-Øn-eqsSk`bv°v kzmX¥yw e`n-®-tijw \S∂ BZysØ k`m-tbmK-am-WnXv.aX-]o-U-\-Øn¬ hnizm-kw- Xy-Pn-®-h-sc- ]-‰n-bmWv ][m-\-ambn N¿®-sN-bvX-Xv. -hn-izm-k-Xym-Kn-Iƒ hnizm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v hoWp-t]m-b-h¿- F∂A¿Y-Øn¬ hoW-h¿ (em]vkn ) F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C°q-´¿ ]e-Xcw k¿ń-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ kºm-Zn-®n-cp-∂Xn\m¬ k¿ń-^n-°‰v e`n-®-h¿(ens_-√m-Øn®n /sN¿Xn^n-°mXn) F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-´p. [q]w A¿∏n-®-h¿ Xqcn-^n-°mXn F∂pw _en A¿∏n-®-h¿ kmIn-^n-°mXn F∂pwAdn-b-s∏-´p. _en A¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ]-Icw ssI°qen sImSptØma‰p coXn--bntem CØcw tcJIƒ kºm-Zn-®-h-cp-ap-≠mbn-cp-∂p. Nnesc_en-b¿∏n-®-h-cmbn apZ-b-Sn®v \n¿_-‘-ambn k¿ń-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ ASn-t®¬∏n-®n-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ kza-\ m hnizmkw XyPn®v k¿ń-^n-°‰vkºm-Zn-®-hcpw hnc-f-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AØcw k¿ń-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ°p≈At]-£bv°v Hcp-Zm-lcWw: Zntbm-P-\-kv- Bb Rm≥ Ft∏mgpw _enA¿∏n-°p-Ibpw A¿∏Ww \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. \nß-fpsSapºmsI _en-amwkw `£n-®p. F\n-s°mcp k¿ń-^n-°‰v Xc-W-sa∂vRm≥ -A-t]-£n-°p-∂p.49

kn\-Un¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø sa--Xm-∑m¿: At¥ym-Iy-bnse(kn-dn-b) hnXm-en-kv,- A≥ko-d-bnse a¿sk-√p-kv,- tI-k-dn-bm-bn-se (-I-∏-tUm-jy) -AKn-s°m-tfm-kv, X¿tkm-knse eq∏p-kv,- A-am-sk-bm-bnse t_kn¬, -bq-en-tbm-s∏mfo-knse (K-em-Xy) -^n-em-sU¬t^m-kv, \n-s°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse

\ns‚ GI-Pm-X-\mb I¿Øm-ho-tim-an-in-lm-bn-eqsS ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn¬i‡nbpw al-Xzhpw Ct∏mgpw F∂p-sa-t∂°pw \n\-°p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.BΩo≥.”î

saXm-`n-tj-I-Øn-\p≈ ssIsh∏p]m¿Y\

“temIsØ apgp-h≥ XncnsI hmßp-hm≥ I¿Øm-hmb Cutim-an-in-lmsb Ab-°p-Ibpw Ah≥hgn «ol∑msc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-IbpwXe-apd Xe-ap-d-bmbn saXm-∑msc hmgn°p-Ibpw sNbvX kXy-ssZ-h-ta, Cu \ns‚ Zmks\ kPohsaXm-\m°n «ol-∑m-cpsS ]n≥Xp-S¿®-bn¬ Hcp hnip≤ saXm-\m-°n-Øo¿°-W-sa. ]mXn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿°pw]hm-N-I-∑m¿°pw F√m bYm¿Y Zmk-∑m¿°pw \o Iev]n®p sImSpØZnhym-cq]nbmIp∂ Ir] Ch\p \¬I-W-ta. \ns‚ AP-K-WsØ tabn-°p-∂-Xn\v Chs\ tbmKy-\m-°-W-sa. Ip‰tam \nµtbm IqSmsX Ch≥saXm≥ ÿm\Øp \n¬°-s´. \ns‚ GI-Pm-X-\mb Cutim-an-in-lm-bn-eqsS ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn¬ i‡nbpw alXzhpw Ct∏mgpw Ft∂°pw\n\-°p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. BΩo≥.” (CXns‚ kºq¿W- a-e-bm-f- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿-˛3, -tIm-´-bw, 200,-t]-Pv,193-˛214).48


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4. hnK-l-ßƒ°v _en A¿∏n-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hnK-l-ß-fpsS _lp-am-\m¿Y-ap≈ D’-h-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-hcpw BZyw _e-ambn hen-®n-g-bv°-s∏-s´-¶nepw ]n∂oSv tamSn-bmbnhkvX-[m-cWw sNbvXv kt¥m-j-]q¿hw IS-∂p-sN∂v aSn-Iq-SmsX hncp-∂n¬ -]-s¶-Sp-Ø-hcpw Hcp-h¿jw timXm-°fpw aq∂p-h¿jw ]Wm-a-Icpw Bbn-cn-°-s´.- A-Xn-\p-tijw ]cn-]q¿W- kw-k¿Kw Ah¿°v A\p-h-Zn-®p- sIm-Sp-°mw.

5. ZpJx-kq-N-I-amb hkvX-ßƒ [cn®v _en-amwkw `£n-°p-IbpwBtLm-jm-h-kcw apgp-h≥ Ic-bp-Ibpw sNbvX-h¿ aq∂p-h¿jw ]Wm-a-I-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww. AXn-\p-tijw kº¿°w ]pe¿Ø-s´. F∂m¬- A-h¿ _en-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√.- `-£n-®n-s√-¶n¬ c≠p-h¿jw ]Wm-a-I-cm-bn-cp-∂m¬ aXn. aq∂mw h¿jw kº¿°w ]pe¿Ø-s´.- F-∂m¬ -A¿∏WØn¬ th≠. \memw h¿jw ]cn-]q¿W- kw-k¿K-Øn¬ AhscDƒs∏-Sp-Øm-w. Ah-cpsS am\-km-¥c kz`mhw \∂mbn ]cn-tim-[n®vAh-cpsS A\p-Xm-] -Im-em-h[n \o´mt\m Ipd-bv°mt\m saXm\v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠v. Ah-cpsS ap≥Im-e-Po-hn-Xhpw Ct∏m-gsØ Pohn-Xhpw ]cn-tim-[n®v, AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ \S-]Sn \S-Ø--Ww.

6. hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ I≠p-sI-´p-sa-t∂m, \mSp-I-S-Øp-sat∂m D≈òj-Wn-tI´v hnK-l-ßƒ°v _en A¿∏n-°p-Ibpw CXp-hsc A\p-X-]n®v am\-km-¥-c-s∏-SmXn-cn°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h¿ Cu kn\-Uns‚ Ah-kcw A\p-Xm-]-ssN-X\yw ImWn-®m¬ Ahsc henb Znhkw hsctimXm-°-fmbn kzoI-cn-°-Ww. henb Znh-k-Øn-\p-tijw Ah¿ aq∂p-h¿j-tØ°v ]Wm-a-I-cmbn Ign-b-Ww.- ho≠pw c≠p -h¿jw A¿∏-W-Øn¬ `mK-`m-°m-ImsX kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cmbn Ign-b-Ww.- A-ßs\ BsI Bdv h¿jw Ign-bp-tºmƒ Ahsc ]cn-]q¿W- kw-k¿K-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu kn\-Un\p aptº-Xs∂ Bsc-sb-¶nepw ]mb-›n-Ø-Øn-te°v B\-bn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬, B\-bn® ZnhkwapX¬ Bdph¿jw IW-°m-°-Ww. F¶nepw tcmKw aqetam, as‰-s¥-¶nepw \nan-Øtam GsX-¶nepw ac-Wm-k-∂- km-l-Ncyw D≠m-bm¬ Nnehyh-ÿ-I-fn-t∑¬ Ahsc kzoI-cn-°-Ww.

