Tuesday October 20

Chapter 5, The American Revolution, 1763-1783: “The End of the

Beginning.”

To recap: Revolutionary War chronology thus far:1. 1763-End of the French and Indian War (p. 185)2. 1764-Sugar (Molasses) Act (p. 186)3. 1765-Stamp Act: Sons of Liberty Organized; Stamp Act Congress (pp. 187-189)4. 1767-Townshend Acts (p. 191)5. 1768-Liberty Riots; British troops stationed in Boston (p. 192)6. 1770-Boston “Massacre” (p. 192)7. 1773-Tea Act; Boston Tea Party (p. 194)8. 1774-Intolerable Acts (p. 194)9. 1774 –First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia (p. 195)10. 1775-Battles (skirmishes) of Lexington and Concord (Massachusetts) (p. 197)11. 1775-Second Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia (p. 197)12. 1775-Battle of Breed’s Hill (Bunker Hill) (Massachusetts) (p. 198)13. 1775-Olive Branch Petition to King George III (p. 199)14. 1776-Tom Paine’s Common Sense (p. 199)15. 1776-Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson, author) (p. 202)

Classwork for Tuesday October 20

1. True/False quiz based on homework reading, Ch. 5, Securing Independence: The Balance of Power, pp. 205-end of the chapter.

2. Project Presentation volunteer(s).

3. PPT

Chapter 5, The American Revolution, 1763-1783: Securing Independence: The Balance of Power

After declaring Independence, Britain viewed the Americans as traitors, and resolved to crush the rebellion.

Balance of power favored the British, who had the advantage of a large, professional army and navy (and foreign mercenaries), and experienced military commanders. Patriots had the advantage of fighting on their own soil as well as a passionate desire for freedom.

Many Americans had military experience in the Seven Years’ War or had served in colonial militias in the 1770s.

British misjudged American will and capabilities, and support in Britain was uncertain. British public not keen on paying additional taxes to fund the war.

European rivals, notably the French, Britain’s ancient Catholic enemy, rubbing their hands together in glee at the prospect of the British being embroiled in a lengthy war.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyA French engraving depicts New Yorkers pulling down a statue of KG3

Chapter 5, The American Revolution, 1763-1783: Securing Independence: Blacks in the Revolution

At the war’s outset, blacks could not serve in the American military as recruits.

After Lord Dunmore’s proclamation (1775) giving freedom to slaves who joined with Britain, Washington allowed blacks to serve.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHzH7k-YLCAThis Day In History - November 14 - Freedom Trail Foundation (1m)

5,000 blacks enlisted under General Washington’s companies, in the Continental army and navy and in state militias-and were racially integrated.

For many black Americans, serving in the army offered freedom-some slaves gained freedom by fighting in the place of an owner.

African-Americans also fought for the British, including seventeen of Washington’s slaves.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyAmerican Foot Soldiers, Yorktown Campaign

Chapter 5, The American Revolution, 1763-1783: Securing Independence: The First Years of the War

The British commander, Sir William Howe, attacked New York (summer 1776), and drove Washington’s army out, but did not manage to destroy it.

Washington’s army of 28,000 men dwindled to 3,000 because many men went home, totally demoralized. (Many farmers.)

Later, Washington had successes at Trenton (NJ) (December 26, 1776) against Hessian mercenaries. Famous “Crossing of the Delaware” in the freezing winter, and at Princeton (NJ) (January 3, 1777).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z35pIUJsshIHistory Brief: Victories at Trenton and Princeton (4m)

When crossing the Delaware, Washington inspired his men by having a tract (The American Crisis) by Thomas Paine read. As usual, the words of this great radical rallied the troops: “These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.”

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyTriumphant Entry of the Royal Troops into New York

Chapter 5, The American Revolution, 1763-1783: Securing Independence: The Battle of Saratoga

The Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 gave the patriots a victory and a boost to morale.

