TSUNAMI DISASTER 2004 AND VULNERABILITY

ASSESMENT MAPPING IN CUDDALORE REGION

USING GIS D. Ravi

Geospaz, Chennai

Email id: devanravi@yahoo.co.in

1

Contents

Abstract 3

List of Tables 4

List of Maps and Diagrams 5

Key Terms 6

1.0 Introduction 8

2.0 Problem and Scope of Study

2.1 Problem Statement 10

2.2 Scope of the Study 10

2.3 Choice of the Study Area 11

2.4 Objectives and Methodology 12

2.5 Limitations of the Report 12

3.0 Study Design

3.1 Introduction 13

3.2 Data Products 13

3.3 Database Design 15

3.4 Map and Mapping 15

3.5 Attribute Data 20

4.0 Tsunami Disaster: The Nature of the Region and

Occurrence of the Disaster

4.1 Introduction 21

4.2 Administration and people 21

4.3 Coastal Villages of Cuddalore District Map 21

4.4 Coastal Cuddalore -Administrative Division Map 21

4.5 Coastal Cuddalore- Villages Map 22

4.6 Coastal Cuddalore -Tsunami Disaster Map 22

2

5.0 Tsunami Disaster: Assessment of Vulnerability

5.1 Introduction 26

5.2 Coastal Cuddalore -Contour Map 26

5.3 Coastal Cuddalore –Digital Elevation Map

5.4 Coastal Cuddalore -Tsunami Hazard Map 26

5.5 Coastal Cuddalore Villages – 27

Tsunami Vulnerability Map

5.6 Coastal Cuddalore Villages – 27

Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map

5.7 Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages– 28

Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map

5.8 Coastal Cuddalore Tsunami Disaster– 30

Vulnerability Assessment Map

6.0 Summary and Conclusion 38

Bibliography and references 43

Notes 45

3

ABSTRACT

The natural disaster such as a Tsunami hazard can not be controlled. The

necessasity for a quick rescue management after a Tsunami disaster has initiated the use of

GIS Technique in the rescue/disaster management. In the wake of, the great Indian Ocean

Tsunami hazard on 26th December 2004. The study of mapping the disaster and

vulnerability assessment was carried out for the coastal Cuddalore in Tamilnadu and to

present the bird’s eye view of the Tsunami affected and vulnerable areas.

The Tsunami Disaster Mapping was done using the Tsunami affected

villages/towns of coastal Cuddalore on 26th Dec 2004, published in the official web site of

Cuddalore. The Tsunami disaster Map was overlayed with thematic map layers of Villages,

rivers, canals, national and state highway. The Overlayed disaster map shows a

macroscopic view of the Tsunami affected features. Tsunami Hazard zone mapping was

based on inundation level in (meter) contour. The spot height digitized and interpolated

from the Toposheet was used inundation level mapping. The hazard zone map and village

population data from the primary census abstract -2001 were used for Tsunami

vulnerability mapping and assessment.

The coastal Cuddalore boundary base map (Part of Cuddalore district) within

10Km from the coast was digitized from the Taluk maps of 1:63360 scale, and spot height

maps from the Toposheet of 1:50,000 scale using GIS software. The Tsunami affected

villages were point digitized and manually demarcated to get the Tsunami disaster map.

The spot height was IDW interpolated for 1 meter contour interval to get the

inundation Map. The 1 M contour interval Inundation map was edited to 0-1, 1-3, 3-5,

>5M zones. As the Intensity of the Tsunami hazard is proportional to the Inundation level.

The inundation zones of 0-1, 1-3, 3-5, >5M were weighed as low, medium, high and very

high hazard zones respectively. The Vulnerability to Tsunami decreases with the increase

in Terrestrial elevation. So, the hazard zones 0-1, 1-3, 3-5, >5M were weighed as very

high, high, medium and low respectively to get the Tsunami vulnerability map.

As the study area consists of rivers draining into the sea. The Villages along the

river banks were relatively highly vulnerable to Tsunami hazard due flooding than the

other villages. The river side villages Vulnerability was mapped using the buffering

technique. The rivers were buffered to 1km radius and vulnerability zoned. The village

map layer with its attribute population data from the PCA-2001 was spatially joined to

carry out the vulnerability assessment.

LIST OF TABLES

Table No Description Page No

Table-1 Tsunami Affected Villages of Cuddalore on

26th December 2004 40

Table-2 Tsunami Vulnerable Coastal Villages of Cuddalore 41

Table-3 Tsunami Vulnerable Riverside Villages of Cuddalore 42

5

LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS

Figure Title Page No

Fig - 1 The Location of 26 Dec 2004 Earthquake Epi – center 09

Fig - 2 Study Design 14

Fig – 3 GIS output for Coastal Cuddalore Villages Tsunami

Vulnerability Assessment 35

Fig – 4 GIS output for Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages Tsunami

Vulnerability Assessment 36

Map -1 Coastal village of Cuddalore district map 23

Map-2 Coastal Cuddalore- Administrative division map 24

Map-3 Coastal Cuddalore-Villages map 24

Map-4 Coastal Cuddalore-Tsunami affected villages 2004 24

Map-5 Coastal Cuddalore –Tsunami Disaster Boundary Map 24

Map-6 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Disaster map 25

Map-7 Spot heights Map 31

Map-8 Coastal Cuddalore- contour map 31

Map-9 Coastal Cuddalore Digital elevation map 31

Map-10 Coastal Cuddalore –Tsunami Hazard map 32

Map-11 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Vulnerability Map 32

Map-12 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map 32

Map-13 Coastal Cuddalore- Rivers map 32

Map-14 Coastal Cuddalore- Rivers Buffer map 33

Map-15 Coastal Cuddalore: Rivers - Tsunami Vulnerability map 33

Map-16 Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages–Tsunami Vulnerability

Assessment Map 33

Map-17 Coastal Cuddalore Roads and Railways –Tsunami

Vulnerability Assessment Map 33

Map-18 Coastal Cuddalore Tsunami Disaster –Vulnerability

Assessment Map 34

6

Key Terms

Disaster Management

The necessary action plans and actions before and after the disaster.

Disaster Assessment

The disaster assessment refers to the assessment of effect of the disaster and

estimation of damages of the affected villages/area and community in terms of loss and

region modifications.

Geographical Information System (GIS)

System of computer hardware, software, and procedures designed to support

capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially referenced

data for solving complex planning and management problems relating to spatial analysis

and management

Hazard

Hazard is a condition or a process (natural or anthropogenic) of environment,

which can exert an adverse influence on human life, properties or activities.

Hazard Zone

The hazard zone is the areal extent of a region, where the hazard had striked or may

strike. The intensity of the hazard is classified relating to zones of, high, medium low and

very low impacts.

Natural Disaster

A serious Disaster, damaging effect on human life, property or activity which

results from the impact of a Natural hazard that has exceeded its critical limit(s).

Tsunami

Tsunami (soo-NAH-mee) is a serious of waves with a long wavelength and period.

