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TUGAS AKHIR
DASAR PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN
ARSITEKTUR (DP3A)
REVITALISASI BENTENG VASTENBURG SEBAGAI
MAL PELAYANAN PUBLIK SURAKARTA DENGAN
PENDEKATAN INCLUSIVE PUBLIC SPACE DESIGN
Diajukan Sebagai Persyaratan Guna Mencapai Gelar Strata-1
Program Studi Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Disusun Oleh :
MUHAMMAD MARSA A. A.
D300150099
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2019
ii
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REVITALISASI BENTENG VASTENBURG SEBAGAI
MAL PELAYANAN PUBLIK SURAKARTA DENGAN
PENDEKATAN INCLUSIVE PUBLIC SPACE DESIGN
Muhammad Marsa A. A. Program Studi Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Jl.Ahmad Yani Tromol Pos I Pabelan Kartasura, Surakarta
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRAK
Berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Walikota Surakarta ditetapkan adanya 69
bangunan cagar budaya yang salah satunya yaitu Benteng Vastenburg yang
merupakan BCB Kelompok Bangunan Umum Kolonial. Dalam perkembangannya
kini, Benteng Vastenburg sebagai ruang publik kota, meskipun dalam pemanfaatan
yang kurang optimal, masih selalu menjadi rujukan masyarakat Solo ketika
mengadakan acara-acara besar sepanjang tahun. Sayang kesan eksklusitivitas
masih kental karena belum optimalnya nilai-nilai Benteng Vastenburg sebagai
ruang publik.
Menurunnya 'publisitas' dan 'inklusifvitas' ruang terbuka publik merupakan
akibat dari kebijakan-kebijakan tentang penyediaan dan manajemen yang
mengecualikan publik dari ruang fisik dan proses desain dari pengembangan dan
pengelolaan ruang publik; dibanding dengan menciptakan ruang inklusif untuk
semua. Oleh karena itu, penurunan 'inklusifvitas' ruang terbuka publik itu sendiri
adalah salah satu alasan utama di balik menurunnya 'publisitas' ruang terbuka
publik.
Mal Pelayanan Publik adalah tempat berlangsungnya kegiatan atau aktivitas
penyelenggaraan pelayanan publik atas barang, jasa dan/atau pelayanan
administrasi yang merupakan perluasan fungsi pelayanan terpadu baik pusat
maupun daerah, serta pelayanan Badan Usaha Milik Negara atau Badan Usaha
Milik Daerah dan Swasta dalam rangka menyediakan pelayanan yang cepat,
mudah, terjangkau, aman dan nyaman. Terintegrasinya pelayanan kewenangan
pemerintahan Pusat, Provinsi, Kabupaten / Kota, BUMN / BUMD serta Swasta
pada satu gedung. Produk yang dihasilkan adalah sebuah konsep perencanaan dan
perancangan Mal Pelayanan Publik Surakarta menggunakan adaptive-reuse
terhadap sebuah objek yang direvitalisasi dengan pedoman UU Nomor 11 Tahun
2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya. Yang diharapkan produk konsep perencanaan dan
perancangan ini dapat menjadi satu contoh atau patokan dalam pembelajaran ke
depannya terkait upaya revitalisasi cagar budaya yang diwujudkan menjadi suatu
ruang publik inklusif masyarakat urban.
Kata Kunci : Mal Pelayanan Publik, Revitalisasi, Benteng Vastenburg, Desain
Inklusif
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ABSTRACT
Based on the Surat Keputusan Walikota Surakarta, there are 69 cultural
heritage buildings, one of which is Vastenburg Fort, which is a BCB Colonial
General Building Group. In its current development, Vastenburg Fortress as a city
public space, although in less optimal utilization, is still always a reference for the
Solo community when holding large events throughout the year. Unfortunately the
impression of exclusivity is still strong because the values of Vastenburg Fort are
not optimal as a public space.
The decline in 'publicity' and 'inclusiveness' of public open space itself is a
result of policies regarding supply and management that exclude the public from
the physical space and design process from the development and management of
public spaces; compared to creating an inclusive space for all. Therefore, the
decline of 'inclusiveness' public open space itself is one of the main reasons behind
the decline in 'publicity' of public open space.
