Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - ucss.ge Tvisebrivi Metodebi... · Tema 1. Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi: Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva 5 Tema 2. siRrmiseuli interviu

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

Tvisebrivi

meTodebi

socialur kvlevaSi

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

TinaTin zurabiSvili

Tbilisi

2006


mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 9 - 3

In the Appendix 1, a transcript of a focus group interview is presented. In the Appendix 2, a Short Glossary of the terms used in qualitative research practice is

presented. This is a concise reference for the students, where only terms covered in terms of this particular course are explained. Nevertheless, I hope this will be helpful for the students, given that some of them may not be familiar with any vocabulary connected with research practice, and few of the terms used in this course are already established in Georgian (some are not fully established even in English).

Over 40 terms are defined in this glossary, e.g.: actor; respondent; in-depth interview; biographic interview; life history; research design; observation; close-ended questions; open-ended questions; ethnography; ethics; qualitative methods; quantitative methods; content analysis; focus group; moderator; case-study; fieldwork; discussion guide, transcript; hypothesis, et al. The terms and in (Georgian) alphabetical sequence.

This Glossary, however, is not the only one the students will be using; they will be encouraged to consult academic social science dictionaries.

111

Week 8. Ethics of Qualitative Research Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours

It’s hard to overestimate significance of ethical issues while doing fieldwork. During our

last class, we will focus on the responsibility of the researcher while doing fieldwork and the requirements of professional communities towards their members.

Codes of ethics have been elaborated in a systematic way after the Second World War by professional associations of the social scientists in Europe and North America; other countries joined them later. Nowadays, most of the professional association are international, which leads to unification of ethical standards of the respective professional activity over the state boarders.

Codes of ethics should be distinguished from the legal requirements, and from mutual responsibilities outlined in the contracts signed between the researchers and clients; during the class, we discuss the specific character of ethical norms.

Two Codes of Ethics we are focusing on in this class are ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice (ICC/ESOMAR, 1995) and Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics (American Sociological Association, 1999). We focus on: (a) Rights of the respondents; (b) Rights of the clients who commission research; and (c) responsibility towards the society in general.

Sanctions against those who violate ethical norms are discussed based on the hierarchy of sanctions in the ASA Code of Ethics.

We will also discuss special rules that try to regulate publications of research results in the media, in order to avoid misinformation and deception of public.

Two case studies are presented during the class, to be discussed during the seminar; one is a CNN publication where survey results are presented, and the second is a paper where an ethnographer (Eric J. Arnould) discusses ethical dilemmas he faced while doing fieldwork in Chad.

Homework assignments for this week are:

1. the students are required to find on the web codes of ethics of several professional organizations whose members are involved in social research, and to compare these Codes;

2. Assess the quality of presentation of the finding in the CNN publication distributed in class.

3. Discuss the case study concerning ethical dilemmas that Eric J. Arnould faced during his fieldwork and provide their own assessment of the situation and best ways to deal with it.

Required readings for this week are:

W. Lawrence Newman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative

Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 396-398 (“Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research”).

Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:

Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 306-307 (“Research Ethics in Qualitative Field Research”). Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in

Advances in Consumer Research 25: 72-74. ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice.

http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961 American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics.

http://www.asanet.org/members/ecoderev.html American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies

and Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html

110

s a r C e v i

winaTqma

4

Tema 1. Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi:

Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva

5

Tema 2. siRrmiseuli interviu 16

magaliTi #1. axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema

saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegma

25

Tema 3. fokus-jgufi 27

magaliTi #2. Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove


37

magaliTi #3. korufcia saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba

sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis

warmomadgenlebis mier.

fokus-jgufebis angariSi

39

Tema 4. dakvirveba 48

Tema 5. monografiuli gamokvleva 61

Tema 6. socialuri kvlevis eTika 71

magaliTi #4. gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis

mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili

76

danarTi #1. korufcia saqarTveloSi.

fokus-jgufis transkripti

77

danarTi #2. Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni

100

QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH

104

3

winaTqma

winamdebare saleqcio kursze muSaoba daviwye Telavis saxelmwifo univers-

itetSi. Tavdapirvelad is warmoadgenda saleqcio kursis “sociologiuri

kvlevis meTodebi” erT-erT nawils, romelic Tamar zurabiSvilTan erTad

SevimuSave. socialur mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis farglebSi

saSualeba momeca, gamefarTovebina da magistraturis studentebisTvis gada-

memuSavebina am saleqcio kursis is nawili, romelic kerZod Tvisebriv meTodebis

eZRvneba. kursze muSaoba davasrule kaliforniis universitetSi los-

anjelesSi, sadac Ria sazogadoebis institutis FDFP programis farglebSi

vimyofebodi.

samwuxarod, am saleqcio kursSi ver moxerxda socialuri kvlevis yvela

Tvisebrivi meTodis ganxilva, amitom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im meTodebze,

romlebic yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove praqtikaSi da romlebic,

Cemi azriT, yvelaze metad daexmareba studentebs sakuTari kvlevebis Cata-

rebaSi. TiTqmis yvela meTodTan dakavSirebiT saleqcio kursSi moyvanilia

Sesabamisi kvleviTi instrumentebis magaliTebi; garda amisa, yoveli Temis bo-

los moyvanilia Sesabamisi meTodisadmi miZRvnili sakvanZo literaturis sia.

ramdenadac kvlevis meTodebis Seswavla warmoudgenelia mxolod literaturis

Seswavlis meSveobiT, yvela Temis dasasruls moyvanilia praqtikuli davalebebi.

minda didi madloba gadavuxado Cems kolegebs moskovis levada-centridan

da, upirveles yovlisa, aleqsei levinsons; swored am kvleviT centrSi muSaobis

periodSi davinteresdi kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebiT da ramdenime Zalze

saintereso kvlevaSi miviRe monawileoba; aseve didi madloba Ria sazogadoebis

institutis FDFP programas, romlis farglebSic saSualeba momeca davswrebodi

wamyvani Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebis kursebs kaliforniis universitetSi los-anje-

lesSi (UCLA); socialur mecnierebaTa centrs da akademiuri stipendiebis prog-

ramas (AFP), romlis farglebSic vaswavlidi am kurss socialur mecnierebaTa

centrSi; da Cems studentebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes am

saleqcio kursis SeqmnaSi.

4

Week 6. Case Study Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour

Case study is the final method considered in terms of this course. As in the case of

participant observation, we will discuss this method during two week. First we will focus on the history of this method, which was introduced in the social

sciences based on the experience of anthropologists. Experience of the Chicago School and their role in establishing this method are also discussed.

Case studies are a lot in common with participant observation, but we consider the former as an even broader research approach, rather than a single method of collecting the data. As a multi-method approach, case studies employ a number of research techniques that help the researchers to collect the data; what is particularly specific with case studies, the methods used can be both qualitative and quantitative (e.g., surveys).

As an example of early case study research, we will discuss a study of the 1930s conducted by Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues in the Austrian village of Marienthal. This study is very interesting for us mainly from the methodological perspective, use of many various techniques of data collection which are discussed in detail by the authors.

Since there is no single way to conduct case study research, and there are no clear guidelines regarding site selection and data analysis, one of the best ways to learn about this method is to introduce more examples. So, the second study we will discuss in detail in this class is Mitchel Dunier’s Sidewalk, which is distinctive in a number of ways. We discuss several aspects of this study: the research question and how it was formulated; its theoretical context and how Dunier fit his study into the particular one; methodology used by Dunier and, specifically, his relationships with the informants; use of photography in presenting the findings.


Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. Pp. 17-42, 231-

289. James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and

Winston. Pp. 25-39 (“Informants”).

Recommended readings: Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage

Publications. James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and

Winston. Pp. 55-68 (“Interviewing an Informant”).

Week 7. Case Study (continued) Discussion, 2 hours; students’ presentations, 2 hours

This week is focused on discussions. During the class, we will first discuss readings

from the Sidewalk, focusing on the specific ways of conducting fieldwork and building relationships with informants.

In the second part of the class, the students will present their research projects focusing on (a) their research questions; (b) sites; and (c) methodology they use to conduct the fieldwork. This will be our final discussion of students’ research projects before they finish and submit them.

109

Historically, participant observation was first developed by anthropologists and ethnographers, and was considered as a means to learn about distinctive culture. Contemporary participant observation as it is practiced by most social sciences, can be applied in modern as well as in non-modern societies; its major aim as well as its major advantage is the possibility to study a distinctive (sub)culture and explain its meanings as they are understood and interpreted by its members. Paradoxically, it is considered that studying unfamiliar cultures is usually more effective than researchers’ own culture, because in the latter case the researcher can not approach his/her own culture as a complete stranger.

Participant observation is always a long-time commitment and usually takes years to collect the data. It starts with entering the field, establishing contact with the actors, finding informants. Characteristics of good informants are also discussed during the lecture.

During the fieldwork, the researcher defines the exact focus of observations, starting with descriptive stage of observation and eventually arriving to selective observation.

Fieldnotes are discussed in detail, as a way to document how the fieldwork proceeds. As an example of possible analytic strategy used by participant observers, W.F.White’s

classical analysis of group structure in the Street Corner Society will be presented, to be further discussed during next week’s class.

There is only one homework assignments for this week: The students are required to go to a public library in pairs, take different seats and

observe what’s going on in the library for 3 hours. They are required to take notes during the observation, but not to share any observations with each other. Immediately after the observation, they have to write (again, separately) fieldnotes based on what they’ve observed, and submit them.


James P. Spradley. 1997. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and

Winston. Pp. 53-62; 73-84; 100-111; 122-129. William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian

Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 3-51; 94-110; 279-373.

Recommended readings: H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and

Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant Observation”).

Week 5. Participant Observation (continued) Lecture, 1 hour; discussion, 3 hours

During our fifth week, we continue to learn participant observation, in particular – how to

write fieldnotes during the fieldwork, and how to transform them into the research report. Relatively little new material will be delivered during this week; instead, we will focus of detailed discussion of (a) fieldnotes submitted by the students as a result of observations they made, and (b) readings from White’s Street Corner Society.

By next week, the students have to make final decisions regarding their course projects, so these discussions will be particularly helpful at this stage.

108

Tema 1.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi:


socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mWidro kavSiri Teoriasa da

empiriul kvlevebs Soris. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im aspeqtis

Seswavlis mizniT, mecnierebi regularulad atareben empiriul kvlevebs, raTa

Seamowmon esa Tu is Teoriuli mosazreba; am kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad iwvevs

arsebuli Teoriebis gadasinjvas da daxvewas, zogjer ki — Zveli Teoriis

uaryofas da axali Teoriis warmoSobas. magaliTad, socialuri mkvlevrebi jer

kidev XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Seiswavlidnen siRaribes da mis gamomwvev

mizezebs; am kvlevebis Sedegad Seiqmna siRaribis klasikuri Teoriebi. magram XX

saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si siRaribis specifikuri formebis empiriuli

Seswavlis Sedegad moxda am Teoriebis gadasinjva da Seiqmna “qveklasis” Teoria.1

siRaribis es forma klasikuri Teoriebis yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili.

empiriuli socialuri kvlevebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara mxolod

Teoriuli codnis gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed praqtikul donezec,

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis

gaRrmavebasa da saxelmwifo marTvis optimizaciaSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi saubaria

e.w. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi cxov-

rebis iseT aspeqtebs rogorebicaa, magaliTad, araformaluri urTierTobebi

formalur organizaciebSi; korufciis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi faqtorebi;

siRaribis mizezebi; da sxva. gamoyenebiTi socialuri kvlevebis Sedegebi SeiZ-

leba gaxdes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZveli saxelmwifo marTvis an

arasamTavrobo TviTmmarTvelobis doneze.

aranaklebi roli eniWeba empiriul kvlevebs samomxmareblo bazris Seswav-

laSi — e.w. marketinguli (sabazro) kvlevebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs momxmare-

belTa motivaciis, ama Tu im produqtis SeZenis survilis, reklamis efeqturobis

detaluri Seswavla. swored sabazro kvlevebis damsaxurebaa, rom wamyvani kom-

paniebis mier warmoebuli produqcia maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs momxma-

rebelTa moTxovnebs da survilebs, xolo reklama sul ufro efeqturi xdeba.

socialuri sinamdvilis sul ufro da ufro meti mxare Seiswavleba

empiriuli kvlevebis meSveobiT, xolo Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom

es kvlevebi kompetenturad iyos Catarebuli da miRebuli iqnes sando Sedegebi.

socialuri kvlevis meTodika2 Seiswavlis empiriuli socialuri kvlevis

ganxorcielebis konkretul gzebs, ganixilavs informaciis Segrovebis mecni-

eruli saSualebebis, anu meTodebis erTobliobas da im eTikur principebs,

romelTa dacviTac unda Catardes socialuri kvleva. empiriuli socialuri

kvlevis meTodika, rogorc sistematuri codnis dargi, socialur TeoriasTan

SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda da Tumca ufro praqtikul xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad

gamoiyeneba Teoriuli problemebis Semowmebis, hipoTezebis damtkicebis an

uaryofis mizniT.

socialuri kvlevis meTodebi or did jgufad iyofa: raodenobriv da Tvi-

sebriv meTodebad. Tumca am ori jgufis meTodebs Soris aris mniSvnelovani

gansxvavebebi, maT erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba aerTianebs: maTi

mTavari da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi mizania Cveni codnis gamdidreba

socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb.

kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebi (rogorebicaa masobrivi gamokiTxva,

kontent-analizi) iSveliebs raodenobriv maCveneblebs — qulebs, procentebs —

1 ix. Michael B. Katz, ed. 1993. The “Underclass” Debate: Views from History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press; TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2002. “‘qveklasis’ Teoria da misi gamoyenebis

SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi.” epoqa 2: 76-84. 2 sityvebi “meTodi”, “meTodika” warmoiSva berZnuli sityvisgan methodos, rac SeiZleba

iTargmnos rogorc “Seswavlis gzebi”.

5

da miznad isaxavs daadginos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gamovlenis sixSire.

meTodebis es jgufi uaRresad formalizebulia, ris gamoc isini “mkacri”

meTodebis saxeliTaa cnobili.

raodenobrivi meTodebis mecnierulobas da am meTodebis meSveobiT

miRebuli Sedegebis sandoobas statistikuri kanonzomierebebi uzrunvelyofs.

raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis erT-erT umTavres Rirsebas am Sedegebis

reprezentatuloba warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs, rom kvlevis procesSi

gamokiTxuli adamianebi (respondentebi) proporciulad warmoadgenen mTel

mosaxleobas, an mosaxleobis im nawils, romlis Seswavlac dagegmilia kvlevis

procesSi (anu generalur erTobliobas, romelic ganisazRvreba yoveli kon-

kretuli kvlevis amocanebidan gamomdinare). respondentebis reprezentatuli

SerCeva mecnierulad amarTlebs gamokiTxvis Sedegebis gavrcobas generalur

erTobliobaze, ris Sedegadac saSualeba gveZleva, respondentTa mier gamoT-

qmuli azri generaluri erTobliobis warmomadgenlebis azrad CavTvaloT.

raodenobriv meTodebs Soris msoflio praqtikaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia

masobrivi gamokiTxva — xalxis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemasTan

dakavSirebiT. am meTods safuZvlad udevs ori daSveba: (1) rom mosaxleobis mier

socialuri movlenebis Sefasebebis gavrceleba garkveul statistikur kanonebs

emorCileba, da (2) rom msgavsi socialuri mdgomareobis mqone pirovnebebi,

rogorc wesi, analogiurad afaseben movlenebs. masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros

yoveli respondenti ganixileba ara rogorc unikaluri pirovneba mdidari da

ganumeorebeli Sida samyaroTi, aramed rogorc ama Tu im socialuri erTobis

(jgufis) nawili, romelic warmoadgens misi msgavsi pirovnebebis azrs da gvawv-

dis informacias CvenTvis saintereso socialuri fenomenis an misi Sefasebis

Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomidan gamomdinare iTvleba, rom analogiuri socialuri

mdgomareobis mqone individebi kvlevis procesSi “urTierTSemcvlelni” arian. 3

Tumca raodenobrivi meTodebis farglebSi intensiurad Seiswavleba respon-

dentebis mier dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebi da/an Sefasebebi mniSnvelovan socia-

lur problemebTan dakavSirebiT, es meTodebi, rogorc wesi, ver dagvexmareba

respondenTa mier gamoTqmuli azrebis motivaciis SeswavlaSi; respondentebs ar

eZlevaT saSualeba, axsnan, Tu ratom fiqroben ase, da ara sxvagvarad.

socialuri kvlevis meTodebis meore jgufi, Tvisebrivi meTodebi siRr-

miseulad Seiswavlis socialur cxovrebas; xSir SemTxvevaSi es Seswavla xdeba

ara mkvlevris ofisSi an sxva xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi, aramed “bunebriv”

pirobebSi, iq, sadac realurad viTardeba urTierToba adamianebs Soris — iqneba

es saklaso oTaxi, soflis maRazia, gazeTis redaqcia Tu sxva.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi interdisciplinarulia da farTod gamoiyeneba TiTqmis

yvela socialur mecnierebaSi: sociologiaSi, eTnografiaSi, anTropologiaSi,

fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, biografiul mecnierebaSi, istoriaSi, da sxv.

zogadad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc meTodebi,

romelTa meSveobiT mopovebuli monacemebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver

daeqvemdebareba raodenobriv analizs (es mizezebi SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebaTa

mcire ricxvi; iSviaTi an sulac unikaluri movlenebis Seswavla; arafor-

malizebuli midgoma calkeuli SemTxvevebis Seswavlisadmi, da sxva). am meTodebs

aklia maTematikuri sizuste; maTi meSveobiT Cven ver miviRebT informacias imis

Sesaxeb, Tu procentulad rogoraa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi esa Tu is azri.

samagierod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs eZlevaT

saSualeba, SeniSnon, daafiqsiron da axsnan adamianebis qcevis iseTi niuansebi,

romlebic SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas.4

Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT Cven ufro Rrma codnas viRebT im xalxis

Sesaxeb, vis cxovrebas an vis mosazrebebsac SeviswavliT; Cven ara mxolod

3 Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis,

sasurvelia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis

raodenobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar

zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika.

raodenobrivi meTodebi. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”. 4 ix. Earl Babbie. 2002. The Basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. P. 281.

6

moderator. Next section is devoted to the 10 most frequently used projective techniques that

facilitate focus group discussions. These techniques are: verbal associations, finishing sentences, personification, stereotypes, collages, brand mapping, etc.

Last section discusses the possibilities of analysis of the data obtained through focus group discussions. Analysis of focus group results is quite similar to the analysis of in-depth interview data, although there are several specific considerations, first of all – the level of analysis should be determined; although both individual and group level can be justified, our advise is to base analysis on the interplay of the two levels of analysis (Morgan 1997: 60).

Two examples are offered in the end of this lecture, one of which is a possible discussion guide, and the other – a descriptive report of a research project based exclusively on focus groups. In addition, Appendix 1 offers a transcript of a focus group conducted with students of one of Georgian universities, where the causes of corruption in Georgian higher education are discussed.


1. To find out which projective techniques are used in the Discussion Guide presented in the Example 2.

2. To write a Project Proposal on a given topic (“Causes of Corruption in the Georgian Higher Educational Institutions”); the project should be conducted using focus groups.

3. To prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of focus-group discussions, where the students are required to use projective techniques they find suitable for the topic they choose.

