Tunnel Ventilation

The Basics

13th July 2013

Tunnel Ventilation Design

• What is Tunnel Ventilation• Operational Objectives of Tunnel Ventilation• Tunnel Ventilation Operation• Tunnel Ventilation – Proving the Design

Tunnels

Normal ModeObjectives• Effective Draft Relief• Effective Trackway Ventilation• 37.5oC Average• 40oC Maximum

Draft Relief Shaft

Draft Relief Damper

TVS Intake/Exhaust

Over track Exhaust

Underplatform Supply

Station Box Station Box

TunnelsTunnels TunnelsTrackway Trackway

Congested ModeObjectives• Effective Ventilation within the Tunnel• 40oC Average Tunnel Temperature• 45oC Maximum Temperature

Draft Relief Shaft

Draft Relief Damper

TVS Intake/Exhaust

Bypass Damper

Tunnel Vent Fans

Emergency ModeObjectives• Effective Smoke Control within the Tunnel & Stations• Smoke is pushed towards exhaust point• Passengers evacuate toward fresh air flow, opposite to smoke flow direction• Fans can be operated in forward or reverse direction.• All components fire rated for 250oC for 2 hours

Draft Relief Shaft

Draft Relief Damper

TVS Intake/Exhaust

Bypass Damper

Tunnel Vent Fans

Passenger Evacuation

TVS Operation• Main Control is from the Operational Control Centre (OCC) via

FSCADA• Configuration of TVS System across the Underground is by

Master Mode from the Operational Control Centre• Dual redundant PLCs pre-programmed with Master mode data at

each Station or IVS• Local control at SCR or FCR in the event of FSCADA failure• Manual control at MCC in the event of total control system

failure• Fire detection by linear heat detection cable in tunnel, train

mounted smoke detector, train mounted CCTV or passenger notification

• If possible, move incident train to next station to evacuate• Train stopped in tunnel – location indicated by signalling system

TVS Master Mode Table       

Project Name KL Blue Line

TVS MODE TABLE Project No.  

  Date  

MASTER MODE TABLE

By  

NORTHBOUND Status  

        Rev  

Tunnel Ventilation Zone(s) where incident train is

located

Location of Fire

Tunnel Section EMERGENCY

NORTH BOUND SMOKE EXTRACTION DIRECTION

           

PR-NFront and

Rear PR NB130 PR Trackway, TVS NB Both Ends

PR-N & PR-N-SFront and

Rear PR NB, PR NB South

131 Trackway and PR NB South EndPR-N & PR-N-S & PR-COC-N

Front and Rear PR NB, PR NB South, Tunnel between PR and COC NB

PR-N-S & PR-COC-NFront and

Rear PR NB South, Tunnel between PR and COC NB

PR-COC-N Front Tunnel between PR and COC NB 132 To PR

PR-COC-N Rear Tunnel between PR and COC NB 133 To COC

PR-COC-N & COC-N-NFront and

Rear Tunnel between PR and COC NB, COC NB North

134 Trackway and COC NB North EndPR-COC-N & COC-N-N & COC-N

Front and Rear Tunnel between PR and COC NB, COC NB North, COC NB

COC-N-N & COC-NFront and

Rear COC NB North, COC NB

COC-NFront and

Rear COC NB135 COC Trackway, TVS NB Both Ends

COC-N, COC-N-SFront and

Rear COC NB, COC NB South

136 Trackway and COC NB South EndCOC-N, COC-N-S, COC-MAL-N

Front and Rear COC NB, COC NB South, Tunnel between COC and MAL NB

COC-N-S, COC-MAL-NFront and

Rear COC NB South, Tunnel between COC and MAL NB

COC-MALX-N Front Tunnel between COC and MALX NB 137 To COC

COC-MALX-N Rear Tunnel between COC and MALX NB 138 To MALX

COC-MALX-N, MALX-NFront and

Rear Tunnel between COC and MAL X NB, 139 To MALX

COC-MALX-N, MALX-N, MALX-MAL-N

Front and Rear Tunnel between COC and MALX NB, MALX and MAL NB

                          Project Name  

TVS OPERATION MODE TABLE Project No.  