Public Service Mall is a place for the implementation of activities or
activities in the implementation of public services for goods, services and / or
administrative services which are an expanded function of integrated services both
central and regional, as well as the services of State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN)
or Regional (BUMD) and Private Enterprises (Swasta) in providing services fast,
easy, affordable, safe and comfortable. Integration of the services of the central,
provincial, regency / city government authorities, BUMN / BUMD and private
sector in one building. The product produced is a concept of planning and
designing the Surakarta Public Service Mall using adaptive-reuse of an object that
is revitalized with the guidelines of UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar
Budaya. It is expected that the product of the concept of planning and design can
become an example or benchmark in future learning related to efforts to revitalize
cultural heritage which is manifested into an inclusive public space in urban society.
Keywords : Public Service Mall, Revitalization, Fort Vastenburg, Inclusive Design
ix
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN MUKA ................................................................................................ i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LEMBAR PENILAIAN ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LEMBAR PENILAIAN ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ................................................................................... iv
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xiv
1. BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................... 1
1.1. Judul ......................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Pengertian Judul ....................................................................................... 1
1.3. Latar Belakang.......................................................................................... 4
1.3.1. Gambaran Umum Benteng Vastenburg Solo .................................... 4
1.3.2. Aktivitas Masyarakat Kota terkait Benteng Vastenburg ................. 10
1.3.3. Urgensi dan Pertimbangan Upaya Revitalisasi ............................... 12
1.3.4. Ruang Publik dan Inklusifvitas ....................................................... 14
1.3.5. Jaringan Walikota Indonesia Menuju Kota Inklusif ....................... 16
1.3.6. Mal Pelayanan Publik ..................................................................... 19
1.4. Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................. 25
1.4.1. Permasalahan................................................................................... 25
1.4.2. Persoalan ......................................................................................... 26
1.5. Tujuan dan Sasaran................................................................................. 26
1.5.1. Tujuan ............................................................................................. 26
1.5.2. Sasaran ............................................................................................ 26
1.6. Lingkup dan Batasan Pembahasan ......................................................... 27
1.6.1. Lingkup Pembahsan ........................................................................ 27
1.6.2. Batasan Pembahasan ....................................................................... 27
x
1.7. Produk..................................................................................................... 27
1.8. Metode Pembahasan ............................................................................... 27
1.8.1. Metode Pengumpulan Data ............................................................. 27
1.8.2. Analisis dan Sintesis ....................................................................... 28
1.9. Sistematika Penulisan ............................................................................. 28
2. BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................... 30
2.1. Kajian Mengenai Objek Benteng Vastenburg dan Mal Pelayanan Publik
30
2.1.1. Revitalisasi ...................................................................................... 30
2.1.2. Ruang Publik ................................................................................... 38
2.1.3. Kajian Fasilitas Mendasar Mal Pelayanan Publik ........................... 44
2.1.4. Kajian Fasilitas Penunjang Perwujudan Ruang Publik ................... 48
2.2. Studi Kasus Preseden Mal Pelayanan Publik ......................................... 53
2.2.1. Mal Pelayanan Publik DKI Jakarta ................................................. 53
2.2.2. Mal Pelayanan Publik Batam .......................................................... 55
2.2.3. Mal Pelayanan Publik Surabaya...................................................... 57
2.2.4. Kesimpulan ..................................................................................... 62
2.3. Elemen Perancangan .............................................................................. 63
