Tuesday, October 13, 2015

SeminarAudienceatScandicLerkendalOct.13,2015

Tuesday, October 13, 2015

Dear Participant,

Welcome to the third PhD Seminar hosted by the Department of Petroleum Engineering and

Applied Geophysics at the Scandic-Lerkendal conference center. We hope that you will enjoy your

time here, have valuable conversations concerning your research and make lots of new connections.

This welcome packet includes the following:

• Program

• Abstracts for the PhD technical presentations

• Voting slip for the best PhD presentation

After the event is finished, we will send out a survey so you can give us feedback to help us

improve future PhD Seminars. You can view pictures from today’s event and stay informed about

future events by visiting the PhD Seminar website at www.ipt.ntnu.no/~phdsem/.

Thank you for participating and enjoy the day!

Sincerely,

Yuriy Ivanov, Katie Aurand, Vegard Hagen, Torbjørn Pedersen, Terje Solbakk, George Marfo,

Naveen Velmurugan, and Isak Swahn.

Fall 2015 PhD Seminar Committee

Tuesday, October 13, 2015, Scandic-Lerkendal

8.00 Registration (until 8.55)

9.00 Welcome Katie Aurand

Introduction

9.10 Keynote I Egil Tjåland, IPT department head

Current state of department and the dynamics of the oil industry

9.30 New PhDs at the Department Poster introductions

Lucas Sevillano, Marco Diaz, Reidun Aadland, Serhii Lozovyi, Terje Solbakk, Vegard Hagen

9.50 Technical PhD Presentation: Eldar Baykiev, Geophysics

Forward modeling of the Fennoscandian lithospheric field using spherical prisms

10.10 Technical PhD Presentation: Kjetil Eik Haavik, Geophysics

Air-gun signature vs. firing depth

10.30 Break / Poster Session

11.00 Technical PhD Presentation: Benjamin Werner, Drilling Engineering

Drilling fluid rheology and its influence on hole cleaning performance

11.20 Technical PhD Presentation: Nur Suriani Mamat, Drilling Engineering

Improving drilling performance using ontology approach

11.40 Technical PhD Presentation: Andreas N Berntsen, Rock Physics

Rock nailing for increased borehole stability

12.00 Lunch

13.00 IPT PhD Overview Katie Aurand

Who are the PhD candidates and how do you become one?

13.20 Technical PhD Presentation: Sohrab Gheibi, Rock Physics

Stress path evolution associated with CO2 storage reservoirs

13.40 Technical PhD Presentation: Bahador Najafiazar, Reservoir Engineering

HyGreGel: A new class of "green" gel systems for water diversion by in-depth reservoir placement

14.00 Technical PhD Presentation: Katie Aurand, Reservoir Engineering

Enhancing oil recovery with nanoparticle-enriched waterflooding

14.20 Break / Poster Session

14.50 Keynote II Kenneth Duffaut Associate Professor, IPT NTNU

What I gained from my PhD degree Thesis title: Stress sensitivity of elastic wave velocities in granular media

15.20 Quiz With prizes

15.30 Closing remarks and awards PhD seminar committee

Closing note, and best presentation and poster award

16.00 Drinks at the bar Come and hang out at the bar and meet some PhDs.

Abstracts

Session Presenter Title

Geophysics Eldar Baykiev Forward modeling of the Fennoscandian lithospheric field using spherical prisms

We show the first results of a sensitivity analysis used to determine if and how induced and remanent magnetization can be distinguished in magnetic data from the Swarm satellite mission. The Swarm satellite magnetic data have higher resolution (to 200km wavelength) and accuracy than previous satellite missions, which makes them complimentary to airborne magnetic surveys. However, calculations at satellite level require a spherical modeling approach. We present a newly developed software for magnetic field modeling that allows fast calculation of crustal magnetic field. The crustal model is represented as a set of spherical prisms, tesseroids. Synthetic models, global and local tests using the geometry of CRUST1.0 show that our model approach leads to similar results as the other modeling techniques (global or local), but have a higher precision. This approach is applied to Fennoscandia, where we try to validate the effect of induced and remanent magnetization in magnetic data at the height of satellites and airborne surveys. An important outcome of this combined view is a better understanding of the deepest magnetic sources in the lithosphere and the related thermal boundaries (e.g. Curie temperature). As the first example we present a synthetic model based on the geometry of lithospheric density models derived from GOCE gravity satellite mission and petrophysical maps of Fennoscandia (susceptibility and total magnetization). The strong magnetization of the oceanic plate locally superimpose the magnetic field generated by the Fennoscandian shield at satellite height. To estimate this effect, we employed oceanic lithosphere age maps to include more realistic magnetization for the oceanic crust.

