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Napoleon's Napoleon's Conquest of Conquest of

EuropeEurope

NapoleonBorn in Corsica 1769Mastered military tactics at

military schoolsJoined army of new govt. during

revolution– Oct. 1795- helped protect National

Convention (became hero)

Military Successes1796-1797 Directory appoints him

to command army – Beat Austria, Kingdom of Sardinia– Fights in N. Italy- makes alliances– Becomes most popular general in

Europe

November 1799 Directory overthrown by ConsulateCoup d etat Directory initially holds on

– 500 troops in legislature– Vote to end Directory

Napoleon head of Consulate (3)– Dictatorial power seized

Support for ConsulateKeep previous reformSolve current problemsPeasants, workers, merchants- promise of trade expansion, lower food prices, peasants keep land gained in Revolution

Support for Consulate

Nobles- pardons were offered to those who fled

Bourgeoisie- given govt. and army positions, promise of order, stable economy, trade

Second Coalition 1797 1st Coalition ends after

campaign in Italy1799 2nd Coalition formed

– GB, Austria, Russia

Napoleon successful in N. Italy– Austria & Russia make peace– 1802 Peace of Amiens (GB)– 1st time in 10 yrs- peace in Europe

Napoleon becomes Emperor

At 1st act like an elected leader

1800 Plebiscite- vote approves constitution giving Napoleon all real power as 1st consul

1802- 2nd Plebiscite made him consul for life

1804 Napoleon takes title of Emperor

Title symbolizes control over France– Crowned himself (not Pope)

Social reforms of Revolution remain

Individual freedoms currently gained were ignored

Napoleon Restores Order Kept many changes from

RevolutionSecret police maintain power

– Opposition crushed

Jacobins crushed after loyalists target him– German Bourbon (next in line)

killed

Napoleon Restores OrderEconomic order

–Inflation slowed, balanced budget, national bank

Social order- had much support

Religious order- religion is political

Concordat of 1801Agreement made with Pope

Pius VIIBalanced rights of Church and

StateState bishops, Church confirm

– Bishops appoint priests

Religious freedom– Catholics had favored postition

Napoleonic Code 1801All men treated as equals

– 3 Estates abolished– Women lost any rights gained

NO feudalism and class privilegeFreedom of religion and propertyWorkers inferior to employer

– No unions

Govt. support of education

Napoleonic Code Limited liberty

– Newspapers censored– Slavery restored in colonies

Easy for men to divorceNo primogeniture

Napoleonic Code Napoleon announced he was

above the law“Things don’t work unless you

break the law everyday”– Tie to Machiavelli

Napoleonic WarsNapoleon wants to modernize &

become master of Europe (Italy, Switz.)

Peace treaties are made with Russia, Austria, England

1803 War breaks out with England– France threatens her trade and sea

power1805-1807 France defeats Austria,

Sweden, Prussia (who were in alliance against France w/ Russia)

1805-1807 VictoriesOct. 1805 Battle of Ulm

– Vienna, Austria taken

Dec. 1805 Battle of Austerlitz– Austrian emperor makes peace

Oct. 1806 Battle of Jena– Berlin taken from Prussia

1805-1807 VictoriesJune 1806- Battle of Friedland

– Prussia’s Poland– Peace of Tilsit- Alexander I and

Napoleon agree to divide Europe

Oct. 1805- Battle of Trafalgar– Only loss to 3rd Coalition– Nelson (GB) defeats French fleet– France decides not to invade GB

Napoleon dominates Europe

France greatest empire since RomeConquered land:

– Annexed by France– Remained independent in name only– Attached by alliance (Prussia,

Russia, Austria)

Large but unstable empire

Results of Napoleonic Wars

Napoleon brings Revolution’s reforms to Europe

Taxes conquered landsSoldiers taken from

conquered lands

Napoleon’s DownfallLove of power = downfall3 misjudgments

– Cut off trade to England– Make brother king of Spain– Invasion of Russia

Continental System1806 No French controlled land

could trade w/ EnglandAimed at England who was

keeping ships from FrancePlan= defeat England by striking

at trade (industry)– France and lands under her would

stop importing British goods

Continental SystemProblem= England just traded

with Spanish colonies, smuggled, and blocked (large navy) ports of France and her allies

Result= Middle class merchants turn against Napoleon– French economy weakened

Spain1808 King of Spain forced to

abdicate– Napoleon makes brother Joseph

king

Peninsular WarPortugal defeatedResponse- Spain and Portugal

get help of British (guerilla)England invades FranceSpain regains her land after 5

years of war (1808-1813)Significance- French troops held

up(300,000 dead- France weakened, patriotism against Napoleon is inspired

Invasion of Russia Russian was once allied with FranceWhy?

– France afraid Russia would make alliance with England

– Russia selling grain to England

June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with 614,000 men GRAND ARMY– Many not French (no loyalty)

Invasion of RussiaRussians retreat burning land and

farms, France follows–Sept. 14- Moscow abandoned

when French arrive –100,000 French alive (NO FOOD)–Stay 5 weeks waiting for

surrender (leave in Dec.)Worst military in history (40,000

return)

Battle of the Nation Oct. 1813- Leipzig, GermanyBritain, Prussia, Austria,

Russia, Sweden defeat Napoleon– Grand Alliance

Paris captured in March 1814– Army cut to pieces– Generals do not want to fight,

Napoleon does

The End (#1)…April 1814- Napoleon abdicates

– exiled to island of Elba (Italian coast)

Quadruple Alliance- formed to prevent attacks by France

The 100 DaysMarch 1, 1815 Napoleon

returns from exile –support from King Louis

XVIII’s soldiers –Becomes Emperor again

Grand Alliance gathers

The 100 DaysJune 18, 1815 Napoleon

defeated at Waterloo (Belguim)–European alliance led by Duke

of Wellington–End of 100 Days–Napoleon’s last bid for power

The End (Again)…Napoleon sent to St. Helena

– Remote island in South Atlantic

Significance of Napoleon

French Revolution’s reforms and ideas were spread

Nationalism grew–Led to development of

independent nations