7. hnPmXn-b¿°mbn th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏´ ÿe-Øp -h®v Ah-cpsSBtLm-jm-h-kcw kz¥w `£Ww sIm≠p-h∂v `£n-®-h-sc-∏‰n C]-Imcw Xocp-am-\n-°p∂p: Ah¿ c≠p h¿jw ]Wm-a-I-cmbn Ign-b-s´.]n∂oSv Ahsc kzoI-cn-°mw.- A-h-cpsS ]n¬°me PohnXw ]cn-tim-[n-®-tijw Ahsc Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ mK- m-°p-I-fm-°-Wtam th≠tbm F∂vHmtcm saXm\pw Xocp-am-\n-°-s´.

HukvXn-tbm-kv, tkem-bnse slcm-s¢-tbm-kv,- C-t°m-Wn-b-Ønse ]tXm-kv, -e-h-Zo-Iy-bnse (]n-ko-Zn-b) \p\q-°n-tbm-kv,- A-t¥ym-Iy-bn-se(-]n-ko-Zn-b)- k¿Kn-bm-t\m-kv, s\tdm-Wmbnse \¿No-kp-kv.

Imt\m-\-Iƒ

1. hnK-l-ßƒ°v _en A¿∏n-s®-¶nepw ]n∂oSv Im]-Sy-tØm-Sp- Iq-sS-b-√, Bflm¿Y-ambn kXymcm-[-\-bn-te°p Xncn-sI- h∂ s]kv_n-‰¿amsc kw_-‘n®v: Aß-s\-bp-≈-h¿ Xß-fpsS ÿm\-Øns‚ _lp-am-\-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°-s´.- G-sX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ Iao-I-cWw \S-Øn-tbm, kzm[o\w D]-tbm-Kn-t®m, t]cn-∏nt®m ]oU-\-ßƒ°v hnt[b-cm-°-s∏-´p F∂ tXm∂¬ Df-hm-I-Ø-°-hn[w \mSy-`m-h-Øn-tem, ImWn-°m≥ th≠ntbm ]oU-\-ta-‰-hsc ]‰n-b√ ChnsS hnh-£. F¶nepwC°q-´¿ _en A¿∏n-°m-t\m, ]kw-Kn-°m-t\m, as‰-s¥-¶nepw sshZn-I-I¿aw sNømt\m ]mSn-√.

2. AXp-t]m-se, hnK-l-ßƒ°v _en A¿∏n-s®-¶nepw ]n∂oSv A\p-X-]n® Uo°-∑mcpw Xß-fpsS ÿm-\Øv \ne-\n¬°-s´.- F-∂m¬Ip¿_m\ sImSp-°p-I, -A-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ \S-Øp-I XpSßn Uo°≥ÿm-\-Øn-\-SpØ Hcp I¿ahpw \n¿h-ln-°-cp-Xv. F∂m¬ -A-h-cn¬ \pdp-ßnb lrZ-bhpw XnI™ A\p-Xm-] -ssN-X-\yhpw saXm≥ Z¿in-®m¬ Ah-tcmSv IqSp-X¬ ImcpWyw ImWn-°m≥ saXm\v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠v. Ah-cpsS apS°p \o°p-∂-Xn\pw saXm-\p -km-[n-°pw.

3. aX-]o-U-\m-h-kcw HmSn-t∏m-b-t∏mƒ ]nSn-°-s∏-´-h¿, Zmk-∑m-cm¬H‰n-s°m-Sp-°-s∏-´-h¿,- In-kvXym\n F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ\jvS-s∏-´-h¿, ]oU\w kln-®-h¿, Pbn-en¬ AS-bv°-s∏-´-h¿, \nµn-°-s∏-´-h¿, hnK-l-ßƒ°v A¿∏n-°-s∏´ hkvXp-°tfm amwktam \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw sIń-tb¬∏n-°-s∏-´-t∏mgpw Xßƒ InkvXym-\n-I-fm-sW∂v]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-h¿, h∂p-t]m-b-hsb Ipdn®v Pohn-X-Ønepw]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw A\p-Xm-]-kq-N-\-Iƒ \¬In-b-h¿˛ ta¬]-d-™-h¿ ]m]-hn-ap-‡-cm-I-bm¬ kwk¿K-Øn¬ \n∂v AI-‰-s∏- -h-c-√.- Im¿°iyw aqe-tam, A⁄X \nan-Øtam CØ-c-°msc Bsc-¶nepw AI‰n \n¿Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ Ah-sc- D-Ss\ Xncn-sI -F-Sp-°-Ww.CXv sshZn-I¿°pw A¬am-b¿°pw _m[-I-am-Wv. t]c-W-bv°p- h-iw-h-Z-cmbn ta¬∏-d-™ -hn[w hoWp-t]mb A¬am-bsc sshZn-I-ÿm-\Øv]th-in-∏n-°mtam F∂Xv kw_-‘n®v N¿® \S-∂p.- A-h¿ Ip‰-°m-c-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°v ]´w sImSp°mw F∂p Rßƒ Xocp-am-\n-°p--∂p.- A-h-cpsS ap≥Im-e-Po-hnXw If-¶-c-ln-X-am-bn-cn-°Ww F∂p-am-Xw.

aq∂v kn\-Up-Iƒaq∂v kn\-Up-Iƒ

268 269

16. Ccp-]Xv hb-kn\p Xmsg-bp-≈-bmƒ GsX-¶nepw arK-hp-am-bn-ssew-Kn-I-_‘w \S-Øn-bm¬ 15 h¿jw ]Wm-a-I-\mbn Ign-b-s´. AXn-\p-tijw ]m¿Y-\-I-fn¬ kº¿°w ]pe¿Ø-s´. Aßs\ A©p-h¿jwIgn-™n´v A¿∏-W-Øn¬ kl-I-cn-°-s´. ]Wm-a-Im-esØ Ah-cpsSPohnXw ]cn-tim-[n®v Cu ImcpWyw Ah¿°v- A-\p-h-Zn-°mw. F∂m¬A-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ ho≠pw Cu ]m]w sNbvXm¬ ]Wm-a-Im-em-h[n Zo¿Ln-∏n-°-Ww. Ccp-]Xv hb-kn\p apI-fn-ep≈ hnhm-ln-X≥ Cu sX‰p-sN-bvXm¬ 25 h¿jw ]Wm-a-I-\mbn Ign-b-s´. A-Xn-\p-tijw ]m¿Y-\-bn¬ kº¿°w ]pe¿Ø-s´. Aßs\ A©p-h¿jw Ign-™n´v A¿∏-W-Øn¬ k-l-I-cn-°-s´. 50 hb-kn-\p-ta¬ ]mb-ap≈ hnhm-ln-X≥ C]-Imcw sNbvXm¬ ac-W-k-a-b-Øp -am-Xta k`-bn¬ tN¿°m-hq.

17.- ar-K-ß-fp-am-bn -ssew-Kn-I-_‘w ]pe¿Øn kzbw Aip-≤-cm-Ip-Ibpw IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Iƒ B-bn-Øo¿∂v a‰p-≈-h¿°v AXv ]¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h¿ Ic-bp-∂-h-cp-sS -Iq-sS- \n∂v ]m¿Yn-°-s´.

18. saXm-\mbn \nb-an-°-s∏- -bmsf \nb-an-°-s∏- -C-S-h-I-bnse P\wkzoI-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, a‰n-S-h-I-I-fn¬ IS-∂m-I-aWw\S-Øn, \nb-a-]-c-ambn AhnsS \nb-an-X-cmb saXm-∑m¿s°-Xnsc]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw Ie-l-Øn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬, Abmsfÿm\Øp --\n∂pw kwk¿K-Øn¬ \n∂pw \o°-Ww. F∂m¬ apºvs]kv_n-‰¿ Bbn-cp-∂n-SØv s]kv_n-‰-dmbn XpS-cm≥ BK-ln-®m¬ B_lp-am\w \¬I-Ww. AhnsS \nb-am-\p-krXw \nb-an-X-cmb saXm-∑m¿s°Xnsc ]h¿Øn-°m≥ apXn¿∂m¬ sshZn-I-ÿm-\Øp \n∂p-IqSn ]pd-Øm-°-Ww.