  Date  

STN 020 - PASAR RAKYAT STATION By  

  Status  

                          Rev  

Master Mode Reference

Ventilation Zone Smoke Ventilation Directions

Mode Description

EQUIPMENT REFERENCE

North End South End Trackway Exhaust System Trackway Supply System

    SB NB     SB NB   SB NB   SB NB

TVF DRD 401 MSD 403 MSD 404 TVF DRD 402 MSD 203 MSD 204 TEF MSD 703 MSD 704 TSF MSD 713 MSD 714

NORMAL AND CONGESTION MODE

                                 

0 

 

System Off OFF O O O OFF O O O OFF C C OFF C C10 Normal - W/ Trackway Ventilation OFF O O O OFF O O O 2E O O 2S O O11 Normal - WO/ Trackway Ventilation OFF O O O OFF O O O OFF C C OFF C C40 IVS2-PR-N and IVS2-PR-S Congestion in Tunnel between IVS 2 and Pasar Rakyat NB 1S C C O AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS41 IVS2-PR-N and IVS2-PR-S Congestion in Tunnel between IVS 2 and Pasar Rakyat SB 1S C O C AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS

42PR-N-N and PR-N-S Congestion in Pasar Rakyat North End NB

1S C C O 1S C C O AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-ISPR-N and PR-S Congestion in Pasar Rakyat NBPR-S-N and PR-S-S Congestion in Pasar Rakyat South End NB

43PR-N-N and PR-N-S Congestion in Pasar Rakyat North End SB

1S C O C 1S C O C AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-ISPR-N and PR-S Congestion in Pasar Rakyat SBPR-S-N and PR-S-S Congestion in Pasar Rakyat South End SB

44 PR-COC-N and PR-COC-S Congestion in Tunnel between Pasar Rakyat and Cochrane NB AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS 1S C C O AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS45 PR-COC-N and PR-COC-S Congestion in Tunnel between Pasar Rakyat and Cochrane SB AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS 1S C O C AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS AS-IS

EMERGENCY MODE NORTHBOUND

                                 

126BB-IVS2-N & IVS-N & IVS-PR-N - Front and Rear

To IVS2Emergency Tunnel between BB and IVS2 NB, IVS NB, Tunnel between IVS2 and PR NB

1S C C O OFF C C C OFF C C OFF C CIVS-N & IVS-PR-N - Front and Rear Emergency IVS NB, Tunnel between IVS2 and PR NB

127 IVS-PR-N - Front To IVS2 Emergency Tunnel between IVS2 and PR NB 1S C C O OFF C C C OFF C C OFF C C128 IVS-PR-N - Rear To PR Emergency Tunnel between IVS2 and PR NB 1E C C O OFF C C C 2E O O OFF C C

129IVS-PR-N & PR-N-N - Front and Rear

Trackway and PR NB North End

Emergency Tunnel between IVS2 and PR NB, PR NB North1E C C O OFF C C C 2E O O OFF C CIVS-PR-N & PR-N-N & PR-N - Front and Rear Emergency Tunnel between IVS2 and PR NB, PR NB North, PR NB

PR-N-N & PR-N - Front and Rear Emergency PR NB North, PR NB

130 PR-N - Front and Rear PR Trackway, TVS NB Both Ends

Emergency PR NB 1E C C O 1E C C O 2E O O OFF C C

131PR-N & PR-N-S - Front and Rear

Trackway and PR NB South End

Emergency PR NB, PR NB SouthOFF C C C 1E C C O 2E O O OFF C CPR-N & PR-N-S & PR-COC-N - Front and Rear Emergency PR NB, PR NB South, Tunnel between PR and COC NB

PR-N-S & PR-COC-N - Front and Rear Emergency PR NB South, Tunnel between PR and COC NB132 PR-COC-N - Front To PR Emergency Tunnel between PR and COC NB OFF C C C 1E C C O 2E O O OFF C C133 PR-COC-N - Rear To COC Emergency Tunnel between PR and COC NB OFF C C C 1S C C O OFF C C OFF C C

134PR-COC-N & COC-N-N - Front and Rear Trackway and COC NB

North EndEmergency Tunnel between PR and COC NB, COC NB North

OFF C C C 1S C C O OFF C C OFF C CPR-COC-N & COC-N-N & COC-N - Front and Rear Emergency Tunnel between PR and COC NB, COC NB North, COC NB

EMERGENCY MODE SOUTHBOUND

                                 

226BB-IVS2-S & IVS-S & IVS-PR-S - Front and Rear

To IVS2Emergency Tunnel between BB and IVS2 SB, IVS SB, Tunnel between IVS2 and PR SB

1S C O C OFF C C C OFF C C OFF C CIVS-S & IVS-PR-S - Front and Rear Emergency IVS SB, Tunnel between IVS2 and PR SB

