Tsunami Final 29Oct2011

7/30/2019 Tsunami Final 29Oct2011

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TsunamiCauses, Impact, Needs, Response, and

Preparedness- A case study

29th October 2011

PROF. (Dr.) S.P. AGARWALM.S. (Surg.) M.Ch (Neuro), FICS, D.Sc. (h.c.)

SECRETARY GENERAL

National HeadquartersIndian Red Cross Society


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Tsunami is a Japanese word. Tsu means

harbour and nami means wave. In earlier

times the Japanese fishermen on return to

coast from sea voyage found devastationwhen nothing happened to them at sea,

and hence named it TSUNAMI.


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Tsunami is a wave-train (a series of waves)

generated in large body water (sea or ocean) due to

an impulsive (sudden) disturbance of the floor (sea

bed) that vertically displaces the water column. Thissudden vertical displacement can occur due to

massive earthquake or underwater landslide or

volcanic eruption or collapse or even the impact of

cosmic body.


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What is a Tsunami

Tsunamis are mostly generated along,or close to, the deep ocean trenches.

They are caused by:-

Faulting (earthquakes)

LandslidesVolcanic eruptions

But they cause widespread damage in

coastal areas


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Earthquakes magnitude can be

measured by a device calledSeismograph invented by Charles

Richter in 1935

Although earthquakes and tsunamis cannot be

predicted they can be measured


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RichterMagnitude

Equivalent Hiroshima-sized Atomic Bomb

3-4 1/100

Witnessed observations atEpicenter

Feels like vibration of a nearby truck

4-5 3/100Small objects may turn. Sleepers

awaken

5-6 1 Difficult to stand. Damage to masonry

6-7 37 General panic, items on shelf fall

7-8 1160Large scale destruction, large landslides

8-9 36,700Total damage. Waves can be seen on

ground surface

Adapted from www.usgs.gov

Table for comparison of Magnitude and Equivalency and

Observation at Epicenter


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The wave height increases as it

approaches the shore

Wave heights are typically

between 8 and 40 feet, but can

be up to 100 feet

The interval between waves can

vary from minutes to hours


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NHK coverage of Japan

earthquake

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AP coverage of Japan earthquake

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www.em-dat.net, Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters, Belgium

226405


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1. There is no effect of Tsunami in the sea, even if you are only halfto one kilometer from coast.

2. Tsunami may come in waves, with a time gap of 40 minutes to

one hour between successive major waves. In one major wave,

there may be two to three sub waves.

3. Although the speed of the approaching Tsunami waves at coast

gets reduced from 700-800 km to 50-60 km per hour, they carry

enormous energy.

4. The height of waves at coast can go up to 50 to 70 feet.

Characteristics of Tsunami


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5. The retreating Tsunami waves are as quick and as dangerous as

their approach and cause as much damage.

6. Major devastation is restricted up to 500 meters.

7. Tsunami causes more havoc along beaches which have ocean

thousands of meter deep, near the coast. In comparison, if theshallow water extends to more than 100 km, the effect will be that

much less.

8. If you are caught in a Tsunami wave due to inadequate /little

warning, try to hold on to a stable object like tree/ pole.

9. Hold your breath while the approaching/ retreating wave pass over,

to avoid dirt and sea water choking your body system

Contd


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How Do Tsunamis Differ From Other Water Waves?

Wind-generated waves are characterized as shallow-waterwaves, with significant periods and wave lengths.

The wind-generated swellspawned by a storm rhythmicallyrolls in, one wave after another, might have a period of about10 seconds and a wave length of 150 m.

Tsunami, on the other hand, can have a wavelength in excessof 100km and period on the order of one hour.

As the rate at which a wave loses its energy is inverselyrelated to its wave length, tsunamis not only propagate at high

speeds, they can also travel great, transoceanic distanceswith limited energy losses.


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Detecting a Tsunami

Seismic gauges can detect the earthquakes or volcaniceruptions which may cause a tsunami.

But as only a small proportion of strong earthquakes producea tsunami, a warning system based solely on seismic data is

prone to producing false alarms.

Other sea-based instruments are needed to help scientistsdecide if a tsunami has been triggered.

These fall into two main types: pressure recorders in thedeep ocean and tide gauges monitoring sea-level at thecoast.


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International Tsunami Warning System (TWS)

Comprised of 28 participating International Member States

Functions

- Monitor Seismological data

- Monitor Tidal data

- Evaluate Tsunamigenic Earthquake

- Dissemination of Warning Information


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Tsunami Warning Centre

NOAAs NWS operates two Tsunami Warning Centres.

Alaska Tsunami Warning Centre (ATWC) in Palmer,

Alaska provides Tsunami Warning to Alaska, British

Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California.

Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre. (PTWC), Ewa Beach,

Hawaii for all other PTWC Member States of Pacific

Region.


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Getting the Message Out

Perhaps the most important part of the tsunami early warningsystem is how to get the information to people who are inimmediate danger.

Primary responsibility for this rests with governments andmost of the 27 nations bordering the Indian Ocean have beensetting up individual programmes for issuing tsunami alerts totheir own people.


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Case Study


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Region & Country Off the coast of Northern Sumatra,

IndonesiaMoment Magnitude 9.3

Date December 26, 2004

Epicenter 3.267N, 95.821E, near coast of

SumatraAffected Countries Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand,

Somalia, Maldives, Malaysia,

Bangladesh, Kenya, Myanmar,

Singapore and Seychelles

Casualties Over 2,80,000


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Epicenter 0058 hrs (GMT)

Sumatra + 15 minutes

Andaman Islands + 30 minutes

Thailand + 90 minutes

Sri Lanka + 120 minutes

Indian East & South Coast + 120 to 150 minutes

Maldives + 210 minutes

Somalia + 420 minutes

2004 Tsunami


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400 NM

800 NM

1200 NMEPICENTRE

0629 HRS

2004 Tsunami

1 nautical mile= 1.85 km1200 NM=2220 Km- the distance between the epicenter and the Indian coastline- morethan the distance between Delhi and Chennai (which is 2095 km)


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Magnitude of the 26 December 2004

South Asia Tsunami

227,754 dead or missing

More than 1.7 million displaced

507,496 left without homes


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Tsunami Affected States


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Tsunami Affected States

(No. of Districts)

Andaman & Nicobar (2)

Impacted Districts


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NDMA video

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Rescue and Relief Response


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OPS Room(24x7)

Secretaries of

all relevantdepartments

Affected SiteRelief &RescueEstb. Comm.networkDrinking WaterRestoration ofpowerPrevention ofEpidemic

National Crisis ManagementGroup

Head Cabinet Secretary

Ministry of Home Affairs

National Disaster Management Division

Directors-Response, Logistics& Coordination

State Crisis Management

GroupChairman: Chief Secretary

District Control Room(D-EOC)

Rescue and Relief Response

RescueandRelief

Govt. ofIndiaResponseMechanism

Rescue and relief operations were adjudged to be

speedy, efficient and timely by the external agencies

Warning

MHA ControlRoom (24x7)

Department ofRelief & Disaster

Mgt

StateControl

Room(S-EOC)


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Impact


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Tsunami Wave-Kanyakumari

Impact


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Impact


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Impact


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Impact

Massive destruction in very large areas affected- large numberof survivors who had lost everything!

Multiple cultures affected, religious values vary

Breakdown in means of communication

Responders and care givers were stretched to capacity

Information sharing mechanisms ad-hoc

Decision making becomes slow as organizations get boggeddown with centralized systems

Concept of operation never agreed and not disseminated


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Needs

Physical and Psychosocial Needs


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Health

Strengthen health systems including improved infrastructure,

equipment and medicines

Improve skills of health workers

Nutrition

Prevent and reduce malnutrition by

enhancing quality of ICDS

promoting behavior change of care-givers including

breast-feeding and infant feeding practices

Education

Improve skills of teachers by the provision of quality teaching

learning materials

Improve the quality of classroom infrastructure, teaching aidsand tools including replacement of lost textbooks

Reduce school drop out rates

Needs- Livelihood


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Food & sustenance through wage employment/ food for work programto fishermen, farmers, landless labourers

Mending fishing nets, cleaning irrigation channels, de-silting ponds,filling up eroded roads

Income generation

Special assistance to widows, orphans, disabled and infirm

(money in fixed deposit), free education and technical training

for self employment

Supplementary income generation training and financial

assistance for fisherwomen and youth for small trades

Assistance to shopkeepers (stock replacement) , artisans (equipmentand raw material)


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Recovery and Reconstruction


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Highlights of Tsunami Medical Relief Activities


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Medical Relief- Issues on immediate concern

Lack of power/electricity

Communications

Roads

Emergency Medical Care

Removal of dead bodies

Prevention of outbreaks

Water Supply

Housing and other public infrastructure

Media Management


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P h i l S t


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Psychosocial Support

Availability of NIMHANS, AIIMS, and PGI.

Teams from these institutions trained community leaders and

self help groups about psychosocial care of disaster

survivors.

E id i l i l S ill


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Epidemiological Surveillance

Surveillance units were set up in the southern coastal belt andAndaman and Nicobar.

Guidelines on prevention and control of epidemic prone

diseases, disposal of dead bodies in emergency situations,

vector control were circulated to all affected States.

V t C t l


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Vector Control

Falciparum Malaria kept under check in spite of prevailingmalariogenic conditions.