19. I\ym-hXw kzoI-cn-®-bmƒ hmKvZm\w ad∂v ]h¿Øn-®m¬,c≠mw-hn-hmlw \S-Øn-b-h-cpsS Imem-h[n ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´. I\y-I-I-fmb kvXo-Iƒ ktlm-Z-cn-am-sc-t∏mse ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-sS-IqsS ]m¿°p-∂Xv \mw hne-°p-∂p.

20. GsX-¶nepw `mcy-tbm, `¿Ømthm hy`n-Nmcw sNbvXm¬ \n›-bn-°-s∏-´- co-Xn-bn¬ Ggp-h¿jw ]mb-›nØw sNøp-tºmƒ kw-k¿K-Øn¬ FSp-°mw.

21. hy`n-Nmcw sNøp-I-tbm, DZ-c-^-esØ \in-∏n-°p-Itbm `qW-l-Xybv°v acp-∂p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm sNbvX-hsc Hcp ap≥Im-e-UnInac-Ww-hsc AI‰n \n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Nne¿ CXv AwKo-I-cn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.- \n-›-bn-°-s∏-´- co-Xn-bn¬ ]Øp-h¿jw Ah¿ ]mb-›nØw\n¿h-ln-°--s´- F∂v Rßƒ Ip-td-°qSn ab-s∏-SpØn I¬∏n-°p-∂p.

8. \n¿_‘w \nanØw ct≠m aqt∂m ]mhiyw _en Ign-®-h¿\mep h¿jw ]Wm-a-I-cm-bn-cn-°-s´. c≠p-h¿jw A¿∏Ww IqSmsXkº¿°w ]pe¿Ø-s´. Ggmw h¿jw Ahsc ]cn-]q¿W -kw-k¿K-Øn¬kzoI-cn-°mw.

9. hnizmkw XyPn°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-hsc AXn-\mbn t]-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv Ip‰-°m-cmbn Xo¿∂-h¿ aq∂p-h¿jw timXm-°-fmbpwBdp-h¿jw ]Wm-a-I-cmbpw Hcp-h¿jw A¿∏Ww IqSmsX kº¿°w]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cmbpw Ig-n-b-Ww. Aßs\ samØw ]Øp-h¿jw Ign-bp-tºmƒ Ah¿°v Ip¿_m\ kzoI-cn-°mw.- C-°m-e-b-f-hn¬- A-h-cpsSPohn-Xw ]cn-tim-[-\m-hn-t[b-am-°-Ww.

10.- A-hn-hm-ln-X-Po-hnXw \bn-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ hnhm-ln-X-\m-I-W-sa∂v ]´-Øns‚ Ah-kcw saXms\ Adn-bn-®-h¿ Uo°-∑m-cm-b -tijw hnhm-ln-X-cmbn tkh-\-Øn¬ XpS-c-s´. Imc-Ww,- AXvsaXm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]´-Øns‚ Ah-kcw hnhm-l-sØ-∏‰n H∂pw kwkm-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv hnhmlw Ign-°p-IbpwsNbvX-h¿ Uo°≥ÿm-\Øp XpS-cm≥ ]mSn-√.

11. hnhm-l -hm-KvZm\w sNbvX -I-\y-I-Isf _e-ambn ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn ZpjvS-Xbv°p hnt[-b-am-°n-b-mepw hmKvZm\w sNbvX ]pcp-j\v XncnsI sImSp-°-Ww.

12.- am-tam-Zo-kmbv°p apºv hnK-l-ßƒ°v _-en-b¿∏n-s®-¶nepw ]n∂o-Sv amtam-Zo-km-hgn ip≤o-I-c-Ww ]m]n-®-h¿°v ]´w sImSp-°mw.

13. sshZn-I-sc-tbm, -Uo-°-∑m-sctbm hmgn-°m≥ tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏mbv°v A\p-hm-Z-an-√.- sa-Xms‚ tcJm-aq-e-ap≈ A\p-hmZw IqSmsX]´-W-Ønse as‰m-cn-S-h-I-bn¬ s]kv_n-‰-dvamsc hmgn-°m≥ \n›-b-ambpw tImsd-∏n-kvtIm-∏mbv°v A\p-hm-Z-an-√.

14. amwkw h¿Pn-°p∂ s]kv_n-‰¿amcpw Uo°-∑mcpw cpNn-®p- t\m-°n-bn-´v, ths≠-¶n¬ h¿Pn-°-s´. F∂m¬ Cu Im\\v FXnsc \n∂,vamwk-tØm-Sp-IqsS thhn® kky-ßƒ t]mepw `£n-°mØ ]´-ap-≈-bmsf ]´-ip-ipqj-bn¬ \n∂v am‰n\n¿Ø--Ww.

15. saXm-\n-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ah-kcw sshZn-I¿ hn‰-p-I-f™ k`m-h-kvXp-°sf kw_-‘n®v: Cu k`m-h-kvXp-°ƒ XncnsI FSp-°-W-sa∂vI¬∏n-°p-∂p. hne-sIm-Sp-°-W-tam -th-≠tbm F∂p- Xo-cp-am-\n-t°≠XvsaXm-\m-Wv.- Im-c-Ww, AXns‚ hcp-am\w hne-tb-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw.


270 271

3. H∂n-tesd hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-hsc kw_-‘n®v]mb-›n-Ø- Im-em-h[n hy‡-am-W-t√m.-F-∂m¬ Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-IawA\p-k-cn®v kabw Ipd-bv°mw.

4.- H-cmƒ hy`n-Nm-tcm-t±-iy-tØmsS Hcp kvXosb tamln-s®-¶nepwAXv kw`-hn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Ir]-bm¬ c-£n-°-s∏´p F∂v hy‡-amWt√m.

5. -kv\m-\m¿Yn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ ÿm\w e`n-®-bmƒ k`-bn¬ h-cn-Ibpw ]m]-Øn¬ hogp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ]Wm-aI≥ BsW-¶n¬timXm-hm-bn Xcw-Xm-gvØ-s∏-S-Ww.- A-bmƒ taen¬ ]m]w sNbvIbp-a-cp-Xv.- tim-Xm-hm-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw ]m]w- sN-bvXm¬ Abmsf ]pd-Øm-°Ww.

6.- B-K-ln-°p∂ ka-b-Øp- Xs∂ K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ°v amtam-Zokm\¬IWw F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. Imc-Ww, Ahƒ AXp-hgn inip-hn\vH∂pw ]I¿∂p- sIm-Sp-°p-∂n-√.- In-kvXp-hns\ G‰p]d-bpI F∂p-≈Xvhy‡-ambn Hmtcm Bfn-s‚bpw hy‡n-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-am-Wv.

7.- c-≠m-w -hn-hm-l-°m-cpsS hnhm-l-hn-cp-∂n¬ sshZn-I¿ ]s¶-Sp-°-cp-Xv.- Im-c-Ww, ]p\¿hn-hmlw \S-Øp-∂bmƒ ]mb-›n-Ø-Øn\v IS-s∏-´-h-\m-I-bm¬, AØcw hnhm-l-Øns‚ BtLm-j-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-SpØvAXw-Ko-I-cn-°p∂ ssh-Zn-I≥ GXp- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- ]p-tcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cn°pw?

8.- H-cm-fpsS `mcy hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn- B-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw AXv hy‡-ambnshfn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬, Abmƒ k`m-ip-iq-j-I≥ BIm≥ ]mSn-√. -A-bm-fpsS ]´-Øn-\p-tijw Ahƒ hy`n-Nm-cnWn Bbn-Øo¿s∂-¶n¬- A-hsf Dt]-£n-°-Ww. Ahsf XpS¿∂v IqsS ]m¿∏n-®m¬ Ah≥k`m-ip-iqj \S-Ø-cp-Xv.