2.3.1. Pendekatan Desain Inklusif (Inclusive Design) .............................. 63
2.3.2. Konsep Adaptive-Reuse .................................................................. 66
2.3.3. Teknik Infill Design ........................................................................ 67
2.3.4. Persyaratan Teknis Bangunan Konservasi ...................................... 82
3. BAB III TINJAUAN UMUM LOKASI DAN GAMBARAN
PERENCANAAN ................................................................................................. 84
3.1. Tinjauan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Surakarta ........................ 84
3.1.1. Peta Rencana Pola Ruang................................................................ 84
3.1.2. Peta Rencana Struktur ..................................................................... 85
3.1.3. Peta Rencana Kawasan Strategis .................................................... 86
3.2. Tinjauan Sosio-Geografis Kota Surakarta dan Wilayah Sekitar Benteng
Vastenburg ........................................................................................................ 86
3.3. Gagasan Perancangan ............................................................................. 88
3.3.1. Gagasan Secara Umum ................................................................... 88
3.3.2. Gagasan Revitalisasi Ruang Publik Urban ..................................... 88
xi
3.3.3. Gagasan dari Segi Pemerintahan Kota ............................................ 88
3.3.4. Gagasan dari Segi Pengguna ........................................................... 88
3.4. Tinjauan Tapak Benteng Vastenburg ..................................................... 89
4. BAB IV ANALISIS, PENDEKATAN, DAN KONSEP PERENCANAAN
DAN PERANCANGAN ....................................................................................... 94
4.1. Pendekatan Kegiatan dan Keruangan ..................................................... 94
4.1.1. Analisis Kelompok Kegiatan .......................................................... 94
4.1.2. Analisis Pola Kegiatan .................................................................... 95
4.1.3. Analisis Kebutuhan Ruang .............................................................. 95
4.1.4. Analisis Hubungan Ruang............................................................... 97
4.1.5. Pedoman Besaran Ruang................................................................. 99
4.2. Pendekatan Perencanaan Tapak ........................................................... 101
4.2.1. Analisis dan Konsep Tapak ........................................................... 101
4.2.2. Analisis Besaran Ruang ................................................................ 108
4.2.3. Analisis dan Konsep Massa .......................................................... 112
4.3. Analisis dan Konsep Tampilan Arsitektur ........................................... 114
4.3.1. Konsep Tampilan Arsitektur ......................................................... 114
4.3.2. Gubahan Massa ............................................................................. 115
4.3.3. Konsep Material ............................................................................ 116
4.4. Analisis dan Konsep Struktur ............................................................... 123
4.3.4. Pengertian Space Truss ................................................................. 123
4.3.5. Pondasi .......................................................................................... 124
4.5. Analisis dan Konsep Utilitas ................................................................ 124
4.5.1. Konsep Penghawaan ..................................................................... 124
4.5.2. Konsep Pencahayaan ..................................................................... 126
4.5.3. Sistem Jaringan Air Bersih............................................................ 130
4.5.4. Sistem Jaringan Air Kotor ............................................................. 130
4.5.5. Sistem Jaringan Pemadam Kebakaran .......................................... 131
4.5.6. Sistem Jaringan Komunikasi ......................................................... 132
4.5.7. Sistem Jaringan Listrik .................................................................. 133
4.5.8. Sistem Pengelolaan Sampah ......................................................... 134
4.5.9. Sistem Keamanan .......................................................................... 134
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4.5.10. Sistem Transportasi ................................................................... 135
4.6. Analisis dan Konsep Pendekatan Desain Inklusif ................................ 135
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 137
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1.Daftar Pemegang HGU Benteng Vastenburg ......................................... 9
Tabel 1.2. Daftar Acara Besar Kota Solo 2017 ..................................................... 10
Tabel 1.3. Daftar Acara Besar Kota Solo 2018 ..................................................... 11