Our discussion classes will be based on the analysis of the students’ homework

assignments; besides, we’ll watch a tape of a focus-group discussion and evaluate how it was conducted. If possible, I’ll try to arrange a visit to a research center where the students will have an opportunity to see a room designed for focus group discussions, with all necessary equipment.


David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition.

Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 31-65. Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third

edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 39-68; 97-124. maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba

axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da

perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.

Recommended readings: С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М.

Week 4. Participant Observation Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour

As we move towards non-verbal techniques of data collection, observation is obviously

the first method to be introduced. In contrast with the interview techniques discussed during the previous weeks, observation takes place in the natural environment, which presents additional challenges to the researcher. Although a distinction will be made between non-participant and participant observation, we will focus on the latter, which is one of the most popular qualitative research methods.

107

interviews. An example of a discussion guide is presented in the appendix, which can help students to work on their own guide;

2) to conduct 3 in-depth interviews based on this guide, and to discuss the process of conducting these, specifically focusing on the difficulties they encounter;

3) the students are also required to transcribe one of these interviews – the one they think was the most successful.

The most important and/or typical experiences reported by the students will be discussed during next meeting.


Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative

Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 121-150 (“Issues in Interviewing”). H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and

Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220 (“Unstructured Interviewing”).

gabriele kapai. 2000. “biografiul-naratiuli interviu: Teoriuli

winamZRvrebi da gamoyenebis xerxebi.” (Targmani wignidan: Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag).

Recommended readings:


Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 61-120 (“Interviewing”). H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and

Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 449-488 (“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).

Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s

Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics of Reproduction in Everyday Life”).

С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М., 2000.

Week 3. Focus Groups Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours

We discuss focus group as a “group in-depth interview,” which, however, has several

specific features, which are determined, first of all, by the fact that up to a dozen of respondents participate in a single focus group discussion. The greatest advantage of focus groups as a qualitative research method is that it gives the researchers the possibility to observe the process of forming group judgments and/or decisions.

A short review of the historical development of the focus groups in the social sciences focuses on Robert K. Merton’s and his colleagues’ work in this field. Major areas of use of focus groups in contemporary research practice are reviewed, namely, marketing research, social and political research; these are the areas where focus groups proved to be most effective, while there are some areas where it is not usually recommended to use focus groups – e.g., personal relationships; income.

In the section devoted to the main features of this method, we discuss distinctiveness of focus groups, technical aspects of their preparation, selection of participants, and advises regarding how to conduct them, specifically focusing on the role and functions of the

106

vafiqsirebT maT mier gamoTqmul azrebs azrebs, aramed, agreTve saSualebas

vaZlevT, axsnan Tavisi pozicia, Tqvan, Tu ratom fiqroben ise, rogorc fiqroben;

ra faqtorebma iqonia gavlena maT cxovrebaze da rogor afaseben yoveli am

faqtoris rols Tavis cxovrebaSi. kvlevis mxolod es meTodebi gvaZlevs

saSualebas, SeviswavloT ama Tu im movlenis mizezebi; vupasuxoT ara kiTxvebs

“ra?”, “ramdeni?” (am or kiTxvas raodenobrivi meTodebis meSveobiT vupasuxebT),

aramed kiTxvebs “ratom?”, “rogor?”

Tvisebrivi meTodebis erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom es meTodebi

saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT da aRvweroT samyaro kvlevis obieqtebis Tva-

liT. vinaidan Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas mkvlevris mizania individua-

luri saqcielis gageba, es meTodebi xSirad “interpretaciuli sociologiis”

farglebSi ganixileba. magram Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebiT erTi serio-

zuli sirTule arsebobs: gamokvlevis Sedegebis damuSavebisas problemuri xdeba

individualuri donidan saerTo kanonzomierebebze gadasvla, ris gamoc

socialur mecnierTa nawils eWvi Seaqvs am meTodebis mecnierulobaSi (am sityvis

pozitivisturi gagebiT) anu imaSi, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia sando

monacemebis miReba socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamo-

yenebisas Cven, rogorc wesi, gagviWirdeba imis mecnierulad damtkiceba, rom

srulad SeviswavleT esa Tu is fenomeni, da rom Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi

obieqturi da sandoa, miT umetes — rom Catarebuli kvleva pasuxobs repre-

zentatulobis moTxovnebs. Tvisebrivi Sedegebi arasodes ar aris reprezen-

tatuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi meTodebiT warmarTuli kvlevis Se-

degebi ar SeiZleba ganvazogadoT da movaxdinoT maTi eqstrapolacia generalur

erTobliobaze. magram mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom es arc aris Tvisebrivi

kvlevis mizani — Tvisebrivi meTodebi Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor xsnis adamiani

socialur samyaros da Tavis adgils masSi.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi intensiurad iyenebs informaciis Segrovebis iseT sa-

Sualebebs, rogorebicaa araformaluri interviu da dakvirveba, amitom pirveli

SexedviT Tvisebrivi mkvlevris muSaoba Zalian hgavs Cveulebrivi adamianis

yoveldRiur saqmianobas. Tumca, am saleqcio kursis farglebSi Cven davrwmun-

debiT, rom es msgavseba zedapiruli da moCvenebiTia.5

Tvisebrivi meTodebi mraval kvleviT teqnikas aerTianebs. esenia, magaliTad:

• siRrmiseuli interviu;

• “cxovrebis istoria”;

• biografiuli interviu;

• zepiri istoria;

• werilebis, piradi dRiurebis da sxva werilobiTi dokumentebis Tviseb-

rivi Seswavla;

• fokus-jgufi da jgufuri interviu;

• dakvirveba;

• monografiuli gamokvleva (“SemTxvevis Seswavla”).

xSirad Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli kvleva moiTxovs erTdroulad

ramdenime kvleviTi teqnikis gamoyenebas, rac mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs,

sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seiswavlos misTvis saintereso fenomeni. Tvisebrivi meTo-

debis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba yvelaze xSirad monografiuli gamokvlevis

(“SemTxvevis Seswavlis”) farglebSi xdeba.

5 Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis, sasurve-

lia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis raode-

nobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar zurabi-

Svili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika. raodenobrivi

meTodebi. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.

7

mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed ingli-

surenovan qveynebSic, sadac warmoiSva socialuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi,

dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebuli uni-

ficirebuli terminologia. Zalze xSirad terminebs “Tvisebrivi meTodebi”,

“eTnografia”, “CarTuli dakvirveba”, “SemTxvevis Seswavla” xmaroben rogorc

sinonimebs, Tumca zog naSromSi isini ganixileba, rogorc gansxvavebuli me-

Todebi. yvelaze ufro xSirad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi gaigivebulia eTnogra-

fiasTan,6 Tumca, Cveni azriT, eTnografia ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre nebismieri

Tvisebrivi meTodi; rogorc j.spradli aRniSnavs, eTnografia niSnavs

[gansxvavebuli] kulturis aRweras, da misi ZiriTadi mizania cxovrebis gan-

sxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi Tavad am kulturis

warmomadgenlebs esmiT7; amgvari eTnografiuli Seswavla ki SeiZleba ramdenime

Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT moxdes.8

Tvisebrivi meTodebi naklebadaa formalizebuli, amitom maT “rbil”, “moq-

nil” meTodebsac uwodeben. iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebobs konkretuli

instruqciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moiqces mkvlevari ama Tu im

situaciaSi — rogorc wesi, mas uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba Seqmnili viTa-

rebidan gamomdinare, is TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs kvlevis obieqtebis

individualur Tvisebebs. “gadawyvetilebis miRebisas Tqven unda ixel-

mZRvaneloT meTodologiuri da eTikuri mosazrebebiT. vinaidan isini xSirad

upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, gadawyvetilebis miReba Zalze rTuli iqneba”, —

afrTxilebs momaval mkvlevrebs e. babi9.

ramdenadac Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze mcirea im

aucilebel moTxovnaTa sia, romelTac kvleva unda akmayofilebdes, aseTi

kvlevis warmateba didadaa damokidebuli iseT subieqtur faqtorze, rogoricaa

mkvlevris gamocdileba da ostatoba. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba indi-

vidualuria, isini did Tavisuflebas aniWeben mkvlevars, romelic, rogorc wesi,

gamodis ara mxolod gamokvlevis ideis avtoris, misi Teoriuli nawilisa da

problematikis SemmuSaveblis, aramed aseve empiriuli informaciis Semgroveb-

lis, interviueris da/an damkvirveblis rolSic.

is garemoeba, rom Tvisebrivi mkvlevari ar unda emorCilebodes mkacr

instruqciebs, ar niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi kvlevis Catareba iolia — piriqiT, es

Zalian rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmea, romelic araCveulebriv koncentrirebas

da Sromisunarianobas moiTxovs, iseve rogorc mTel rig specialur unar-

Cvevebs, romelTa umravlesobac mxolod kvlevis Catarebis procesSi SeiZleba

iqnes Camoyalibebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tvisebrivi mkvlevris individualuri

pasuxismgebloba kvlevis msvlelobazec da miRebul Sedegebzec ufro didia,

vidre raodenobrivi mkvlevrisa.

Tvisebrivi mkvlevris profesionalizmi unda gamoixatebodes, agreTve im

garemoebis gacnobierebaSi, rom gamokvlevis procesSi mkvlevari Zalauneburad

axdens gavlenas Sesaswavl socialur jgufebze da urTierTobebze; Tumca

garkveulwilad SesaZleblia am gavlenis minimizacia, misi srulad gamoricxva

SeuZlebelia.

Tvisebrivi kvlevis procesSi mkvlevari, rogorc wesi, axlo da xangrZliv

urTierTobebs amyarebs im xalxTan, vis cxovrebasac Seiswavlis, sargeblobs maTi

ndobiT. Tvisebrivi meTodebis umravlesobis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia

respondentebis aqtiuri daxmarebis gareSe, romlebic savele muSaobis dros

6 ix., magaliTad: James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston;

Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press.

7 Spradley, James P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 3. 8 am saleqcio kursis farglebSi yoveli meTodis ganxilvisas moyvanili iqneba

qarTulenovan literaturaSi gamoyenebuli yvela Sesabamisi termini da moSveliebuli

iqneba misi inglisurenovani Sesatyvis(eb)i. 9 Earl Babbie. Op. cit. P. 285.

8

John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative

Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 101-122 (“Thinking Topics”). iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”

// sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis

gamomcemloba, 1998. gv. 22-44.



Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 282-268 (“Qualitative Filed Research”). Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in:

Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.


Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-381 (“Field Research”). В. Ядов. 1995. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы.

Изд-во «Самарский университет». С. 42-80 («Методология»). After the first lecture, students are required to prepare two assignments to be submitted

two days prior the next class: a) Think of and bring a list of 5 issues which are suitable for qualitative research; and b) Come up with a research design of their own, where both theoretical and practical

aspects of the proposed research will be considered; research proposals submitted by the students will be discussed during the next seminar.

Week 2. In-Depth Interview Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours

The first method that is covered in detail in terms of this course is in-depth interview.

While introducing this method, we first distinguish between structured, semi-structured and non-structured interviews. In-depth interview is an example of semi-structured interviews which are conducted based on a discussion guide as a major research instrument, which, however, is not directive, and allows both researcher/interviewer and respondent to develop new issues not mentioned in the guide, provided that they are of interest to the study.

After Robert S. Weiss, we consider in-depth interviewing as a process of collaboration between researcher and respondent. Use of open-ended questions stimulates development of the respondent’s narrative, which can be directed by the questions of the interviewer. We also discuss several probing techniques (silence, echo, baiting) that can help us get more information, often – without interviewer’s injection in respondent’s narrative.

We also discuss technical aspects of conducting in-depth interviews, such as selection and preparation of the setting; recording equipment; selection of respondents.

In addition to general discussion about in-depth interview as qualitative research method in the social sciences, we consider two variations of in-depth interviewing, namely, life histories and biographic narrative interviews (Gail Kligman’s and Gabriele Cappai’s works are used to get better understanding of these types of in-depth interview).

The lection finishes with the discussion of possibilities of analyzing in-depth interviews. In the end, we offer an example of how a Discussion Guide of an in-depth interview can

look like, with a short review which emphasizes its major features. Homework assignments for this week are: 1) to prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of in-depth

105

Tinatin Zurabishvili


Course outline As stated in the course syllabus, the main objectives of this 8-week course are two-fold:

as a result of attending this course, the students will: (a) get familiar with the theory and history of qualitative research methods in social sciences; and (b) learn how to conduct various types of qualitative research which are most frequently used in the contemporary social research practice.

Main topics covered in the course are outlined below.

Week 1. Qualitative Methods in Social Research: Introduction and Historical Overview. Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour

The first lecture offers introduction to qualitative research methods in social sciences.

We start with discussion of the nature and distinctive features of qualitative research methods, which are compared with quantitative methods, such as surveys. We stress that, unlike quantitative research method results, qualitative data are not representative, which, however, does not mean that they are less scientific; they provide deeper understanding of the social world than the quantitative methods do, although they can not be generalized and claimed that their results are representative for the population under study.

Qualitative research methods offer more flexibility to the researcher while doing field work. On the other hand, this leads to higher responsibility of the researcher, and poses specific ethnical issues, which will be covered more in detail later on.

Major issues in the discussion of the nature of qualitative and quantitative research methods are connected with the idea that qualitative and quantitative methods of social research are of different, but not of opposite nature; they should be used appropriately in order to achieve reliable results. The model of “qualitative – quantitative interactive continuum” developed by Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz (1998) is introduced, which stresses the idea that the two groups of methods can mutually enrich the research.

First lecture also offers a historical analysis of development of qualitative research methods, and a discussion of theoretical paradigms that lay behind qualitative and quantitative research methods

At the end of the lecture, we discuss research design and the ways to develop it. Detailed analyses of components of research design are presented, in order to make the students familiar with the ways of thinking about new research projects and getting prepared to start one.

At the end of the class, we will have discussion and/or Q&A session.

Required readings for this week are: Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:

Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 288-298 (“Some Qualitative Filed Research Paradigms”). Michael Burawoy. 1991 “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al.

1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of California Press.

Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research

Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-12 (“Qualitative-Quantitative Research: A False Dichotomy”).

104

mkvlevris “informantebis” rols kisruloben da exmarebian mas “SeaRwios”

Sesaswavl jgufSi. Sesabamisad, raodenobriv meTodebTan SedarebiT, Tvisebrivi

meTodebis gamoyenebisas ufro mwvaved dgeba kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli eTikuri

normebis dacvis sakiTxi, kerZod: gvaqvs Tu ra moraluri ufleba, Cveni kvleviTi

miznebis misaRwevad gamoviyenoT adamianis Cvendami ndoba da gulaxdiloba,

saaSkaraoze gamovitanoT misi piradi cxovreba? Tvisebriv mkvlevars gansa-

kuTrebuli eTikuri pasuxismgebloba akisria; mniSvnelovania, rom masa da

kvlevis obieqtebs Soris arsebuli ndoba kvlevis damTavrebis da Sedegebis

gamoqveynebis Semdegac iqnes SenarCunebuli.

rogorc wesi, Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli gamokvlevis savele etapi,

iseve rogorc monacemTa damuSaveba, ufro met dros moiTxovs, vidre

raodenobrivi kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi sruliad

gansxvavebul kvleviT instrumentebze dayrdnobiT muSaoben. Tumca arsebobs

kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic specialurad Tvisebrivi meTodebiT

miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebisTvisaa Seqmnili, Tvisebrivi Sedegebis analizis

sakvanZo etapebi dRemde kompiuteris gareSe xorcieldeba. rogorc wesi,

Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegad yvelaze xSirad viRebT sakvlevi obieqtis Sida

struqturis analizs da/an kvlevis sakiTxis adekvatur tipologias.

Teoriuli winamZRvrebi

Tu raodenobrivi meTodebis ganviTareba socialuri kvlevis praqtikaSi

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs ukavSirdeba, Tvisebrivi meTodebi

humanitarul sferosa da xelovnebasTanaa kavSirSi; maT damkvidrebaSi

garkveuli roli iTamaSa, agreTve samedicino praqtikam, romelic yvela

pacientisadmi individualur midgomas da calkeuli samedicino SemTxvevebis,

daavadebebis Rrma da safuZvlian Seswavlas moiTxovs. Tvisebrivi meTodebi

calkeuli pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa patara jgufis gamocdilebis, grZnobebis,

Sefasebebis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli, amitom am midgomas xSirad “subieqturi

sociologiis”, an mikrosociologiis farglebSi ganixilaven. Tu raodenobrivi

meTodebis farglebSi respondenti ganixileba, rogorc ama Tu im socialuri

jgufis warmomadgeneli, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi yoveli respondenti sainteresoa

rogorc pirovneba. adamianebisadmi gamovlenili Rrma interesis gamo mkvlevrebi

Tvisebrivi meTodebis rolis gazrdas XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sociologiis

da, ufro farTod, socialuri mecnierebebis humanizaciis periods ukavSireben. Tvisebriv da raodenobriv meTodebs sxvadaxva “filosofia” udevs safuZ-

vlad. Tu raodenobrivi meTodebi pozitivistur ideebs emyareba da gulisxmobs,

rom xalxi srulad acnobierebs Tavis grZnobebs, saqciels da Sexedulebebs,

Tvisebrivi meTodologia simboluri interaqcionizmis principebs iziarebs.

simboluri interaqcionizmis mizania SevecadoT gavigoT adamianis saqcieli ise,

rogorc es Tavad moqmed pirs, anu aqtors esmis. am Teoriis fuZemdeblis,

herbert blumeris Tanaxmad, simboluri interaqcionizmis oTxi ZiriTadi

principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:10

1) adamianebis qceva ganpirobebulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac adamianebi

ukavSireben sagnebs, romelic maTi samyaros nawilia; e.i. adamianebi moqmedeben

ara sagnebis, aramed im mniSvnelobis mimarT, romelsac isini am sagnebSi xedaven;

2) sagnebis mniSvneloba yalibdeba socialuri interaqciis procesSi, Sesa-

bamisad, kultura adamianebs Soris sagnebis damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobebis

urTierTgaziarebaa;

3) rogorc individualuri, aseve koleqtiuri socialuri moqmedeba damoki-

debulia aqtorebis mier socialuri situaciis interpretaciis form(eb)ze;

4) sagnebis mniSvneloba icvleba aqtorebis mier samyaros interpretaciis

procesSi.

es sami principi Tvisebrivi kvlevis principebadac SegviZlia miviCnioT. ro-

gorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis mizania, gamovlenili da aRwerili

10 Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:

Prentice-Hall. P. 50.