9.- P-Un-I- ]m-]-Øn¬ ho-W-bm-ƒ ]´w kzoI-cn-°pIbpw ]n∂oSvAXv G‰p-]-d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ XpS¿∂v _en A¿∏n-°-cp-Xv. F∂m¬a‰v kwK-Xn-I-fn-ep≈ Xo£vWX ]cn-K-Wn®v Abmƒ a‰v k`m-ip-iq-j-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°-s´.- ]-´w a‰p ]m]-ß-sf√mw \o°n-°-f-bp∂p F∂mWv`qcn-]-£m-`n-]m-bw. F∂m¬ Abmƒ G‰p-]-d-bm-sXbpw sX‰v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sm-sXbpw Ccp-∂m¬ AXv kw_-‘n-®p≈ Xocp-am\w AbmsfBi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

10. -A-Xp-t]m-se, Hcp Uo°≥ CØcw ]m]-Øn¬ hoWm¬ Abmƒk-_vUo-°s‚ ipiq-j-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°-s´.

22. a\x-]q¿hw sIme \S-Øp-∂-h¿ ]Wm-a-I-cmbn Ign-b-s´.F∂m¬ ac-Wm-h-kcw Ahsc ]cn-]q¿W-kw-k¿K-Øn¬ ]th-in-∏n-°mw.

23. a\x-]q¿h-a-√mØ sIme-]m-X-I-Øn\v, \n›-bn-°-s∏-´ -co-Xn-bn¬Ggp-h¿jw ]mb-›nØw sNø-W-sa∂v Hcp ap≥Im-e-Un-In- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. -A-h¿- A-©p-h¿jw- ]q¿Ønbm-°n-bm¬ aXn-sb∂v Cukn\Uv I¬∏n-°p-∂p.

24. a¥-hmZw sNøp-Ibpw hnPm-Xn-b-cpsS BNm-c-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-hcpw B`n-Nm-c-Øn\pw £pZ-]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-ambnBfp-Isf hoń¬ hnfn-®p- h-cp-Øp-∂-hcpw \n›-bn-°-s∏-´ -I-a-Øn¬A©p- h¿jw Im\\v hnt[-b-cm-Wv.- A-Xm-b-Xv, aq∂v h¿jw ]Wm-a-I-cmbpw c≠p -h¿jw A¿∏Ww IqSmsX ]m¿Y-\-bn¬ kº¿°w]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cmbpw Ign-b-Ww.

25. Hcmƒ Hcp bph-Xn-bp-ambn hnhm-l-hm-KvZm\w \S-Øn-bn´v Ah-fpsS ktlm-Z-cnsb NoØ-bm°n K¿`n-Wn-bm-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p-tijwDS-ºSn sNbvX-h-sf-Øs∂ hnhmlw Ign-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∏mƒa‰-hƒ sIń-Rm-∂p- N-Øp. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´h-sc√mw \n›n-X-I-a-Øn¬ 10 h¿jw ]b-›nØw sNbvXn´v hnizm-kn-I-fp-sS -IqsS kzoI-cn-°-s∏-S-s´.

2.-s\tbm sNk-dnbm kn\Uv

t]m¥p-knse s\tbm- sN-k-dn-bm-bn¬ -h®v 314˛\pw 325-˛\pw CS-bv°v- Hcp kn\Uv IqSn. Nne in£-W- I-a-ßƒ kw_-‘n-®mWv Imt\m-\-Iƒ.50

Imt\m-\-Iƒ

1. -hn-hmlw Ign-°p-∂- ssh-Zn-Is\ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°-Ww.- F-∂m¬Ah≥ hy`n-Nmcw sNbvXm¬ Iq´m-bva-bn-¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm°n ]mb-›nØw I¬∏n-°-Ww.

2.- c≠v ktlm-Z-c-∑msc hnhmlw Ign-°p∂ kvXo ac-Ww-hsck`m-`-jvS B-bn-cn-°-s´.- F-∂m¬ ac-W-k-a-bØv Hcp Imcp-Wy-]-hrØnF∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahƒ°v tamN\w \¬Imw. kpJw ]m]n-®m¬ Cuhnhm-l-_‘w Dt]-£n-°m-sa∂v Ahƒ ]-Jym-]n-°-Ww. F∂m¬CØcw hnhm-l-Øn¬ kvXotbm ]pcp-jt\m acn-®m¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂hy‡n°v ]m]-tam-N\w hfsc ]bm-k-am-bn-cn-°pw.


272 273

2. c‡w -Iq-Sm-ØXpw hnK-l-ßƒ°v A¿∏n-°m-ØXpw IgpØpsRcn®v sIm∂ arK-Øn¬\n∂v A√m-Ø-Xp-amb amwkw £n-°p∂ ‡-\mb hnizm-kn-sb, `£Ww \nanØw c£-sb-°p-dn®v ]Xo£ \in-®-h≥ F∂ -\n-e-bn¬, hn[n-®p X≈p-∂-h≥ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

3. kz¥w bP-am-\s\ \√ a\-tkmSpw F√m-hn[ _lp-am-\-tØmSpwIqsS tkhn-°m-sX, Abmsf \nµn®v `‡n-bpsS t]cn¬ Abm-fpsStkh-\-Øn¬\n∂v HmSn-t∏m-Im≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-h≥ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

4. hnhm-ln-X-\mb ]´-°m-c≥ A¿∏n-°p∂ Ip¿_m\bn¬ \n∂vkzoI-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂v ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-h≥ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

5.- ssZ-h-`-h-\hpw Ahn-SpsØ k`m-tbm-Khpw \nµy-am-sW∂v ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-h≥ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

6. k`bv°v ]pdØv cl-ky- k-tΩ-f-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw Imt\m-\-Isf [n°-cn-°p-Ibpw k`m-I¿a-ßƒ sNøp∂p F∂p- I-cp-Xp-Ibpwsa-Xms‚ A\p-hmZw IqSm-sXbpw sshZn-Is‚ km∂n-[yw -Iq-Sm-sXbpw]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h≥ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

7.- tZ-hm-e-b-Øn¬ A¿∏n-®- h-kvXp-°ƒ FSp-°m≥ apXn-cp-I-tbm,saXms‚tbm Npa-X-e-bp≈ hy‡n-bp-sStbm A\p-hmZw IqSmsX Ah]≈n°v ]pd-sØ-Sp-°p-Itbm Npa-X-e-bp≈ Bfns‚ Xocpam\w A\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°m≥ Iq´m-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-h≥ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

8. saXmt\m k`m-kz-Øp-°-fpsS Npa-X-e-°m-c-\mbn At±lw \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ hy‡ntbm A√msX Bsc-¶nepw k`m-kz-Øp-°ƒ hn‰m¬hn¬°p-∂-h\pw hmßp-∂-h\pw i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

9.- I-\ym-Xz-Øns‚ Hu∂-Xyhpw ]cn-ip-≤nbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°msX hnhm-lsØ shdp-°p-∂-Xp -sIm-≠p-amXw I\y-I-bm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw hnc‡n]men-°p--Ibpw hnhm-l-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgn-™n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-hƒi]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

10.- I¿Øm-hns\ ]Xn _“-Nm-cn-bmbn Pohn-°p-Ibpw AtX-k-abw hnhm-ln-Xsc \nµn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-bmƒ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

11. hnizm-k-Øm¬ t]cn-X-\mbn AKms∏ \S-Øp-Ibpw I¿Xr-kvt\-l-Øm¬ ktlm-Z-c-ßsf £Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ AXns\ \nµn®v£Ww kzoI-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-∂-h¿ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

11. F√m-Ø-c-Ønepw tbmKy-\m-bn-cp-∂mepw ap∏Xp hb-kn\p apºvB¿°pw ]´w sImSp-°-cp-Xv. adn-®v, Abmƒ ImØn-cn-°-s´. Imc-Ww,\ΩpsS I¿Øm-ho-tim-an-inlm kv\m\w kzoI-cn®Xpw ]Tn-∏n°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXpw 30-˛mw hb-kn-em-Wv.

