Tune in to Grammar CB-4

1. The Sentence 1 2. Subject and Predicate 6 3. Prefixes and Suffixes 11 4. Types of Sentences 15 5. Kinds of Nouns 22 6. Nouns: Number 29 7. Nouns: Gender 37 8. Pronouns 43 9. Adjectives 49 10. Articles 57 11. Verbs 64 12. Subject–Verb Agreement 69 13. Tenses: Simple Present and Simple Past 76 14. Simple Future Tense 83 15. Tenses: Present and Past Continuous 87 16. Participles 91 17. Use of the Apostrophe 98 18. Adverbs 104 19. Prepositions 111 20. Conjunctions 116 21. Interjections 122 22. Capital Letters and Punctuation Marks 126 Comprehension 131 Composition 138 Test Paper 1 140 Test Paper 2 143

1Subject and Predicate 6

Contents

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Look at these pictures. Write two sentences on each of them.1. 2. 3.

Know

Read these groups of words.the national is bird the India of peacock• sky in high aeroplanes the fly • planet the on whale blue largest is the animal the• kennels dogs live in •

Now, read these. These are the same groups of words arranged in order.

The peacock is the national bird of India.• Aeroplanes fly high in the sky.• The blue whale is the largest animal on the planet.• Dogs live in kennels.•

Look at these pictures. Write two sentences on each of them.

1 The Sentence

A sentence is an arrangement of a group of words that makes complete sense.

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In each of these, the words are arranged in a manner that they make sense and convey a complete thought.

Now, read these.at home• across the road• in a few days• under the bed • during the day• in a corner•

These groups of words neither begin with a capital letter nor end in a full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark. These are not sentences. However, they make some sense. Such groups of words are called phrases.

Learn

Read these groups of words. Identify these as sentences [S] and phrases [P]. 1. in a great hurry 2. Mind your own business. 3. in the early morning 4. The train stopped at the station. 5. Prevention is better than cure. 6. up and about 7. a present 8. at great speed 9. The children played merrily in the park. 10. They climbed the stairs because the elevator was out of service. 11. at the airport 12. Anuj walked into the classroom late.

These groups of words neither begin with a capital letter nor end in a full

A phrase is a small group of words that makes partial sense and can become a part of the sentence.

• A sentence has a verb but a phrase does not.

• A sentence always begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!).

Remember!


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Practise

A. Match the columns to make sentences.A B

1. Honesty a. has seven colours. 2. I could not b. walk on the grass. 3. A rainbow c. love chasing rats. 4. We reached d. pushed the baby’s pram. 5. Cats e. solve the problem. 6. Do not f. all the eggs from the basket. 7. The oranges g. is the best policy. 8. Rishabh h. is round. 9. The earth i. the station on time.10. I dropped j. were sweet and juicy.

B. Rearrange these jumbled words to make sentences. Use capital letters and the correct punctuation marks.

1. rubber made are balls of tennis 2. soldiers the enemies the attacked 3. oven is bread in baked an 4. must you truth speak always the 5. hard-working harsh boy a is disciplined and 6. during srinagar is very winters cold in it 7. it hot meal when the eat is 8. walks every mayank five morning miles 9. your always hands and a meal before wash

soap with water 10. one taj mahal of most the beautiful of india

buildings is the


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C. Add suitable words to these phrases to make sentences. 1. for three hours 2. on the floor 3. behind the cupboard 4. in my pocket 5. near the stairs 6. near the playground 7. at the mall 8. into the pool 9. towards east 10. with a spoon

D. Make sentences that begin with these groups of words. 1. My school is ___________________________________. 2. Our home is ___________________________________. 3. Holidays are ___________________________________. 4. We went to ____________________________________. 5. I like to ________________________________________. 6. My friends are _________________________________. 7. Do not ________________________________________. 8. Diwali is ______________________________________. 9. My mother ____________________________________. 10. Eating mangoes ________________________________.

E. Replace the highlighted phrases in these sentences with phrases of your own.

1. Yesterday, we made a lovely sandcastle. 2. A detective story is being read by Sana. 3. Ankita’s mother is a school teacher. 4. The man with the beard is my father. 5. The birds are twittering in the garden. 6. Rajiv went to watch the cricket match. 7. Tania cooked lunch for her friends. 8. The schoolchildren were crossing the road. 9. Tanu plays with her pet dog in the evening. 10. The blue sweater was made by my grandmother.