Tabel 1.4. Daftar Acara Besar Kota Solo 2019 ..................................................... 11
Tabel 2.1. Pedoman Dasar Pelestarian Cagar Budaya .......................................... 35
Tabel 2.2. Tabel Kesimpulan Studi Kasus ............................................................ 62
Tabel 2.3. Elemen Infill Design ............................................................................ 69
Tabel 2.4. Indikator Matching / Selaras ................................................................ 69
Tabel 2.5. Indikator Contrasting ........................................................................... 70
Tabel 2.6. Indikator Compatible Matching ........................................................... 79
Tabel 2.7. Indikator Compatible Contrast ............................................................. 81
Tabel 4.1. Kebutuhan Ruang ................................................................................. 95
Tabel 4.2. Pelayanan Publik .................................................................................. 97
Tabel 4.3. Back Office .......................................................................................... 97
Tabel 4.4. Penunjang ............................................................................................. 98
Tabel 4.5. Pengelolaan .......................................................................................... 98
Tabel 4.6. Service .................................................................................................. 99
Tabel 4.7. Besaran Ruang Pelayanan Publik ...................................................... 108
Tabel 4.8. Besaran Ruang Back Office ............................................................... 109
Tabel 4.9. Besaran Ruang Penunjang ................................................................. 109
Tabel 4.10. Besaran Ruang Pengelola................................................................. 110
Tabel 4.11. Besaran Ruang MEP dan Service .................................................... 110
Tabel 4.12. Besaran Parkir .................................................................................. 111
Tabel 4.13. Total Besaran Ruang ........................................................................ 111
Tabel 4.14. Jenis-jenis Lampu ............................................................................ 127
xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.3.1.1.Benteng Vastenburg Masa Kolonial Belanda ............................... 4
Gambar 1.3.1.2. Lokasi Benteng Vastenburg ......................................................... 5
Gambar 1.3.1.3. Perspektif Mata Burung Benteng Vastenburg Terkini ................. 5
Gambar 1.3.1.4. Lokasi Kota Surakarta .................................................................. 6
Gambar 1.3.1.5. Peta Indonesia .............................................................................. 6
Gambar 1.3.1.6. Keadaan Terkini Gerbang Utama Benteng Vastenburg ............... 6
Gambar 1.3.1.7. Bangunan di Dalam Benteng Vastenburg Pra-Demolisi Tahun
90-an ........................................................................................................................ 7
Gambar 1.3.6.1. Latar Belakang Mal Pelayanan Publik ....................................... 19
Gambar 1.3.6.2. Tujuan Mal Pelayanan Publik .................................................... 20
Gambar 1.3.6.3. Prinsip Mal Pelayanan Publik .................................................... 20
Gambar 1.3.6.4. Pelayanan Publik Terpadu dan Terintegrasi ............................... 21
Gambar 1.3.6.6. Fasilitas Mal Pelayanan Publik .................................................. 23
Gambar 1.3.6.7. MPP dan Kemudahan Berusaha ................................................. 25
Gambar 1.3.6.8. Best Practice Ease of Doing Business ........................................ 25
Gambar 2.1.2.1. Karya seni instalasi di ruang publik ........................................... 41
Gambar 2.1.3.1. Penataan Cellular........................................................................ 46
Gambar 2.1.3.2. Penataan Group Space ................................................................ 47
Gambar 2.1.3.3. Penataan Open Plan .................................................................... 47
Gambar 2.1.3.4. Penataan Landscape ................................................................... 47
Gambar 2.1.4.1. Ilustrasi perpustakaan umum ...................................................... 48
Gambar 2.1.4.2. Ilustrasi co-working space .......................................................... 49
Gambar 2.1.4.3. Bentuk Normal Auditorium ....................................................... 50
Gambar 2.1.4.4. Auditorium Bentuk Persegi Panjang 200 Tempat Duduk .......... 51
Gambar 2.1.4.5. Aula Bentuk Trapesium 400 Tempat Duduk ............................. 51
Gambar 2.1.4.6. Ilustrasi exhibiyion hall .............................................................. 52
Gambar 2.1.4.7. Fungsi taman kota di kompleks Benteng Vredeburg Yogyakarta
............................................................................................................................... 53