Time lapse between crests of the wave can vary from a few minutes to over an hour.

Tsunami waves are usually generated by any large, impulsive displacement of sea bed.

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Tsunami Hazard

The hazard caused due to Tsunami to the terrestrial elements.

Tsunami Hazard Map

The Tsunami Hazard Map is based upon the terrestrial elements exposed to the

scenario, defined in terms of affected villages.

Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map

The Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map is based on the Hazard Prone Zones,

defined in terms of possible damages caused to villages based on past experiences and/or

land cover physical profile and hydrological conditions of the area.

Vulnerability Assessment

Based on the expected Tsunami Hazard the exposed terrestrial elements in terms of

villages, people and economic landscape are assessed for likely consequences and

classified as low, medium, high and very high impact areas.

8

1.0 Introduction

The Sumatra earthquake in the India Ocean with a magnitude of 9.0 on Richter

scale, at 26th December 2004, with its epicenter located south west of Sumatra Island

(3.29N, 95.98E) is the fifth largest earthquake since 1900 Note1. The earthquake appears to

have disturbed a water column of nearly 100 x 70 x 1.5 Km volume, resulting in a unique

Indian ocean Tsunami Note2 engulfing the Indian Ocean coastal rim of the countries, such as

Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka and far west as Somalia in East Africa. The

inundation on the coastal stretches is as much as 2 km in some cases and the worst affected

being the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Southern part of the east coast of India. Tidal

measurements at the Port Blair, Chennai and Visakapattinam indicate surge heights of 1.5

to 5.5 m above mean sea level with a maximum height near karaikkal and Nagapattinam.

The Tsunami Waves reached Indian Coast at about 2-2.5 hr after the earthquake

subduction. The sea level transgression was 200 to 800 m in Tamilnadu margin of the east

coast of India. The Tsunami waves reached Tamilnadu shelf approximately 2 hr after the

earthquake that occurred around 06.29 hr (IST) at Sumatra Island on 26 Dec 2004 4.

The southern part of the eastern continental self of India from karaikal in the south

(approx.11oN) to Viskapatnam in the north (approx. 18oN) was affected by the Tsunami

surge, however, the Tamilnadu shelf, in particular the Nagapatinam – Cuddalore parts was

worst affected, run-up heights in this part are as much as 5.2m (Nagapattinam) with

inundation to a distance of 800m into the interior. Nearly fifty one villages got damaged in

the Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluks. In Cuddalore Taluk 60,669 people got affected in

27 villages and in Chidambaram Taluk 99,704 people got affected in 24 villages.

9

Fig – 1

The Location of 26 Dec 2004 Earthquake Epi – center

Source: http://www.dri.ne.jp/e/index.html

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2.0 Problem and Scope of Study

2.1 Problem Statement

Any natural Hazard results to a disaster depending upon its magnitude of the

impact. Natural hazard such as a under sea earthquake may cause a Tsunami hazard to the

coastal land region resulting in a disaster, damaging property and people. Since such type

of natural hazards cannot be controlled, they can be monitored and precautionary/safety

planning can be done along the coastal regions to safeguard from the damages.

The assessment of Tsunami impact over the people and property was important for

planning the relief actions. Hence the requirement for the Tsunami Disaster Mapping to

identify the Tsunami affected areas after the disaster and mapping the Tsunami Vulnerable

village before for planning purpose were the essential exercises for managing future

disasters.

2.2 Scope of the Study

The Tsunami Disaster in Coastal Cuddalore region on 26th Dec 2004 caused the

necessity for an effective disaster program for the relief actions. The immediate Tsunami

disaster data available were the Tsunami affected villages through various government and

non-governmental sources. Using GIS technique the affected village statistical data can be

used to demarcate spatially the Tsunami affected village’s boundary and suitable disaster

management program can be quickly and easily developed. In combination with other

thematic maps such as road maps, rail maps, school maps, and Toposheets etc it was

possible to plan the accessibility and shelter to the affected people.

The Tsunami vulnerability map was used to identify the vulnerability of villages/

village population to Tsunami. In the Tsunami vulnerability map, the intensity of Tsunami

was classified as hazard zones based on the inundation level in meter (contour). The

Tsunami vulnerability assessment map assesses the vulnerability of villages, Road and

Railways using Tsunami vulnerability map.

The study of Tsunami Disaster Mapping and Vulnerability Assessment for Coastal

Cuddalore was carried out by spatially locating the affected areas with their population

data. The Spatial analysis was carried out using Geographical Information System (GIS)

technology. Hence the study provides an interactive means to identify the disaster regions

and Tsunami vulnerable areas by map querying. The output maps can be used to spatially

visualize the affected areas and vulnerable areas.

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2.3 Choice of the Study Area

The Coastal Cuddalore was one of the worst affected region due to 2004 Tsunami

Disaster. The Coastal Cuddalore – a part of Cuddalore within 10 Km from the coastline,

with a long coastline of about 57.5 Km, comprising parts of Cuddalore, Kurinjipadi and

Parangipettai coastal blocks affecting 87,284 adults and children and 7,546 families in

Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk on 26th Dec 2004 Tsunami. The coastal Cuddalore has

a gently sloping coastal topography with river streams draining into Bay of Bengal in

Indian Ocean. It receives 102 mm of Average Normal Rainfall and the annual temperature

ranging from 37.70 C to 20.20 C. The coast has suffered losses due various natural

calamities as earthquake, cyclone and Tsunami. The proneness of the sea hazard was due

to its gentle sloping topography. The coast has developed a unique mangrove forest at

Pichavarm at the confluence of river and sea water at Pichavaram which considered to be

buffering the Tsunami effect during the recent Tsunami attack on the coast. A seaport is

also located at the mouth of the rivers Gadilam and Uppanar. The district has well

developed road and Railway connecting the major Towns and villages. Economically it has

activities such as fishing, agriculture, production and mining industries.

The Cuddalore District was located on the east coast of Tamilnadu in Indian

peninsula. The Cuddalore district covers an area of 3,678 Sq.Km with total Population of

22, 80,530 (Male Population of 11, 48,729 and Female Population of 11,31,801) in

2001.The revenue administrative divisions consists of 6 revenue Taluks (Cuddalore,

Panruti, Chidambaram, Kattumanarkoil, Virudhachalam, Titagudi), 32 revenue firkas and

896 Revenue Villages. The rivers such as Gadilam, Ponnaiar, Vellar, Malathar, Uppannar,

Khan Sahib Canal, Paravanar and Kolidam drain into Bay of Bengal in this area.

The study area was well connected with national highway networks (NH45A) and

state highways connecting Cuddalore Town to other parts of Cuddalore district. The

Cuddalore Town was well connected with broad and meter gauge rail networks.

2.4 Objectives and Methodology

1. Preparation of base map, incorporation of Tsunami disaster areas and compilation

of attribute information using GIS.

