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TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I Luis Ib´ nez August 13, 2001 This document was created using L Y X and the L A T E X Seminar style. 1

TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

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Page 1: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONSPart I

Luis Ib anez

August 13,2001

ThisdocumentwascreatedusingLYX andthe LATEX Seminarstyle.

1

Page 2: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Intr oduction

Quaternionsarecommonlyusedto representrotations.

They wereintroducedby William Hamilton(1805-1865)[1]

QuaternionswereconceivedasGeometricalOperators

A CompleteCalculusof Quaternionswasintroducedby Hamilton[2]

2

Page 3: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Definition of Vector

N

M

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

A Vector is a line segmentwith orientation

VectorMN representstherelative position

of point N with respectto point M

3

Page 4: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Hamilton’ s Moti vation for Quaternions

Createa MathematicalConceptto represent

TheRELATIONSHIP betweentwo VECTORS.

In thesameway thata Vectorrepresent

TheRELATIONSHIP betweentwo POINTS.

4

Page 5: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Vector applied to Point

Given:

PointM andaVectorV

Theapplicationof theVectorover

thePointResultsin a

UniquePointNM

N

V

V

M

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

5

Page 6: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Quaternion applied to Vector

In thesameway, Hamiltonwanted

thatgiven

VectorV andaQuaternionQ

Theapplicationof theQuaternion

over theVectorResultsin a

UniqueVectorW

V Q

QV W

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

6

Page 7: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

QuatenionRationale

A vectoris completlydefinedby

Length

Orientation

In orderto defineavectorin termsof anothervector

aQuaternionhasto represent

Relative Length

Relative Orientaton

7

Page 8: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Definition of Scalar

A Scalar is definedas

Theratiobetweenthelengthsof two PARALLEL vectorsA and B

A

B

S = Scale

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

It representstheRELATIVE LENGTH of onevector

with respectto theother.

Notethatin programmingjargon scalar hasmistakenly takentheplaceof real

8

Page 9: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Scalar - Vector Operations

SA

B

A Scalar S is theQuotientbetweentwo PARALLEL vectorsA and B

A S B

A Scalar is anOperatorthat

ChangestheSCALE of thevector

Keepsits orientationunchanged

ApplicationtheScalarOperatoris notedby thesymbol .

9

Page 10: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Definition of a Versor

A Versor is definedas

Thequotientbetweentwo non-parallelvectorsof EQUAL LENGTH

B

A

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

It representstheRELATIVE ORIENTATION of onevector

with respectto theother.

10

Page 11: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Versor - Vector Operations

VA

B

A Versor V is theGeometricQuotientbetweentwo non-parallelvectors

of EQUAL LENGTH A and B

A V B

A Versor is anoperatorthat

ChangestheORIENTATION of thevector

Keepsits lengthunchanged

Applicationof theVersorOperatoris notedby thesymbol .

11

Page 12: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Right Versors

A Right Versor is aVersorthatappliesa90 rotation

B

A

V

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Vectorlengthis left unchangedasin any otherVersorapplication

12

Page 13: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

ComposingVersors

B

C

A

V2

V1

V3

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

V3 V2 V1

A V2 B

B V1 C

A V2 V1 C

A V3 C

Versorcompositionis the

consecutive applicationof

two versorsoperators.

It is notedby thesymbol

13

Page 14: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

ComposingRight Versors

B

A−B

V

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

A V B

B V A

B V V B

1 V V

1 is theINVERSION operatorthatinvertsthedirectionof avector.

Thedoubleapplicationof a right versorto avector, inversesthevector.

14

Page 15: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Definition of Quaternion

QA

B

A Quaternion is theGeometricalQuotientof two vectorsA and B

A Q B

A Quaternion is anoperatorthat

ChangestheORIENTATION of thevector

ChangestheLENGTH of thevector

Applicationof theQuaternionOperatoris notedby thesymbol

15

Page 16: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Quaternion Characteristics

Axis(Q) = Unit Vectorperpendicularto theplaneof rotation

Angle(Q) = Anglebetweenthevectorsin thequotient

Index(Q) = In a Right Quaternionis theAxis(Q) multipliedby the

lengthratio of thetwo vectorsin thequotient.