Geophysics Kjetil Eik Haavik Air-gun signature vs. firing depth Recent advances in marine broadband seismic technologies have led to several new source configurations. The overall goal of these configurations is to attenuate the ghost reflection from the air-water interface, and therefor reduce the deep notches in the frequency spectra. The different source configurations and acquisition strategies include e.g multi-level time-synchronized sub arrays (Cambois et al., 2009; Sablon et al., 2013), slanted arrays (Shen et al., 2014; Telling et al., 2014) and variable source depth acquisition (VSDA) where the source depth is varied between successive shots along a sail line (Haavik and Landrø, 2015). A common factor in the new source configurations is that they involve sources at different depths. It is well known that the bubble-time period of the air-gun bubble is dependent on the hydrostatic pressure, i.e. the Rayleigh-Willis formula, and hence the firing depth. Since many of the new marine source configurations involve sources at different depths, we think that it will be of importance to have a tool to easily predict how the source signatures will change with a change in firing depth. A simple method for predicting how depth variations will affect the source signatures is presented. This method can be used to improve the de-signature process of seismic data acquired with VSDA, for calibration between 4D surveys if there are known source depth variations and to perform realistic modeling of seismic surveys that include sources at different depths. For shallow firing depths we use a correction term to the Rayleigh-Willis formula to estimate the bubble time period. The correction term reduces the bubble-time period and arises from similar effects as to why clustering of air guns increases the bubble-time period. We use quasi-near-field measurements of air gun signatures to validate the well-known source scaling law.

Drilling Benjamin Werner

Drilling fluid rheology and its influence on hole cleaning performance

Drilling fluids play an important role in safe and efficient drilling operations. Wellbore stability, formation integrity, lubricating the drill string, and cuttings transport are among their main requirements. The removal of a cuttings bed is one of the major difficulties while trying to keep up a steady drilling progress. Deviated and long horizontal wellbore sections provide challenges not only to the machinery in use, but also to the fluids. Cuttings accumulate easily on the bottom of a wellbore section due to gravity and can therefore reduce hole cleaning efficiency. Cuttings transport is highly dependent on the properties of the drilling fluid. Viscosity, density and gel strength are among the key parameters. Drilling fluids have in general a complex composition with either water or oil as a base substance. The cuttings transport abilities of these two types of fluids are significantly different when used in the field, even if the fluids have similar viscosity and density. The reasons for this are not fully understood. The aim of the full project is to compare different water and oil based drilling fluids regarding their hole cleaning performance. As part of an experimental study where drilling fluids are circulated in a 10 m long flow-loop test section with a free whirling rotating inner drill string, rheological characterization with an Anton Paar MCR rheometer is performed. These measurements include the determination of the linear viscoelastic range, time-dependent deformation behavior, yield point, 3-interval-thixotropy-tests, and viscosity-temperature dependence. The results are correlated with the industry standard procedures for testing of fluid properties with FANN viscometers (ISO/API standards).

Abstracts

Session Presenter Title

Drilling Nur Suriani Binti Mamat

Improving drilling performance using ontology approach

Wellbore instabilities of practical importance mostly occur in shale or mudstone; predominantly in the overburden, but sometimes also within the reservoir (Nguyen and Abousleiman, 2010). Often mechanical hole collapse is combined with chemical wellbore instability phenomenon, i.e. the reaction between the drilling fluid and shale (Labenski et al., 2003; Schlemmer et al., 2003). It is a common opinion in the industry that such stability problems amount typically to 5-10% of the drilling cost during exploration and production. The costs were incorporating loss of time and equipment, and have led to unsafe drilling environment (Heidari et al., 2015). Nevertheless, they are complex and cannot be solved easily. Thus, to minimize borehole instabilities and assist the oil operator to learn faster about possibility hazards in the current well, a computer support system is suggested to be developed. The method to be used is a combination of data interpretation, knowledge modeling and case-based reasoning (Aamodt, 2004; Aamodt and Plaza, 1994). In the oil industry, the application of ontology- support case-based reasoning is still in its infancy. One of the first applications of case-based reasoning was documented by Irrgang et al. (1999) where the technique was applied to derive alternate drilling plans based on previously drilled wells. The system utilized past experiences recorded in drilling data and reports. Perry et al. (2004) describe the development of a case-based knowledge repository for drilling optimization as a tool for capturing, representing, and disseminating of lessons learned. Although a lot of researches related to process support in complex processes where large data volumes involved, still a more oriented methodology must be developed to retain and centralize the knowledge and experience of the drilling industry. It can be achieved by combining human thoughts, artificial intelligence, and experience based problem solving.