2. Implementing GIS analysis and mapping the assessment of Tsunami Vulnerability.

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The data Products for the study area collected were converted to digital format and

stored in GIS. The stored data’s were converted as spatial and non spatial data. The

Tsunami Disaster Mapping and Vulnerability Assessment analysis was carried out and the

results were presented as maps and tables. The study was limited to Hazard zoning the

study area based on inundation level in (m) contour. The Assessment of Tsunami

Vulnerable villages was based on hazard zone.

2.5 Limitation of the Report

The inland inundation of Tsunami waves were controlled by various parameters

such as coastal profile, topography, landscape and coastal features such as lagoons, river

estuaries, mangrove forests etc. This study was limited to the effect of Tsunami based on

inundation level in (m) contour. The Coastal Cuddalore vulnerability to Tsunami was

limited to the assessment of villages with their population data.

The report was limited to the study of mapping the Tsunami Disaster on 26th of

December 2004 and assessment of vulnerability of villages based on the secondary data.

The data’s were demonstrative in nature and does not convey any real ground truth as they

lack ground survey reports. The study was carried out to demonstrate the GIS capability in

mapping the Tsunami Disaster and demarcation of hazard zones based on the inundation

level in (m) contour to have a bird’s eye view of the vulnerability classification of the

villages. The study reveals better, the understanding of the statistical data in the form of

maps. Hence further study on the evaluation of the Tsunami Disaster and hazard was

possible.

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3.0 Study Design

3.1 Introduction

The damages caused due to Tsunami Disaster and its effects on the natural/cultural

features and lives create the necessity for the quick assessment of the damages caused the

immediate relief action to be carried out and for planning purpose.

The study design was based on the statistical data and maps, for the demonstration

of Tsunami disaster mapping and Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment using Geographical

Information technology (GIS). The data products used were Toposheets of 1:50,000 scale,

Taluk maps of 1:63360 scale, census data of 2001 and Tsunami affected villages from

official Cuddalore web sites. The disaster mapping not only represents the affected villages

due to Tsunami but also identifies the Tsunami vulnerable village based on inundation

level (m) contour.

The paper maps were converted into digital maps in various GIS formats to carry

out the mapping for Tsunami Disaster on 26th dec 2004 and the Tsunami vulnerability

assessment for Coastal Cuddalore. In GIS the digital database was built up as spatial and

aspatial data for the study area. The database was built up as vector files and raster files.

They were compiled and integrated using the GIS software to carry out the analysis. The

mapped disaster and the analyzed results were presented as maps and tables. Flow chart

depicting the study design is given in the Fig - 2

3.2 Data Products

The scanned Toposheets bearing the No:58M/10&14, Tamilnadu (South Arcot),

First Edition 1971, Scale -1:50,000. Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk maps at the scale

of 1:63360 and Cuddalore District map at a scale of 1:250000 were used to digitize the

digital maps.

The population data are collected from the census department as Primary Census

Extract -2001 in the digital form.

The Tsunami affected Villages data are collected from official web site of

Cuddalore www.tn.gov.in (Table - 1)

14

Fig - 2

Study Design

Toposheets

Scanning

On-screen Registering and Digitizing and

Editing

Text Data

Key Entry/Cd,s

Tsunami Disaster Mapping

Tsunami Vulnerability Asssesment Map/Table

Tsunami Disaster Boundry Demarcation

Data Merging

Data Editing and Conversion

Contour Map from Elevation Data

Hazard Zone Mapping Spatial Joining

Study Area Base Map

15

3.3 Database Design

The database was built up on the GIS platform as spatial and aspatial data. The spatial data

(maps) were created by on –screen digitizing the geo referenced scanned paper maps and stored

as vector and raster files in the digital format. The geo referencing refers to the registering of the

scanned maps to geographical co-ordinate (Latitude and Longitude) using GIS software’s. The

aspatial data or the attribute data such as population data for villages can be added to the spatial

data (Maps).

The data products such as scanned Toposheets and Taluk maps in JPEG format and census

data in digital formats were used as input data in GIS. The Toposheets and the Taluk maps were

Geo-referenced in Arc GIS Software. The base maps were digitized from the Toposheets and the

Taluk maps and saved in shapefile. The digitized base maps were built on the basic GIS features

as point, line and polygon shapefile. The shapefiles were corrected for digitized errors and

converted to coverage model in Arc info workstation software for further analysis. The attributes

to the shapefile were keyed in from the printed text matters. The Primary Census Abstract -2001

data in the excel format is converted to .dbf format and used in GIS for joining the attribute to the

shapefile.

3.4 Map and Mapping

(a) Geo referencing the scanned maps:

The Scanned Toposheets and Taluk maps in the jpeg format are geo-referenced using Arc

GIS software in the geographic coordinate system. The geo-referencing was done by loading the

Toposheet No: 58M10&14 in Arc GIS using the geo-referencing tool. The four corners of the

Toposheet were taken as tics/ control points for registering in the geographic coordinate system.

Using the above mentioned method other Toposheets and the Taluk maps were geo referenced.

Only four tics were used for geo-referencing because, the study area selected from the Toposheet

and the Taluk maps were of small portion to have negligible displacement/distortion on the

digitized maps.

(b) Digitizing and Mapping

The base maps were digitized in basic GIS features as point, line and polygon features.

The thematic maps were on – screen digitized in Arc GIS using the Toposheets and Taluk maps.

The digitized vector layers in the shapefile format were used for mapping the disaster and for

16

analyzing the assessment of Tsunami vulnerability. The various Bases maps and thematic maps

digitized and analyzed were listed below:

Map 1 Coastal village of Cuddalore district map

The outline of the Cuddalore district was digitized from the scanned geo-referenced

Cuddalore district map of 1:250000 scale and stacked with Coastal Cuddalore- Administrative

Division Map (Map-2). Coastal Villages of Cuddalore District Map shows the outline of the

Cuddalore district with the coastal village’s boundary within 10 km from the coastline.

Map 2 Coastal Cuddalore- Administrative division map

The Revenue village boundaries were digitized as line features from the scanned geo-

referenced Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk maps as shapefile. The shapefile was edited for

digitizing errors and converted to polygon feature shapefile in Arc info workstation. The Village

Id No and names of the Revenue villages were added to the attribute table by key board entry.

The population data for the Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk was extracted from the Primary

census abstract 2001 in excel format and village Id No was entered by keying. The population

data in excel format was then converted to .dbf format and stored. In the Software the population

data in .dbf format is opened in the table menu in Arc view Software and joined to the Coastal

Cuddalore -Administrative Division Map attribute table.

Map 3 Coastal Cuddalore-Villages map

The Villages and hamlets from the Toposheets, Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk were

point digitized. Village names and ID No were added as attribute data. Population data in the .dbf

format was opened in the Arc View tables menu and joined to the village attribute table

Map 4 Coastal Cuddalore-Tsunami affected villages 2004

The 39 Tsunami affected villages shown in Table -1 were point digitized from the

georeferenced Toposheet and Taluk maps were created by digitizing the affected villages from

the Toposheet and Taluk maps. The map -2 showing the village boundary and map -14 showing

the rivers were stacked over to get Map-4.

