Tumor Biomarkers are

high lightened Once Again

Cancer FactsCancer etiologyTumor Genetics

Tumor Markers Location

Classification Uses methods of detection

Examples Drawbacks

Agenda

Overall cancer burden according to GLOBOCAN

database 2013

Cancer was estimated to account for around 14% of all deaths (due

to any cause) worldwide in 2012

It is estimated there will be almost 22.2 million new cases

diagnosed annually worldwide by 2030.

Etiology of Cancers

Cancer

Genes

Viral

Chemicals

Radiation

Molecular Etiological

Mechanism of Cancer

1-DNA AbnormalitiesPoint Mutations

Microsatellite Alterations

Promoter hypermethylation

Viral DNA incorporation

2-RNA Abnormalities

Point mutations in RNA

Over/under expression of RNA

Transcription miscoding

DNA mutations in mitochondria

3-Protein Abnormalities

Structural alterations in proteins

Changes in enzymatic activity

Mislocalization of protein

Altered protein expression

It may be surprising that about one-

third of all cancer cases could be prevented if

Detected at an early enough

stage.

Cancer Diagnosis

Pathological examination

Tumor marker

What are Tumor Markers？

Biological substances synthesized and released by cancer cells themselves or

Produced by the host in response to the presence of tumor

Tissue

Biological fluid

Location of tumor marker

Tumor markers on the cell surface Involved in adhesion, motility, metastasis Can induce immune response Expressed early in malignant

transformation Shed by cancer cells into serum

Tumor Markers classification

Nucleic

aci

d

Protei

n,

Carbohydrate

or

li

pi

d

Hor

mones ,

Enzy

mes,

Receptors

Small

molecules

TUMOR MARKER

S

Tumor Markers classification

16

Tumour Markers: -

• Criteria of an Ideal Tumour Marker: -– Specific – Sensitive– The method of assay must be cheap & easy

When are they useful ?

Screening Early Detection

Diagnosis Monitor

How to Detect Tumor Markers?

Quantitative

•a link between quantity of the marker and disease

Qualitative

•a link between existence of a marker and disease

Methods of Analysis

Bionanotechnology

Expression of proteins

Expression of gene either at DNA or RNA

Methods of Analysis

Bionanotechnology

Proteomic approach

Genomic approach

Common Tumor Markers

Tumor Markers Drawbacks

Lack of specificity Cancer heterogeneity False negatives Benign diseases positive CA 125 or CEA Smokers have raised CEA

The 12-Gene Oncotype DX® Colon Cancer Recurrence Score®

7 CANCER RELATED GENES

Ki-67C-MYCMYBL2

FAPBGN

INHBA

GADD45B

Cell Cycle Stromal

Thus, discovery of novel specific biomarkers are

needed that may provide informative clues for early diagnosis and treatment of

cancer.

New Advances

in Tumor

Biomarkers

26

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