9

iqnes is mniSvneloba, romelsac moqmedi pirebi Tavad ukavSireben ama Tu im

moqmedebas, da ara — daadginon ama Tu im azris gavrcelebis sixSire.

istoriuli mimoxilva

Tvisebrivi meTodebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes

evropelma anTropologebma, romlebmac ganaviTares “CarTuli dakvirvebis”

meTodi afrikisa da aziis primitiuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT. Cikagos

sociologiuri skolis pirveli yvelaze cnobili gamokvleva, uiliam Tomasisa da

florian znaneckis “poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi” (1918 w.) srulad

emyareba Tvisebriv meTodebs, kerZod, amerikaSi gadasaxlebuli poloneli

glexebis mier gamogzavnili werilebis, maTi Canawerebis (piradi dRiurebi da

sxv.) da e.w. “cxovrebis istoriebis” Seswavlas. raodenobrivi meTodebi da,

upirveles yovlisa, masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodi mxolod XX saukunis 30-ani

wlebis dasawyisidan damkvidrda aSS-Si adgilobrivi gazeTebisa da politikuri

partiebis iniciativiT da materialuri mxardaWeriT.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-s socialur mecnierebebSi da, kerZod, sociolo-

giaSi ganviTarda “meTodebis konfliqti”, romelic raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi

meTodebis momxre mecnierTa dapirispirebaSi gamoixata. am dapirispirebaSi

sufTa meToduri kamaTis garda igrZnoboda, agreTve im droisaTvis wamyvani

amerikuli universitetebis ori meToduri skolis, kolumbiis da Cikagos

skolebis dapirispireba. Tu Cikagos skolis waromadgenlebi did yuradRebas

uTmobdnen Tvisebriv meTodebs da mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes maT ganviTa-

rebaSi, kolumbiis universitetis mecnierebi raodenobrivi meTodebis momxreni

iyvnen da miiCnevdnen, rom sociologia ar unda acxadebdes Tavs namdvil

mecnierebad, Tu mas ar SeuZlia miRebuli empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis

dasabuTeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis analogiurad. swored sabunebis-

metyvelo mecnierebebi iyo, kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT,

“WeSmariti” mecnierebebi; isini miiCnevdnen, rom sociologiaSi da, zogadad,

socialur mecnierebebSi empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis dasabuTeba mxolod

maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac kvleva raodenobrivi meTodebiT, upirveles

yovlisa — respondentTa reprezentatuli SerCevis safuZvelze tardeba.

Tvisebriv meTodebs kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenlebi aramecnierulad

miiCnevdnen da maTi damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.

amis sapirispirod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi xazs usvamdnen im

garemoebas, rom am meTodebiT SesaZlebelia rTuli da naklebad gavrcelebuli

fenomenebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla, rom es meTodebi dagvexmareba iq, sadac yvela

raodenobrivi meTodi uZluria; Tvisebrivi meTodebi aseve sasargebloa

adamianTa Sinagani samyaros, Sidajgufuri urTierTobebis Seswavlis dros. maTi

meSveobiT, rogorc wesi, xdeba problemuri situaciis sruli da yovelmxrivi

Seswavla, da ara misi calkeuli gamovlinebebis dafiqsireba.

ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli iyo imis uaryofa, rom arc erTi Tvisebrivi meTodi

ar pasuxobda statistikuri reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs, arc Tvisebrivi

kvlevis Sedegebis generalizacia iyo SesaZlebeli. garkveul sirTuleebs war-

moadgenda Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis analizis strategiac, romelic, agreTve

minimalurad iyo formalizebuli da Zalze mwvaved svamda mkvlevaris obieq-

turobis sakiTxs. aRiarebdnen ra am sirTuleebs, Tvisebrivi meTodebis

mxardamWerni xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom aseT kvlevebs ZaluZT mniS-

vnelovnad gaamdidron Cveni codna socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. amisaTvis ki

saWiroa, rom es meTodebi maTTvis Sesaferis adgilas iyos gamoyenebuli da ar

iqnes Sefasebuli raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT.

1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis “meTodebis konfliqtSi” droebiTi gamar-

jveba moipoves kolumbiis universitetis warmomadgenlebma. 1935 wels maT mier

daarsebuli iqna axali mecnieruli Jurnali American Sociological Review.11 Review-s

11 manamde, jer kidev 1895 wels, pirveli sociologiuri Jurnali, American Journal of

Sociology, Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetze iqna daarsebuli albion

smolis mier.

10

fonis meSveobiT tardeba. satelefono interviuebi, rogorc wesi, 10-15 wuTze

met xans ar grZeldeba. satelefono gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gansakuTrebiT

Znelia reprezentatulobis dacva.

siRrmiseuli interviu — intervius saxeoba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba

Tvisebriv meTodebSi. esaa nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviu, romelic

sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze warimarTeba da miznad isaxavs, Seityos

respondentis ara mxolod damokidebuleba da pozicia, aramed motivaciebi.

transkripti — intervius an fokus-jgufis audio-Canaweris qaRaldze

gadatanis (“gaSifvris”) Sedegad miRebuli teqsti. Tvisebriv kvlevaSi xSirad

swored transkriptis saxiT viRebT pirvelad (“nedl”) monacemebs, romelTa

damuSavebac xdeba kvlevis Sedegebis analizis mizniT.

fokus-jgufi — Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli meTodi,

romelic aseve cnobilia “jgufuri diskusiis” saxeliT. rogorc wesi, fokus-

jgufSi 6-dan 12-mde respondenti iRebs monawileobas; is warimarTeba

sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze specialuri kvalifikaciis mqone wamyvanis,

moderatoris mier.

“Ria” kiTxva — kiTxvis saxeoba, romelic ar sTavazobs respondentebs pasuxis

SesaZlo variantebs. am tipis kiTxvebi Zalian mizanSewonilia imdenad,

ramdenadac isini minimalur gavlenas axdens respondnetTa pasuxebze, magram

maTi statistikuri damuSaveba Zalian Sromatevadia, amitom Ria kiTxvebi ufro

farTodaa gavrcelebuli, da ufro damaxasiaTebelia Tvisebrivi kvlevisTvis.

SerCeva — wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac unda moxdes respondentTa SerCeva

generaluri erTobliobis wevrebisagan. am process gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

aqvs masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros, sadac SerCeva reprezentatuli unda

iyos; Tvisebriv kvlevaSi SerCevis SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT naklebi moTxovna

arsebobs.

SerCeviTi erToblioba — respondentTa jgufi, romelsac Cven viRebT

SerCevis Sedegad da romlebsac uSualod gamovkiTxavT. Tu SerCeva sworad

ganxorcielda, SerCeviTi erToblioba generaluri erTobliobis

reprezentatuli iqneba.

“cxovrebis istoria” — siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic miznad

isaxavs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlas respondentis cxovrebaSi am problemis

adgilis, misi gavlenis dadgenis meSveobiT. ix. agreTve: biografiuli interviu.

hipoTeza — mecnierulad dasabuTebuli varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori

pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevris mier dasaxul kvleviT kiTxvebze. hipoTeza

gamokvlevis programis aucilebeli nawilia.

103

damuSavebis da gamoyenebis meTodebis erToblioba.

socialuri kvlevis meTodologia — samecniero kvlevis logika, romelic

erTian sistemaSi aerTianebs mis principebs, wesebsa da meTodebs. socialur

kvlevaSi meTodologia ganixileba rogorc kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli,

ukavSirdeba mis problemur monaxazs da Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs

gamokvlevis programaSi.

moderatori — fokus-jgufis wamyvani, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc Tavad

mkvlevari, aseve mowveuli piri.

monografiuli gamokvleva — kvleviTi midgoma socialur mecnierebebSi,

romelic ramdenime meTods aerTianebs; cnobilia, agreTve “SemTxvevis Seswavlis”

saxeliT. es midgoma upirveles yovlisa gamoirCeva imiT, rom mis farglebSi

mravali meTodi gamoiyeneba (upirveles yovlisa — CarTuli dakvirveba), savele

samuSaoebi ki Zalian didi xnis manZilze grZeldeba. Tumca yvelaze xSirad

monografiuli gamokvleva Tvisebriv meTodebTan asocideba, mis farglebSi

raodenobrivi meTodebic gamoiyeneba.

naxevrad daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi,

romlebsac Tan erTvis pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia, magram, agreTve

mocemulia damatebiTi varianti “sxva”, sadac respondentebs saSualeba eZlevaT,

daafiqsiron gansxvavebuli azri, romelic ar iqna (an ver iqna) gaTvaliswinebuli

gamokiTxvis organizatorebis mier.

pirispir interviu — intervius yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba, romlis

drosac interviueri pirispir esaubreba respondents da kiTxvarSi iniSnavs mis

mier gacemul pasuxebs. pirispir interviu, rogorc wesi, respondentis binaze

tardeba; misi xanrgZlivoba SeiZleba meryeobdes 20 wuTidan 60 wuTamde.

intervius sxva saxeobebia satelefono da safosto interviu.

raodenobrivi meTodebi — socialuri kvlevis formalizebuli meTodebi,

romelTa gamoyenebac statistikur kanonzomierebebs emyareba da romlebic miz-

nad isaxavs gamoavlinos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gavrceleba, misi gamov-

lenis sixSire. es iseTi meTodebia, rogorc masobrivi gamokiTxva, kontent-ana-

lizi.

reaqtiuloba — mkvlevris an kvleviTi situaciis gavlena aqtorebis

saqcielsa da naTqvamze, kvlevis obieqtebis reaqcia im garemoebaze, rom

mkvlevari Seiswavlis maT; gansakuTrebiT vlindeba CarTuli dakvirvebis

warmoebis procesSi. ician ra, rom maT moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian

sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi

aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara, isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba

adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram dakvirvebis warmoebisas es Zalze

seriozuli problemaa, vinaidan amaxinjebs miRebul Sedegebs.

reprezentatuloba — mTavari moTxovna respondentTa SerCevisadmi

masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros. reprezentatuloba gulisxmobs, rom

SerCeva proporciulad asaxavs generaluri erTobliobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs,

warmoadgens ra mis “mikromodels”.

respondenti — adamiani, romelic kvlevis Catarebis dros informaciis

uSualo wyaroa, romlisganac mkvlevrebi iReben maTTvis saWiro informacias;

gamokiTxuli.

sadiskusio gegma — kvlevis instrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba siRrmiseuli

intervius da fokus-jgufebis struqturirebis mizniT. esaa intervius sava-

raudo kiTxvebis sia. sadiskusio gegma ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebisgan Sedgeba.

savele samuSaoebi — termini, romliTac moixsenieba kvlevis Catrebisas

pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis procesi.

satelefono gamokiTxva — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic tele-

102

furclebze ver gamoinaxa adgili verc Tvisebrivi meTodebisaTvis da verc

Cikagos sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. magram es gamarjveba ar

iyo xangrZlivi — meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganaxlda da Semdgom TandaTan

gaizarda mkvlevrebis interesi Tvisebrivi meTodebis mimarT, romlebic dRes

sul ufro da ufro myar adgils ikaveben socialur gamokvlevebSi.

“meTodebis konfliqti” dRes

Tumca raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan, ar arsebobs erTazrovani pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu romelia am

meTodebidan “ukeTesi” da romeli — “uaresi”, an romels unda mivaniWoT

upiratesoba. yvela meTods aqvs Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi, yvela SeiZleba

kargi da saWiro iyos Tavis adgilas, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ra sakiTxis

Seswavlas vapirebT da ra kvleviT kiTxvebze veZebT pasuxs. kvlevis meTodis

SerCeva konkretuli kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare unda moxdes — aris

amocanebi da kiTxvebi, romelTa gadaWrasac ukeT SeZlebs raodenobrivi

meTodebi, iseve rogorc aris amocanebi, romelTa gadawyvetac Tvisebrivi

meTodebis meSveobiTaa yvelaze mizanSewonili.12 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoiyeneba ama Tu im problemis, socialuri situaciis

siRrmiseulad Seswavlis mizniT. am meTodebis meSveobiT Seswavlili problemebi

moicavs, magaliTad, migracias da emigrantebis cxovrebas axal garemoSi;

damnaSaveTa samyaros Sida struqturas da/an damnaSaveTa pirovnul Tvisebebs;

Zalauflebis ganawilebas mcire socialur jgufebSi; gansxvavebuli yofis mqone

adamianTa (mag., musikosebis, mocekvaveebis) cxovrebis aRweras da sxv. sxva mxriv,

raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu SeviswavliT

sazogadoebaSi arsebul stratifikaciul sistemas; ama Tu im politikuri

partiis mxardaWeris perspeqtivebs; romelime masobrivi informaciis saSualebis

auditoris demografiul Tvisebebs, da sxv.

amasTan, socialuri sinamdvile imdenad rTulia, rom warmoudgenelia misi

Seswavla mxolod erTi meTodis saSualebiT. Cven yovelTvis gvaqvs arCevani

mraval midgomas Soris, xolo saukeTeso Sedegs, rogorc wesi, Tvisebrivi da

raodenobrivi meTodebis gaerTianebisas, maTi paraleluri gamoyenebisas

miviRebT.

sociologiis istoriaSi cnobilia ramdenime kvleva, romlebic am ori jgufis

meTodebis Serwymis TvalsazrisiTaa gansakuTrebiT saintereso. maT Soris erT-

erTi yvelaze adrindelia 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria

iahodas, pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva,

romlis Temac umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.13 ukanasknel

wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia ielis universitetis mier 2000-2001

wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvleva aRmosavleT evropis 7 qveyanaSi, romelic

Seiswavlida e.w. “eTnikuri siRaribis” problemas.14 aseTi kvlevebi adasturebs,

rom “meTodebis konfliqtis” gadaWris yvelaze mizanSewonili gza iqneba

raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis erToblivi gamoyeneba, rac saSualebas

mogvcems, ufro srulad davinaxoT is problema an sakiTxi, romelsac

SeviswavliT.

amerikeli mkvlevrebi isador niumani da kerolain benci, romlebmac Tavisi

wigni Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis Tanaarsebobisa da TanamSromlobis

gzebs miuZRvnes, xazs usvamen am meTodebis dapirispirebis xelovnurobas da, amis

12 raTa miviRoT gadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli meTodis gamoyeneba

mogvcems ukeTes Sedegs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlisas, aucileblad unda

gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, Tu ramdeni dro gvaqvs gamokvlevis Casatareblad da

ramdeni Tanxaa gamoyofili amisaTvis. 13 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed

Community. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton. 14 am kvlevis Sedegebi jer ar gamoqveynebula. aseTi kompleqsuri gamokvlevebi SedarebiT

iSviaTad tardeba, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom maTi Catareba Zalze rTulia, da

amasTan — Zalian ZviradRirebuli.

11

sapirispirod, laparakoben maT Soris arsebuli “interaqtiuli kontiniumis”

Sesaxeb, romelsac, maTi rwmeniT, ara aqvs gamokveTili sawyisi da bolo wertili —

kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare, mkvlevarma SeiZleba daiwyos muSaoba am

“kontiniumis” nebismier wertilSi, rac kvlevis sworad warmarTvis pirobebSi ar

Seamcirebs am kvlevis xarisxsa da mecnierul faseulobas15.

Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis “kontimuumze” laparaki socialuri

kvlevis mimarT axlebur midgomas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove etapze mkvlevari ar

unda Semoifarglos meTodebis mxolod erTi jgufiT, miT umetes — romelime

erTi meTodiT. piriqiT, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebi unda ganixile-

bodes rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli da urTierTgamamdidrebeli. rac ufro

mravali kuTxidan SevecdebiT Cvens winaSe mdgari amocanis Seswavlas, miT ufro

mniSvnelovan da faseul Sedegebs miviRebT.

gamokvlevis programa

empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba arasodes ar aris TviTmizani — is

miznad isaxavs axali codnis miRebas socialuri sinamdvilis ama Tu im aspeqtis

Sesaxeb, emsaxureba akademiuri samyaros, mTavrobis, kerZo biznesis, Tu farTo

sazogadoebis interesebs. kvlevis daniSnuleba da is interesebi, romlebsac is

emsaxureba, gamoxatulia gamokvlevis programaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva naklebad formalizebulia, misi

Catarebisas, iseve rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi,

aucilebelia, rom Sedgenili iqnes gamokvlevis programa. programis Sedgena

aucilebelia gamokvlevis miznebis, amocanebisa da problemebis Camoyalibebis

mizniT. amasTan, am dokumentSi Camoyalibebuli iqneba SerCeuli meTodis

gamoyenebis marTebuloba.

gamokvlevis programebi gansxvavdeba kvlevis tipidan gamomdinare. socia-

luri gamokvlevis sami ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs: dazverviTi, aRweriTi da

analitikuri. gamokvlevis tipis SerCeva damokidebulia imazec, Tu ramdenad iqna

Seswavlili esa Tu is problema adrindeli gamokvlevebis Sedegad.

dazverviTi gamokvleva kvlevis yvelaze martivi tipia — misi mizania,

Seagrovos pirveladi monacemebi ama Tu im problemis irgvliv, “dazveros” misi

mdgomareoba. aseT gamokvlevas, rogorc wesi, Zalian martiv programaze

dayrdnobiT da mxolod erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT atareben. yvelze xSirad

dazverviTi gamokvleva ama Tu im problemis Seswavlis pirveli etapia.

aRweriTi gamokvleva ufro rTulia, misi mizania garkveuli problemis an

adamianTa jgufis Sesaxeb vrceli informaciis miReba, romelic SemdegSi

saSualebas miscems mkvlvrebs daadginon, arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri am

problemis sxvadasxva elements Soris. aRweriTi gamokvleva sruli kvleviTi

programis SemuSavebas moiTxovs.

analitikuri gamokvleva yvelaze ufro rTulia. socialuri problemis

aRwerasTan erTad is miznad isaxavs misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis

gamoaSkaravebas. sworad Catarebuli analitikuri gamokvleva movlenebis ganvi-

Tarebis prognozirebis saSualebasac iZleva. analitikur gamokvlevaSi, rogorc

wesi, paralelurad gamoiyeneba informaciis Segrovebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli

meTodi.

yvela tipis kvleva ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc wesi,

Tanamimdevrulad xorcieldeba. esenia:

gamokvlevis programis SemuSaveba;

savele etapi, romlis drosac xdeba informaciis Segroveba;

informaciis damuSaveba;

miRebuli Sedegebis analizi;

kvlevis angariSis momzadeba da publikacia.

15 ix. Isadore Newman, and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology.

Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

12

srulad iziarebs dakvirvebis obieqtTa yofas, monawileobas iRebs maT

saqmianobaSi, esaubreba maT, raTa ukeT Seiswavlos maTi cxovreba.

daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi, romlebsac

Tan axlavs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia.

demografia — mosaxleobis struqturis mecnieruli Seswavla, romelic

awarmoebs mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdisa da Semcirebis, Sobadobis, sikvdi-

lianobis, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis, migraciis analizs; agreTve, ganixilavs mis

asakobriv, sqesobriv Tanafardobas da am maCveneblebis cvlilebebs. demogra-

fiuli informaciis Segrovebis umTavresi wyaroa regularuli aRwera, romelic

yvela saxelmwifoSi saSualod 10 weliwadSi erTxel tardeba.

eTnografia — gansxvavebuli kulturis Seswavla da aRwera, romelic

ZiriTadad Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT xdeba. eTnografiis ZiriTadi mi-

zania cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi am kulturis

warmomadgenlebs esmiT.

eTika — profesiuli saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli principebis da normebis

erToblioba, romelic ama Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs.

eTikuri normebi Tavmoyrilia eTikis kodeqsebSi.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi — socialuri kvlevis meTodebis jgufi, romelic

aerTianebs iseT meTodebs, rogorebicaa siRrmiseuli interviu, “cxovrebis is-

toria”, fokus-jgufi, dakvirveba, monografiuli gamokvleva, da sxv. es meTodebi

cnobilia rogorc “moqnili” meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebisagan gan-

sxvavebiT miznad isaxavs ara Sesaswavli fenomenis raodenobrivi gavrcelebis

suraTis dadgenas, aramed mis siRrmiseul Seswavlas.

interviu — respondentis gamokiTxvis, misgan informaciis miRebis procesi.

interviu verbaluri informaciis miRebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli

saSualebaa socialur kvlevebSi. misi ramdenime ZiriTadi tipi gamoirCeva,

gamomdinare iqidan, ramdenad struqturirebulia interviu: struqturirebuli,

nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli.

interviueri — kvleviTi jgufis wevri, romelic uSualod esaubreba

respondents, mimarTavs mas kiTxvaris kiTxvebiT da iniSnavs miRebul pasuxebs.

interviueri ZiriTadad masobrivi gamokiTxvis procesSi gamoiyeneba.

informanti — CarTuli dakvirvebis dros mkvlevaris informaciis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi wyaro; Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic exmareba

mkvlevars am kulturis SeswavlaSi.

kiTxvari — specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad Sedgenili kiTxvebis erToblioba,

romelTac respondentebi pasuxoben masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros. gamokiTxvis

tipidan gamomdinare, kiTxvari SeiZleba miZRvnili iyos mxolod erTi Temisadmi,

an sxvadasxva Tematuri blokisagan Sedgebodes.

kontent-analizi — sociologiuri kvlevis meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac

Seiswavleba sxvadasxva tipis dokumentebi maTSi ama Tu im maCveneblebis gamov-

lenis sixSiris dafiqsirebis mizniT. termini iTargmneba qarTul enaze rogorc

“Sinaarsis analizi”; is SeiZleba iyos rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisebrivi.

masobrivi gamokiTxva — sociologiuri kvlevis yvelaze farTod gavrce-

lebuli raodenobrivi meTodi, mosaxleobis azris Seswavla ama Tu im prob-

lemasTan dakavSirebiT misi reprezentatuli nawilis (SerCevis) gamokiTxvis

safuZvelze. gamokiTxva xdeba formalizebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze,

specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad SerCeul respondentebTan.

meTodi — ama Tu im saqmianobis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis konkretuli

xerxi. socialur kvlevaSi — pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis saSualeba. ix.

agreTve: Tvisebrivi meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebi.

socialuri kvlevis meTodika — pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis,

101

danarTi #2.

Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis


analitikuri gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze rTuli saxeoba,

romelic miznad isaxavs ara marto socialuri problemis aRweras, aramed,

agreTve misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis gamoaSkaravebas. ix. agreTve:

dazverviTi gamokvleva da aRweriTi gamokvleva.

anketireba — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT

warimarTeba. anketirebis dros respondenti TviTon kiTxulobs kiTxvaris

kiTxvebs da Tavadve aRniSnavs pasuxebs, romlebic mis azrs Seesabameba. ix.

agreTve: interviu.

aqtori (Tvisebriv kvlevaSi) — pirovneba, romlis moqmedebac mkvlevris

dakvirvebis da Seswavlis sagania. termini gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad CarTuli

dakvirvebis Sesaxeb saubrisas.

biografiuli interviu — siRmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic

miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis (biografiis) qronologiur rekonstruq-

cias, raTa Seswavlil iqnes ama Tu im socialuri problemis gavlena individis

cxovrebaze, mis mier ama Tu im movlenebis gaazreba da Sefaseba, da sxv.

biografiul interviusa da “cxovrebis istorias” Soris bevria saerTo, Tumca

pirveli gansakuTrebiT farTod gamoiyeneba evropaSi, kerZod — germaniaSi, xolo

meore — aSS-Si. ix. agreTve: cxovrebis istoria.

aRweriTi gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvleva, romelic tardeba ama Tu im

socialuri problemis SeZlebisdagvarad sruli aRweris mizniT, xSirad — raTa

gamovlenili iqnes, arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri am problemis Semadgenel elementebs

Soris. ix. agreTve: dazverviTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.

gamokvlevis programa — sabuTi, romelic aucilebelia empiriuli

socialuri gamokvlevis Casatareblad. gamokvlevis programa kvlevis dawyebamde

unda SemuSavdes. aq Camoyalibebulia gamokvlevis strategia, dasabuTebulia

gamokvlevis problemis mniSvneloba da aqtualuroba da mis Sesaswavlad

SerCeuli gzebis (meTodebis) gamoyenebis marTebuloba. gamokvlevis programis

safuZvliani damuSaveba xels uwyobs xarisxiani gamokvlevis Catarebas da sando

Sedegebis miRebas, Tumca wminda gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis SemTxvevaSi misi

SemuSaveba SeiZleba ar moxdes.

generaluri erToblioba — yvela im adamianTa erToblioba, visac axasiaTebs

is socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebi, romelTa Seswavlac mkvlevris mizans

warmoadgens. gamokvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare, generaluri erToblioba

SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos. magaliTad, Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

azris Seswavla, generalur erTobliobas warmoadgens saqarTvelos yvela

srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis damokidebulebas ama

Tu im problemisadmi, generaluri erTobliobaa saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qalebi;

Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT

miznad, Cveni generaluri erToblioba am universitetis studentebi iqnebian.

generaluri erTobliobis gansazRvra SerCevis Sedgenis safuZvelia.

dazverviTi gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze ubralo tipi,

romlis mizanicaa ama Tu im problemis winaswari Seswavla, misi mdgomareobis

“dazverva”. ix. agreTve: aRweriTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.

dakvirveba — informaciis Segrovebis meTodi (ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba

eTnografiaSi, antropologiaSi da sociologiaSi), romlis drosac mkvlevari

akvirdeba aqtor(eb)is moqmedebas. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben e.w. “ubralo” da

“CarTul” (“monawile”) dakvirvebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevari aranairad ar

ereva im movlenebSi, romlebsac akvirdeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi is xSirad

100

nebismieri kvleva programis SedgeniT iwyeba. Tu am dokumentis Sedgenas

saTanado yuradRebis gareSe movepyrobiT, SeiZleba mTeli gamokvleva CaiSalos.

maSinac ki, rodesac yvelaze martivi, dazverviTi gamokvlevis programis Sesaxeb

vsaubrobT, aucilebelia misi Sedgenis dros maqsimalurad davasabuToT Cveni

miznebi da amocanebi.

gamokvlevis programis mTavari mizania gamokvlevis problemis gansazRvra,

misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba da am problemis SeswavlisaTvis SerCeuli gzebis

marTebulobis damtkiceba. programa unda pasuxobdes kvleviTi kiTxvebis

logikur Tanamimdevrobas:

o ra unda SeviswavloT?

o ra miznebis misaRwevad unda SeviswavloT?

o sad da ra pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT?

o kvlevis ra saSualebebis gamoyenebiT unda SeviswavloT?

am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba gamokvlevis ukeT momzadebasa da

CatarebaSi gvexmareba.

gamokvlevis programa, romelic, agreTve “gamokvlevis koncefciis”

saxeliTaa cnobili, rogorc wesi, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: meTodologiuri da

proceduruli.

programis meTodologiur nawilSi, romelic Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, xdeba (1)

socialuri problemis Camoyalibeba da misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba; (2) gamo-

kvlevis obieqtisa da Temis gansazRvra; (3) dasmuli problemidan gamomdinare,

gamokvlevis miznis (an miznebis) da amocanebis dasaxva da (4) gamokvlevis

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba.

programis procedurul (meTodur) nawilSi saWiroa (1) Sesaswavli erTeulis

(jgufis) gamoyofa da (2) informaciis Segrovebis meTodebis aRwera da daxa-

siaTeba.

ganvixiloT moTxovnebi gamokvlevis programis orive nawilisadmi.16

programis meTodologiuri nawili

1. problemis Camoyalibeba. SeuZlebelia socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba

“saerTod” — mas aucileblad unda hqondes fokusi, unda gamoiyos konkretuli

sakiTxebis jgufi, romelic mkvlevris ZiriTadi interesia. yvela kvleva tardeba

ama Tu im socialuri problemis Seswavlis mizniT. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli so-

cialuri problemebi SeiZleba exebodes cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos, magram isi-

ni yovelTvis xalxis erToblivi cxovrebiT, urTierTqmedebiT da/an maTi socia-

lur institutebTan urTierTobiTaa gamowveuli, asaxaven interesebis sxvada-

sxvaobas da mosaxleobis farTo fenebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. ra Tqma unda,

gamokvleva am problemebs ver gadaWris, magram mas SeuZlia, gaamdidros Cveni

codna maT Sesaxeb da daexmaros sazogadoebas arsebuli problemebis gadaWraSi.

ar aris mizanSewonili erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ramdenime socialuri

problemis Seswavla — aseTi kvlevis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba Zalian Znelia,

xSirad ki SeuZlebelic.

gamokvlevis problemis ukeT Camoyalibebisa da misi aqtualobis dasabuTebis

mizniT aucilebelia Seswavlili iqnes arsebuli literatura am problemasTan

dakavSirebiT. agreTve mniSvnelovania am problemisadmi miZRvnili wina kvlevebis

Sedegebis moZieba. literaturis mimoxilvaSi xdeba moZiebuli literaturis

ganxilva da dagegmili kvlevis adgilis gansazRvra arsebul samecniero wyaroebs

Soris.

gamokvlevis programis es nawili mizanSewonilia davasruloT Cveni uSualo

kvleviTi kiTxvis CamoyalibebiT.

2. gamokvlevis Temisa da obieqtis gansazRvra. gamokvlevis TemaSi gamo-

16 qvemoT moyvanili moTxovnebi ar aris SemuSavebuli specifikurad Tvisebrivi kvlevi-

saTvis. ramdenadac, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamokvlevis programa yvela tipis

gamokvlevisTvis unda iqnes SemuSavebuli, es moTxovnebi SeiZleba wavuyenoT rogorc

Tvisebriv, aseve raodenobriv kvlevas.

13

kveTilia socialuri problemis is aspeqtebi, romelTa uSualo Seswavlacaa

dagegmili. rogorc wesi, socialuri problemebi Zalian rTulia; gamokvlevis

Temis gamoyofa aucilebelia imisTvis, rom kvleva mimarTuli iyos problemis

swored im mxareebze, romelTa Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens. gamokvle-

vis Temis gamoyofa problemis gansazRvris Semdeg xdeba da mis yvelaze mniS-

vnelovan maxasiaTeblebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, gvalvis gavlenis Seswavlisas

gamokvlevis uSualo Tema SeiZleba iyos (a) zaralis odenoba, romelic gvalvam

mosaxleobas miayena; (b) resursebi, romelic aqvs mosaxleobas, raTa gaumklavdes

zarals; (g) sxvadasxva saxis saxelmwifo an saerTaSoriso daxmarebis efeqtu-

robis Sefaseba da sxv.

gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvra advilia gamomdinare im Temidan, romlis

Seswavlacaa dagegmili. gamokvlevis obieqti Seswavlis uSualo sagania.

socialur gamokvlevebSi, rogorc wesi, esaa mosaxleoba (an misi romelime nawili)

an sabuTebi. magaliTad, Tu SeviswavliT kaxeTSi gvalvis gamo warmoqmnil

problemebs, ara aqvs azri, gamovkiTxoT Tbilisis mosaxleoba, romelsac

araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs soflis meurneobasTan an glexebi, romlebic imereTSi

an aWaraSi cxovroben. gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvris Sedegad Cven vayalibebT

generalur erTobliobas, anu yvela im adamianis erTobliobas, romlebic im

specifikuri socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebis matareblebi arian, romelTa

Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens.

sxva magaliTebi: Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis azris Seswavla

umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT, generalur erToblioba iqneba

saqarTvelos yvela srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis

damokidebulebas ama Tu im problemisadmi, generalur erToblioba

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela qalia; Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis

studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT miznad, generalur erToblioba iqneba am

universitetis yvela studentebi.

3. gamokvlevis miznisa da amocanebis dasaxva. gamokvleva SeiZleba atarebdes

sufTa mecnierul xasiaTs. am SemTxvevaSi mas mxolod SemecnebiTi mizani eqneba —

garkveuli problemis an sazogadoebrivi jgufis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba,

codnis gaRrmaveba an Teoriuli mosazrebebis Semowmeba. arsebobs, agreTve e.w.

gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi, romlebic raime praqtikuli miznis misaRwevad tardeba.

es SeiZleba iyos romelime azris gavrcelebis an sareklamo kampaniis

efeqturobis Sefaseba; xalxis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba; ama Tu im sferoSi

arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis dasaxva da a.S.

Tu gamokvlevis mizani mkvlevris farTo interess gamoxatavs, amocanebi am

miznis dakonkretebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Tu gamokvlevis mizani kaxeTSi gvalvis

Sedegebis Sefasebaa, misi amocanebi SeiZleba iyos gvalvis gamo yvelaze metad

dazaralebuli glexebisaTvis daxmarebis SesaZlo gzebis SemuSaveba.

4. gamokvlevis hipoTezis Camoyalibeba. hipoTeza mecnierulad dasabuTebuli

varaudia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevaris mier dasmul

kiTxvebze, rogor SeiZleba aixsnas Sesaswavli procesebi. nebismieri socialuri

gamokvlevis Catarebas win uswrebs met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ra bunebis problemasTan gvaqvs saqme, raa misi warmoSobis mizezebi da

rogori SeiZleba iyos misi gadaWris gzebi. gamokvlevis Catarebis Sedegad

hipoTeza an dadasturdeba, an uaryofili iqneba.

kargi hipoTeza iseT hipoTezas ar niSnavs, romelic aucileblad

dadasturdeba. uaryofili hopiTezac SeiZleba kargi kvleviTi

kiTxvebis dasmaSi dagvexmaros da swori mimarTuleba misces

gamokvlevas.

programis proceduruli nawili

1. Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofa eyrdnoba gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvras,

romlis Sedegadac gamoiyofa im mosaxleobis Tu sabuTebis raodenoba da

konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic uSualod unda iqnes Seswavlili.

socialur gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia Sesaswavli erTeulebis SerCeva, radgan

praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gamokvlevis obieqtSi gansazRvruli yvela erTeulis

14

konkretulad ra SeiZleba gavakeToT Cven?

- me, magaliTad, Zalian cud mdgomareobaSi var, imitom rom me bevrad

mirCevia, rom mivce fuli leqtors da raRac CavTvalo, imitom rom namdvilad

problemebiT var savse, magram dRes-dReobiT me amas ar gavakeTeb, miT umetes,

maqvs saSualeba. me sami gamocda gadavitane da vapireb swavlas. me vfiqrob, es iyo

Cemi erT-erTi Setanili wvlili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

- marTali xar.

- albaT marTla, rom aRar gadavixadoT gamocdebSi da CaTvlebSi fuli.

- Cveni cxovreba xom marto gamocdebi da CaTvlebi ar aris?

- ara.

- arc arsad.

- me vfiqrob, zogadad interesi unda gaviRviZoT imisa, rom ar CavdgaT fexi

iq, sadac...

- Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs.

- erTi, pirveli — Seni piradi magaliTiT misce magaliTi sxvas, meores; es aris

erTi momenti, da meore momenti — is, rac Sen ici da iman ar icis (Tundac

uflebebi, Tundac Sen ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is) — Sen daexmaro im adamians im

resursiT, rac Sen gaqvs. bunebrivia, Tu raime organizaciis wevri xar, meti

saSualeba SeiZleba gqondes, TavisTavad, magram Tu xar rigiTi pirovneba, es ar

niSnavs, rom ar SegiZlia — Tundac kerZo saubarSi Sens megobars uTxra,

elementarulad is informacia, romelic SeiZleba ver moipova, SeiZleba ar

undoda, ar gaigo; anda qmediTi daxmareba aRmouCino, gahyve imas, igive

informaciis gamoTxovebis momentSi, yvelam xom ar icis? egec Setanili wvlilia.

bevri rame SeiZleba!

- Tundac, ukanono gadasaxads — magaliTad, pasportis aReba mindoda,

Sevitane gancxadeba. 6 lari Tu 12 lari momTxoves. me vuTxari: “damiwere qviTari

da vixdi”. ar dagiwero. ratom ar damiwer, veubnebi — sxvaTaSoris, maSin vicrue da

Tavisuflebis institutis saxeli gamoviyene...

- ar aris eg korufcia?

- pasporti, Tu piradobis mowmoba?

- pasporti.

- 6 lari Zalian iafia pasportisTvis.

- ara, ubralod gancxadebis Setana.

- veubnebi, damiwere [qviTari] da 24 lari unda mogce. analogiurad, diplomis

fuli minda, rom bankSi Sevitano — ar aris aranairi gza!

- angariSis nomeri ici, rom Seitano?

- Tundac, bavSvi myavs, da ramdenime dRis win aRricxvaze aviyvane bavSvTa

poliklinikaSi. maqvs polisi, dedisac da bavSvisac. TbilisSi samSobiaroSi 100

dolari moaWra polisma. aq mivitane — rveuli xom mivitane, kargi, istoriebi ara

aqvT; 10 lari xom gadavixade, risTvis — eg RmerTma icis. da 5 lari kidev wamlebi

mogvces raRac da imaSi gadagvaxdevines.

- da is sadazRvevo polisi raRa iyo?

- hoda, polisis funqcia ver gavige. Zlivs vikavebdi Tavs, magram aqeT sidedri

medga, iqiT dedaCemi — “kargi, gaCumdi! eqimebia, dagvWirdeba”. gavCumdi. mere

gamovdivar da yvirian, intriganiao. intrigani var?

- eg aris kidev — mSoblebis faqtori Zalian is aris. Cems das Sehqonda

pasportze 10 lari rom mosTxoves, me vuTxari, ar gadavixdiT-meTqi, da

deidaCemma: “sircxvilia, gadavixadoT, ra moxdao”.

- jer skolidanve, Ramis skolaSi vswavlobdi, 9 Tve xom vswavlob, TveSi 10

lari unda gadamexada, ese igi 90 lari, ara? fasianze vswavlobdi. kaco, 120

lariani gadasaxadi momitanes. me vuTxari, damiwereT-meTqi qviTari — damiweres,

Senaxuli maqvs dRemde. rom moviTxove es qviTari — ratom moiTxoveo, direqtori

iZaxis, eg giJiao, rom dadis, TavisTvis laparakobso. anu igive, ra!

didi madloba!

99

maS axla aravin ar unda ifiqros imaze, rom rame seriozuli brZola

daiwyos korufciis winaaRmdeg?

- ara, rogor ara.

- seriozuli brZola da seriozuli cvlilebebi moitana am revoluciam.

- aba ra aris seriozuli cvlileba?

- Zalian bevri!

- me davinaxe cvlileba, dRes-dReobiT myavs axalgazrda axloblebi TbilisSi,

romlebic samsaxurs eZebdnen da sakmaod kargi codna aqvT, erTma gogom sami ena

icis, yvela Tavis profesiaSi, ase vTqvaT, karg donezea. aqamde Zalian wva-

lobdnen, da sxvaTaSoris oTxidan samma ukve samsaxuri naxa. me vfiqrob, ukve

iciT, rogori done Semovida da rogori azrovneba? rom Tu ar geyoleba

samsaxurSi profesionali, ukve rom midixar, TbilisSi elementarulad: “ingli-

suri ici? kompiuteri ici?” atestacias gadixar da giReben samsaxurSi.

- eg kerZo struqturebSi.

- ki, kerZoSia, magram am SemTxvevaSi TviTon Cveni codniT, Cemi azriT, raRac

patara wvlils SevitanT korufciis winaaRmdeg.

- ki!

- imitom, rom sul rom gvqondes magis imedi, weRan rogorc vTqvi, Tu qvevidan

ar wamovida, is zemodan namdvilad ar iqneba.