17

Map 5 Coastal Cuddalore –Tsunami Disaster Boundary Map

From Coastal Cuddalore-Tsunami affected villages 2004 (Map-4) the Tsunami affected

villages were demarcated by line digitizing the boundary of the Tsunami disaster by connecting

the affected villages. The map -2 was stacked over to get map -5.

Map 6 Coastal Cuddalore- Disaster Map- 26th Dec 2004

The Tsunami affected villages were digitized as point features in the Tsunami affected

villages map from the scanned geo-referenced Toposheets, Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk

maps. Using the Tsunami affected village’s map, the Tsunami disaster Boundary map (Map-5)

was line digitized demarcating the villages manually by joining the peripheral village points from

the coastline. The Coastal Cuddalore: Administrative Division Map (Map-2) and Tsunami

disaster boundary map (Map-5) were staked to get the Tsunami Disaster map (Map-6).

Map 7 Spot heights Map

The Spot heights from the Toposheets 58M 10&14, 5813 and 58M15 were point digitized

and the elevation in meters was keyed in to spot heights attribute table. The coastline was point

digitized at equally spaced intervals and the spot values were entered as 0 M and stored as Point

shapefile. The elevation in the spot height map ranges from 0 meters (mean sea level) to 20

meters in the study area.

Map 8 Coastal Cuddalore- Contour map

The spot height shapefile was used to interpolate the spot height values by IDW

interpolation method with a contour interval of 1 M and base contour as 0. The interpolation

generates a grid file showing the contour with 1 M interval. The contour lines were edited

manually by deleting the contour line other than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 and 15 M. The contour line

editing was done to avoid the clustering of the contours and to have visual harmony to the map.

The contour map was stacked over the Coastal Cuddalore -Administrative Division Map (Map-

1).

Map 9 Coastal Cuddalore Digital elevation map

This map was created using surfer software from the spot heights and the lat – long l

values of spot height shapefile. From the spot height shapefile the lat- long data for the spot

values were extracted by running the script in the script window for the spot height shapefile in

18

the Arc View window. This generates the lat – long values for the spot heights in the attribute

table. The attribute table of the spot height shapefile was exported as * .txt format. The *.txt was

used in the Surfer program to post the spot heights and to have a 3D of the coast. The output map

was the digital elevation model of the Coastal Cuddalore.

Map 10 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Inundation Level Map

The Tsunami Inundation level map was prepared from the contour map showing the

Tsunami Inundation level in Meter contour.

Map 11 Coastal Cuddalore -Tsunami Hazard map

The Coastal Cuddalore Hazard map (Map-11) was the classified inundation contour map

created by classifying the inundation level values from as 0 to1 M , 1-3 M , 3-5 M , >5 m. The

Hazard classification range was labeled in the attribute table as 0 to 1 m as Very low, 1-3 m as

low, 3-5 m as medium, >5 m as high in the Tsunami hazard map (Map-11).

Map 12 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Vulnerability Map

The Tsunami Vulnerability map was the reclassified map of Tsunami hazard Map (Map-

11) showing the highly vulnerable areas to Tsunami Hazard were the low-lying areas from the

coast and low vulnerable areas were the high–lying areas from the coast. The Tsunami

vulnerability zones were classified as

1. Low Tsunami Vulnerable Zones (Very high Tsunami hazard zones),

2. Medium Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (High Tsunami hazard zones),

3. High Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (Medium Tsunami hazard zones) and

4. Very High Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (low Tsunami hazard zones).

Map 13 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map

The villages are point digitized and their names were added in the attribute table (Map-3).

The village points spatially joined to the Hazard map (Map-11) and the results are mapped and

attributes were tabulated showing the village vulnerability to Tsunami as very high, high,

medium and low. The population data was added to the polygon Administrative Division map

(Map-1) by joining the census (.dbf) to the attribute table. The Administrative Division map

(Map-1) and the village map (Map-3) are spatially joined. The resultant Tsunami Vulnerability

19

Assessment Map (Map-13) and the attribute table of village point shows the Tsunami

vulnerability of villages with population data.

Map 14 Coastal Cuddalore- Rivers map

The part of rivers such as Malathar, ponnair, Uppanar, Parava, Gadilam, Vellar, Kolidam

and Khan ShabibCanal were digitized from Toposheet within the study area and labeled. The

map-1 was stacked to produce the output map.

Map 15 Coastal Cuddalore- Rivers Buffer map

The rivers map (map- 14) was used to create the buffer map by running buffer wizard in

the Arc View software with 1 km radius.

Map 16 Coastal Cuddalore Rivers –Tsunami Vulnerability Map

The rivers buffer map (map-15) and the Tsunami vulnerability map (map-12) was

overlayed using the intersection tool in the Arc View geo processing wizard.

Map 17 Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages–Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment

Map

The river map (Map-14) for the Coastal Cuddalore was carried out by digitizing river

main streams and labeled in the attribute table. The river streams are buffered to 1Km radius and

the map was then clipped using Map-1 to get the rivers buffer map (Map-15). The Tsunami

vulnerability map (Map-11) and rivers buffer map (Map-15) were overlayed using intersection

operation to get the river vulnerability map (Map-16). The costal Cuddalore village map (Map-3)

and the river vulnerability map (Map-16) are spatially joined to get the coastal Cuddalore

riverside villages – Tsunami vulnerability map (map-17).The assessment map shows the villages

vulnerable to Tsunami within the 1 Km radius of the river on either side.

Map 18 Coastal Cuddalore Tsunami Disaster –Vulnerability Assessment Map

The coastline was buffered to 1 Km radius and clipped to map-1 and stacked over

the maps-1, 3, 4 and 5.

20

3.5 Attributes Data

The attribute data’s such as the names of the villages with their ID no were keyed in to

the map-3 attribute table. The population data as primary census abstract of 2001 from the census

department was collected in the form of CD. The population data in excel format from the CD

was converted to *.dbf format and added to the tables menu in Arc View. The *.dbf table was

joined to the village Administrative map (Map-1).

21

4.0 Tsunami Disaster: The Nature of the Region and Occurrence of the

Disaster

4.1 Introduction

The Coastal Cuddalore was the one of the worst affected region in the Tamilnadu during

the Great Indian ocean Tsunami attack on 26th Dec 2004. The Earthquake occurred at a

magnitude of 9.0 on Richter scale with epi-center located southwest of Sumatra Island. The

Tsunami Waves reached Indian Coast at about 2-2.5 hr after the earthquake subduction that

occurred around 06.29 Hr (IST). The sea level transgression was 200 to 800 m in Tamilnadu

margin of the east coast of India. The surge heights of 1.5 to 5.5 m above mean sea level with a

maximum height near karaikkal and Nagapattinam was indicated.