5000 insecticide treated bed nets were also supplied.

Summary of Medical Relief


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More than 350 doctors and 100 paramedics were deployed.

About 50,000 patients were attended by the Central team.

All children between 6 months and 5 years of each in reliefcamps received measles vaccine and vitamin A supplement.

Disease surveillance in Andaman and Nicobar proved helpfulin preventing major outbreaks.

NIMHANS provided help in psychosocial relief andrehabilitation work.

Nutrition surveillance was conducted in relief camps inAndaman and Nicobar.


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Long term recovery andrehabilitation supported withassistance from bi-lateral andmulti-lateral agencies.

Corporate contributions wereestimated 8 million USD in India

(Source: Tsunami One yearafter, A joint UN Report-India)

In the aftermath of the tsunami, no external assistance wasrequired by the GoI for immediate response.

Tsunami Response of Indian Red Cross Society


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p y

Distribution of cargo Auto to Self Help Groups

Construction of Ice plant

Construction of a fish drying platform

Net mending shed

Fish auction hall

Distribution of motorized boats and fishing nets

Distribution of Ice boxes

Distribution of life vests


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Livelihoodsassistance

The long process of rebuilding

lives and economies has begunIndian Red Cross Society

Psychosocial support


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Community based psychosocial

support still being provided totens of thousands of people.

Indian Red Cross Society

Recovery and Reconstruction


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Planned repair & reconstruction of:

Houses

Health facilities

Schools and orphanages

Water supply systems

Red Cross and Red CrescentbranchesPhot

o:

Virgi

lGran

dfie

ld/In

terna

tiona

lFe

dera

tion

Getting affected

communities to decide


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communities to decide

what they want their new

houses to look like is a

vital part of the healingprocess

Over several months acomprehensive

reconstruction plan has taken

shape

which will see

schools, health


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schools, health

and community

centres, and up to

52,000 new

houses

constructed in the

coming years

Photo: Virgil Grandfield/International Federation


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The process of constructing

permanent houses is underway

and will accelerate in coming months as land issues are resolved


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57Indian Red Cross Society

The first of many steps have been taken on the long

road to rebuild the lives livelihoods and economies of


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road to rebuild the lives, livelihoods and economies of

tsunami-affected communities

Indian Red Cross Society Staff hold focus groups withfishermen and students in Kanyakumari


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Theoretical Background

Definition of Disasters


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A disaster is a situation or event which overwhelms local

capacity, necessitating a request to a national or international

level for external assistance. (Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters)

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a

society causing widespread human, material, economic or

environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected

community or society to cope with, using its own resources.

A disaster is the function of the risk process. It results from a

combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and

insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential

negative consequences of risk.

Source: Emergency Health Preparedness Report and Documentation of the Technical Discussions, page 41, WHO, Regional office

for South-East Asia, New Delhi

What is a risk?


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The probability for an event to exceed a specific value of

social, environmental and economical harms in a given

place and during a determined exposure of time.

The probability of harmful consequences, or expected

losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihood) resultingfrom interaction between threat and vulnerable condition.


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Preparation

Phases of Disaster Management

Activating public warning


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PREPARDNESS

MITIGATION REC

OVERY

RESPONSE

DISAS

TER

Activating public warning

Notifying public authorities

Mobilizing emergency personnel

Emergency medical assistance

Manning emergency operations

center

Returning vital life

supports systems to

minimum operating

standards

Temporary housing

Medical care

Livelihood

PSP

GIS based risk assessment

Preventive health care

Structural reinforcement

Preparedness plans

Emergencycommunication systems

Training of emergency

personnel

Public information and

education

Plan to a scenario

A C t f O ti


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Agree on Concept of Operation

Have a response plan

Have Standard operating procedures

Understand and follow clearly

understood protocols

Keep it all jargon free and relevant

(what is understood will be used)

Disseminate widely

Rehearse at all levels


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Make tsunami a non disaster


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Be prepared to make changes to plans

Use simple technologies. Demystify technology (both

software and hardware) and contextualize what

people find useful, they will make use and seek waysto preserve

Prepare yourself

In case of tsunami warning, move away from the sea shore to


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In case of tsunami warning, move away from the sea shore to

safer land, higher ground (more than 100 ft)

If there is no higher ground, go atleast 2 kilometer inland Family emergency drills -plans to reunite your family

Anchor heavy objects to walls

Never place heavy objects over beds

Keep heavy objects lower than head height of shortest member

of the family

Store emergency drinking water @ 5-6 lit / person

Make sure exit routes are obstruction free Make sure kids know duck-cover-hold

Think of secure storage options for important documents


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Mitigation


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Questions ???


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Documents

Tsunami Final 29Oct2011