- Cemi azriT, kidev, unda Seiqmnas (da mgoni ukve Seqmnilic aris) anti-

korufciuli komisiasaviT raRaca, sadac iqnebian arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

wevrebi, ucxoeTidan moyvanili eqspertebi... unda gaakontrolon.

- oRond, es ar unda iyos... [formalurad.]

- da unda Sedges es antikorufciuli sabWo da unda gaakontrolon igive Cveni

universiteti da ase mivaRwevT Sedegs.

kidev ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?

- Zalian kargia, precedentebi iqmneba, rom korumpirebulebs iWeren, vinc

ixlarTeba raRaceebSi, iWeren, magram Cumad mainc xdeba, ra.

- Cumad ki ar xdeba, yvelaze didi Secdoma ra aris — iWeren, magram ar iWeren

Tavisebs. axla saCvenebel daWerebze nu damiwyebT laparaks, ra!

- wavidnen, daiWiron anzor burjanaZe da davijereb rom asea, ra!

vin unda ibrZodes, Tqveni azriT, axla saqarTveloSi korufciis wina-

aRmdeg?

- yvela.

- xalxi.

- yvela absoluturad.

- yvelam, magram mTavrobisgan unda modiodes keTili neba. me rac ginda viy-

viro...

- ra Tqma unda!

ra SemTvevaSi iqneba brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg dRevandel

saqarTveloSi warmatebuli?

- Tu kanoni ikanonebs.

- Tu ara marto sityviT, aramed Cveni saqmiTac... sinamdvileSi ai gamodian

revoluciis dros, da sinamdvileSi saqme saqmeze rom midges, saqmiT verafers ver

gaakeTeben.

- kanoni ikanonebs da xelfasebi gaizrdeba. magram erTi SemTxveva moxda —

sagadasaxados TanamSromlebs hqondaT 400 lari xelfasi. axla daaWres da 30

lari dautoves.

- ara, 40 lari — nuli mouWres.

- ara, vici rom 30 — Zmakacis deda 400 lars iRebda, atestacia gavlilebi,

samjer gamocdebi Caabarebines, axla meoTxed Caabarebines da 30 larze dasves.

adre iRebda 400 lars. axla wadi da nu moaparineb imas!

- jerjerobiT mainc Zalian Znelad moxdeba es, magram imedi ar unda

daikargos.

98

anu generaluri erTobliobis yvela warmomadgenlis Seswavla.

magaliTad, Tu Cveni gamokvlevis generalur erTobliobas kaxeTis glexebi

warmoadgenen, kaxeTSi mcxovreb yvela glexs, anu ramdenime aTeul aTas adamians,

mkvlevarTa jgufi ver gaesaubreba SezRuduli droisa da finansuri resursebis

gamo. es arc aris saWiro. aucilebelia mxolod glexebis nawilis Seswavla, rome-

lic sworad unda iyos SerCeuli. generaluri erTobliobis am nawils SerCeviTi

erToblioba hqvia, da misi amorCeva gansakuTrebul kanonzomierebebs eyrdnoba.

Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobrivi da

Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, raodenobrivi

meTodebiT muSaoba moiTxovs SerCevis reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofas,

maSin rodesac Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas aseTi moTxovna ar arsebobs.

2. informaciis Segrovebis meTodebi aRwerili unda iyos programis daskvniT

nawilSi. aq aRiniSneba, kvlevis romel meTodebs aniWeben upiratesobas

gamokvlevis organizatorebi, da ratom. garda amisa, mizanSewonilia specialur

danarTSi moyvanili iqnes yvela is kvleviTi instrumenti (kiTxvebi,

instruqciebi da sxva), romlebic gamoyenebuli iqneba gamokvlevis Catarebisas.

davalebebi:

1. moifiqreT 5 socialuri problema, romelTa Seswavlac mizanSewonilad

migaCniaT Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT.

2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa TqvenTvis saintereso socialuri

fenomenis empiriulad Seswavlis mizniT; dagegmeT am fenomenis Seswavla

romelime Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT.

rekomendebuli literatura:

1. iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”


gamomcemloba. gv. 22-44.

2. В. Ядов. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы. Изд-во «Самарский университет», 1995. С. 42-80.

3. Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 281-311 (Chapter 10. “Qualitative Filed Research”).

4. Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in: Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Second Edition. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.

5. Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 1-60.

6. Michael Burawoy. 1991. “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of California Press.

7. W. Lawrence Neuman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-401 (Chapter 13. “Field Research”).

8. Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-26.

9. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 3-16 (Chapter 1. “Ethnography and Culture”).

10. Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research. Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Pp. 3-14 (Chapter 1. “Introduction”).

15

Tema 2.

siRrmiseuli interviu

rogorc cnobilia, interviu informaciis Segrovebis erT-erTi yvelaze

farTod gavrcelebuli saSualebaa, da es mxolod socialur mecnierebebTan

dakavSirebiT rodia swori. Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebas rigi mkvlev-

rebisa “intervius sazogadoebas” uwodebs17 — mosaxleobis interviuirebis sxva-

dasxva forma imdenadaa gavrcelebuli, rom interviu yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

nawilad iqca. arsebobs intervius mravali saxeoba; maT Soris gvxvdeba iseTebi,

romlebic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. sayovelTao aRwerac da

Jurnalisturi preskonferenciac intervius nairsaxeobebia.

interviuersa da respondents Soris urTierTobis formis safuZvelze gamo-

iyofa pirispiri, satelefono da safosto interviu. intervius xangrZlivoba

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogori tipis interviusTan gvaqvs

saqme: satelefono intervius xangrZlivoba SeiZleba 5 wuTs ar aRematebodes,

xolo e.w. “cxovrebis istoria” SeiZleba ramdenime dRes gagrZeldes.

Tavisi struqturisa da kiTxvebis tipidan gamomdinare, interviu SeiZleba

iyos struqturirebuli; nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebu-

li. masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gamoiyeneba struqturirebuli interviu,

romelic kiTxvarze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba da saSualebas gvaZlevs, maqsima-

lurad formalizebulad warvmarToT ramdenime aTasi interviu. eTnografiuli

kvlevis Catarebisas, gansakuTrebiT, kvlevis sawyis etapze, gamoiyeneba ara-

struqturirebuli interviuebi, romlebic exmareba mkvlevars, Seiqmnas saerTo

warmodgena kvlevis obieqtebis Sesaxeb. intervius orive am saxeobasTan Seda-

rebiT, siRrmiseuli interviu, romelic Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi “savizito

baraTia”, Zalze gansxvavebul tips warmoadgens da e.w. nawilobriv struqtu-

rirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba, anu ikavebs Sualedur pozicias

struqturirebul da arastruqturirebul interviuebs Soris. rogorc am meTo-

dis erT-erTi wamyvani specialisti robert vaisi aRniSnavs, siRrmiseul inter-

vius mravali saxeliT moixsenieben, romelTa Sorisaa: “Tavisufali interviu”,

“naratiuli interviu”, “fokusirebuli interviu”, “biografiuli interviu” da

sxv.18 Tavad vaisi am meTods “Tvisebriv intervius” uwodebs. misi azriT, Tumca

Tvisebrivi interviu sxvaTa azris Seswavlis “bunebrivi saSualebaa, is jer kidev

ar aris saTanadod damkvidrebuli socialuri kvlevebis samyaroSi, rom erTi

saxeliT moixseniebodes”19.

siRrmiseuli interviu da misi nairsaxeobebi gamoiyeneba ara mxolod socia-

lur mecnierebebSi, aramed, agreTve, mraval monaTesave dargSi: JurnalistikaSi,

kriminalistikaSi, boigrafiul mecnierebaSi, marketingSi da sxv. gansxvavebuli

midgomebis miuxedavad, yvela am SemTxvevaSi am meTods aerTianebs is garemoeba,

rom is miznad isaxavs respondentebisagan detaluri, Rrma da Tanamimdevruli

informaciis miRebas maTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis

safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba garkveuli sazogadoebrivi kanonzomierebebis

dadgena, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — saerTo xasiaTis daskvnebis gakeTeba.20

xSirad gamoiyofa siRrmiseuli intervius Semdegi fazebi: preinterviu,

kerZod interviu da postinterviu. yovel maTgans Tavisi funqcia aqvs.

preintervius mTavari mizania kontaqtis damyareba respondentTan. swored

preintervius dros unda avuxsnaT mas gamokvlevis mizani da is, Tu rogor iqna

arCeuli respondentad konkretulad es pirovneba; davarwmunoT igi intervius

anonimurobaSi da aucileblad vTxovoT nebarTva, CaviweroT interviu audio- an

17 ix., magaliTad: Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein. 2002. “From Individual Interview to the

Interview Society,” pp. 3-32 in: Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Ed. by Jaber F. Gubrium. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

18 zogi qarTveli mkvlevari am meTods “CaRrmavebul intervius” uwodebs. 19 Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New

York: Free Press. P. 208. 20 Ibid. P. 210.

16

- movaleobas ixdi, ver gaxsovdeba.

- axla iseTi gadaRlili var gamocdebis mere, ver vazrovneb.

- me Tu mkiTxavT, pirvel rigSi, unda gamoicvalon leqtorebi, arian ukve

Zalian bebrebi bevrni.

- marTalia!

- marTalia!

- sapensio asaki...

- axali kadri unda movides.

- ara, erTi-ori xanSi Sesuli namdvilad kargia oRond, ver ityvi, rom

axalgazrdebi unda Semoiyvano...

- ara, me ar viZaxi, axalgazrdebi unda SemoviyvanoT — unda SemoviyvanoT

iseTebi, vinc ufro...

- Semoyvanaze, umjobesi xom ar iqneba, rom weRan rogorc vTqvi — rom

gadaxalisdes.

- asaksac gaaCnia, mikiTxavda kaci, SeiZleba, Zalian brwyinvaledac icoda,

[magram] misi xmis tembri iyo CurCuli, da auditoriis damorCilebis done — nuli.

- da, sxvaTaSoris, eg iwvevs ukve... xuTianze damTavrebuli studenti, marTla

kargi studenti, Cemi axlobeli movida SarSan, undoda rom leqtorad imuSavos,

magram... am dros me mikiTxavs qali leqcias, romelsac kbilebi daaviwyda saxlSi

da meubneba, “wadi Svilo, kbilebi momitaneo”. amasTan is axalgazrda gogo,

romelmac marTla xuTebze daamTavra — “me xuTosnebi ar mainteresebso”, maSin

reqtoratSi uTxres.

- erTi momentic aris, arian aq moxucebi, xanSi Sesuli kadri, romelsac

SeiZleba sapensio asaki aqvs, magram imas ver Secvli, imitom rom brwinvalea.

- egeTi SemTxvevebi...

- skolaSic da universitetSic asaks ratomRac abaven Rvawlmosilebas — es ase

aRar aris.

- marTalia.

universitetis situacia, mgoni, safuZvlianad ganvixileT. Tqveni azriT,

SeiZleba Tu ara axla vilaparakoT warmatebuli brZolis Sesaxeb korufciis

winaaRmdeg zogadad saqarTveloSi?

- araviTar SemTxvevaSi.

- jer ara.

- jerjerobiT ar SegviZlia.

- Cemi azriT, igive revoluciam erTi Zalian cudi raRac moaxdina — xalxi

adre xom iZaxda, Cven verafers ver SevcliT, unda movides kargi mTavrobao. axla

xalxi uaresad gazarmacda da iZaxis, Cven kargi mTavroba gvyavs da axla isini

gviSvelian. anu, ratom aqvs am xalxs aseTi...

- ar gamigia maseTi naTqvami.

- ra? yvela mase iZaxis!

- marTalia, revoluciam erTi ra SeiZleba cudi moitanos — xalxs amdeni wlis

dagrovili energia im ramdenime kviraSi daaxarjvina da axla aRar ainteresebs im

xalxs jer-jerobiT, ai mere ukve daiwyebs isev, albaT.

- ara, ki ar ainteresebs, ukve imedi aqvT, albaT, rom raRacas gamocvlian.

- ara, imedi SeiZleba gqondes, magram Senc unda iyo aqtiuri.

- es aqsiomaa: Sen xar moqalaqe, Sen gaqvs uflebebi, romlebic pirvel rigSi Sen

unda daicva. xelisuflebas — aravis ar hqondes iluzia, rogorc ginda kargi

xelisufleba iyos, is yovelTvis Tavxeddeba xelisuflebiT, es ase xdeba

gamonaklisebis gareSe.

- Sen xom axla amas iZaxi — Sen rom moxvide xelisuflebaSi, analogiurad

iqneba.

- aucileblad! adamiani var da ase iqneba!

- Tu ar Segawuxe, raRaca Tu ar gaiZule, ar gaakeTeb. keTili nebiT es ar

iqneba.

- aqedan gamomdinare, Sen rogorc ki xuWav Tvalebs...

- iTxove da mogecemao — raRac unda iTxovo da...

97

- unda CaWran!

- ar SeiZleba!

- ara, ar unda CaWran!

- unda CaWran! axla ratom —

- Cemi azria! unda gauSvan, wavidnen.

- wavidnen da adamians wamali dauniSnon, romelic mas ar sWirdeba?

- ara, imas ar miiReben samsaxurSi, roca ar eqneba codna.

- e-e, fuls miscems da miiReben.

- Tu maSin, me vlaparakob, roca gamoswordeba situacia.

- jerjerobiT xom... Tu Sen igives gaakeTeb, ar gamowordeba!

- meti raRa pativi unda ecaT [saxelmwifo gamocdebze], ver gavige —

geubnebian, wigni Semoitane, konspeqti Semoitane, mTeli biblioTeka amoitane,

dade da waikiTxe — erT saaTs gaZleven, ori sityva gviTxari! oTxians giwerT, Tu

oTx sityvas gvetyvi, or sityvaze samians giwerT. ver iZaxian! maS ar unda CaWra

egeTebi?

- hoda unda gauSva, isini arc arasdros ar iswavlian, unda gauSva eseTebi,

wavidnen ra!

- unda sacerSi gatardes yvela.

- ver garicxav, imitom rom roca fuliT gyavs miRebuli, imas...

- kargi, is wava da giCivlebs.

- sad giCivlebs?

- getyvis, rom vabarebdi, ras gamomarTvio fuli?

- ras giCivlebs, ras ambob?

- raRaca sistemis cvlas mohyveba xolme viRacis...

- ZiriTadi yvelaferi iTqva, da, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovania, rom

Seicvalos saswavlo programebi, romlebic aris Zalian moZvelebuli, Tundac

Cems fakultetze, ucxo enebze, aranairad ara varT kmayofili im swavliT

meTodebiT, rasac gavdivarT, da me ara var darwmunebuli, rom rodesac

davamTavreb, viqnebi srulyofili da kargi specialisti da isev bavSvi fiqrobs,

rom sxva gzebiT miiRos, Seivsos is codna — roca man es codna unda miiRos

universitetSi, da yvelanairad unda iyos dakmayofilebuli. Cemi azriT, es unda

Seicvalos.

- Cemi azriT, aucileblad unda gadaxalisdes saswavlo programebi, ukve

iTqva da veTanxmebi, absoluturad gawelili, gaberili da xSir SemTxvevaSi,

uazro sagnebis swavleba, anu, rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro, vTqvaT, akademiur

doneze icode saqarTvelos istoria, Cemi azriT.

- Tu ar abareb istoriulze.

- sjobia profesiuls daeTmos meti dro da ara piriqiT, profesiuli sagnebis

xarjze farTovdeba is sagnebi, romlebic... elementarulad, saqarTvelos

istoria igulisxmeba, rom iswavleba skolaSi. igive qarTuli ena. marTalia,

qarTuli ena aucilebelia, imitom rom aCvena gamokiTxvebma, rom TiTqmis aravin

ar icis normalurad aq, magram mainc es ar unda aRematebodes, vTqvaT, erT wels

da ar unda gadadiodes sam welze.

- ubralod normalurad unda iswavlebodes.

- da testi unda iyos. es aucilebelia, Cemi azriT.

- me minda kidev erTi davamato, Cemi azriT, CaTvla-gamocdebis arsebuli

sistema unda Seicvalos testirebiT, imitom rom, Cemi azriT, jer erTi CaTvla-

gamocdebs miaqvs uazrod didi dro, meorec, aseTi erTi erTze Secvla

leqtorTan yovelTvis iwvevs korufciul moments, da sjobia testi, jer erTi, is

dokumentic aris.

- davamateb — testebi iyos ara marto, vTqvaT, pirveli semestris bolos,

meore semestris bolos, aramed, vTqvaT, erTi Tvis Semdeg...

- ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, da gaadvildeba studentis saqme.

- ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, imitom rom ici, rogor aris? rom ar gTxoven,

adamiani xar da gimuSavdeba erTi momenti. yovelTviuri an yovelkvireuli

gamokiTxva rodesac ar aris, Sen ar swavlob, da gamocdebis [win] amxela wignebs

ixli TavSi da ra Zali medga...

- ho, ra!

96

videofirze.

kerZod interviu warmoadgens kiTxva-pasuxis gacvlis process interviuersa

da respondents Soris, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari iRebs misTvis saWiro

informacias. qvemoT detalurad visaubrebT interivus am nawilis Sesaxeb.

da bolos, postinterviu respondentisa da interviueris damSvidobebis

procesia, magram amasTan rig damatebiT funqciasac asrulebs. swored

postintervius dros SeiZleba molaparakebuli iqnes Semdgomi Sexvedris

SesaZlebloba, Tu gamokvlevis programa aseT Sexvedras iTvaliswinebs; gadaeces

respondents saCuqari an fuladi anazRaureba gamokvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis,

Tu es winaswar iyo molaparakebuli, da sxv.

meTodis daxasiaTeba

Tumca, erTi SexedviT, siRrmiseuli interviu waagavs Tavisufal saubars

mkvlevarsa da respondents Soris, es ase ar aris, da warmatebuli intervius

Catarebas mTeli rigi profesiuli unar-Cvevebis daufleba da sakmaod mdidari

praqtikuli gamocdileba ganapirobebs — es aris meTodi, romelSi daxelovnebac

mxolod misi gamoyenebis procesSia SesaZlebeli.

siRrmiseuli intervius mizania, gavigoT respondentebis maqsimalurad deta-

luri mosazrebebi Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; amitom “rogor?” da "ra-

tom?" kiTxvebi yvelaze xSiri da sasargebloa am tipis interviuSi. ara nakleb xSi-

rad aqvs adgili Txovnas respondentisadmi, dawvrilebiT agviRweros esa Tu is

SemTxveva Tavisi cxovrebidan da misi STabeWdilebebi, misi reaqcia am Sem-

TxvevasTan dakavSirebiT; misi damokidebuleba garkveuli xalxis an movlenebi-

sadmi, mis mier CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis Sefaseba.

robert vaisi ganixilavs siRrmiseul intervius rogorc interviuersa da

respondents Soris TanamSromlobis process, romlic drosac orive monawiles

erTi mizani amoZravebs — esaa axali informaciis warmoeba kvlevis TemasTan

dakavSirebiT. metic, misi TqmiT, am TanamSromlobaSi interviueri “is instru-

mentia, romlis saSualebiTac respondenti mogviTxrobs Tavis ambavs”21. amitom

interviueri arasodes ar unda Seecados, srulad akontrolos intervius

msvlelobis procesi — piriqiT, man unda misces respondents saSualeba, rac

SeiZleba meti ilaparakos Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, ra Tqma unda,

valdebulia uzrunvelyos, rom saubarma ar gadauxvios kvlevis Temas; mxolod

ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia interviuers, gamoiyenos Tavisi Zalaufleba da

Seitanos cvlileba intervius msvlelobaSi, Tumca man es rbilad unda gaakeTos.

rogorc h.r.bernardi aRniSnavs, “Tqven agebT pasuxs imaze, rom saubari

fokusirebuli iyos [kvlevis Temaze], magram saSualebas aZlevT respondents,

gansazRvros saubris Sinaarsi. mieciT mas ufleba, mogawodoT informacia,

romelic, misi azriT, mniSvnelovania”22.

mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom siRrmiseul intervius, rogorc wesi, atarebs

ara daqiravebuli interviueri, romelsac ara aqvs miRebuli monawileoba

kvlevis dagegmvis procesSi, aramed Tavad mkvlevari, romelic muSaobda

gamokvlevis programis Sedgenaze, winaswar Seiswavla socialuri problema,

romelsac interviu exeba.23 “iyo kargi interviueri, niSnavs icode, Tu ra saxis

informaciaa saWiro kvlevisaTvis da Segwevdes unari, daexmaro respondents

mogvces es inforamcia”24, — aRniSnavs robert vaisi.