The coastal topography of Coastal Cuddalore was gradually sloping with river estuaries

and unique coastal feature of mangrove forest along its southern part.

4.2 Administration and people

The Coastal Cuddalore consists of part of Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluks. They are

further subdivided as administrative divisions consisting of villages. There were 363

villages/Hamlets within the Coastal Cuddalore. The major towns such as Cuddalore (old Town

and New Town), Porto-Nova Parangipettai), Cuddalore Port and Pichavaram were located along

the coastline of Cuddalore District.

4.3 Coastal Villages of Cuddalore District Map

The Coastal Cuddalore consisting coastal villages of Cuddalore District was represented

as a part of Cuddalore District. The coastal Cuddalore extends approximately to 10 Km from the

coastline. The Cuddalore District was surrounded by Pondicherry and Villupuram in the north,

Perambalur and Ariyalur in the west, Nagapattinam in the South and Bay of Bengal in the east.

4.4 Coastal Cuddalore -Administrative Division Map

The map represents the administrative division boundary of the coastal Villages.

The northern part of the Coastal Cuddalore has Cuddalore Town and Cuddalore port with

surrounding small village villages of Cuddalore Taluk. The southern parts of the Coastal

Cuddalore with major towns such as Porto- Nova and Pichavaram in Chidamadaram Taluk have

elongated village boundaries along the coastline.

22

4.5 Coastal Cuddalore- Villages Map

The Map represents the villages and hamlets as point features inside the village boundary

map. There were 363 villages located within the coastal Cuddalore. The fishing villages were

located along the coastline of Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk. Along the Southern part of the

region the villages were sparsely located near the Pichavaram mangrove forest.

4.6 Coastal Cuddalore -Tsunami Disaster Map

The 39 Tsunami affected villages of Coastal Cuddalore were mapped to identify the

disaster boundary. From the demarcated disaster boundary it is evident that the boundary extends

upto approximately 10 kms from the coastline. This was contrary to the transgression distance of

Tsunami waves during the 2004 Tsunami attack. Hence the Villages away from 1 km distance of

the coastline such as Uchimedu, Thiyagavali, Thiruchopuram, Kayalpattu, Adarmulipalayam,

Silambimangalam, Manambadi, Killai, Uttamacholamangalam, Pichavaram,

Thandavarayacholaganpettai, Thirkalipallai (Kil) and Jayamkondapatinam were affected by the

flooding of rivers such as Malathar, Paravanar. Uppanar, Gadilam, Vellar, Khan Shahib Canal

and Kolidam.

23

Map -1

24

Map-2 Map-3

Map-4 Map-5

25

Map - 6

26

5.0 Tsunami Disaster: Assessment of Vulnerability

5.1 Introduction

The vulnerability of villages to Tsunami disaster was based upon the experience of the

Tsunami disaster mapping of the 2004 Tsunami attack and from the models developed using the

Inundation based hazard zoning (1). The assessment of villages vulnerable to a future attack for

Coastal Cuddalore region was mapped using the hazard zone classification. The hazard zones

were based on the Tsunami Inundation level (M) contour of the coastal terrain. The spot heights

values of the terrain from the Toposheets were used to map the contour elevation and digital

elevation model. The contour elevation map was reclassified and contour intervals were edited to

get the Tsunami Hazard map.

5.2 Coastal Cuddalore -Contour Map

The Coastal Cuddalore was gradually sloping from west to east towards the coastline in

Chidambaram Taluk and relatively steep sloped in Cuddalore Taluk. In Cuddalore Taluk

Cuddalore Town, Pachayankuppam, Tiyagavalli, Thiruchchepuram and kudikadu are relatively

steep sloping (0-20 meters), when compared to (0-2 meters) in Chidambaram Taluk villages like

kayalpattu, Andarmullipalayam, Periapattu, Silambimangalam, Villiyanallur, kothatai,

Ariyaghosti, Parangipettai, killai, Pichavaram, Thandavarayacholaganpettai and Thiruazhipalai

(kezh).

5.3 Coastal Cuddalore - Digital elevation map

The elevation of the region was represented in the 3D view as a digital elevation model.

The elevation in Meters and the Extent of the region in decimal degrees were used for this model.

Some of the coastal villages were posted to have the coastal view of the region. The inner part of

the region shows that the major part of the northern coastal Cuddalore was relatively located at a

higher altitude than the southern part.

5.4 Coastal Cuddalore -Tsunami Hazard Map

The impact of Tsunami waves to the terrestrial features were highly related to the

terrestrial elevation of the coast. Hence the Tsunami Inundation level based on Terrestrial

elevation was used to classify the Tsunami hazard. As the Tsunami wave inundation along the

coast was dependent on the coastal elevation i.e. the coast with higher elevation was less affected

27

when compared to the coast with low elevation from the mean sea level. The Tsunami wave

propagates first towards the low lying areas as compared to the higher elevation areas. Hence the

process of Tsunami inundation based on the terrestrial elevation was used to classify Tsunami

hazard Zones. The Tsunami hazard zone in the Tsunami hazard map (Map-10) was based on the

terrestrial elevation classification

The Coastal Cuddalore hazard map shows the Tsunami hazard zones of low hazard zone

(0-1m), Medium hazard zone (1-3m), High hazard zone (3-5m) and very high hazard zone (>

5m). The 0-5 m zones falls within 1.2 km from the coastline in Cuddalore Taluk between

Cuddalore Port and Ponniyankuppam. At southern part of Chidambaram Taluk the 0-5 meter

zones falls between Chinnur to Sattapadi and extends up to 11.8 km from the coastline in Coastal

Cuddalore. The major part of the northern Coastal Cuddalore falls under Very high hazard zone

(> 5m) and the major part of the southern Coastal Cuddalore falls under high Hazard zone (3-5

m).

5.5 Coastal Cuddalore Villages –Tsunami Vulnerability Map

The Tsunami Vulnerability map shows the highly vulnerable areas to Tsunami Hazard

were low-lying areas from the coast and low vulnerable areas were the high–lying areas from the

coast. The Tsunami vulnerability zones were classified as

1. Low Tsunami Vulnerable Zones (Very high Tsunami hazard zones),

2. Medium Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (high Tsunami hazard zones),

3. High Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (medium Tsunami hazard zones) and

4. Very High Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (low Tsunami hazard zones).

5.6 Coastal Cuddalore Villages –Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map

The vulnerability of villages to Tsunami was based on the Tsunami hazard zones. The

high hazard zones were classified as low vulnerable zone and low hazard zones as high

vulnerable zones. The villages are classified using the Tsunami vulnerability map were tabulated

and presented in Table-2.

In Coastal Cuddalore there were 363 villages located within 10 km from the coast of

which 33 villages were very highly vulnerable, 31 villages were highly vulnerable, 112 villages

were medium vulnerable and 187 villages were low vulnerable to Tsunami. The 33 villages that

were highly vulnerable were located within 1.7 Km and 3.2 Km from coast at Cuddalore and

28

Chidambaram Taluk respectively.The very high vulnerable areas have a total population of

23,758, with minimum village population of 409 in Subbaualpadi and maximum population of

8,111 in Pachyankuppam.