British General John Burgoyne came south from Canada to link up with General Howe to isolate New England. Howe, instead, occupied Philadelphia, and never met up with Burgoyne. This led to General Burgoyne’s defeat and surrender at Saratoga.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoExfycqz8YBattle of Saratoga Turns the Tide (2m)

During the brutal winter of 1777-1778, Washington and the Continental army were encamped at Valley Forge in extreme dire straits. (Smallpox and dysentery rife, food supplies low.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iu_-0DjIJcValley Forge-The Story of Us (5m)

Chapter 5, The American Revolution, 1763-1783: Securing Independence: The Battle of Saratoga

Saratoga persuaded the French that an American victory was possible.

This new reality led to a treaty recognizing independence, and offering military assistance: “Treaty of Amity and Commerce” was negotiated by Benjamin Franklin and others.

Spain also joined with France on the American side. Both hoped to regain lost influence and territory, lost during the Seven Years’ War. Spain wanted Florida back.

War now transformed into a global conflict. British fighting Spanish in Europe (Gibraltar), and French in West Indies.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 5.1 The Revolutionary war in the North 1775–1781

Chapter 5, The American Revolution, 1763-1783: Securing Independence: The War in the South

In 1778 the focus of the war shifted to the South, where there were MANY loyalists.

In 1778 British forces occupied Savannah, and in 1780 Charleston, capturing 5,000 American men.

1780 was a low point for the Americans. Many Southern Loyalists and slaves joined with the British.

In August 1780, British General Cornwallis defeated an American army at Camden, S.C.

In September 1780, Benedict Arnold, one of Washington’s best generals defected and almost turned over the fort at West Point over to the British. There were also several American mutinies.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vygrSau5mUAn Introduction to the South's Pivotal Role the Revolutionary War (Part 1 of 8) (6m)

Chapter 5, The American Revolution, 1763-1783: Securing Independence: The War in the South

Loyalist and patriots fought each other in a brutal civil war in North and South Carolina and Georgia, and Francis Marion the “Swamp Fox” and his militiamen harassed British troops.

Brutal treatment of American civilians by Colonel Banastre Tarleton persuaded many to fight for the American/patriot cause.

The British were never able to consolidate their hold on the South.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUVXPY8aFxIEarly British Success in Savannah and the Siege of Charleston (Part 2 of 8) (6m)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvQNHz6VTQwFrancis Marion, “The Swamp Fox.” (8m)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJT8C0l9ItISecret Refuge of the Swamp Fox (1m)

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 5.2 The Revolutionary war in the South 1775–1781

Chapter 5, The American Revolution, 1763-1783: Securing Independence: Victory at Last

In January 1781, Americans under Daniel Morgan defeated British Colonel Tarleton at Cowpens, S.C.

Two months later, General Cornwallis suffered heavy losses at Guilford Courthouse, N.C.

General Nathanael Greene inflicted heavy losses on General Charles Cornwallis in the South

Cornwallis went north to Virginia, and camped at Yorktown.

Washington rushed his forces, along with troops under French General Lafayette, there to surround him.

While American and French forces cut off a land escape, a French fleet blocked an escape by sea.

Chapter 5, The American Revolution, 1763-1783: Securing Independence: Victory at Last

European rivalries between England, France, and Spain helped to secure American victory and independence.

On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered his army of 8,000 men.

Cornwallis’s defeat caused support for the war in Britain to evaporate, and negotiations began.

In September 1783, the Treaty of Paris recognized American independence.

The United States gained all territory between Canada and Florida east of the Mississippi, along with fishing rights near Canada. British insisted that Loyalists would not be persecuted and that their property would be restored.

Canada and West Indian colonies did not join the rebellion.

The United States became the first independent country in the western hemisphere.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCj1xALT9aw (15m)The War for Independence, 1775-1783

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

A 1781 French engraving showing the surrender ofLord Charles Cornwallis’s army at Yorktown, ending the War for Independence.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 5.3 The North America, 1783

Homework due Wed. Oct 21

Review table: British Acts imposed on the Colonies.List each Act, its date, and function (purpose)

1. Proclamation of 17632. Sugar Act3. Stamp Act4. Declaratory Act5. Townshend Act6. Tea Act7. Intolerable Acts8. Quebec Act