21 Ibid. P. 65. 22 H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third

edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. P. 209. 23 es yovelTvis ase ar aris dasavleTis qveynebis Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi, sadac

miRebulia interviuerebis daqiraveba ara mxolod raodenobrivi, aramed, agreTve

Tvisebrivi interviuebis Catarebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, am saleqcio kursSis far-

glebSi Cven ufro mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom siRrmiseuli interviu Tavad

mkvlevarma Caataros, da am leqciaSi terminebi “mkvlevari” da “interviueri” ixmareba

rogorc sinonimebi. 24 Robert S. Weiss. Op cit. P. 66.

17

siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis mizniT, mkvlevari ar amzadebs struqtu-

rirebul kiTxvars — magram mas yovelTvis aqvs Sedgenili savaraudo kiTxvebis da

maTi sasurveli Tanamimdevrobis werilobiTi monaxazi, romelic emyareba

intervius procesSi gansaxilveli Temebisa da sakiTxebis winaswar Seswavlas. am

monaxazs sadiskusio gegma ewodeba. sadiskusio gegma mkvlevris samuSao instru-

mentia, romelic gvexmareba vakontroloT intervius procesi, ar gamovtovoT

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi da maqsimaluri informacia miviRoT respondentisgan

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.25

sadiskusio gegmis momzadeba aucilebelia, Tu gvinda miviRoT sando

Tvisebrivi monacemebi, rac SemdgomSi saSualebas mogvcems, SevadaroT sxvada-

sxva intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia. amave mizniT, gansaxilveli Temebis

Tanamimdevroba intervius dros sasurvelia ucvleli iyos, Tumca dasaSvebia

garkveuli variaciebi. mainc, ar aris sasurveli, rom winaswar SemuSavebuli geg-

misagan gadaxveva, kiTxvebis formulirebisa da Tanamimdevrobis Secvla Zalian

xSiri da/an radikaluri iyos.

siRrmiseuli intervius mTavari Rirseba isaa, rom is saSualebas gvaZlevs

rogorc Cven, mkvlevrebs, aseve respondentebs uSualod intervius msvlelo-

bisas wamovwioT an ganvaviTaroT axali Temebi, romlebic aqtualuria gamo-

kvlevisaTvis, magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ar iqna winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli

kvlevis dagegmvis etapze. uSualod intervius procesSi wamoWrili axali

Temebis ganviTareba SesaZlebeli xdeba, ramdenadac sadiskusio gegma ar

moiTxovs, zedmiwevniT zustad davicvaT iq dasmuli kiTxvebis formulireba da

Tanamimdevroba, aramed garkveul Tavisuflebas gvaniWebs. swored es garemoeba

ganapirobebs imas, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, siRrmiseuli interviu

nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba.

siRrmiseuli interviu ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba,

anu iseT kiTxvebze, romlebic ar sTavazoben respondentebs pasuxis SesaZlo

variantebs. aseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas respondentebs sruli Tavisufleba

eniWebaT sakuTari azris gamoxatvisas, mkvlevari aranairad ar “ubiZgebs” maT

garkveuli kategoriis pasuxebisaken, amitom iTvleba, rom aseTi kiTxvebi gansa-

kuTrebiT mizanSewonilia iseTi Temebis Seswavlis mizniT, romlebic SedarebiT

naklebadaa Seswavlili, da am Temebisa da sakiTxebis ufro Rrmad Seswavlis

saSualebas gvaZlevs. “daxuruli” kiTxvebi, romlebic Zalian gavrcelebulia

raodenobriv kvlevebSi, TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba siRrmiseul interviuSi.

sirRmiseuli interviu warmatebulia maSin, rodesac mkvlevarma miiRo

mdidari da detaluri informacia sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi

inforamciis miRebaSi mas xSirad exmareba moTxovna, daakonkretebinos respon-

dents misi pasuxebi. Tu respondenti yveba Tavisi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, magram

Zalian zogadad ganixilavs mas, interviueri aucileblad unda Caeros saubarSi

da sTxovos mas, daakonkretos esa Tu is detali. magaliTad, SeiZleba dausvas

aseTi kiTxva: “rogor ganviTarda bolo aseTi SemTxveva?” an “rodis moxda es

ambavi bolos?”26 rac ufro vrcel informacias viRebT respondentis gamoc-

dilebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro meti masala gveqneba dasamuSaveblad da miT ufro

metia imis albaToba, rom kvleva warmatebuli iqneba.

siRrmiseuli intervius dros mizanSewonilia, interviuerma Zalian cota

ilaparakos; rogorc wesi, rac ufro uwyvetia respondentis Txroba, miT ufro

warmatebulia interviu.

siRrmiseuli intervius xangrZlivoba damokidebulia gamokvlevis tipze

da/an Temaze, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi is sul cota 1 — 1,5 saaTs grZeldeba da

iSviaTad grZeldeba 3 saaTze mets. ra Tqma unda, intervius mizania respon-

dentisgan informaciis miReba da, Teoriulad, rac met informacias miviRebT

misgan, miT ukeTesi iqneba, magram praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia, saubari usasrulod

gagrZeldes. amitom mkvlevris profesionalizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

maCvenebelia, droulad “gamoicnos” is pasuxebi da gadaxvevebi, romlebic

25 am leqciis Semdeg (magaliTi #1) moyvanilia siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegmis

magaliTi. 26 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. Pp. 74-76.

18

Caabarono.

- maraa, kaco, me rom gamocdebi mqonda, mubnebodnen, mwvane ginTia, risi

geSiniao.

- movidao viRac qisti, romelmac ar icoda qarTuli. axla me veubnebio, me ar

vici qisturio da rusuli me ki vicio, magram ruseTSi ar varT da ratom unda

gamogcado rusulad? am dros is unda mieRoT.

- Cems win gogo gadioda, istorias rom vabarebdi — ra Tqma unda, ar icoda, da

erT-erTi sakiTxi hqonda [erekle]. [gamomcdeli] eubneba axla, rac ici is moyevio

da — araferi ar vicio. gagiJda, moixsna saTvale — ras hqvia araferi ar vicio,

uxerxul mdgomareobaSi nu magdebo, iq 70 kacze meti zis auditoriaSi, Tan icis,

rom viRaca magis mere unda CaWras — moyevio rame! araferi ar vicio.

sanam movrCebiT universitetis Sesaxeb saubars, vinmes rame xom ar darCa

saTqmeli?

- am yvela problemis mogvarebasTan erTad unda aiwios universitetis pres-

tiJi, anu, raSi gamoixateba: unda daematos iseTi sagnebi, iseTi fakultetebi,

romlebic kaxeTs sWirdeba, ra. amdeni pedagogi weliwadSi kaxeTs ara sWirdeba,

Cemi azriT, da es aucileblad unda gakeTdes da es reqtoris Zalian didi

survilia da, albaT, momavali wlidan gakeTdeba, unda gakeTdes mevenaxeoba-

meRvineobis fakulteti, razec aris moTxovna kaxeTSi, oRond es unda iyos Zalian

prestiJuli fakulteti, Tundac weliwadSi uSvebdes xuTs, magram profesional

kadrs. da imas garantirebuli eqneba samsaxuri. axla Cven rom mivdivarT, ar viciT

sad mivdivarT — diploms ki viRebT, magram sul sxvagan vfiqrob vimuSavo, imitom,

rom maRali xelfasia.

- kidev erTs davamatebdi. me vfiqrob, leqtorebis kadri unda gadaxalisdes,

anu gadamzaddessaviT...

- rame treningebisaviT...

- ... da literaturac unda gaZlierdes, Torem is literatura, romliTac

swavlobdnen 10 wlis win, ukve CvenTvis moZvelebulia.

- anu, Taobebia gaWedili. erTi qalia kaxeTSi, 75 wlis, vinc akeTebs miwis

analizs.

- marto erTi qali?

- is qali rom mokvdes, ver gaigeb, kaxeTSi ra miwaSi ra Cayaro. SeiZleba vazis

miwaSi miwis Txili Cayaro, qvebSi Cayaro RanZili, anu ra unda gaakeTo, ar ici.

- me vfirqob, mTavari problemebi ukve Tqves: is, rom leqtorebma unda

atestacia, Tu rac aris [gaiaron], rom leqtoris done iyos maRali, da rac

mTavaria, da mec amis msxverpli var, rom TviTon ara var mondomebuli, magram

vapireb — Cemi azriT, bavSvebis mondomeba swavlisadmi, es iqneba, me mgoni,

gadamwyveti, imtom rom Tu is bavSvi swavlobs, da Semdeg Tu is Tavis uflebebs

gaecnoba, da Semdeg, Tu is Tavisi uflebebisaTvis daiwyebs brZolas, ukve

daanaxebs Tavis saxes reqtoratsac da leqtorebsac da ukve esec erT-erTi is

iqneba, rom korufcia aRmoifxvras mTlianad. imitom, rom am revoluciazec,

igive, xalxma daanaxa, da ara vinmes yvirilma, ukacravad, xalxma daanaxa, aqvs

xalxs amis saSualeba, energia da CveniT unda gavakeToT es, me mgoni.

- Cemi azriT, sanam saxelmwifoSi ar Seicvleba situacia, universitetSic ar

Seicvleba; roca saxelmwifoSi Seicvleba, me vfiqrob, rom avtomaturad aqac

sxvanairi situacia Seiqmneba.

- araswori midgomaa.

- ho.

- saerTod es aris Zalian daStampuli, yovelTvis ase iyo, zevidan qveviT.

modiT, piriqiT, qvevidan SevcvaloT, da ava is nel-nela zeviT.

- saxlis Senebas iwyeben, me rogorc vici, saZirkvlidan.

- weRanac vTqvi me es azri da axlac gavimeoreb, rom igive saxelmwifo

gamocdebze is, rodesac 4 weli aZlev fuls, axla, saxelmwifo gamocdebze, aRar

unda aiRon fuli da pirdapir gauSvan isini, arc CaWran, araferi — Cemi azriT.

gauSvan is studentebi, da igive samsaxurSi roca miva is, mixvdebian, rom mas ara

aqvs codna, da morCa. is, rom is studentebi CaWran, romlebic 4 wlis

ganmavlobaSi fuls aZlevdnen universitets...

95

axla skolis Tema davxuroT. erTi Zalian mokle SekiTxva universitetTan

dakavSirebiT — rogor fiqrobT, axali reqtori ras Secvlis? ramdenad

TvliT, rom reqtoris Secvla moitans sasurvel cvlilebebs korufciis

dargSi? sxva dargebs jerjerobiT nu SevexebiT.

- axali reqtori ecdeba, me vfiqrob, rom mcdeloba iqneba, magram ramdenad

ganaxorcielebs, eg ar vici. imitom rom me vici erTi magaliTi, rom moatyues

reqtori. sinamdvileSi fuli iqna aRebuli, erT-erTi bavSvis SeyvaniT, aiRo sxvam

is fuli, 300 dolarzea aq saubari, aiRo sxvam, erT-erTma moxelem es fuli da

Seiyvana reqtorTan rogorc uniWieresi bavSvi, rogorc es-es-es.

- me SemiZlia faqtebiT vilaparako. 12 maisidan aris reqtori, damtkicda 1

ivniss, Tu ar vcdebi. ukve aris raRac sasikeTo Zvrebi, me, magaliTad, Cems Tavze

gamovcade, davinaxe.

- ki.

- axali cocxis faqtori mgonia jerjerobiT.

- ara, me ara mgonia axali cocxis faqtori. axla raSia saqme — saxelmwifo

gamocdebze am kacma Semoiara absoluturad yvela auditoria da uTxra, rom ar

gadaixadoT araferi, ar mokrifoT, dekans ar misceT, aravis ar misceT, vinc

ginda mogTxovoT, imitom rom azri ar eqneba. da marTla CaiWrnen is

fulgadaxdilebi.

- ukan daubrunes fuli?

- ar vici, ra gaakeTes.

- eg dekanebis da studentebis [saqmea].

- mere mirbodnen saCivlelad, ai, maS fuli raRas gamogvarTveso? karg dros

mirbodnen! es erTi. meore, sanam reqtoris arCevnebi iqneboda, studentebis

garkveulma nawilma movagroveT 600 xelmowera [erT-erTi kandidatis] mxardasa-

Werad — magram es ar iyo raRaca Tavis moqonvis principi, Cven mas warvudgineT

Cveni programa, ra unda Seesrulebina mas studnetebisTvis. da amaze dagvTan-

xmda. iq iyo: biujetis gamWvirvaloba, misaRebi gamocdebis gamWvirvaloba, rac

ukve faqtia da me piradad Cemi arasamTavrobo organizaciis saxeliT mivmarTav

da me davakvirdebi misaReb gamocdebs Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi axla.

da iq iyo sxvadasxva sakiTxebi, romlebzec es kaci dagvTanxmda, romlebzec visa-

ubreT, romlebic gvjera, rom gakeTdeba, da jerjerobiT midis sworad yve-

laferi.

- ho, imedi aris.

- is fuli, mosawyobi fuli, ojaxidan mainc xom gamodioda, ara? da midioda

marcxena jibeSi. axla me vnaxe, rom fasian seqtorze gazrdilia gadasaxadebi.

- ho.

- da es aris marTali. imitom rom mainc gamodis is fuli, da [sjobs] wavides

ise, rom leqtorebs gauzardo xelfasi, vidre is “marcxniv” wavides.

- ar SeiZleba, Seni arasamTavrobo organizacia ara marto misaRebze

daeswroT, aramed, vTqvaT, saxelmwifo gamocdebze da aseve sesiaze?

- ki.

- kargi iqneba!

danarCenebis azri mainteresebs — kidev ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom

universitetSi situacia gamoswordes korufciis TvalsazrisiT?

- Cemi azriT, pirvel rigSi leqtorebs xelfasi unda gaezardoT.

- unda gaezardoT.

- [fasiani seqtoris gadasaxadebis gamoyenebiT ufro kargia maTi xelfasebis

gazrda.]

- ki, Torem saxelmwifo ar gazrdis Tavisi iniciativiT.

- da Semdeg leqtorebis atestacia unda moxdes.

- unda akontrolon misaRebi gamocdebi, TviTon universitetis xelmZRva-

nelobam. anu, me viZaxi, kargi mxriv unda akontrolon.

- a. erT wels iyo mimReb komisiaSi Tavmjdomared. movida viRac qistio, imas,

ra Tqma unda, Tavidanve ise hqonda saqme, rom imas unda Caebarebina. dedaCemma

[Tqva], Tavidanve momceso sia, ai amaT unda Caabarono, da danarCenebma ar unda

94

zedmeti an usargebloa am konkretuli gamokvlevis problemis Seswavlis

TvalsazrisiT, da iswavlos respondentis Tavazianad gaCumeba da saubris

msvlelobis Secvla saWiro mimarTulebiT.

iTvleba, rom siRrmiseuli intervius meTodiT ganxorcielebuli erTi gamo-

kvlevis farglebSi sakmarisia 20-30-dan 50-60-mde siRrmiseuli intervius

Catareba27, raTa miRebuli iqnes sakmarisi da sando empiriuli monacemebi. saerTo

rCeva interviuebis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT aseTia: interviuebis Catareba

unda Sewydes maSin, rodesac axali interviuebis msvlelobaSi miRebuli

informacia meordeba, axali informacia umniSvnelo da periferiuli xasiaTisaa

da aRar amdidrebs Cvens codnas Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad,

damatebiTi interviuebis Catareba aRar aris gamarTlebuli28. masobrivi gamo-

kiTxvis dros gamokiTxul aTasobiT respondentTan SedarebiT es ricxvi

SeiZleba Zalian mcired mogveCvenos, magram nu daviviwyebT, rom yoveli aseTi

intervius dros Cawerili saubris qaRaldze gadatanas (“gaSifvras”) sul cota 6-

8 saaTi dasWirdeba, ris Sedegadac miviRebT 20-ze meti gverdis moculobis

teqsts (“transkripts”); yvela interviu damuSavebuli da gaanalizebuli unda

iqnes. es Zalze Sromatevadi samuSaoa.

Znelia CamovayaliboT zusti wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac xdeba responden-

tebis SerCeva siRrmiseuli interviusaTvis. iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebrivi

meTodebiT muSaobisas, aq arasodes ara gvaqvs saqme reprezentatul SerCevasTan.

respondentebis SerCeva xdeba gamokvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, im moTxovnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebsac mkvlevars gamokvlevis amocana karnaxobs. Cveu-

lebriv saqme gvaqvs erTi da igive socialuri jgufis warmomadgenlebTan, an

xalxTan, romlebsac miRebuli aqvs garkveuli gamocdileba — magaliTad, Tu

SeviswavliT warmatebul biznes-karieras, unda davukavSirdeT warmatebul

biznesmenebs; Tu gamokvlevis Temaa bavSvebis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli saerTo

problemebi, maSin kvlevaSi monawileoba axalgazrda mSoblebma unda miiRon; Tu

gamokvlevis Temaa migracia, unda CavataroT interviu migrantebTan; Tu gamo-

kvleva umaRlesi saswavleblebis problemebs exeba, unda moviwvioT studentebi

da/an profesor-maswavleblebi, da a.S.29

siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba yovelTvis winaswar SeTanxmebulia respon-

dentTan da tardeba aseve winaswar SeTanxmebul adgilas — es SeiZleba iyos

respondentis saxli, misi samsaxuri an mkvlevris ofisi. aseTi interviu arasodes

ar tardeba quCaSi an sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi, rogorebicaa kafe,

biblioTeka da sxv. siRrmiseuli interviu tardeba pirispir mkvlevarsa da

respondents Soris; sxva pirTa daswreba akrZalulia. vinaidan amis miRweva

sakmaod Znelia respondentis ojaxSi, siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba ufro

mizanSewonilia mkvlevris ofisSi, sadac daculi iqneba simSvide da intervius

CatarebisaTvis xelsayreli sxva pirobebi.

siRrmiseuli intervius diqtofonze Cawera aucilebelia misi Semdgomi ana-

lizis mizniT. es moTxovna damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mkvlevars

rogorc teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT (teqnikuri aRWurvilobis momzadeba, misi

gamarTulad muSaobis uzrunvelyofa), aseve eTikuri TvalsazrisiTac (respon-

dentebis konfidencialobis dacva).

siRrmiseuli intervius specipikuri saxeobebi

siRrmiseuli interviu Tvisebrivi kvlevis Zalze gavrcelebuli meTodia, da

gasakviri ar aris, rom misi gamoyenebis manZilze SemuSavebuli iqna misi ramdenime

nairsaxeoba. biografiul-naratiuli interviu da “cxovrebis istoria”, iseve

27 SesaZloa, yvela am intervius damuSaveba ver moxerxdes, vinaidan respondentebs Soris

SeiZleba Segvxvdes adamianebi, romlebic ver moaxerxeben Tavisi azris sakmaod

vrclad Camoyalibebas. Tumca, siRrmiseuli interviuebis Catarebis dros aseTi ram

SedarebiT iSviaTad xdeba, vinaidan yvela respondenti, rogorc wesi, individualurad

aris xolme SerCeuli, da SerCevis erT-erTi moTxovna swored maTi lingvistikuri

komunikaciis maRali donea. 28 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 21. 29 ix. Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit.