High vulnerable areas have a total population of 43,341 with minimum village population

of 397 in Radhavilingam and maximum village population of 5,053 in Thiyagavallai. The major

towns Killai and Parangipettai with a total population of 9,899 and 20,912 respectively were also

located in high vulnerable zone. Cuddalore town with a total population of 158, 634 and

Annamalai Nagar with a 16,062 total population were located in the medium vulnerable zone.

The total population of medium vulnerable zone was 262,601 with a minimum village population

of 248 in Nagapanur and maximum population of 5,253 in Silambimangalam. The low

vulnerable area has a total population of 19,279 with minimum village population of 45 in

Ponnaiyankuppam and maximum village population of 8,421 in Valadambattu. Padrikuppam

town with a population of 16,075 was located in this low vulnerable zone.

5.7 Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages–Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment

Map

The Coastal Cuddalore has rivers such as malathar, upanar, parvanar, vellar, gadilam and

Kolidam draining into Bay of Bengal. These rivers get flooded due to Tsunami causing damage

to the adjacent villages located on the river banks. The vulnerability of the riverside village’s

during Tsunami was classified based on the terrestrial elevation of the villages. The vulnerability

of villages lying within 1 Km radius from river stream was mapped, tabulated and presented

Table -3 and Map-17.

During a Tsunami hazard, the rivers draining along the coast gets flooded. The flooding

of river starts from the coast line and moves towards inland. The riverside Vulnerability of

villages due to Tsunami for the Coastal Cuddalore region was assessed based on Tsunami

Vulnerability hazard zoning. The riverside villages within 1 Km on either side of rivers such as

Gadilam, Malathar, Paravanar, Upannar, Khan Sahib canal, Ponniar, Vellar and Kollidam

draining into bay of Bengal were assessed for Tsunami Vulnerability are tabulated and presented

in Table-2.

There were 120 riverside villages located within 1 km from river banks in Coastal

Cuddalore of which 14 were very highly vulnerable, 25 highly vulnerable, 37 medium

vulnerable and 44 were low vulnerable

29

Along Malathar there were totally 5 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius, of which 2

villages namely Sivanathapuram and Sathikatupalayam were highly vulnerable and 3 villages

were medium vulnerable.

Along Ponnaiar there were totally 14 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius, of which 3

villages were Very highly vulnerable viz., Subavpalvadi, Kandakkadu and Devanampatnam, 3

villages were highly vulnerable and 8 low vulnerable villages.

Along Gadilam River there were totally 13 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius of

which 2 villages namely Vanarapalayam and Chellankuppam were medium vulnerable and 11

low vulnerable villages.

Along Uppanar River there were totally 38 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius of

which 4 villages were Very highly vulnerable Viz., Cuddalore Port, Sothikuppam, Rajpalayam

and Sonagankupam, 9 villages were highly vulnerable, 18 villages were medium vulnerable and

7 low vulnerable villages.

Along Paravanar River there were totally 2 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius

namely Sirupalayur and Kundiyamallur were low vulnerable.

Along Vellar river there were totally 13 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius of which

1 village namely Porto-Nova (Parangipettai) was Very highly vulnerable, 2 villages were highly

vulnerable, and 10 low vulnerable villages.

Along Khan Sahib Canal there were totally 24 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius of

which 5 villages namely Pichavaram R.F, Chittikkollai, Nedupalyam, Terku Pichavaram and

Ilantadimedu were Very highly vulnerable, 7 villages were highly vulnerable and 12 medium

vulnerable villages.

Along Kolidam River there were totally 11 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius of

which Chinnavaikal was very highly vulnerable, 2 villages Viz., Jayamkondapatinam and

Ambigapurani were highly vulnerable, 2 villages were medium vulnerable and 6 Villages low

vulnerable villages.

30

5.8 Coastal Cuddalore Tsunami Disaster–Vulnerability Assessment Map

The map showing the Tsunami disaster boundary line clearly demarcates the villages of

vulnerable villages that are located within the 1 km radius of the coastline and the rivers during

the Tsunami attack that occurred on 26th December 2004. From this map it’s possible to identify

the vulnerability of the villages. The relief action can be taken to identify and include the villages

that were not published during the disaster. This helps us to take care of the villages as well that

are not prone to the disaster without leaving any Tsunami affected villages.

31

Map –7 Map-8

Map-9

32

Map – 10 Map-11

Map-12 Map-13

33

Map -14 Map-15

Map-16 Map-17

34

Map-18

35

Fig-3

GIS output for Coastal Cuddalore Villages Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment

36

Fig-4

GIS output for Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment

37

6.0 Summary and Conclusion

The Coastal Cuddalore comprising 363 villages within 10 km from the coastline

with terrestrial elevation ranging from mean sea level of 0 m to 20 m was mapped for Tsunami

disaster on 26th Dec 2004. The Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment was based on the Tsunami

Inundation Level of Coastal Cuddalore. The disaster map shows the coastal villages affected due

to Tsunami, located within 1 Km from the Coastline and rivers such as Ponnaiar, Gadilam,

Uppanar, Paravanar, Vellar, Upannar, Khan Sahib Canal and kolidam. It was inferred from the

disaster map that the flooding of rivers due to Tsunami has affected the riverside villages. The

villages located approximately 1 km away from the coastline has also got affected e.g

Jayamkondapattinam 9 km away from the coastline along the banks of river kollidam in

Chidambaram Taluk.

The Tsunami hazard on 26th Dec 2004 falls under the High hazard zone as per

classification of 0-6m elevation. The Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment of villages, riverside

villages, Coastal Cuddalore with 2001 population data was carried out. The assessment shows

that, of the 363 villages with a total population of 519,949, 33 villages were very highly

vulnerable with a total population of 23,758 along the coastline within the elevation range of 0- 1

meter, 31 villages were highly vulnerable with a population of 43,341, 112 villages were medium

vulnerable with a population of 262,601 and 187 villages were low vulnerable with a population

of 190,279 to Tsunami.

The birds eye view of “The Tsunami Disaster 2004: Assessment of Vulnerability” to

villages, riverside villages, of Coastal Cuddalore was presented as map. The assessment shows

that 33 coastal villages within 1 km from the coastline and 120 riverside villages within 1 km

radius from the rivers of Coastal Cuddalore were vulnerable to Tsunami than the other villages.

The results from the Tsunami disaster map shows that the villages within the 1 km from the coast

and villages within the 1 km radius of the rivers and canal were worst affected due to Tsunami on

Dec 2004. The results from the Tsunami vulnerability assessment were mapped for macroscopic

view of the disaster. The Vulnerable village population data were presented as tables as well as

GIS output. The disaster and vulnerability maps can be used for further analysis and rescue

management with other thematic layers such as safe shelter places and network maps.