12. tcmK-K-kvX-\m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ amtam-Zokm kzoI-cn-®-bmsf sshZn-I-ÿm-\-tØ°v ]th-in-∏n-®p-Iq-Sm.- Im-cWw, Abm-fpsS hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w kzta-[bm A√.- km-l-Ncyw sIm≠m-Wv.- F-¶nepw Abm-fp-sSXpS¿∂p≈ Xo£vW-Xbpw hnizm-khpw tbmKy-cmb Bfp-I-fpsS A`m-hhpw ]cn-K-Wn®v Abm-sfbpw kzoIcn°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

13. Kma-Ønse sshZn-I≥ \K-c-Ønse ]≈n-I-fn¬ \K-c-ØnsesaXm\pw sshZn-Icpw k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ A¿∏Ww \S-Øp-I-tbm A∏hpw Imkmbpw ]m¿Yn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Itbm sNø-cp-Xv. Ah-cmcpw ASp-Øn-√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw, Abmƒ amXta e`y-am-bn-´p≈p F∂kml-Ncyw hcn-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ -A-bmƒ°pw BImw.

14. tImsd-∏n-kvtIm-∏m-am¿ Fgp-]-Xp -t]-cpsS ÿm\-Øm-Wv.- Z-cn--Z-tcm-Sp≈ Xm¬]-cyw- \n-an-Øhpw k`m-ip-iq-j-I-sc∂ \ne-b-nepwAh¿°v -A¿∏Ww \S-Øm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

15.- ]-´Ww hep-Xm-sW-¶nepw Im\≥ A\p-k-cn®v Uo°-∑m¿ -G-gp-t]tc BIm-hq.- CXv \S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-W-t√m.

3. -KmwKm kn\Uv

]^ve-tKm-Wn-bm-bnse KmwKm-bn¬ h-®v 325˛\pw 331˛\pw CSbv°vFhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 13 saXm-∑m-cpsS Hcp kn\Uv \S-∂p.- G-en-b≥,- F-hp-tP-\n-b-kv, Hfnw-]n-bp-kv,- _n-Xo-\n-°q-kv,- Kn-K-dn,-^n-te-Øq-kv,- ]m-∏qkv, Fhp-em-en-tbm-kv,- ln-∏m-kyq-kv,- s]m-tb-cn-bpk,vt_kn¬, _mkpkv F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p a‰p saXm∑m¿.- sk-_-kvsX-bn-se (-A¿ta-\n-bm) -F-hp-kvXmtXymkv A∂p-hsc \S-∏n-en-cp∂ coXn-Iƒs°-Xnsc Nne \ho-I-c-W-ßƒ hcpØn. CXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn- mWv kn\UvIqSn-bXpw Imt\m-\-Iƒ Fgp-Xn- D-≠m-°n-b-Xpw. \ho-I-c-W-ßƒ Imt\m-\-I-fn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Wv.51

Imt\m-\-Iƒ

1.- hn-hmlw hne-°p-I-tbm, hnizm-kn-\nbpw ‡bpw kz`¿Øm-hns‚IqsS ]m¿°p-∂-h-fp-amb `mcysb kz¿K-cm-Py-Øn\v A¿l-b√ F∂p-]-d™v \nµn®v i]n-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-h¿ i]n°-s∏-S-s´.


274 275

A\p-_‘ßƒ

1. sZ¿-˛-_-ensk ]∏o-dkv

1907-˛¬ CuPn-]vXn¬ Akyp-Xn-\-SpØv sZ¿-˛-_-ensk F∂ ÿe-Øp≈ Hcm-i-a-Øn¬ \n∂p Bdmw- \q-‰m-≠nse Ipsd Ko°v ]∏o-dkvtcJ-Iƒ I≠p-In-ń. Ah-bn¬ HscÆw CuPn-]vXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂Hcp ]mNo\ Fhp-t°m-tem-Kn-tbms‚ `mKambn-cp-∂p. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS]mcw-` -`m-KsØ aq∂p ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ, A\m-^-d, Ip¿_m-\- kzo-I-c-W-]m¿Y\ F∂nh CXn¬ ASßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXnse ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ hfsc]mNo-\-am-Wv. kmMvXp-kn-\pw ÿm]-\-hm-°p-Iƒ°pw CS-bv°mWv dqlm-£-Ww. Cu tcJ-bn¬ Hcp ]mNo\ hnizm-k-]-am-Whpw D≠v: î“k¿h--i-‡-\mb ]nXm-hmb ssZh-Ønepw Xs‚ GI-Pm-X-\mb ]pX\pw\ΩpsS I¿Øm-hp-amb Cutim-an-in-lm-bnepw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hnepw ico-c-Øns‚ Db¿∏nepw hnip-≤- I-tØm-en-°m- k-`-bnepw Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.”52

2. a¿t°m-kns‚ A\m-^d

kvXmkv_p¿Kv bqWn-th-gvkn‰n KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬ a¿t°m-kns‚A\m-^-d-bpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ ]∏o-d-kn¬ Is≠-Sp-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. Ahn-sS-\n∂v Is≠-Sp-Ø-Xn-\m¬ kvXmkv_p¿Kv ]∏o-dkv F∂pw CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu A\m-^-d-bpsS G‰hpw ]mNo\ Isø-gp-Øp-]Xn CXm-Wv. (4/5 \q.) Cu Isø-gp-Øp-]Xn Xs∂bpw Hcp ]I¿∏m-Wv. AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ ImeØv Cu coXn-bn¬ CXp ]N-cn-®n-cp∂p F∂p Nne¿Icp-Xp-∂p. Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-hcpw acn-®-h-cp-ambn F√m hn`m-K-Ønepws]´ ItØm-en-°m-k` apgp-h\pw th≠n-bp≈ a[y-ÿ-]m¿Y\-bmWvCu tcJ-bn-ep-≈-Xv.53

12. BflobX-bpsS t]cn¬ s]cn-t_m-sfbpw [cn-°p-Ibpw AXvAhsc \oXo-I-cn-°p-s∂-∂- Nn-¥-bm¬, ‡n-]q¿hw t_dqkpw a‰v km[m-c-W -]-Xn-hp≈ hkv-X-ßfpw [cn-°p-∂-hsc \nµn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h¿ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

13.- B-flo-b-X-b-psS t]cn¬ kz¥-h-kvXw am‰n, kvXoIƒ°v km[m-c-W-am-bn-´p≈ hkv-X-Øn-\p -]-Icw ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS hkvXw [cn-°p∂kvXoIƒ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

14.- hn-hm-lsØ shdp-°p-∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ `¿Øm-°-∑msc Dt]-£n®v Cdßn ]pd-s∏-Sm≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-°p∂ kvXoIƒ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

15. -a-°sf Dt]-£n-°p-I-tbm, Ign-h-\p-k-cn®v Ahsc hf¿Øp-Itbm `‡n-bn¬ A`y-kn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNbvXv k\ym-k-Øns‚t]cn¬ Ahsc Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂-h¿ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

16.- `-‡n-bpsS t]cn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°sf, ]tXy-In-®v,- hn-izm-kn-I-fm-b -am-Xm-]n-Xm-°sf Dt]-£n-°pItbm,-A-h¿°v A¿l-amb _lp-am\wsImSp-°mXn-cn-°p-Itbm , amXm-]n-Xm-°-tf°mƒ `‡n°v ]m[m\yw\¬Ip∂p F∂- hym-tP\ hym]-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ Ipń-Iƒ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

17.- hn-t[-b-Xz-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ambn ssZhw kvXoIƒ°v sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ apSn `‡n-bpsS \mSy-Øn¬ apdn-®p -I-f-™v, ssZhn-I- im-k-\sb [n°-cn-°p-∂ -kvXo-Iƒ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

18. k\ym-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Rmb-dmgvN D]-h-kn-°p-∂-h¿ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

19. k` \n›-bn-®v s]mXp-hmbn BN-cn-°p∂ D]-hm-k-ßsf -]-tXyI imco-cnI ImcWw IqSmsX Ah-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw [n°m-c-]q¿hws]cp-am-dp-Ibpw sNøp∂ -Xm-]-k≥, CXp -kw-_-‘n®v icn-bmb Adn-hp-≈-h-\m-I-bm¬, i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

20. - c-‡-km-£n-I-fpsS Hm¿a-Zn -h-k-ap≈ ktΩ-f-\-ß-sfbpwAhnsS \S-°p∂ ipiq-j-I-sfbpw Ah-cpsS A\p-kva-c-W-I-sfbpw[n°m-c-]q¿hw \nµn®v ]p—n-°p-∂-h≥ i]n-°-s∏-S-s´.

aq∂v kn\-Up-Iƒ

276 277

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. C∂p S¿°n-bnse Ckv\nIv

2. 318 F∂Xv Be-¶m-cnI `mj-bn¬ a\- n-em-°Ww F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. A_-lm-ans‚ 318 Zmk-∑m-sc-∏‰n Dev]..14:14 ImWp-I.