Gambar 2.2.1.1. Mal Pelayanan Publik DKI Jakarta ............................................ 54
Gambar 2.2.1.2. Lokasi Mal Pelayanan Publik DKI Jakarta ................................ 54
Gambar 2.2.1.3. Suasana dalam Mal Pelayanan Publik DKI Jakarta ................... 55
Gambar 2.2.2.1. Mal Pelayanan Publik Batam ..................................................... 56
Gambar 2.2.2.2. Lokasi Mal Pelayanan Publik Batam ......................................... 56
Gambar 2.2.2.3. Suasana dalam Mal Pelayanan Publik Batam ............................ 56
Gambar 2.2.3.1. Mal Pelayanan Publik Surabaya ................................................. 58
Gambar 2.2.3.2. Lokasi Mal Pelayanan Publik Batam ......................................... 58
Gambar 2.2.3.3. Layout lt. 1 Gedung Siola .......................................................... 59
Gambar 2.2.3.4. Suasana dalam Mal Pelayanan Publik Surabaya ........................ 60
Gambar 2.2.3.5. Pintu masuk Mal Pelayanan Publik Surabaya ............................ 60
Gambar 2.2.3.6. Suasana dalam Mal Pelayanan Publik Surabaya ........................ 60
xv
Gambar 2.2.3.7. Suasana dalam Mal Pelayanan Publik Surabaya ........................ 61
Gambar 2.2.3.8. Suasana dalam Mal Pelayanan Publik Surabaya ........................ 61
Gambar 2.2.3.9. Suasana dalam Mal Pelayanan Publik Surabaya ........................ 61
Gambar 2.2.3.10. Suasana taman gantung menuju coworking space ................... 62
Gambar 2.3.3.1. Hotel Ibis Surabaya .................................................................... 70
Gambar 2.3.3.2. Royal Ontario Museum (Sumber: situs media.rooang.com,
diakses 23 Maret 2019) ......................................................................................... 71
Gambar 2.3.3.3. Hubungan bangunan Royal Ontario Museum (Sumber: Florence,
2008) ..................................................................................................................... 72
Gambar 2.3.3.4. Plat lantai dengan AC (Sumber: Florence, 2008) ...................... 72
Gambar 2.3.3.5. Denah Lantai ROM (Sumber : situs urbantoronto.ca, diakses 23
Maret 2019) ........................................................................................................... 73
Gambar 2.3.3.6. Situasi ROM (Sumber : situs urbantoronto.ca, diakses 23 Maret
2019) ..................................................................................................................... 73
Gambar 2.3.3.7. Interior ROM (Sumber : situs www.oliverbonacini.com, diakses
23 Maret 2019) ...................................................................................................... 74
Gambar 2.3.3.8. Interior ROM yang kontras (Sumber : situs
www.oliverbonacini.com, diakses 23 Maret 2019) .............................................. 74
Gambar 2.3.3.9. Interior ROM (Sumber : situs libeskind.com, diakses 23 Maret
2019) ..................................................................................................................... 75
Gambar 2.3.3.10. Interior ROM (Sumber : situs libeskind.com, diakses 23 Maret
2019) ..................................................................................................................... 75
Gambar 2.3.3.11. Fasad Dresden Military History Museum (Sumber : situs
www.dresden.de, diakses 23 Maret 2019) ............................................................ 76
Gambar 2.3.3.12. Denah Dresden Military History Museum (Sumber : situs
www.detailonline.com, diakses 23 Maret 2019) ................................................... 77
Gambar 2.3.3.13. Potongan Dresden Military History Museum (Sumber : situs
www.detailonline.com, diakses 23 Maret 2019) ................................................... 77
Gambar 2.3.3.14. Stasiun Penggilingan ................................................................ 79
Gambar 2.3.3.15. Ruang Besali ............................................................................ 80
Gambar 2.3.3.16. Ruang Akhir Produksi .............................................................. 80
Gambar 2.3.3.17. Museum Louvre ....................................................................... 81
Gambar 3.1.1.1. Peta Rencana Pola Ruang Kota Surakarta.................................. 84
Gambar 3.1.2.1. Peta Rencana Struktur Ruang Kota Surakarta............................ 85
Gambar 3.1.3.1. Peta Rencana Kawasan Strategis Kota Surakarta ...................... 86
Gambar 3.1.3.1. Peta Administratif Kota Surakarta ............................................. 87
Gambar 3.3.4.1. Lahan Benteng Vastenburg ........................................................ 89
Gambar 3.3.4.2. Keterangan angka di Gambar 3.4.4. ........................................... 90
Gambar 3.3.4.3. Keterangan angka di Gambar 3.4.4. ........................................... 90
Gambar 3.3.4.4. Luasan lahan Benteng Vastenburg Solo..................................... 91
Gambar 3.3.4.5. Suasana Dalam Benteng Vastenburg ......................................... 91
Gambar 3.3.4.6. Benteng Vastenburg Tempo Dulu .............................................. 92