16

Page 17: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Representationof Quaternions

Quaternion= “A set of Four”

From

theLatin Quaternio

theGreekτετρακτυς

Thecombinedoperationof Scalar andVersor requires4 numbers:

1 for Scale

1 for Angle

2 for Orientation(commonplane)

Quaternion= Scalarcombinedwith Versor

17

Page 18: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

OppositeQuaternions

ThequaternionQ

QA

B

hasanOpposite quaternionO Q

O QA

BQ

−A

B

AQ

O(Q)

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

18

Page 19: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

OppositeQuaternion Properties

Angle Q Angle O Q π

Axis Q Axis O Q

−A

B

AQ

O(Q)

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

19

Page 20: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Reciprocal Quaternions

B

AR(Q)

Q

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

QA

BThequaternionQ hasa Reciprocal

quaternionR Q

R Q Q 1 B

A

Their composition(onequaternion

appliedaftertheother)is

Q R Q 1

The 1 operatoris anIdentityOperatorthatleavesvectorsunchanged.

20

Page 21: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

ConjugateQuaternion

AB

Q

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Giventhepair of vectorsA and B

andtheirquotient

QA

B

Thegeometricreflectionof vector

B (thedenominator)over vector

A (thenumerator)will bevector

C

A

C B

Q

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

21

Page 22: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

ConjugateQuaternion

TheConjugate of QuaternionQ is

definedasthequotientK Q

K QA

C

A

C B

QK(Q)

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Angle Q Angle K Q

Axis Q Axis K Q

22

Page 23: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Norm of a Quaternion

TheNorm is thecompositionof aQuaternionwith its Conjugate

N Q Q K Q

QA

B

K QC

A

N QA

B

C

A

C

B

A

B

2

C

BAQ

K(Q)

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

23

Page 24: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Norm of a Quaternion

Therotationof theConjugateK Q

compensatestherotationof the

quaternionQ.

TheoperatorN Q producea

parallelvector, henceN Q is

alwaysapositive Scalar operator

C

BAQ

K(Q)

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

24

Page 25: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Squareof a Quaternion

TheSquare of aQuaternionis definedas:

Applying thequaterniontwice

C

B

A

Q2

Q

Q

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

B Q C

A Q B

A Q Q C

Q Q C

Q Q C

Q 2 C

25

Page 26: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

ComposingRight Quaternions

A

B−B

D

EC

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Thesuccesive applicationof aRight Quaternionover aVectorresultsin aVectorin theoppositedirection.

A

B

2B

B1 C

E

D

E

2 D

E

2

Thesquareof any right quaternionis aNEGATIVE scalaroperator

26

Page 27: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Versor of a Quaternion

Versor of a Vector= Unit vectorparallelto thevector

U AA

AA

Versor of a Quaternion= Quotientof theVersorsof thevectors

U Q UA

B

U A

U B

A

B

It is thepartof theQuaternionthatrepresentsRelative Orientation

27

Page 28: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Tensorof a Quaternion

Tensor of aVector= Lengthof thevector

T A A

Tensor of aQuaternion= Quotientof thetensorof thevectors

T Q TA

B

T A

T B

A

B

It is thepartof theQuaternionthatrepresentsRelative Sscale

28

Page 29: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Tensorand Versor of a Quaternion

Versor operatorappliesVERSION to avector

Changesvector’s orientation

TensoroperatorappliesTENSION to avector

Stretchesthevectorandchangeits length

29

Page 30: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Tensorand Versor of a Quaternion

A Vector canbedecomposedin Versor andTensorparts

A T A U A A A

A Quaternion canbedecomposedin Versor andTensorparts

T Q T Q U QT A

T B

U A

U B

30

Page 31: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Vector - Ar cs

Versors canberepresentedon the

surfaceof aunit sphere.