Rock mechanics Andreas N Berntsen Rock nailing for increased borehole stability Borehole instabilities in the overburden, and sand production from the reservoir sections of the well are major challenges in operations. They are both essentially rock mechanical issues, where the stresses at the wellbore wall during drilling and production cause yielding of the rock. Traditional means of solving these issues include casing for wellbore support, screens or slotted liners for sand control, or chemical consolidation for reinforcing weak sand. Sand screens are not always financially feasible, and for weak chalk, there is a lack of suitable reinforcing techniques which preserve near-wellbore permeability. In our work, we investigate rock nailing as a low-cost alternative reinforcement technique which has the added benefit of not reducing permeability in the formation. In our envisaged solution, steel nails would be inserted into the wellbore wall at high velocity, and reinforce the rock in a similar manner to rock bolts in tunneling and mining, or soil nails in geotechnical engineering. In developing an understanding of rock nail reinforcement, we have taken an experimental approach to studying the coupling between the nail and the rock by performing pullout tests. Numerical modelling is done alongside to provide better insight into the details of the nail-rock interaction. The empirical results indicate that several parameters influence the nail-rock coupling, including the mechanical properties of the nail and the rock, the nail geometry and surface roughness, and the stresses in the rock. Interfacial normal stresses induced by nail insertion seem to be especially important in determining the pullout capacity of nails, as confirmed both by experiments and numerical modelling. The experimental results also show nail diameter scaling which we have not been able to predict using continuum models, nor explain with size effect considerations.

Rock mechanics Sohrab Gheibi Stress path evolution associated with CO2 storage reservoirs

Safe storage of CO2 in geological formations is an essential part of CO2 sequestration projects. Pressure changes inside the formation cause effective and total stress changes inside and outside of those formations. These changes can bring the reservoir or its surroundings to failure conditions. The existence of faults and weak zones increases the likelihood of failure in rock masses depending on the amount of the injection-induced changes and the formation properties. This paper discusses the stress changes in different reservoir and injection conditions. Analysis indicates that the pressure buildup can significantly change the total and effective stress and these changes are more severe when faults are present in the formation. Also, the reservoir and caprock experience a greater decrease in the mean effective stress and increase in the deviatoric stress in the footwall and hanging wall of a fault in reverse and normal faulting stress regimes, respectively. The stress path depends on the size of the CO2 plume, the pressure distribution inside the reservoir, and fault and reservoir properties.

Abstracts

Session Presenter Title

Reservoir Bahador Najafiazar

HyGreGel: A new class of "green" gel systems for water diversion by in-depth reservoir placement

Today, there is an urgent need for more cost-efficient EOR chemicals. Equally important is to assure environmentally acceptable chemicals and methods to avoid unwanted discharge to the sea. Nanotechnology is expected to have a large potential for EOR applications and meeting the said challenges. There has recently been an increasing interest in applying nanotechnology to EOR. Still, a lot of topics remain uncovered to date. The HyGreGel project will develop competence and technology within in-depth gel placement for water diversion. New hybrid nanogel systems will be developed based on "green" technology. The gel systems will be based on novel multifunctional hybrid polymers prepared at SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (FunzioNano™) and polyelectrolyte complexes developed at Texas A&M University. Testing infrastructures at NTNU IPT, NTNU NanoLab and SINTEF Petroleum Research will be used in the experimental work. In this presentation, I explain the concept of HyGreGel in general with a focus on my responsibilities as a PhD candidate and experimental researcher. Furthermore, I demonstrate the experiments conducted so far at the SINTEF Petroleum’s laboratory, such as core flooding, and discuss the results. Finally, I review the current plans for the rest of the PhD program.

Reservoir Katherine R Aurand

Enhancing oil recovery with nanoparticle-enriched waterflooding

This research focuses on the development of specialized silica nanoparticles as waterflooding additives for sandstone reservoirs in the North Sea. The goal is to create a concentrated dispersion that can be easily added to existing waterflooding operations. This presentation highlights key coreflooding experiments that have led to the development of modified silica nanoparticles. Initial coreflooding tests used commercially available silica nanoparticles to screen for the best possible candidate for further surface modification. The two different types of hydrophilic nanoparticles used in these initial experiments were nano-structured fumed silica dispersions and colloidal silica. Three particle sizes were tested for each of the nanoparticle types, resulting in a total of six nanoparticles used for analysis. The nanoparticles were suspended in synthetic North Sea water at 0.05 wt% to create nanofluids for nanoflooding. All nanoflooding was performed after waterflooding to see the effect of injecting the nanofluids into end-of-life reservoirs. The fumed silica nanofluids performed better than the colloidal nanofluids, and additional oil recovery increased with increasing particle size. This is because aggregation of the nanoparticles in the presence of seawater caused blockage and flow diversion in the sandstone core plugs. Current coreflooding tests are investigating the potential of nanoparticles that have been modified for saltwater stability.

Keynote I Egil Tjåland Current state of department and the dynamics of the oil industry

Head of department presents gives a fresh status update about what is happening at IPT and discusses the dynamics and challenges of the petroleum industry in face of the current oil prices. Keynote II Kenneth Duffaut What I gained from my PhD thesis: Stress sensitivity of

elastic wave velocities in granular media TBA