Gambar 3.3.4.7. Suasana Benteng Vastenburg Solo Masa Penjajahan ................ 92
xvi
Gambar 3.3.4.8. Denah dan potongan Benteng Vastenburg Solo masa penjajahan
............................................................................................................................... 93
Gambar 4.1.2.1. Pola Kegiatan Pengunjung ......................................................... 95
Gambar 4.1.2.2. Pola Kegiatan Karyawan ............................................................ 95
Gambar 4.1.2.3. Pola Kegiatan Pengelola............................................................. 95
Gambar 4.1.5.1. Posisi Manusia............................................................................ 99
Gambar 4.1.5.2. Posisi Manusia 2....................................................................... 100
Gambar 4.1.5.3. Dengan Benda Sekitar .............................................................. 100
Gambar 4.1.5.4. Dengan Benda Sekitar 2 ........................................................... 100
Gambar 4.1.5.5. Kebutuhan rung untuk WC ...................................................... 101
Gambar 4.2.1.1. Analisis Aksesibilitas ............................................................... 102
Gambar 4.2.1.2. Analisis Orientasi ..................................................................... 103
Gambar 4.2.1.3. Analisis Sirkulasi...................................................................... 104
Gambar 4.2.1.4. Analisis Matahari ..................................................................... 106
Gambar 4.2.1.5. Analisis Sirkulasi...................................................................... 106
Gambar 4.2.1.6. Analisis Kebisingan.................................................................. 107
Gambar 4.2.3.1. Analisis Zonasi ......................................................................... 112
Gambar 4.2.3.2. Analisis Tata Massa ................................................................. 113
Gambar 4.3.1.1. Ilustrasi Konsep ........................................................................ 114
Gambar 4.3.1.2. Ilustrasi Spaceship .................................................................... 114
Gambar 4.3.2.1. Gubahan Massa ........................................................................ 115
Gambar 4.3.2.2. Konsep Massa 1 ....................................................................... 116
Gambar 4.3.2.3. Konsep Massa 2 ....................................................................... 116
Gambar 4.3.2.4. Konsep Tampilan Birdeye ........................................................ 116
Gambar 4.3.3.1. Beberapa aplikasi bentuk atap kaca pada bangunan (Sumber :
Wurm, 2007) ....................................................................................................... 117
Gambar 4.3.3.2. Tipe konektor pada kaca sebagai kulit bangunan (Sumber :
Wurm, 2007) ....................................................................................................... 118
Gambar 4.3.3.3. Detail sambungan kaca (Sumber : Wurm, 2007) ..................... 118
Gambar 4.3.3.4. Aplikasi kaca pada penutup dinding bangunan (Sumber : Wurm,
2007) ................................................................................................................... 119
Gambar 4.3.3.5. Fragmentasi antar massa bangunan pada Museum Louvre
(Sumber : www.pcf-p.com, diakses 11 April 2019) ........................................... 120
Gambar 4.3.3.6. Spektrum cahaya matahari yang dapat jatuh pada permukaan
kaca (Sumber : Wurm, 2007) .............................................................................. 121
Gambar 4.3.3.7. Grafik hubungan antara ketebalan kaca dan sound reduction
(Sumber : Wurm, 2007) ...................................................................................... 121
Gambar 4.3.4.1. Ilustrasi Spaceship .................................................................... 123
Gambar 4.3.5.1. Rangka Pondasi Borepile ......................................................... 124
Gambar 4.5.1.1. Prinsip Kerja Duct System pada AC Central ........................... 125
Gambar 4.5.2.1. Kombinasi Antara Jendela dan Clerestory Menghasilkan
Kombinasi Lebih Baik ........................................................................................ 128
Gambar 4.5.2.2. Contoh Skylight........................................................................ 129
xvii
Gambar 4.5.2.3. Light Pipe System Atau Solar Kolektor ................................... 129
Gambar 4.5.5.1. Skema Fire Alarm .................................................................... 131
Gambar 4.5.6.1. Skema Jaringan Komunikasi .................................................... 132
Gambar 4.5.6.2. Skema APS ............................................................................... 133
Gambar 4.5.7.1. Skema Jaringan Listrik ............................................................. 133
Gambar 4.5.8.1. Skema Pengelolaan Sampah..................................................... 134
Gambar 4.5.10.1. Paradigma Desain Inklusif ..................................................... 135