227 IVS-PR-S - Front To IVS2 Emergency Tunnel between IVS2 and PR SB 1S C O C OFF C C C OFF C C OFF C C228 IVS-PR-S - Rear To PR Emergency Tunnel between IVS2 and PR SB 1E C O C OFF C C C 2E O O OFF C C

229IVS-PR-S & PR-S-N - Front and Rear

Trackway and PR SB North End

Emergency Tunnel between IVS2 and PR SB, PR SB North1E C O C OFF C C C 2E O O OFF C CIVS-PR-S & PR-S-N & PR-S - Front and Rear Emergency Tunnel between IVS2 and PR SB, PR SB North, PR SB

PR-S-N & PR-S - Front and Rear Emergency PR SB North, PR SB

230 PR-S - Front and Rear PR Trackway, TVS NB Both Ends

Emergency PR SB 1E C O C 1E C O C 2E O O OFF C C

231PR-S & PR-S-S - Front and Rear

Trackway and PR SB South End

Emergency PR SB, PR SB SouthOFF C C C 1E C O C 2E O O OFF C CPR-S & PR-S-S & PR-COC-S - Front and Rear Emergency PR SB, PR SB South, Tunnel between PR and COC SB

PR-S-S & PR-COC-S - Front and Rear Emergency PR SB South, Tunnel between PR and COC SB232 PR-COC-S - Front To PR Emergency Tunnel between PR and COC SB OFF C C C 1E C O C 2E O O OFF C C233 PR-COC-S - Rear To COC Emergency Tunnel between PR and COC SB OFF C C C 1S C O C OFF C C OFF C C

234PR-COC-S & COC-S-N - Front and Rear Trackway and COC SB

North EndEmergency Tunnel between PR and COC SB, COC SB North

OFF C C C 1S C O C OFF C C OFF C CPR-COC-S & COC-S-N & COC-S - Front and Rear Emergency Tunnel between PR and COC SB, COC SB North, COC SB

                                   

Station Local Mode Table – TVS Configuration

Tunnel Ventilation – Proving the system design

• Use the Subway Environmental Simulation (SES) Software- Developed by US Department of Transport – 1976 – Latest 1997

• Model the underground system• Input data – Environmental conditions, Train data,

Power Data• Simulations carried out for Normal, Congested and

Emergency scenarios• Scenarios selected to investigate worst cases i.e.

direction of smoke against gradient of tunnel

Normal Operation

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 900030

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

Location, m

Tem

pera

ture

, C

Train DirectionTrain Direction

KLS MER BB MAPRIVS2IVS1 IVS2BB CC

KL Sungai Buloh - Kajang LineAverage Tunnel Temperature - Southbound

37.5℃

34.1℃

Normal Operation

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 900030

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

Location, m

Tem

pera

ture

, C

Train DirectionTrain Direction

KLS PAS MER BB IVS2 PR CC MAIVS1

37.5℃

34.1℃

KL Sungai Buloh - Kajang LineAverage Tunnel Temperature - Northbound

CongestedScenario No. C6 (File: KLC06A.SES)

Congestion in southbound tunnel section between Pasar Rakyat Station and Cochrane Station with one congested train stopped at 30m away from Cochrane Station.

Figure 8.3.6 shows the fan operation mode and predicted average temperature. TVF rated at 75m3/s at Pasar Rakyat Station and TVF rated at 75m3/s at Cochrane Station operate in push-pull mode to remove heat from the tunnel. The maximum average temperature is predicted as 38.7°C at the congested train near CC station. The temperature at the congested train is below the design criteria of 40°C.

Figure 8.3.6 – Congestion Scenario C6 Result

EmergencyScenario No. E10 (File: KLE10A.SES)

A rear train fire site is at southbound tunnel section between Pasar Rakyat Station and Cochrane Station with 3.5% uphill slope. The critical velocity required is 2.37m/s at the fire site.

Figure 7.4.10 shows the fan operation mode and predicted air flows near the incident section. The annular velocity achieved is 3.28m/s by using 75m3/s TVF at Pasar Rakyat Station and 75m3/s TVF at Cochrane Station. The result is acceptable with the annular tunnel airflow velocity at the fire site greater than the required critical velocity.

Figure 7.4.10 – Emergency Scenario E10 Result

Summary• Tunnel Ventilation System includes

– Draft Relief– Trackway Supply & Extract – Run & Standby Fans– Tunnel Ventilation Fans & Dampers – 100% reversible Run & Standby Fans– All fire rated for 250oC for 2 hours

• Modes of Operation– Normal– Congested– Emergency

• Control Authority– OCC– BOCC– Station Control Room– Fireman’s Control Room– Local PLC– Local MCC

Thank you