38

Table -1

Tsunami Affected Villages in Cuddalore on 26th December 2004

S.No Names

1 Andarmullipalayam 2 Ayampettai 3 Chinnavaikal 4 Chinnur 5 Chittirapettai 6 Devanampatnam 7 Gunduvuppalvadi 8 Jayamkondapatinam 9 Kayalpattu 10 killai 11 Komarapettai 12 Manambadi (Chidram) 13 Mudaslodai 14 Mulukkuturai 15 Nallavadu 16 Nanamedu 17 Nanjanlingampettai 18 Pachchaiyankuppam 19 Periyakuppam 20 Pichavaram 21 Portonovo 22 Pottai Odai 23 Pudukuppam 24 Pudupettai 25 Rajappetta 26 Redddiyarpettai 27 Samiyarpettai 28 Silambimangalam 29 Singarathope 30 Sonagakuppam 31 Sothikuppam 32 Subavpalvadi 33 Tandavarayacholaganpettai 34 Thiruchopuram 35 Tirukkalippalai(kil) 36 Tiyagavalli 37 Uchimedu 38 Uttamacholamangalam 39 Velangirayanpettai

Source: www.tn.gov.in

39

Table-2

Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Vulnerable Villages

Note: Table-2 Data Continues for 363 Villages. The 50 Villages data has illustrated above.

NO Village/Hamlet Tsun_Vuln NO Revenue Village LEVEL TRU TOT_P TOT_M TOT_F 1 Muttupalayam Medium 1 Adinarayanapuram VILLAGE Rural 728 380 348 2 Vallovanattam Low 3 Ayatturai Low 4 Ayatturai Low 5 Agaram Low 2 Agaram VILLAGE Rural 4956 2511 2445 6 Palli Odai Low 7 Sangalikuppam Low 8 Arasnkuppam Low 9 Arasankuppam Low 10 Sriniivasapuram Low 11 Akalimmapuram Low 3 Akgatimmapuram VILLAGE Rural 810 407 403 12 Alamelumangapuram Medium 4 Alamelumangapuram VILLAGE Rural 400 195 205 13 Alappakam Low 5 Alappakkam VILLAGE Rural 1031 505 526 14 Nagakulam Low 6 Ambalavanampettai VILLAGE Rural 3629 1787 1842 15 Ambalavanampettai Low 16 Appayanpet Low 17 Ambigapurani Medium 7 Ambigapuram VILLAGE Rural 583 309 274 18 Andarmullipalayam Medium 8 Andarmullippallam VILLAGE Rural 3194 1649 1545 19 Annappanpettai V.High 20 Nayanakuppam High 21 Muttulingaredipettai V.High 22 Atmanandapuram Medium 23 Annamalai Nagar Medium 9 Annamalai Nagar (TP) TOWN Urban 10062 4357 5705 24 Thiruvankulam Medium 25 Andikuppam Low 10 Annavalli VILLAGE Rural 4318 2174 2144 26 Valicheripalayam Low 27 Annavalli Low 28 Anukkambattu Low 11 Anukkambattu VILLAGE Rural 2115 1065 1050 29 Muthaiyalpetai Low 30 Sattankuppam Low 31 Arisiperiyankuppam Low 32 Mavadipudur Low 12 Arisipperiyankuppam VILLAGE Rural 1189 590 599 33 Karaiyeravittakuppam Low 34 Toppirappu Medium 13 Ariyakoshti VILLAGE Rural 2730 1334 1396 35 Ariyaghosti Medium 36 Chinnur V.High 37 Pudupettai V.High 38 Arumuludevan Medium 14 Arulmozhidevan VILLAGE Rural 990 517 473 39 Chinna Andikuppam Medium 40 Nalla Andikuppam Medium 41 Ayipuram Medium 15 Ayipuram VILLAGE Rural 1828 919 909 42 Anikaranchathiram Medium 16 B.Mutlur VILLAGE Rural 2959 1443 1516 43 Tamboaikuppam Medium 44 Tettimedu Medium 45 Mutlur(Bhuvanagiri) Medium 46 Adivrahanallur Medium 17 B.Adhivaraganallur VILLAGE Rural 2827 1410 1417 47 Vadakuppam Medium 48 Chellancheri Low 18 Chellancheri VILLAGE Rural 2874 1430 1444 49 Edapalaiyam Low 50 Thulukkanginatam Low 51 Chidambarathanpettai Medium 19 Chidambaranathanpettai VILLAGE Rural 632 323 309 52 Kumudamedu Low 21 Chinnakanganankuppam VILLAGE Rural 428 232 196 53 chinakakanakuppam Low 54 Chinnakummatti Medium 22 Chinnakummatti VILLAGE Rural 2225 1101 1124 55 Chittalapadi Medium 23 Chittalappadi VILLAGE Rural 713 357 356 56 Vadakuteruvu Medium 57 Chokkankolai Low 24 Chokkankollai VILLAGE Rural 548 299 249 58 Kotwal Choultry Medium 25 Cuddalore (M) TOWN Urban 158634 80012 78622 59 Chellankuppam Medium 60 Cuddalore Port V.High

40

Table – 3

Coastal Cuddalore: Riverside Villages – Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment S.no Villages Vzon BufferDis Rivers

1 Chellankuppam Medium 1 Gadilam.R

2 Vanarapalayam Medium 1 Gadilam.R

3 Anicut Low 1 Gadilam.R

4 Kuttapakkam Low 1 Gadilam.R

5 Otteri Low 1 Gadilam.R

6 Padirikuppam Low 1 Gadilam.R

7 Pudur Low 1 Gadilam.R

8 Tirumanikkuli Low 1 Gadilam.R

9 Tiruvendipuram Low 1 Gadilam.R

10 Totti Low 1 Gadilam.R

11 Udaramanikam Low 1 Gadilam.R

12 Vanamadevi Low 1 Gadilam.R

13 Vilvarayanattam Low 1 Gadilam.R

14 Pichavaram R.F V.High 1 Khan sahib

15 Chittikkollai V.High 1 Khan sahib

16 Nedupalyam V.High 1 Khan sahib

17 Terku Pichavaram V.High 1 Khan sahib

18 Ilantadimedu V.High 1 Khan sahib

19 Vadaku Pichavaram High 1 Khan sahib

20 Pichavarm Ext High 1 Khan sahib

21 Chinna Pichavaram High 1 Khan sahib

22 Kanakkarpatu High 1 Khan sahib

23 Kil perambai High 1 Khan sahib

24 Arasamedai High 1 Khan sahib

25 Thiruvasalodai High 1 Khan sahib

26 Natarajapuram Medium 1 Khan sahib

27 Vasaputur Medium 1 Khan sahib

28 Vadakuteruvu Medium 1 Khan sahib

29 Chittalapadi Medium 1 Khan sahib

30 Metuteruvu Medium 1 Khan sahib

31 Gavampatu Medium 1 Khan sahib

32 Tirukalipalai(Mel) Medium 1 Khan sahib

33 Varadur Medium 1 Khan sahib

34 Sivapuri Medium 1 Khan sahib

35 Pettai Medium 1 Khan sahib

36 Thiruvankulam Medium 1 Khan sahib

37 Annamalai Nagar Medium 1 Khan sahib

38 Chinnavaikal V.High 1 Kolidam.R

39 Tirukkalippalai(kil) High 1 Kolidam.R

40 Alakkudi High 1 Kolidam.R

41

Table-3 Contd…..