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Activity

Sit according to your roll numbers. Your teacher will start the activity by speaking a sentence, using the word fortunately. The student with roll number 1 will make a sentence related to the teacher’s sentence using the words fortunately and unfortunately. Then, the student with the next roll number will make a new sentence using these two words alternatively. This activity will continue till everyone in the class gets a chance to speak a sentence using the words fortunately and unfortunately. Make sure that your sentences are related to the previous sentence so that you can build a meaningful story. For example:Teacher: ‘It was raining outside but fortunately I had an umbrella.’Student 1: ‘Fortunately I had an umbrella but unfortunately it was torn.’Student 2: ‘Unfortunately it was torn but fortunately my jacket had a hood.’


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Read these sentences. Identify what each sentence is about and write it in the blanks. One has been done for you.1. The cat ate the fish. _________________________cat

2. Parth is going for a picnic. _________________________3. The book is on the table. _________________________4. Roses have a lovely scent. _________________________5. The lion is called the ‘king of beasts’. _________________________

Know

Read these sentences.The driver• stopped the car.We• climbed the mountain.My father• went to Dehradun.The cat• drank the milk.

In these sentences, the highlighted groups of words are subjects and the underlined parts are predicates.

Read these sentences. Identify what each sentence is about and write

2 Subject and Predicate

The subject is the person or the thing in a sentence that is being spoken about. The predicate is the part that tells us what the subject does or is.


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Subject and Predicate Identifying the Subject and the Predicate

We can identify the subject of a sentence by asking the question • who or what the sentence is about. For example:

o Shireen likes to eat Chinese dishes.

Who + likes to eat Chinese dishes?

The answer is Shireen. Hence, the subject of the sentence is Shireen. o The watch has a black dial.

What + has a black dial?

The answer is the watch. Hence, the subject of the sentence is the watch.

If a sentence is a command or a request, the subject is sometimes not • stated. In that case, the subject of the sentence is the person who is implied. For example:

o Go there.

Who should go there?

The answer is You, which is implied in the question. Hence, the subject is You.

We can identify the predicate of the sentence by identifying the part of • the sentence that contains the verb. For example:

o The boy blew the whistle.

Here, the verb is blew. Since the highlighted part of the sentence contains the verb, it is the predicate of the sentence.

In some cases, the predicate of the sentence does not contain any action • word, but it tells us what the subject is (was/were) or has (had). For example:

o Rahul is an intelligent boy.

Here, the predicate tells us what the subject is.


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o Rahul has a younger brother.

Here, the predicate tells us what the subject has.

Learn

Encircle the subject and underline the predicate in these sentences. 1. The lotus is a beautiful flower. 2. The fireflies looked beautiful. 3. I shot an arrow in the air. 4. Hard work is the key to success. 5. My friends understand my problems. 6. The students boarded the school bus. 7. The boy visited his grandfather in Pune. 8. Geography is an interesting subject. 9. Sunil likes to eat chocolates. 10. Ravi has many toy cars.

Practise

A. Match the subject with the predicate. Rewrite the complete sentences in your notebook.

A B 1. The doctor a. eat nuts. 2. Kangaroos b. wore a beautiful crown. 3. The mountaineers c. is the city of lakes. 4. Bhopal d. cured his patients. 5. Squirrels e. are found in Australia. 6. The queen f. faced difficulties climbing the highest peak.


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7. The athlete g. has many interesting stories. 8. These grapes h. always encourages me to do better. 9. The book i. exercises regularly.10. My teacher j. are sour.

B. Give meaningful subjects for these predicates. 1. _________________ gives us light and energy. 2. _________________ was caught by the police. 3. _________________ are fond of eating hay. 4. _________________ was found in my cupboard. 5. _________________ is the capital of India. 6. _________________ sleep during the day. 7. _________________ are worn during summers. 8. _________________ often returns late from office. 9. _________________ protects us from getting wet during the rain. 10. _________________ has a wealth of marine life under it.