3. E.Seeberg, Die Synode von Antiochien im Jahre 324/325, Aalen 19732, p.67.

4. J.N.D.Kelly, Early Christian Creeds, London, 1972 (= Kelly) 209-210;

W.A.Jurgens. The Faith of the Early Fathers I., Collegeville 1970, p.281.

5. Kelly, p.211: C∂v Xp¿°n-bnse A¶md

6. k`m. 1:13

7. Kelly, -p.211 \º¿ 3

8. Kelly, -p. 229-˛230; k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿, 1. 1987. t].50-˛85: \nJym-hn-izm-k-]-am-Whpw Imt\m-\-Ifpw ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h-cpw.

9. Kelly, -p. 234- 239.

10. -- Kelly , -p.239 -˛242 ; A.Hahn-L.Hahn, Bibliothek der Symbole und

Glaubensregeln der alten Kirche, Hildesheim,1962, p.160-1.

11. skmIm-´kv, k`m. 1:28-˛32

12. AtX-Ir-Xn, 1:33

13. M.Simonetti. La Crisi Ariana nel IV Secolo, Roma, 1975, p.124ff.

tkmIm-´k,v k`m. 1:29---- ˛32.

14. \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse Fhptk_n-bkv (+342) Bcn-b-kns‚ kvt\ln-X\m-bn-cp-∂p. Abmfp-sS- IqsS \n∂-h-cmWv Cu t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv.

15. Dedication Council-(tl F≥ tXmbnkv Fss¶-\n-Hm-C-kv): Cu kn\-Uns‚ Imt\m-\-Iƒ°v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-˛-D-¤-hhpwhf¿®-bpw, tIm´-bw, 1986, t]. 238-˛251 ImWpI.

16. Kelly, -p.265; skmIm- -kv, k`m. 2:10

17. Kelly, -p.268-˛270; skm-Im-´kv, k`m. 2:10

18. Kelly, -p.266-˛267.

19.- Kelly, -p.272.

20. Kelly, -p.272-˛273

21. Kelly, -p.274

3. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ hnizm-k-]-am-Ww(381)

“k¿h-i-‡\mb ]nXmhpw BIm-i-Øn-s‚bpw qan-bp-sSbpw Zriym-Zr-iy-ß-fmb F√m -h-kvXp-°-fp-sSbpw \n¿am-Xm-hp-amb GI-ssZ-h-Øn¬Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ GI-]p-X\pw bpK-ßƒs°√mwapºv ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v P\n-®-h\pw ]Im-i-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ ]Im-ihpwkXy-ssZ-h-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ kXy-ssZ-hhpw P\n-®-h\pw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-\pw ]nXm-hp-ambn ka-k-Ø-bm-b-h\pw X∂m¬ kI-ehpw \n¿an-°-s∏-´-h\pw Bb GI- I¿Øm-th-ipInkvXphn-epw Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Ah≥ a\p-jy-cmb \ap°pw \ΩpsS c£bv°pw th≠n kz¿K-Øn¬ \n∂n-dßn ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-\m¬ I\y-I-a-dn-b-Øn¬ \n∂v ico-c-sa-SpØv a\p-jy-\m-bn. Ah≥ s]m¥n-tbmkv ]oem-tØm-kns‚ Ime-Øv \-ap-°p-th≠n Iqin-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw IjvS-X-Iƒ kln®v acn-°p-IbpwkwkvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw- F-gp-X-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ]Imcw aq∂mw ZnhkwDb¿sØ-gp-t∂¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah≥ kz¿K-Øn-te°v Itcdn ]nXm-hns‚ he-Øp-`m-KØv Ccn-°p-∂p.- Po-h-\p-≈-h-scbpw acn-®-h-sc-bpwhn[n-°m≥ Ah≥ al-Xz-Øn¬ ho≠pw hcm-\n-cn-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ cmPywHcn-°epw Ah-km-\n-°p-I-bn-√.- ]n-Xm-hn¬ \n∂p ]pd-s∏´v ]nXm-hn-t\mSpw ]pX-t\m-Spw- IqsS Bcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw al-Xzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h\pw ]hm-N-I-cn-eqsS kwkm-cn-®-h\pw I¿ØmhpwPoh-Zm-Xmhpw Bb ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hnepw FIhpw hnip-≤hpw ImtXm-en-Ihpw ss«ln-Ihpamb k`-bnepw Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn-\p≈ GI-amtam-Zokm Rßƒ G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p.- a-cn-®-h-cpsSDb¿∏pw hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ temI-Ønse Pohn-Xhpw Rßƒ t\m°n-∏m¿°p-∂p.- B-Ωo≥.”

Ipdn-∏p-IƒA\p-_‘ßƒ

278 279

London, 1987; R.C.Gregg-D.E.Groh, Early Arianism: A Vew of Salvation, Phila-

delphia, 1981.

44. T.A.Kopecek, A History of Neo-Arianism, 2 vols, Cambridge (Ma), 1979.

45. J.Stevenson,op.cit.340-341

46. skmIm-´-kv, k`m. 1,5;1,25.26.33.37-˛38 IqSn ImWp-I.

47. Encyclopedia of the Early Church, 1. Cambridge, 1992, p.296.

48. L.Deiss. Early Soures of the Liturgy, Collegeville (MN) 1975, p.97-134;

J.Wordsworth, Bishop Serapion’s Prayer book, London, 1923.

49. NPNF2.14,62-75; Compare with A.Voobus, The Synodicon, I.p.101-107.

50. NPNF2.14,79-86; A.Voobus,107-109.

51. NPNF2.14,87-101; A.Voobus, 109-110.

52. L.Deiss. Early Soures of the Liturgy, p.187-194.

53. L.Deiss. Early Soures of the Liturgy, p.145-147.

22. Kelly, -p.275-˛275.

23. Kelly, -p.276 ff.

24. “Long Lined Creed”skmIm- -kv, k`m. 2:19; 2:20; AØ-\m-tkymkv,sZ kns\m-Zn-kv, 26; sI√n,279.

25. A≥ko-dbnse a¿sk-√p-kns‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂p s^mØo-\p-kv. 344-˛¬ kn¿an-bsØ saXm-\m-bn. 345˛¬ a¿sk-√p-kns\ hn[n® At¥ymIy≥ kn\Un¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 351 ˛ hsc kn¿anbw saXm-\mbn XpS¿∂pF∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p (F.L.Cross, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church,

London, 1974. p.1087). Hcp-Xcw ks_-√n-b-\n-k-amWv s^mØo-\pkv ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv. 381˛se tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kq\-l-tZmkv HutZym-Kn-I-ambns^mØo-\p-kns\ i]n-®p.