VA

B

Applicationof versorV will

move point B to point A

V

B

A

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

TheMaximumArc joining pointsB andA is definedasVector-Arc

31

Page 32: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Sliding Vector - Ar cs

In thesameway thatVectorscanbetranslatedona plane

V V

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Vector arcs canfreely slidealongthegreatcircle

andstill representtheSAME Versor.

32

Page 33: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Compositionof Biplanar Versors

VBAA

B

composedwith

VCBB

C

resultsin theversor

VCAA

B

B

C

A

C

VBA

VCB

VCA

C

A

B

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

33

Page 34: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Multiplication and Division of Diplanar Versor

TheSpherical Triangle ABC is usedto defineversoroperations

analogouslyto how theparallelogramis usedfor vectoroperations

Multiplication of Versors as

VCA VBA VCB

like thesumof vectors

Division of Versors as

VBAVCAVCB

like thedifferenceof vectors

VBA

VCB

VCA

C

A

B

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

34

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Versor Composition is Non-Commutative

A B

C C

A

A’C’

A’

C’

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

TheresultingversorsVCA andVA�

C� have thesameangle

but differentaxis(andso,differentplanes)

35

Page 36: TUTORIAL on QUATERNIONS Part I - Computer Action Teamweb.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/CAPSTONES/Quaternion/QuaternionsI… · Quaternions are commonly used to represent rotations. They

Compositionof two Orthogonal Right Versors

Themultiplicationof two

orthogonalRight Versorsproducea

Right Versororthogonalto them

VCB VBA VCA

An whentheorderis reversed

VBA VCB VCA

C

A

B

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

36

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Square of Elementary Versors

TheSquare of anoperatoris theoperatorappliedtwice

i = i2

i i = −12

i

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Thesquareof Right Versorsis alwaysthe 1 Operator

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Elementary Versors

i

j

k

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Compositionof ElementaryVersors

right-hand self

i j k i i 1

j k i j j 1

k i j k k 1

38

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Index of Right Quaternions

TheIndex of a Right Quaternionis

S<1 S=1 S>1

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

theAxis of thequaternionScaledby theratioof lengths

39

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Sum of Versors

VersorsareQuotients.

They canbesummedONLY whenthey have

aCOMMON DENOMIN ATOR

VBCCB

VBAAB

VBC VBAC

B

A

B

C A

B

A CommonDenominatorcanALWAYS befound

40

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Getting a Common Denominator

B

D

C

A

VDC

VBA

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

VBAA

BVDC

C

D

41

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Getting a Common Denominator

Slidebothversorsalongtheir greatcircles

B’

C’A’

B

D

C

A

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Until theiroriginscoincide

ThevectorB in theintersectionis thecommondenominator

42

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Geometrical Inter pretation of the Sum

As with Vectors,first SLIDE both

Vector-Arcs to a commonorigin

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

In orderto getacommondenominator

43

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Geometrical Inter pretation of the Sum

Add thetwo vectorsin thenumerator

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Finally getthenew Quotient

44

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Sum of two Right Versors

It is alwaysa right quaternion

H/2H/2H

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Its planeBISECTS thoseof theoriginal two versors

andhasaScalar characteristic 1

45

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Sum of two Right Versors

TheIndex of theresultingVersor

H/2H/2

H/2

H/2

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

is equalto thesumof indicesof thetwo versors

46

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Multiplying a Right Versor by a Scalar

Multiplication by a Scalaraffects

only theScalarpartof theRightVersor

S<1 S=1 S>1

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

It modifiesthelengthrationof thevectorsin theQuotient

47

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Right Versor in terms of Orthogonal Right Versor

If thethreeOrthogonalRight Versorsi j k aremultipliedby Scalarsx y z

Q x i y j z k x2 y2 z2 1

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Their sumwill beaRight Versorwhoseaxishas x y z ascomponets.