C. Give a predicate for each of these subjects. 1. The President _______________________. 2. Kolkata ____________________________. 3. Trees ______________________________. 4. The zoo ____________________________. 5. The parrot __________________________. 6. Christmas __________________________. 7. Our examinations ___________________. 8. Mothers ____________________________. 9. A train _____________________________. 10. An alarm clock ______________________.


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Activity

Work in pairs. One of you will speak out a subject and the other will provide a suitable predicate for the same. Both partners will do this turn by turn. Each one will give three subjects.


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Write the opposites of these words.1. agree ________________________2. fair __________________________3. correct _______________________4. polite ________________________What did you do to make these opposites? Discuss.

Know

Read these words.dis• like • unable • misbehavepre• view • reapply • imperfectin• complete • semicircle • overflow

In each of these words, some letters have been added at the beginning of the word to make a new word.

A group of letters that is added before a word to make a new word is called a prefix. The word to which the prefix is added is called the root word. Some of the most common prefixes are un-, in-, im-, re-, bi-, de-, mis-, dis-, pre-, over-, semi- and inter-.

Write the opposites of these words.1. agree ________________________ Write the opposites of these words.

3 Prefixes and Suffixes


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Now, read these words.kind• ness • helpless • hopefulfree• dom • badly • friendshipattract• ion • shorten • player

In each of these words, a group of letters has been added at the end of the word to make a new word.

A group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word is called a suffix. The word to which the suffix is added is called the root word. Some of the most common suffixes are -ly, -ness, -less, -ful, -able, -ible, -ion, -er and -en.

Learn

Add prefixes and suffixes to these words to make new words. One has been done for you.

Word Prefix + Root Word = New Word

Root Word + Suffix = New Word

1. comfort discomfort comfortable/comforter2. polite3. kind4. perfect5. clear6. regard7. use

Practise

A. Underline the words with the incorrect prefix. Rewrite these sentences correctly.

1. Melvin forgot to unconnect the plug from the socket.


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2. It was the poor woman’s unfortune that she lost the job.

3. Reema is loyal and misselfish.

4. The man was very unpolite and rude.

5. A inloyal friend is extremely harmful.

6. John is very unlogical in his reasoning.

7. Children today eat a lot of inhealthy food.

8. We had to guess the correct word after disscrambling.

9. Benjamin was expelled from his office for disbehaving.

10. Do not inuse the time you spend on computer.

B. Add suitable prefixes to the words in the brackets and complete the passage.I was very ____________ (appointed) when I received an ____________ (interesting) gift from my father. I ____________ (wrapped) the gift paper and found that it was a book. Since I am not fond of reading, it became ____________ (possible) for me to smile after seeing the gift. My father looked at me curiously to see my reaction but I just could not hide my ____________ (pleasure). My mother too was surprised by my ____________ (expected) reaction. At that time, I only saw the ____________ (merits) of that old book. Then, my father explained very gently that the book he had gifted me was a special one. He had received it from his parents on his eighth birthday as a reward for being ____________ (selfish) and generous. My father wanted to do the same to me. After I learnt this, I felt ____________ (happy) that I had ____________ (understood) him and thought this book was ____________ (important). I felt very ____________ (deserving) of the gift and soon ____________ (restrained) tears started flowing from my eyes. I hugged my father tightly and the ____________ (pleasant) moment became a wonderful one.


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C. Fill in the blanks with words that are formed by adding the suffix in the brackets to the words in the box. One has been done for you.

care respect dark enjoymotion neat short lead

1. My brother loses his pens every other day. He is a careless boy. (-less) 2. We must be ___________ towards elders. (-ful) 3. After the thunderstorm, there was ___________ all around. (-ness) 4. Sanya stacked the clothes ___________ in the cupboard. (-ly) 5. A good ___________ must keep his followers happy. (-er) 6. The butterfly was sitting ___________ on the flower. (-less) 7. We had to ___________ our trip because of the ill health of my

grandmother. (-en) 8. The trip to the water park was ___________. (-able)

Activity

Split the class into four teams. Each team will get a list of root words from the teacher. Each team will make new words using as many prefixes and suffixes as they can. For each correct word, the team will get 2 points. The team that makes the maximum number of correct words, within 10 minutes, will be declared the winner.


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Tune in to Grammar CB-4