26. Kelly, -p.28; skmIm-´-kv, k`m.2:30.

27. M.Simonetti, op. cit.p.214 ff.

28. skmIm´kv, k`m.2:36

29. Kelly, -p.284 ff.

30. Kelly, -p.285-˛288; skmIm-´-kv, k`m. 2:30.

31. Kelly, -p.288

32. Kelly, -p. 289-˛290; CXv “Dated Creed” F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

33. Kelly, -p. 291: \m\q-dn¬]cw saXm-∑m¿ dnan-\n-bn¬ kw_-‘n®p.

34. skmIm-´-kv, k`m. 2:39-˛40

35. Kelly, -p. 293-˛294 skmIm-´-kv, k`m. 2:41

36. Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿˛2. tIm´-bw, 1987, 106-˛121.

37. ]nXm-hn-s\-°mƒ XmW-]-Sn-bn-emWv ]pX≥; ]pX-s\-°mƒ XmW-]-Sn-bn-emWv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hv-˛-C-XmWv kt_m¿Un-t\-j-\n-kw.

38. saeo-jy≥ ioivasb-∏‰n: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, BZn-a-k-`-bpsS ktµ-iw,tIm´-bw, 1988,-t].300.

39. J.Stevenson, A New Eusebios, London, 1974, p.344-5.

40. Ibid. 346-7

41. Ibid. 350-1

42. Ibid 375-6.

43. R.Lonergan, The Way to Nicea, London, 1916; F.Young, From Nicaea to

Chalcedon, Philadelphia, 1983; Rowan Williams, Arius Heresy and Tradition,

Ipdn-∏p-IƒIpdn-∏p-Iƒ

280 281

Npcp-s°-gp-Øp-I-fpsS ]q¿W-cq]w

BO = Bibliotheca Orientalis by J.S.Assemani

LH = Liber Heracleides of Nestorius tr.by G.R.Driver

NPNF2 = Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series

PG = Patrologia Graeca

PL = Patrologia Latina

PO = Patrologia Orientalis

WWS = Wort und Wahrheit Supplement,Vienna.

F∏n^m\n-b-kv,- ]mj. = ]mj-WvU-X-Iƒ (-]-\m-cn-tbm≥/sl-sc-skkv)

Fhp. k`m = Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv,-k-`m-N-cn-Xw

P∂m-Un-b-kv, al-Zv. = al-Zvhy-‡n-Iƒ

Ptdmw,- a-l-Zv. = al-Zvhy-‡n-Iƒ

Xnb-sUm-sd-‰v,- k-`m. = k`m-N-cnXw

]mj. = ]mjWvU-X-Iƒ

^nsem-kvtXm¿Pn-bpkv, k`m. = k`m-N-cnXw

_nªn.-tIm. = _nªn-tbm-tX°m tImUIvkv

al-Zv. = al-Zvhy-‡n-Iƒ

k`m. = k`m-N-cnXw

skmIm-´-kv,- k-`m. = k`m-N-cnXw

skmtkm-a≥,- k-`m. = k`m-N-cnXw

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

Cross, F. L., - Livingstone, E. A., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian

Churches, London, 1974.

Deiss, L., Early Sources of the Liturgy, Collegeville (MN),1975.

Hahn. A.-Hahn L., Bibliothek der Symbole und Glaubensregeln der alten

Kirche, Hildesheim,1962.

Juergens, W. A. , The Faith of the Early Fathers, Collegeville (MN)1970.

Kelly, J.N.D., The Early Christian Creeds, London, 1972.

Loofs, F., Nestoriana, Halle, 1905.

Payne, R., The Holy Fire, London, 1958.

Quasten, J., Patrology - III, Utrecht-Antwerp, 1975.

Seeburg, E. Die Synode von Antiochien im Jahre 324/325, Aalen 19732.

Simonetti, M., La Crisis Ariana nel IV secolo, Roma 1975.

Stevenson, J., A New Eusebios, London,1974.

Stevenson, J., Creeds, Councils and Controversies, London,1966.

Voobus, A., The Synodicon in the West Syrian Tradition, I, (CSCO 368)

Louvain,1975.

Williams, R., Arius, Heresy and Tradition, London, 1987.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, At¥ym-Iy≥k- - -D-¤-hhpw hf¿®-bpw, tIm -bw,1986.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, Xncp-k- m-N-cn-Xw, tIm -bw, 1998.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, Pdp-k-te-anse kndn¬, aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ, tIm -bw, 2000.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, Ptdmw P∂m-Un-bp-kv, alZvhy‡n-Iƒ, tIm -bw, 1992.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, Xnb-tUm¿, aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ, tIm -bw, 1986.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, ]Sn-ÃnIv Iznkv, tIm´bw, 2001.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, ]mNo-\-k-\ym-k-N-cn-Xw, tIm -bw, 1992.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, ]m¿Y-\-k- -bn¬, tIm -bw, 1988.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, ]m¿Y\ kpdn-bm\n k -bn¬, tIm -bw, 1991.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, hn.-tPm¨ Intkm-kvtXmw, InkvXp-im-kvXw, hn._m_n-em-kns‚ Ncn-Xw, tIm´-bw, 2006.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, hn.-tPm¨ Intkm-kvtXmw, aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ, tIm -bw, 2004.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, k\ym-k-Øns‚ A¥¿[m-c, tIm -bw, 1992.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ III, tIm´bw, 2000.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, knt\m-Un-t°m¨ Hmdn-sb-¥m-se, tIm -bw, 1996.

Pn. tNSn-b-Øv, kq\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ, tIm´bw, 1996.

I√-d-ßm v tPmk- v, «ol-∑m-cpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ: am¿ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ mjyw, tIm´-bw, 2000.

282 283

Aba Marcos 247.250-252

Abdiso 169.171.173.183.211

Ablabius 140

Acacius of Beroea 64.66

Acacius of Caesarea 78.98 99.

159.256

Achilles 35

Addai Scher 174.175

Adelphius 51

Aetius of Lidda 29.30

Aetius, Arian 61-62

Africanus 89

Albian 249

Alexander of Alexandria 14.27.28.

31.35-39.40.41. 71.

Alexander of Byzantium 37.38

Alexander of Thessalonica 18.38

Alexander, Collucianist 61

Ambrose, St. 47.151.210

Ammon of Scete 239

Ammon, monk 107.224

Ammonas 29

Ammonas of Egypt 237

Amphilochius 83.204

Amun 51

Anastasios of Sinai 204.232

Andragathius 186

Anianus of Celeda 198

Anthonios of Egypt 47.236-241

Anthonios of Tarsus 29.61

Anthusa 186

Antiochus of Ptolemais 65-66

Apollinaris of Laodicaea 63.101-

105.175.221.234

Arcadius 157.243.247

Aristotle 59

Arius 13ff.27-36.61.73-77.175.221

Arnobius 224

Arsacius 189

Asclepas 22.46.76

Asterius of Amasea 85

Asterius the Sophist 61.73.76-78

Athanasios of Alexandria 17ff. 40-

57.73-80.100-102.105.111.150-

153.236.241.260Athanasios of Anasarba 29.30

Augen 246

Babylas 194.203

Balai 64Bar Ebraya 241

Bardaisan 221

Barhadbshabba Arbaya 183

Basil of Ancyra 23.24.73.78-80Basil of Seleucia 82

Basil the Great 60-69.74.82-84.

1 0 1 - 1 0 5 . 111 -124 .125 f f . 1 4 5 .

204.240.241Basil, deacon 184

Benedict 117

Besa 48

Bethune Baker 210Caesaria 120

Caesarius 134

Cassian 117

Cecilian 13Celestine Papa 212.226.232

Celsus 231

Cerdo 221.

Clement 223.244Constans 21.22.41

Constantia 74

Constantine 13.29.34.41.70.73.

74.77.87.89.90-95Constantius 23.24.41.42.46.73. 79.