19

rogorc fokus-jgufi, romlis Sesaxebac Semdeg leqciaze visaubrebT, SeiZleba

ganvixiloT rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeobebi — Tumca maT sakmaod

specifikuri Tvisebebi gaaCnia, samive es meTodi Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeble-

biT siRrmiseuli intervius analogiuria.

“cxovrebis istoria” iTvaliswinebs respondentis cxovrebis dawvrilebiT

aRweras. siRrmiseuli interviusagan gansxvavebiT, es aris arastruqturirebuli

interviu, romelic ar moiTxovs sadiskusio gegmis SemuSavebas da romlis

Catarebis procesSic mkvlevris roli xSirad mxolod msmenelis rols utoldeba

— is sTxovs respondents, mouyves mas Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, da misi Semdgomi

Careva Txrobis procesSi Zalian umniSvneloa, rogorc wesi, mxolod Txrobis

fokusirebis an qronologiis dacvis mizniT xdeba.

“cxovrebis istoriis” meSveobiT SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes, magaliTad, mig-

raciis gavlena adamianis cxovrebaze da axal kulturul garemoSi adaptaciis

sirTuleebi. intervius msvlelobaSi miRebuli informaciis gamdidrebis mizniT

mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiyenos piradi dokumentebi, rogorebicaa werilebi,

dRiurebi, fotosuraTebi da sxv.

Tumca misi saxeliT Tu vimsjelebT, es meTodi TiTqos respondentis mTeli

cxovrebis momcvelia, es ase ar aris. cxovrebis periodi, romelsac kvlevis

procesSi SeviswavliT, Zalauneburad SerCeviTia; aseT SemTxvevaSic ki interviu

Zalian xangrZlivia da SeiZleba ramenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes (aseT

SemTxvevebSi, ra Tqma unda, saubari mTeli dRe ar mimdinareobs, magram ramdenime

dRis manZilze mkvlevari da interviueri ramdenime saaTs saubroben).

“cxovrebis istoriis” meTodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi upiratesoba

gamoixateba sxvadasxva pirovnebebis istoriebis Sedarebis da garkveuli soci-

aluri kanonzomierebebis Ziebis SesaZleblobaSi. amitom es meTodi farTod

gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, kriminalistikaSi.

socialur mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneba “cxovrebis istoriis” ramdenime saxe-

oba, kerZod, amerikuri kvleviTi tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “cxovrebis is-

toria” da biografiul-naratiuli interviu, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba evro-

peli (upirveles yovlisa, germaneli) mkvlevrebis mier. amerikul sociologiaSi

es meTodi saTaves iRebs Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebis uiliam Tomasis da

florian znaneckis klasikuri gamokvlevidan “poloneli glexi evropasa da ame-

rikaSi” (1918) da kliford r. Sous “jek roleris” cxovrebis aRweraSi (1930). 1930-

iani wlebidan interesi am meTodisadmi Sesustda, magram 1960-anebSi kvlav

gaZlierda.

“cxovrebis istoriis” gamoyenebisadmi ori midgoma gamoirCeva:

tradiciuli, romelic miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis obieqtur

aRweras da gamoirCeva interesiT imisadmi, Tu ra asaxva pova mis cxovrebaSi

farTo socialurma procesebma, ra gavlena iqonies maT Cveulebrivi adamianis

cxovrebaze. aseTi midgoma gvexmareba, SeviswavloT socialuri procesebis

subieqturi Sefasebebi, gavamaxviloT yuradReba socialur procesebsa da

individualur cxovrebas Soris arsebul kavSirze, SevafasoT socialuri

cvlilebebis mniSvneloba, da sxv. am konteqstSi es meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneba

axali socialuri fenomenebis Seswavlis mizniT, raTa Sevsebuli da

gamdidrebuli iqnes mkvlevrebis xelT arsebuli statistikuri masala.

SedarebiT axali midgoma miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebiseuli gzis

interpretacias da/an aseTi interpretaciis SesaZlo gzebis Seswavlas, ris

Sedegadac es midgoma fsiqologias uaxlovdeba.

amerikelma sociologma geil kligmanma (Gail Kligman) “cxovrebis istoriis”

gamoyenebiT Seiswavla rumineli qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTelobis prob-

lemebi CauSeskus reJimis dros, rodesac eris gamavlebis iZulebiTi politika

tardeboda. am politikas tragikuli Sedegebi hqonda qalebis janmrTelobisa da

TviT sicocxlisTvisac ki, vinaidan rTuli ekonomikuri pirobebi qalebs xSirad

ubiZgebda aralegaluri abortebi gaekeTebinaT, romlebic arakvalificiurad

keTdeboda, ris gamoc maT mravali qalis sicocxle Seewira.30

30 ix. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania.

Berkley: University of California Press.

20

Sen vina gkiTxavs, wadio — ar iZleva! azri ara aqvs, xalxo!

- iq sxva situaciaa.

- magedan modis.

- ra doneze qreboda fuli, kacma ver miagno.

- ara, dawyeba eg aris, skolidan, magram dRes-dReobiT universitetis

korufcia ufro damRupvelia.

- ara, gamomdinarea skolidan.

- me vfiqrob, universitetidan gadaiRo skolis struqturam, imitom rom adre

ar iyo.

- ara, ra aris — erTi rame, ra. studenti rom modis universitetSi, is modis

skolidan da is skolaSi Tu mieCvia meqrTameobas, fulis micemas, raRaceebs, xom —

igives gaagrZelebs aq da aravis ar unda gaukvirdes es.

- amis mizezi ra aris, iciT? weRan rom viZaxdiT, im avtobusebze, im fasadis

SekeTebaze da a.S. — skolas ara aqvs fuli da iZulebuli xdeba, xom?

- ki, iZulebuli xdeba.

- anu saxelmwifom dRes, samwuxarod, qarTulma saxelmwifom yvelanairi mora-

luri ufleba dakarga, vinmes rame mosTxovos; Tundac im adamians, romelsac Sia

da raRacas iparavs, da martivad vityvi, ratomac. saqarTvelos parlamentma

rodesac daadgina, rom saarsebo minimumi unda iyos 115 lari, da igive parlamenti

adgens, rom minimaluri xelfasi qveyanaSi unda iyos 14 lari, xom — amiT igive Seni

xelisufleba geubneba, rom sasikvdilod xar ganwiruli da Seni Tavis gadasar-

Cenad rac ginda is qenio. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelanair moralur valdebulebas

mosamarTle kargavs, rom miusajos...

- ese igi, raRac momentSi saxelmwifo gvibiZgebs korufciisken.

- raRac momentSi ki ara, gibiZgebs Sen!

- eg yvelaferi maRlidan modis, aba...

- isic sakiTxavia, minimumi aris marTla is 115 lari, Tu ufro meti sWirdeba

adamians, magram rodesac Sen amas akeTeb, da plius...

- yvelas ara aqvs imis saSualeba, kerZo biznesi wamoiwyos, yvelas ara aqvs imis

saSualeba, arian adamianebi, mcodneebi...

- ver dadgeba da papiross ver gayidis quCaSi!

- profesoria!

- viRa iyidis, yvelam rom papirosi gayidos?

- rogor ara, gaiyideba! oRond, erTi rame kidev da skolasTan dakavSirebiT

xmas aRar amoviReb. Zalian aris axla yuradReba misaqcevi da dasafiqrebeli —

rogorc viciT, reformiT SeiZleba iseTi rame moxdes, umaRles saswavlebelSi

saerTod gauqmdes gamocdebi da skolaSi miRebuli raRac Sefasebebis mixedviT

ganawildes. es aris absurdi — aq ixsneba korufcia da midis skolaSi, Tu direq-

tori ar Seicvala, Tu sistema ar Seicvala, Tu monitoringi an sazogadoebrivi, an

saxelmwifo, an raRacnairi monitoringi ar ganxorcielda.

- nu, praqtikebze rom viyaviT [skolebSi] — bavSvebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, swavla ar

undaT! es aris kidev yvelaze didi, da maswavlebels rom eubnebian, “ki-Wa!” mere

vubnebi, Sen swavla ar ginda-meTqi? da — “me rad minda swavla, me rad minda!”,

marto rom ipranWebian da bolos veRar Sevikave Tavi, me rom Seni maswavlebeli

viyo, kedelze gartymevinebdi-Tqo Tavs. aris usaSinlesi mdgomareoba. ara, ar

vartymevinebdi, magram im wuTas...

- meoTxe skolaSi maswavlebelma marilze daayena muxlebiT bavSvi.

- eg adre iyo, axla piriqiT xdeba.

- adre ara, erTi wlis winandeli faqti.

- Sevedi skolaSi da guli gamiskda — telefonze TamaSobs naxevari klasi, ra!

meoTxeklaseli lawirakebi!

- Cems periodSic iyo, magram verc erTi maswavlebeli ver bedavda xeli daedo

CemTvis.

- maswavlebeli rom yviris, maswavlebeli rom wivis, wixliT rom Semodis, rom

Semodis da ar icis, rom Sesavali unda gaakeTos, bavSvi unda moamzados, da im

gagiJebul bavSvs rom dadgeba da wivil-kivils dauwyebs: “modi gakveTili

Camabare!”, JurnalSi yofaqcevis magivrad saganSi “erTians” rom dauwers — ar

iswavlis da ver gaamtyuneb. ai eg maswavlebeli unda miartya kedelze!

93

Caabaros, daCagrulia.

- ai, universitetSia eg faqtori, rom momzadebaze — skola maxsendeba xolme

magaze, erT leqtorTan vemzadebodi, da Semdeg ukve, rom davanebe am leqtorTan

momzadebas Tavi, imitom rom aranairi Sedegi vera vnaxe — ai veranairi, naxevari

saaTi vsaubrobdiT, meWoraveboda uxeSad rom vTqvaT, da siTamamec ar myofnida,

rom meTqva rom “ara” — Semdeg misi mSoblebis binis pirdapir daviwye momzadeba da

amis gamo ignorirebas mikeTebda kursze, maxsovs, maSin kargi aRmavlobis periodi

mqonda, da, rasac hqvia, Caaqro mTlianad CemSi eg, da axla ver viwyeb isev Tavidan,

imitom rom is Zalian Zlieri survili mqonda. da rom vuyvebodi seminars,

yovelTvis ukmayofilebis SegrZneba hqonda da Suaze mawyvetinebda an roca xels

viwevdi, ignorirebas mikeTebda — es imitom, rom masTan aRar vemzadebodi.

- aseTi faqtebi skolaSi xSiria xolme.

- amaSi geTanxmebi, magram meore momentic aris. rodesac aq adamiani modis, da

elementaruli, minimaluri azrovnebis donec ara aqvs. magaliTad, Cven visxediT

CaTvlaze, Sexvda qristianoba, da naxevari saaTi mekiTxeboda, saidan daviwyo

qristianobao. bolos leqtorma mohkra yuri da eubneba — saidan unda daiwyo

qristianoba, axla ar gamagiJoo!

- mkalaviSvilidan-Tqo.

- miT umetes, rom faqtebi dazepirebuli ki hqonda, magram veRar moaxerxa imis

“gadaxarSva”.

- TviTon skolaSi maswavleblebis done aris Zalian dabali. erTi statia

davwere erTi sami Tvis win — ese igi, 90% maswavleblebisa ori xeliT mwyevlida.

statia exeboda skolis problemebs, arc saxelebi damisaxelebia, arc gvarebi —

modiodnen da, “Sen is ratom dawere?”. iq wamZRvarebuli maqvs ilia WavWavaZis

“kacia-adamianSi” romaa, “vinc luarsabis saxeSi Tavis Tavs icnobs” da a.S.

vekiTxebi: “icani Seni Tavi?” — “ara, kaco!” — “Sen gagikeTebia aseTi rame?” — “ara!”

- “maS ra ginda?” — “ara, es xom skolis prestiJia!” ra skolis prestiJia, es rom

xdeba, ar aris prestiJis dacema?

- ai, goka gabaSvilma rom Tqva, erTi gadacema gavakeTeo da sul nacvalsa-

xelebiT vlaparakobdio — da yvelam damirekao, “ratom Tqvi, goka, Cemze?” yvela

kargad xvdeboda, vin ra gaakeTa.

- yofili ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge mibarebs — axla mibarebs, warmoid-

gine — meo suliT pedagogi varo, da rogor unda makadros adamianmao, rom

skolaSi fuliT awyoben xalxso? saxeli da gvari miTxari, vino? axla, me unda

vuTxra, gaigeT? mere is wavides, ciliswamebaze miCivlos da marbeninos giJiviT.

- axla, skolis wesdebaSi weria, rom is bavSvebi, vinc cxovroben Telavs gareT,

skolas unda hqondes erTi avtobusi, rogorc sazRvargareT aris, da Turme es

bavSvebi — me ar vicodi, axla gavige — skola valdebulia es bavSvebi waiyvanos

saxlSi da Semdeg diliT wamoiyvanos. imis gamo, rom skolas ara aqvs, igive pirvel

skolas, amis saSualeba, hqondes avtobusi, hqondes yoveldRiurad benzini...

- ra sisulelea!

- ... direqtori ar iRebs saerTod soflidan bavSvebs, dameTanxmebiT, albaT,

imitom, rom pirvel skolaSi iSviaTia...

- eg aris diskriminacia sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

- ... an Tu iRebs, maSin im bavSvs saxlSi manqana unda hyavdes, da im SemTxvevaSi

iRebs.

- an fuli unda hqondes da gadaixados.

- ra Tqma unda, esec korufciaa, xom?

- ara, ara, es ukve diskriminaciaa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

- ai ra informacias vflob: 2003 welSi skolebSi, Tu ar vcdebi, 355 aTasi lari

iyo gamoyofili xelfasebisa da socanaricxebis garda, rom unda daxarjuliyo.

ese igi, rom gadagvexeda, rogor iyo gamoyofili: yvela skolaSi saxuravi unda

iyos gakeTebuli, fasadi unda iyos gakeTebuli, merxebi unda iyos, skamebi unda

iyos, dafebi, sul yvelaferi unda iyos — ar aris arsad! midixar buRalteriaSi,

xom? am saqmes edga a. g., proeqtis farglebSi. mivida buRalterTan, ekiTxeba: es

fuli Camogividao? — Camomividao. <...> mere mivida sxva skolebSi, wamoiReTo? —

arao. is midis isev buRalterTan, romelic eubneba, waRebuli aqvTo [fuli]. aba

maCveneo qviTrebio, miReba-Cabarebis raRaca — eg kontrolis palatis saqmeao,

92

“cxovrebis istoriis” analogiurad, biografiul-naratiuli interviuc

respondentis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad; esec

arastruqturirebuli interviua, romlis msvlelobaSic interviueri minimalu-

rad ereva saubarSi, vinaidan am tipis intervius erT-erTi mTavari mizani

Txrobis spontanurobis uzrunvelyofaa. am intervius ZiriTadi gansxvaveba

“cxovrebis istoriisagan” imaSi gamoixateba, rom biografiul-naratiul inter-

viuSi ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba Tavad respondentis Sefasebebis Seswavlas

mis cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT, rac, rogorc am meTodis

Teoretikosebi varaudoben, saSualebas gvaZlevs gansakuTrebulad Rrmad

SeviswavloT am procesebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi.31

respondentTa gulaxdilobis gamomwvevi meTodikebi

siRrmiseuli intervius warmatebis upirveles sawindars warmoadgens

interviuersa da respondents Soris iseTi urTierTobis damyareba, romelic

respondentis gulwrfelobas gamoiwvevs. aseTi urTierTobis winapirobaa

mkvlevris WeSmariti interesi respondentis cxovrebisadmi, araSefasebiTi

damokidebuleba misi gamocdilebis an misi azrebisadmi da misi unari daarwmunos

respondenti, rom intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia mxolod kvleviTi

amocanebisTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli.

amasTan, arsebobs specialuri profesiuli meTodikebi, romlebic gvexmareba,

gamoviwvioT respondentis meti gulwrfeloba da miviRoT misgan meti informacia,

vidre is Tavidan apirebda gaemJRavnebina CvenTvis. es meTodikebi xSirad moixsenieba

rogorc “zondirebis” saSualebebi (“probing”); maTi meSveobiT Cven vubiZgebT respon-

dents, daasrulos azri, romelic bolomde ar ganumartavs, an agvixsnas is, rasac

mxolod gakvriT Seexo. zondireba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT SemTxvevebSi,

rodesac respondentebi aRiqvamen gamokvlevis Temas rogorc Zalze rTuls an

saTuTs, da amis gamo SeiZleba Tavi Seikavon detaluri da gulwrfeli pasuxebisagan.

qvemoT ganvixilavT respondentebis gulaxdilobis gamomwvev ramdenime

meTodikas — “siCumes”, “eqos” da “ganacxads”; mniSvnelovania, rom maTi gamoye-

nebis dros interviueri ar ereva saubarSi, Sesabamisad, ar axdens gavlenas

respondentebis pasuxebze.

1) siCume. imis magivrad, rom saubris dros warmoqmnili pauzis dros

mkvlevarma morigi kiTxva dasvas, is agrZelebs Cumad jdomas. xSirad xdeba, rom

aseT situaciaSi respondenti Tavs uxerxulad grZnobs, amitom gadawyvets, Tavad

Seavsos siCume, agrZelebs saubars, Tan ambobs mets, vidre Tavidan apirebda.

es meTodika Zalian misasalmebelia im TvalsazrisiTac, rom is neitraluria,

mkvlevari arafers ambobs, ar svams damatebiT kiTxvebs, Sesabamisad, gamoricxu-

lia, raime gavlena iqonios respondentis pasuxze.

amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am meTodikis warmatebiT gamoyeneba Zalze rTulia,

vinaidan aq ar SeiZleba gadaWarbeba — SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom respondenti

aRar apirebs arafris Tqmas; aseT SemTxvevaSi Camovardnili siCume SeiZleba uxe-

rxuli gaxdes. mkvlevars unda Seswevdes unari, droulad auRos alRo situacias

da gadawyvitos, gaagrZelos siCume Tu droulad gadavides morig kiTxvaze.

2) eqo Zalze neitraluri da nakleb sarisko meTodikaa, romelic ar iwvevs

intervius mimarTulebis Secvlas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac respondentma daas-

rula pasuxi raime kiTxvaze, magram mkvlevari ar aris maincdamainc kmayofili

miRebuli pasuxiT, mas SeuZlia ubralod nela gaimeoros respondentis mier

naTqvami bolo sityva an fraza. didia imis albaToba, rom respondenti

daubrundeba Sewyvetil Temas da ufro srul informacias mogvawvdis.

