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NSAIDs or Aspirin + Metoclopramide Metoclopramide increases the rate of absorption of aspirin and tolfenamic acid. Conversely, metoclopramide reduces the bioavailability of ketoprofen. Clinical evidence Ketoprofen In a single-dose study in 4 healthy subjects, metoclopramide 10 mg reduced the AUC of a 50-mg capsule of ketoprofen by 28%. The maximum plasma levels of ketoprofen were almost halved and the time to reach this maximum was prolonged by 30% Mechanism Metoclopramide speeds up gastric emptying. The relatively poorly soluble ketoprofen spends less time in the stomach where it dissolves, and as a result less is available for absorption in the small intestine. Conversely, the absorption rate of tolfenamic acid is increased, without a change in the extent of absorption. Importance and management The clinical importance of the reduction in ketoprofen levels is unknown, but the authors of the study recommend that ketoprofen (and possibly other NSAIDs that are poorly soluble) should be taken 1 to 2 hours before metoclopramide. Conversely, for aspirin, tolfenamic acid, and other NSAIDs, metoclopramide can be used to increase the rate of absorption, and therefore possibly speed up the onset of analgesic effect in conditions such as migraine. Metoclopramide meningkatkan tingkat penyerapan aspirin dan asam tolfenamic . Sebaliknya , metoclopramide mengurangi bioavailabilitas ketoprofen Interaksi Obat Probenecid may interfere with the plasma protein binding, metabolism, and/or renal elimination of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), resulting in increased NSAID plasma levels. The risk of NSAID toxicity may be increased. Although adverse effects from this interaction have not been reported, patients receiving this combination should be monitored for increased NSAID side effects. Patients should be

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NSAIDs or Aspirin + MetoclopramideMetoclopramide increases the rate of absorption of aspirin and tolfenamic acid. Conversely, metoclopramide reduces the bioavailability of ketoprofen.

Clinical evidenceKetoprofenIn a single-dose study in 4 healthy subjects, metoclopramide 10 mg reduced the AUC of a 50-mg capsule of ketoprofen by 28%. The maximum plasma levels of ketoprofen were almost halved and the time to reach this maximum was prolonged by 30%

MechanismMetoclopramide speeds up gastric emptying. The relatively poorly soluble ketoprofen spends less time in the stomach where it dissolves, and as a result less is available for absorption in the small intestine. Conversely, the absorption rate of tolfenamic acid is increased, without a change in the extent of absorption.

Importance and managementThe clinical importance of the reduction in ketoprofen levels is unknown, but the authors of the study recommend that ketoprofen (and possibly other NSAIDs that are poorly soluble) should be taken 1 to 2 hours before metoclopramide. Conversely, for aspirin, tolfenamic acid, and other NSAIDs, metoclopramide can be used to increase the rate of absorption, and therefore possibly speed up the onset of analgesic effect in conditions such as migraine.

Metoclopramide meningkatkan tingkat penyerapan aspirin dan asam tolfenamic . Sebaliknya , metoclopramide mengurangi bioavailabilitas ketoprofen

Interaksi ObatProbenecid may interfere with the plasma protein binding, metabolism, and/or renal elimination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), resulting in increased NSAID plasma levels. The risk of NSAID toxicity may be increased. Although adverse effects from this interaction have not been reported, patients receiving this combination should be monitored for increased NSAID side effects. Patients should be advised to report possible signs of NSAID toxicity such as dizziness, drowsiness, headache, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or black tarry stools.

Klasifikasi ObatThe classifications below are a guideline only. The relevance of a particular drug interaction to a specific patient is difficult to determine using this tool alone given the large number of variables that may apply.

MinorMinimally clinically significant. Minimize risk; assess risk and consider an alternative drug, take steps to circumvent the interaction risk and/or institute a monitoring plan

NSAID atau Aspirin + MetoclopramideMetoclopramide meningkatkan tingkat penyerapan aspirin dan asam tolfenamic. Sebaliknya, metoclopramide mengurangi bioavailabilitas ketoprofen.

Bukti klinisketoprofenDalam sebuah studi dosis tunggal pada 4 orang sehat, metoclopramide 10 mg mengurangi AUC 28% dari 50 mg ketoprofen kapsul. Level plasma maksimum ketoprofen yang hampir setengahnya dan waktu untuk mencapai maksimum ini diperpanjang 30%.

MekanismeKecepatan metoclopramide menaikkan pengosongan lambung. Ketoprofen relatif sukar larut menghabiskan sedikit waktu larut di dalam perut, dan sebagai hasilnya kurang tersedia untuk penyerapan di usus kecil. Sebaliknya, tingkat penyerapan asam tolfenamic meningkat, tanpa perubahan tingkat absorpsi.

Pentingnya dan manajemenPentingnya klinis penurunan tingkat ketoprofen tidak diketahui, tetapi penulis studi menyarankan ketoprofen (dan mungkin NSAID lainnya yang kurang larut) harus dikonsumsi 1 sampai 2 jam sebelum metoclopramide. Sebaliknya, bagi aspirin, asam tolfenamic, dan NSAID lainnya, metoclopramide dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan tingkat penyerapan, dan karena itu mungkin mempercepat timbulnya efek analgesik dalam kondisi seperti migrain.

Interaksi ObatKetoprofen ProbenesidProbenesid dapat mengganggu ikatan protein plasma, metabolisme , dan / atau eliminasi ginjal pada obat nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) , yang mengakibatkan meningkatnya kadar NSAID plasma . Resiko toksisitas NSAID dapat meningkat. Meskipun efek samping dari interaksi ini belum dilaporkan , pasien yang menerima kombinasi ini harus dipantau untuk peningkatan efek samping NSAID. Pasien harus dianjurkan untuk melaporkan tanda-tanda kemungkinan toksisitas NSAID seperti pusing, mengantuk, sakit kepala, tinnitus, mual, muntah, dispepsia, nyeri perut, diare, atau tinja berwarna hitam .

Klasifikasi ObatKlasifikasi di bawah ini adalah pedoman saja. Relevansi interaksi obat tertentu untuk pasien tertentu sulit untuk menentukan menggunakan alat ini saja mengingat banyak variabel yang mungkin berlaku .

MinorMinimal klinis yang signifikan . Meminimalkan risiko ; menilai risiko dan mempertimbangkan obat alternatif , mengambil langkah-langkah untuk menghindari risiko interaksi dan / atau lembaga rencana pemantauan