161

Cosmos 85

Cyril of Alexandria 64.81.82.150.153.168.183.184.212-234.244

Cyril of Jerusalem 99.159-166

Cyril of Scythopolis 67

Damasus Papa 64.115

Devreesse 171.173

Didymus 44.150-155.241

Diocletian 86

Diodochus 252

Diodore 59.67.102.105.109.167-

169.170.184.186

Dionysius of Alexandria 49.102

Dioscoros of Alexandria 217

Dioscoros, monk 107.224

Domnus of Strido 13

Dorotheus 61

Dracontius 51

Driver G.R. 210

Eleusios of Cyzicus 24.78-80

Emmelia 112

Ephraim of Antioch 47

Epictetus 50

Epiphanius 27-37.61.64.78.98.99.

106-110.223

Eudoxia 66.188

Eudoxius 134

Eudoxius, Arian 61 .62

Eulogius 250

Eunomius 62-64.73.115.116.139.

155.175.221.255

Eusebius monk 107.224

Eusebius of Alexandria 204

Eusebius of Caesarea 16ff.18.27-

30.59-61.77.78.83.86-102.223.256

Eusebius of Cappadocia 113

Eusebius of Cyzicus 102

Eusebius of Emesa 100.167.223

Eusebius of Nicomedia 14.18.29.

38.41.42.61.73-77.

Eusebius of Sebaste 24

Eusebius of Vercelli 23.96

Eusoius Arian 34

Eusoius of Caesarea 99

Eustathios of Antioch 25.44.61.70-

72.100

Eustathios of Sebaste 73.78-80

Eutherios of Tyana 80

Euthymius monk 107.224

Euthymius of Palestine 67

Eutropius 199

Eutyches 82.217.223

Evagrius 240-243

Facundus 82

Felix Papa 98

Ficher 84

Flacilla 145Flacillus 18

Flavian of Antioch 102.170.187.

198.199.204

Gelasius of Caesarea 27.44.97.99.225

Gelasius of Cyzicus 27

Gennadius 65.66.81. 209.211. 225.

239.241George of Alexandria Arian 50

George of Cappadocia 41.42

George of Laodicaea 24.79.100

Germinius 23Gregorios of Antioch 204

Gregorios of Berytus 29.30.

Gregory Naziansen 40.74.83.99.

103.105.111-118.125-137.177.215.240

Gregory Nyssa 62-64.74.101.105.

111.112.138-149.259

Gregory of Cappadocia 41Gregory Thaumathurgos 59.102

Gregory, Catholicos 181.182

Grillmeier, A., 211

Hellanicus 30Heraclides of Ephesus 85

Hesychius of Jerusalem 67.69.

204.241

Hierocles 92.94Hilary 27.31.60.96

Hippolytus 109.223

Horsiesi 238

Hosius 13.21.22.23Hypatia 156

Ignatius of Antioch 58

Innocent Papa 189.204

Irenaeus 223Isaac of Nineveh 241

Isidore 193.242.244.247

Isoiahb 180

Jerome 27.47.60.68.94-101.107.

109.150-152.200.239

John bar Kaldun 241

John Cassian 241

Index of Names

284 285

John Chrysostom 59.66.80.82.85.

107.167.170.180.183.186-208.

212.243.247

John Climachus 241

John Damascene 82.204.259

John of Antioch 227

John of Jerusalem 107.109.224

Josephus 88

Jovian 98

Julian St.194

Julian Emperor 42.65.102.103.

159.167.168.231

Julius Papa 19.22.41.45.46.76.

77.102

Justine Emperor 82. 222.223

Justine St. 109

Justinian 60.170.184.185

Juvenal 67

Lausus 247

Leo Allatius 248

Leo Papa 82.216.218.224.225.232

Leontius of Byzantium 60.99.184

Leontius, Collucianist 61

Libanius 83.170.186

Liberius Papa 23.46.98

Licinius 90

Loofs F. 212ff.

Lucian 19.27.28.37.38.59-61.74-

76.79.59

Lucius, Arian 239

Macarios Magnes 85

Macarius 30

Macarius of Alexandria 240

Macarius of Egypt 239-241

Macedonius 24.140

Macrina 112.143.144

Malchion of Antioch 60.169

Mar Aprem 180

Marcellus of Ancyra 18-25.44.46.

74-80.97.99.102.169

Marcion 221

Marcos of Arethusa

Marcos of Calabria 13

Maris of Chalcedon 21.29.61

Marius Mercator 178.179.184.227

Maximin Dia 61

Maximus Confessor 241

Maximus, deacon 184

Maximus, Philosopher 51

Meletius monk 259

Meletius of Antioch 64.145.186.187

Meletius of Mopsuestia 183

Melitius 35.37

Melito 38

Menophantes of Ephesus 61

Methodius 82.102

Migne, J.P. 227.232

Modestus, Prefect 114

Montanus 77

Narcissus 18.21.29

Nectarius 187.240

Nemesius 258-259

Nestorius 59.64.80.204.209-217.

226ff.

Nicephoros 171.223

Nicetas of Heraclea 47.66.241

Nicobulus 118.128

Nicosius 13

Nilus 241.247

Nonna 125

Nonnus 158

Numanus 61

Olympias 203

Olympius monk 143

Origen 51.59.67-71.87.95.96.102-

107.113.141.151-155.223.224.231

Pachomius 238

Palladius 150.151.186.189.201.

224.236-247

Pamphilus 59.86.87.90

Parthenios 82

Patrophilus 18.29.100

Paul of Constantinople 140

Paul of Samosata 37.38.56.60.

71.77.97

Paulinus of Antioch 115

Paulinus of Tyre 29.30.75.76

Peter of Alexandria 35.44

Peter of Sebaste 112

Peter, deacon 60

Petronius 238

Philip of Side 253

Philogonius 30.61-63Philosthorgius 27.32.94.98.102.

253.256

Philoxenus 100.241

Photinus 22.25.99.169Photius 42.64.80.82.83.169. 223.

248. 254-256

Pistus 41

Plato 59.83.104.244.259Plotinus 47

Polycronius 69

Porphyry 47.88.92.94.102

Proclus 80-81.184.247Protogenes of Sardica 22

Pulcheria 145

Rabbula 185.227

Romanos 82Rufinus 27.51.90.117.150.223.

236.239.241.243

Sabariso 181

Sabellius 28.77.169.108.153Schwartz E. 232

Scipioni. L. 210

Secundus of Ptolemais 13

Senobia 60Serapion 46.50.57.241.260

Severian of Gabala 66.204

Severus of Antioch 244

Shenuda of Atripe 48. 245Simeon Stylite 222

Simon Magus 85.221.223

Simonetti, M.45

Sinesius 156Socrates 16ff.19.34-39.62-65.75.

76.94-100.167.189.200.223. 224.

236.241.256.

Sophronius 211Sophronius 63

Sozomen 34ff.64.65.75.76.100.

167.188.223.224.

Stephen of Antioch 25Suidas 169

Sulpicius Severus 27

Sylvanos 167

Tertullian 52

Thecla 83

Theodore Askidas 184

Theodore Martyr 145

Theodore of Heraclea 21

Theodore of Mopsuestia 59.63.

105.167-186.201

Theodore, monk 238.239

Theodoret 29.37.39.44.59.63-

71.75.80.97-100.159.167.184.

194.217ff.

Theodosius I 18.62.64.99.110. 115.

145.183.225.247

Theodosius II 211.243. 257

Theodotus of Laodicaea 29.30

Theodulus 247

Theognis 14.18.29.61.75.76.

Theognostos 51

Theonas of Marmarica 13

Theophanes, confessor 67

Theophilos of Alexandria 107.140.

150.156.187.224-226.240.245

Theophronius 19

Theosobea 138

Thespius 99

Timothy Archdeacon 226

Timothy bishop 44

Timothy of Alexandria 82

Titus of Bostra 65

Ursacius 18.23.46

Valens Emperor 42.46.65 99.138.

159.168

Valens of Mursa 18.23

Valentinianus 221.

Van der Aalst 211

Venerius 189

Vigilius of Africa 45

Vigilius Papa 224

Vincent 13

Vitus 13

Wenger 69

Zeno Emperor 82

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