48

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Scalar and Right Parts of Quaternions

A Quaternionoperatorappliedto a vector B

performsanoperationthatproducesanothervector A

QA

B

A Q B

A

B

Q

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

49

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Scalar and Right Parts of Quaternions

A

B BS

BR

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

Thenew vector A canbe

expressedasasumof two

orthogonalvectors

A B S B R

Oneparallelto B and

anotherorthogonalto B

50

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Scalar and Right Parts of Quaternions

BSB

A

B

A

BR

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

B S is obtainedby applying

anScalarOperatorto B

B R is obtainedby applying

aRight Quaternionto B

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Tensorand Versor Part of a Quaternion

Thesameoperationcanbedecomposedin

a TensorOperatorandaVersorOperator

A

BTB

T

A

BTB

V

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θq r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

B T T B A V B T

52

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Scalarand Right versusTensorand Versor

SCALAR andRIGHT partsarea

Representationin RECTANGULAR coordinates

TENSOR andVERSOR partsarea

Representationin POLAR coordinates

53

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QuaternionsasFour Coefficients

Let L betheRatio of lenghtsbetweenvectorsA and B is LA

B

TheScalar factor

SB S

B

shouldbeequalto

Lcosθ

A

B BS

BR

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θ

q r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

54

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QuaternionsasFour Coefficients

Let L betheRatio of lenghtsbetweenvectorsA and B is LA

B

TheTensorof heRight part

RB R

B

shouldbeequalto

Lsinθ

A

B BS

BR

PSfragreplacements

xy

h

wq

sq2

dhdq

dw

dxdy

dq 1

q dq

q dq 1

dq q dq 1

q dq q dq 1

z f x y

f x y

θ

q r s

q ∆q r ∆r s ∆s

∆q ∆r ∆s

lim ∆q 0 ∆r 0 ∆s 0

dq dr ds

55

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QuaternionsasFour Coefficients

TheQuaternion Q canthenbewrittenas

Q x i y j zk w

Where

w L cosθ

x2 y2 z2 L sinθ

Therealnumberw representstheScalar part,

Thesum x i y j zk representstheRight part.

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Product of Quaternions

Two quaternionsQ1 andQ2 arecomposedby

Q1 Q2 T Q1 U Q1 T Q2 U Q2

Thatis equivalentto

Q1 Q2 T Q1 T Q2 U Q1 U Q2

57

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Product of Quaternions

GivenaQuaternionQ resultingfrom thecomposition

Q Q1 Q2

Its Tensoris

T Q T Q1 T Q2

Its Versoris

U Q U Q1 U Q2

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Representationby four coefficients

Let P andQ betwo Quaternions, representedby four coefficients

P xp i yp j zp k wp

Q xq i yq j zq k wq

Their compositionP Q canbeexpressedby

P Q L P Q

wp zp yp xp

zp wp xp yp

yp xp wp zp

xp yp zp wp

xq

yq

zq

wq

59

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Representationby four coefficients

Let P andQ betwo Quaternions, representedby four coefficients

P xp i yp j zp k wp

Q xq i yq j zq k wq

Their compositionP Q canbeexpressedby

P Q R Q P

wq zq yq xq

zq wq xq yq

yq xq wq zq

xq yq zq wq

xp

yp

zp

wp

60

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Rotating a Vector (Finally !! )

A Quaternionq x y z w rotatesa Vectorv by usingtheproduct

v q v q 1

Whichcanbereducedto aMatrix-VectormultiplicationL q R q 1 v

w2 x2 y2 z2 2xy 2wz 2xz 2wy 0

2xy 2wz w2 x2 y2 z2 2yz 2wx 0

2xz 2wy 2yz 2wx w2 x2 y2 z2 0

0 0 0 w2 x2 y2 z2

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References

[1] W.R. Hamilton. Elements of Quaternions, volumeI. Chelsea

PublishingCompany, third edition,1969.Theoriginalwaspublished

in 1866.

[2] C.J.Joly. A Manual of Quaternions. MacMillan andCo.,Limited,

1905.

62