Coastal Cuddalore: Riverside Villages – Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment

S.no Villages Vzon BufferDis Rivers

41 Jayamkondapatinam Medium 1 Kolidam.R

42 Ambigapurani Medium 1 Kolidam.R

43 Nadalpadugai Low 1 Kolidam.R

44 Kutturi Low 1 Kolidam.R

45 Kiolkundalpadi Low 1 Kolidam.R

46 Melkundalpadi Low 1 Kolidam.R

47 Kattur Ikkarai Low 1 Kolidam.R

48 Vadakarai Low 1 Kolidam.R

49 Sivanathapuram High 1 Malathar .

50 Sathikatupalayam High 1 Malathar .

51 Rangapparedipalaiyam Medium 1 Malathar .

52 Kil Alinjippattu Medium 1 Malathar .

53 Periyakattupalaiyam Medium 1 Malathar .

54 Sirupalaiyur Low 1 Paravanar.

55 Kundiyamallur Low 1 Paravanar.

56 Subavpalvadi V.High 1 Ponnaiar R

57 Kandakkadu V.High 1 Ponnaiar R

58 Devanampatnam V.High 1 Ponnaiar.R

59 Nanamedu High 1 Ponnaiar R

60 Gunduvuppalvadi High 1 Ponnaiar.R

61 Uppalavadi High 1 Ponnaiar.R

62 Periyakkanangkuppam Low 1 Ponnaiar R

63 Semmandalam Low 1 Ponnaiar R

64 Kumudamedu Low 1 Ponnaiar R

65 Sanarpalayam Low 1 Ponnaiar.R

66 Unamalaichavadi Low 1 Ponnaiar.R

67 Irandayiravilagam Low 1 Ponnaiar.R

68 Alagiyanattam Low 1 Ponnaiar.R

69 Nattampattu Low 1 Ponnaiar.R

70 Cuddalore Port V.High 1 Uppanar .R

71 Sothikuppam V.High 1 Uppanar .R

72 Rajpalayam V.High 1 Uppanar .R

73 Sonagankupam V.High 1 Uppanar .R

74 Vechikadu High 1 Uppanar .R

75 Nadar Kovil High 1 Uppanar .R

76 Tiyagavalli High 1 Uppanar .R

77 Thiruchopuram High 1 Uppanar .R

78 Tiyagavalli High 1 Uppanar .R

79 Panjankuppam High 1 Uppanar.R

80 Karikuppam High 1 Uppanar.R

42

Table-3 Contd…..

Coastal Cuddalore: Riverside Villages – Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment

S.no Villages Vzon BufferDis Rivers

81 Kusavanpattu High 1 Uppanar.R

82 Vannarapalayam High 1 Uppanar.R

83 Pachchaiyankuppam Medium 1 Uppanar .R

84 Kudikadu Medium 1 Uppanar .R

85 Alppakkam R.S Medium 1 Uppanar .R

86 Cuddalore Old Town Medium 1 Uppanar .R

87 Sembadakuppam Medium 1 Uppanar .R

88 Kambalimedu Medium 1 Uppanar.R

89 Anaiyampettai Medium 1 Uppanar.R

90 Kayalpattu Medium 1 Uppanar.R

91 Atmanandapuram Medium 1 Uppanar.R

92 Mattur Medium 1 Uppanar.R

93 Andarmullipalayam Medium 1 Uppanar.R

94 Puduchattiram Medium 1 Uppanar.R

95 Toppirappu Medium 1 Uppanar.R

96 Agaram Medium 1 Uppanar.R

97 Silambimangalam Medium 1 Uppanar.R

98 Muttupalayam Medium 1 Uppanar.R

99 Toppirappu Medium 1 Uppanar.R

100 Gopalapuram Medium 1 Uppanar.R

101 Sangilikuppam Low 1 Uppanar .R

102 Madukarai Low 1 Uppanar .R

103 Vauankuppam Low 1 Uppanar .R

104 Pundiyankuppam Low 1 Uppanar .R

105 Sonakanchavadi Low 1 Uppanar .R

106 Sembankuppam Low 1 Uppanar .R

107 Alappakam Low 1 Uppanar.R

108 Portonovo V.High 1 Vellar.R

109 Ponnotittu High 1 Vellar.R

110 Manambadi (Chidram) High 1 Vellar.R

111 Kottumedu Medium 1 Vellar.R

112 Maduvangarai Medium 1 Vellar.R

113 Tittanpalayam Medium 1 Vellar.R

114 Ambukuttipalayam Medium 1 Vellar.R

115 Mutlur(Chidram) Medium 1 Vellar.R

116 Taiyakuppam Medium 1 Vellar.R

117 Kilmungiladi Medium 1 Vellar.R

118 Amabalattadikuppam Medium 1 Vellar.R

119 Manambadi Medium 1 Vellar.R

120 Mutlur(Bhuvanagiri) Medium 1 Vellar.R

43

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45

Note: 1 List of Major Tsunami Deaths

Year Place Deaths 1933 Tsunami, Sanrika Japan 3000 1946 Honsu, Japan Earthquake Spawan

Tsunami 2000

22 May, 1960 Along the coast of Chile Approx. 2000 17 Aug. 1976 Philippines 8000 26 Dec 2004 Off west coast of northern Sumatra,

Indonesia Approx 31000 lives lost, over 4000 missing and 1 million affected

Source: Preventive/ Protection and Mitigation from risk of Tsunami, a strategy paper, Ministry of Home affairs, Government of India.

Note 2

Tsunamis recorded along the coast of India

Date Cause Impact 31 Dec 1881 (Source: Prof Roger Bilham)

A 7.9 Richter scale earthquake beneath Car Nicobar

Entire east coast of India and Andaman & Nicobar Islands; 1m Tsunamis were recorded at Chennai.

August 1883 (Source: Dr. Arun Bapat)

Explosion of the Krakatoa Volcano in Indonesia

East coast of India was affected; 2m Tsunamis were recorded at Chennai.

26 June 1941 (Source: Dr. Arun Bapat)

A 8.1 Richter scale earthquake in the Andaman archipelago.

East coast of India was affected but no estimates of height of the Tsunami is available

27 November 1945 (Source: Dr. Arun Bapat)

A 8.5 Richter scale earthquake at a distance of about 100km south of Karachi

West coast of India from north to Karwar was affected; 12m Tsunami was felt at Kandla

Source: http://www.nio.org/jsp/indexNew.jsp