3) ganacxadi. es meTodika gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare, daxurul Temebze

saubrisas gamoiyeneba, rodesac respondentebs euxerxulebaT saubari an ar

undaT, raime jgufuri saidumlo “gascen”. ganacxadis teqnikis gamoyenebisas

mkvlevari iqceva ise, TiTqos man ukve icis yvelaferi, rac am sakiTxTanaa

dakavSirebuli, da Tavisuflad saubrobs respondentTan “daxuruli” an “akrZa-

31 Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle

società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag.

21

luli” detalebis Sesaxeb. amis Sedegad respondents uCndeba grZnoba, rom

yvelaferi isedac cnobilia, am TemasTan dakavSirebiT aRaraferia dasamali, da

is ufro gulaxdili xdeba, mosalodnelia gacilebiT meti gviTxras, vidre sxva

SemTxvevaSi ityoda, vinaidan rac ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli miaCnia mkvlevari

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro uadvildeba laparaki. is gabedulad

grZnobs Tavs, vinaidan Tvlis, rom araviTari saidumlo ar gaucia — mkvlevarma

isedac icoda yvelaferi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es meTodika SeiZleba Zalze efeqturi iyos, misi

gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis unda vifiqroT respondentis interesebze da ar

davarRvioT eTikis elementaruli normebi. rac ufro gulaxdilia respondenti

CvenTan saubrisas, miT metia Cveni pasuxismgebloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

mogvianebiT man ar inanos, rom dagvTanxmda interviuze. swored Cven varT

pasuxismgeblebi, agreTve, imaze, Tu rogor iqneba gamoyenebuli intervius msvle-

lobaSi miRebuli informacia. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ukeTesic aris, SevaCeroT

respondenti da ar vaTqmevinoT is, ris Tqmasac is, SesaZloa, ukve apirebda.32

“zondireba” SeiZleba iyos arasruli an sruli. s.belanovskis mohyavs sruli

zondirebis aseTi magaliTi:

interviueri: Tavis tkivilis ra wamlebi iciT?

respondenti: aspirini, analgini, piramidoni. da citramoni.

interviueri: (siCume.)

respondenti: kidev, spazgani, da, Tu ar vcdebi, maqsigani. isini erTmaneTSi

meSleba xolme.

interviueri: kidev?

respondenti: Svils panadols vaZlev xolme, amboben, is usafrTxoao...

interviueri: hm.

respondenti: a, gamaxsenda — kidev baralgini.

interviueri: baralgini...

respondenti: kidev, reklamaa xolme televiziiT, magram saxeli ar maxsovs,

raRac wamali, romelsac ormagi moqmedeba aqvs.

interviueri: kidev?

respondenti: sxva araferi maxsendeba.

interviueri: aRaraferi?

respondenti: diax, veRarafers vixseneb.33

sruli zondireba mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac interviueri darwmundeba, rom

respondents aRaraferi aqvs saTqmeli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi

ar arsebobs unificirebuli midgoma Tvisebrivi Sedegebis damuSavebisadmi.

ramdenadac TviTon es meTodebi araa formalizebuli, maTi Sedegebis damu-

Savebis formalizaciac Zalian rTuli, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SeuZlebeli amocanaa.

avtorebis umravlesoba xazs usvams, rom iseve rogorc nebismieri Tvisebrivi

monacemebis SemTxvevaSi, siRrmiseuli intervius (da misi nebismieri nairsa-

xeobis) Sedegebis damuSaveba ar aris kvlevis izolirebuli safexuri, aramed

monacemTa analizi savele etapis dros, interviuebis Catarebis paralelurad

iwyeba. kerZod, jeims spradlis Tanaxmad, analizi pirveli intervius dasru-

lebisTanave unda daiwyos, ramdenadac Catarebuli intervius Sedegebis gaana-

lizeba dagvexmareba, ukeT SevarCioT kiTxvebi Semdeg interviuebisaTvis.34 amis

sapirispirod, robert vaisi miiCnevs, rom naadrevia analizis dawyeba savele

etapis damTavrebamde.35

ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT, rom Tvisebrivi analizi bevradaa damokidebuli

mkvlevris individualur midgomaze; zog SemTxvevaSi, masze garkveul gavlenas

32 damatebiT aseTi meTodikebis Sesaxeb ix. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in

Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pp. 210-217. 33 С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М. С. 26. 34 James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 92. 35 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 151.

22

- ki, marTalia, es aris — maSin ar unda arsebobdes.

- CamovTvaloT, ra SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba universitetSi korufcia. Cemi azriT

— SeiZleba srulad ver vTqva, magram SevavsoT. erTi is, rom xelfasi unda

moematos profesor-maswavleblebs. meore is, rom skolidanve bavSvi unda

wamovides codniT. mesame is, rom saerTod es kvalifikacia gadaisinjos

profesor-maswavleblebis.

- ki, aucileblad, eg aris pirveli.

- SemCneulebi vinc arian ise ki ara, rom Tan “ar ginda” da Tan jibes uwevs,

iZulebiT rom arTmevs im fuls, [aramed] Zalian-Zalian rom aqvT am korufciaSi

gadgmuli fexebi, eseni unda moSordnen.

- ki.

- da ucodinroba, TviTon leqtorebis done unda iyos normaluri.

- da iseTi leqtorebi, romlebic bavSvebs ukiTxaven — vTqvaT, sagani uweria

“ekonomiqsi” magram es ver gaurCevia politikuri ekonomikisgan. aseTi

leqtorebic unda gavidnen.

- aris leqcia, rodesac erT-erTma leqtorma — aseTi faqti arsebobs, ra —

datova bavSvebi auditoriaSi da uTxra: Cumad iyaviTo, bazari daiketebao,

RanZili maqvs sayidelio. taqsiT gaiqca, RanZili iyida, da isev im leqciaSi

moaswro, amovida da gauSva is bavSvebi. isini Cumad isxdnen, iman RanZili iyida. an,

rZal-dedamTilis urTierTobebze midis saubari.

- bavSvebsac awyobdaT, xom, ese igi, Cumad jdoma?

- rogor ar awyobdaT! mageTi leqtoris Catarebul leqcias naRdad mirCevia,

rom siCumes vusmino!

- eg marTalia.

- ise marTali xar.

skolebSi korufcias aqvs adgili?

- ki.

- ra Tqma unda!

- adre ise ar iyo...

- skolidan modis, me Tu mkiTxavT.

sad ufro metia — skolaSi Tu universitetSi?

- universitetSi.

- universitetSi.

- skolaSi iafi, universitetSi Zviri.

- skolaSi gamoxatvis forma sxva aris.

- skolaSi iwyeba korufcia da mere grZeldeba universitetSi.

- ara, iq fuli ar aris, skolaSi.

- rogor ar aris! pirvel skolaSi vici maswavlebeli, rom 60 lars iRebs

niSanSi!

- Tavi daanebe pirvel skolas!

- ginda dagisaxelo?

- vin aris?

- n. T.

- ara.

- studenti modis skolidan, me vfiqrob, skolidan unda daiwyos maswavleb-

lebisa da sistemis gadaxaliseba, rom mere kadri wamovides normaluri.

- ar aris korufcia, rom Sen bavSvs Zalas atan, rom, ginda Tu ara, SenTan

moemzados, da Tu SenTan ar moemzadeba, niSans ar dauwer?

- da emzadebian?

- ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars

arTmev da maswavleblad iReb, rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere isev aq fu-

liT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase gagrZeldes mudmivad?

- Caketili wrea.

- eg modis skolidan. TavSi rom urtyav, rom eubnebi, rom Seni saqme ar aris,

Seni uflebebis dacva araferi ar aris — aq universitetSi rom amodis da is rom

fuls sZalavs — iman ar icis, rom komisia unda moiwvios da viRacasTan erTad

91

azriT, aqvs raime gamarTleba?

- araviTari.

- gaaCnia visTvis?

- ara, gamarTleba aqvs. magaliTad, 16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da

mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos

fuli viRac debilisgan, visac aqvs fuli da sTavazobs. codoa.

- magram erTi ramea oRond — is bavSvi ar aris codo, rom niSans ar uwers?

- ar aris codo, is aris debili...

- mcodnesac rom ar ar uwers niSans, mainc awvalebs?

- ara, eg...

- ara, ki, aseTi faqtebi aris, rom gawvaleben.

- Cven erTi rame gamogvrCa. dRes, Cems kursels — dRes moxda es ambavi —

romelic pirvelia Tavis kursze da romelsac hyavs yvelgan “xuTi” — yvelaferi

icoda, mesamed daibara qalma da mainc “oTxi” dauwera, im imediT, rom

“xuTianisTvis” fuls miutanda. es ar aris gawameba?

- ara, me magaze ar viZaxi.

- “oTxi” damiwereo, Tqva am bavSvma, “xuTi” ar mindao. ukve itira kidec.

- ar aris ganaTleba. unda icodes, rom SeuZlia man moiwvios komisia...

- ukve ra aris, ici? is imedi da isa — yvela iseTi xom ver iqneba, ara?

- magas viZaxi — samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar aris kargad Camoyalibebuli,

brZolisunariani.

- me magaze ar viZaxi.

- axla sxva Temaze gadavediT, Cven xom...

- ara, sxva Tema ar aris, am qals uWirs am SemTxvevaSi, ityvi, rom 16 lari aqvs

xelfasi.

- ara, es aris ubralod gamamarTlebeli sabuTi.

- me raze vbrazdebi, iciT — Cemi azriT, dauSvebelia students aqvs stipendia

17 lari da leqtorebs, profesorebs aqvT sadRac 50 laramde, ra, dedaCems aqvs

sadRac 31 Tu raRaca, imdenad sasaciloa es yvelaferi!

- 45 lari dekans aqvs.

- erTi Zalian uxeSi Sedareba unda moviyvano, bodiSs vixdi winaswar. es aris

realoba. aiRebs qrTams, maS ras izavs! axla warmoidgineT: erTi leqciis Catareba

Rirda 15 TeTri. da samoqalaqo tualetSi rom Sexvide, Rirs 20 TeTri. ar aiRebs

qrTams? aiRebs!

- Zalian kargi Sedarebaa, magram...

- roca bavSvi Clungia da ar swavlobs, mag SemTxvevaSi ver gaamtyuneb.

- ukacravad, magram Cemi 3 Tvis disSvils Clungma eqimma dauniSna gentamicini

— sinamdvileSi araferze! axla, dedaCemi ki azrovnebs da ar gaukeTa, magram Sen

rom dauniSnav bavSvs da — imitom aris, dayruvdao da is mouvida da es mouvida —

Sen ase nu uyureb, rom Clungia da morCa, gavida [universitetidan] da arafers ar

gaakeTebs, imaze (vTqvaT, ucxo enebze ara) — aTi da aTasi adamianis sicocxlea

damokidebuli da aTi da aTasi adamianis ganaTlebaa damokidebuli.

- ra Tqma unda!

- cxadia.

axla warmovidginoT Telavis saxelmwifo universiteti korufciis

gareSe.

- sami studentiRa darCeba!

- ver warmomidgenia!

- me ver warmomidgenia.

- Zalian sasiamovno iqneba, magram Zalian mcire raodenobiT darCeba — me

gaviricxebi, magram mirCevia meored Caviricxo, magram axla gaviricxo, me amas

Tamamad vityvi.

- me Zalian gamixardeba!

- me, magaliTad, vityvi — mirCevia, am universitetSi sul 5 kaci dadiodes da

iyos iseTi, rogoric unda iyos wesiT, vidre aq iaros 3 aTasma...

- universiteti ver iarsebebs maSin, Tu xuTi kaci ivlis.

- maSin ar unda arsebobdes, es aris sircxvili amis arseboba!

90

axdens, agreTve interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis specifika. miuxe-

davad amisa, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi midgoma Tvisebrivi

teqsturi informaciis analizisadmi. esenia, magaliTad: naratiuli analizi,

hermenevtikuli analizi, diskursuli analizi, kontent-analizi; interpreta-

ciuli analizi; “dafuZnebuli Teoria” (grounded theory). yvela es analitikuri

strategia kargad aqvs ganxiluli h.r.bernards.36

teqstis Tvisebrivi analizis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba moiTxovs informaciis

kodirebas anu mniSvnelovani Tematuri blokebis an elementebis gamoyofas

respondentis monaTxrobSi. es analizis sawyisi etapia; swored kodirebis dros

xdeba, rogorc wesi, sawyisi Teoriuli konstruqtebis gamoyofa.

Tu adre kodireba “xeliT” xdeboda da mkvlevari yuradRebiT kiTxulobda

yvela intervius transkripts, raTa aRmoeCina mniSvnelovani Temebi, kategoriebi

an kanonzomierebebi, amJamad arsebobs ramdenime kompiuteruli programa,

romelsac SeuZlia intervius transkriptebis kodireba37; miuxedavad amisa, rigi

Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebisa mainc “xeliT” muSaobas amjobinebs, Tumca mkvlevrebis

axali Taoba xSirad kompiuterul programebs aniWebs upiratesobas.

yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tvisebrivi monacemebis

analizis saboloo mizania miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze Sesaswavli fenomenis,

an misi romelime aspeqtis tipologizacia, anu socialurad mniSvnelovani

tipebis garkveuli klasifikaciis Seqmna. es xdeba respondentTa naambobze

daydnobiT da, amave dros, mkvlevris analitikuri unaris gamoyenebiT,

ramdenadac gamoyofili tipebi, rogorc wesi, Teoriuli abstraqciis Sedegia.

bunebrivia, siRrmiseuli intervius, iseve rogorc yvela misi nairsaxeobis

gamoyenebiT Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegad Cven ver davTvliT Sedegebs

procentulad. am SemTxvevaSi Sedegebi gamoixateba ara ama Tu im maCveneblis

gavrcelebis an misi gamovlenis sixSiris SefasebaSi, aramed garkveuli

socialuri problemis Sefasebebis, mizezebis, kanonzomierebebis, gadalaxvis

gzebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebaSi.

siRrmiseuli intervius da misi analogiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis warmodgena xdeba angariSis saxiT, sadac Zalze

farTod gamoiyeneba citatebi Catarebuli interviuebidan, romlebic

adasturebs mkvlevris mier gakeTebul daskvnebs.

davalebebi:

1. SeadgineT siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis

saintereso Temaze.

2. CaatareT 3 siRrmiseuli interviu (SeZlebisdagvarad — sxvadasxva soci-

aluri da demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone respondentebTan) Tqvens mier

Sedgenili sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze. samive interviu CawereT audioka-

setaze. dawereT dawvrilebiTi angariSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warimarTa es

interviuebi (SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara intervius etapebis gamoyofa; ra

reaqcia hqonda respondents Tqvens SekiTxvebze; ra sirTuleebs grZnobdiT

intervius Catarebis procesSi da rogor gadalaxeT es sirTuleebi).

3. gaSifreT Tqvens mier Catarebuli erT-erTi intervius audioCanaweri,

romelic, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze warmatebulad warimarTa.

36 H. Russel Bernard. Op. cit. Pp. 449-488. 37 aseTi programebia, magaliTad, ATLAS.ti da NUD.IST.

23


1. С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М.

2. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220 (“Unstructured Interviewing”) and 449-488 (“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).

3. Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag.

4. James A. Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

5. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics of Reproduction in Everyday Life”).

6. John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 78-89.

7. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

8. Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Free Press.

24

- ki.

- [anu] moewyobi, da pirvel sesiamde Tu ar dafarav am gadasaxads, gagricxaven.

- me xom ar viyavi fuliT mowyobili da cxonebuli g. a. <...> — me xom ar viyavi

fuliT mowyobili, da es xom icoda iman, iyo proreqtori, da Tu vinme raRacas

akeTebda fuliT, midioda magasTan, da is mere reqtorTan iyofda. me rom ar

viyavi fuliT mowyobili, pirveli kvira araferi da meore kviras biWebma dalies

sasmeli da kursze viyaviT sami kaci fxizlebi, ra — atyda mTeli ambavi,

dagvibares xuTi kaci, ori CemTan erTad sxva, vinc ufulod moewyo da ori kidev

fuliT mowyobilebi, magram imaT Zalian cudi raRaceebi gaakeTes simTvraleSi.

me ise iZulebuli gamxades, rom meRiarebina, rom ar gavegde, rom mec davlie,

gesmis?

- eg ukve dabali donea raRac, sxva sakiTxze gadavdivarT. axla me minda

prestiJs Sevexo — ese igi, nulzea dacemuli universitetis prestiJi, azri ara

aqvs, wiTels aiReb, mwvanes aiReb, cisfers aiReb, mniSvneloba ara aqvs aranairi.

- da me mindoda gamemaxvelebina yuradReba TviTon leqtorebis doneze —

piradad me ucxo enebze vswavlob, magram me Tu ar movemzade da me Tu ar viswavle

kerZo maswavlebelTan...

- eg skolaSia eg problema da magazec vilaparakebT.

- ... kerZo maswavlebeli Tu ar meyoleba, me vinc maswavlis — nu movkvdebi, me

mgoni, namdvilad.

- is ver gaswavlis.

- xandaxan, magaliTad — jek londonis istoria movuyeviT, magram

sinamdvileSi sul sxva rame movuyeviT da ubralod saxelebi SevcvaleT da qali —

cota nela moyeviTo, rom cota SeesworebinasaviT; me ar movyevi, Cemma kurselma

gaakeTa, da Tavisi sakurso miutana TviTon, ese igi gadaaqseroqsa Cumad da

miutana, nu qali ver mixvda.

- anu kvalifikacia aris Zalian dabali.

- ki.

- bodiSi, erTi wami, Tundac CvenTan, iuristebTan rac xdeba — am

universitetSi romc gadawyvitos vinmem, rom iswavlos im programiT, rac aris

dRes — verasodes ver gaxdeba normaluri iuristi, Tu TviTon ar aris aqtiuri

pirovneba.

- eg mindoda [meTqva], TviTon aqtiuroba Zalian [mniSvnelovania].

- ki, jer marto masalebi — ganaTlebis sistemaSi marTla reforma unda

gatardes, imdenad moZvelebul raRaceebs vswavlobT, ubralod...

- SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos, vTqvaT, 60-ian wlebSi gamocemuli wignidan, magram

iuristisTvis es aris dauSvebeli.

- ki, zustad!

- davamateb, ra, Tu SeiZleba — ai is patiosani leqtorebic, romlebic Zalian

cotaa am universitetSi, isinic garkveulwilad xels uwyoben korufcias, da

ratom. magaliTad, sociologiurze mowyoba pirvel weliwads Rirda 400 dolari.

mere, rodesac prestiJi aiwia, ramodenime leqtorma daxvewa jgufi da Zalian

kargad gamoiyvana, igive konferenciebze waiyvana da raRacaSi CarTo — mere

gaZvirda es, faqtia ra, 800 dolaramde iyo SarSan, saSualod.

- ara, meti.

- SeiZleba. anu, ese igi, ginda Tu ar ginda, mainc xels uwyob korufcias, ra!

- korufciul sistemaSi yvelaferi...

- albaT, prestiJis xarjze Rirs raRac, albaT...

axla minda Sevecado Zalian mokled SevajamoT is, rac ukve vTqviT, da mere

gadavideT sxva Temaze. ese igi Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi yvelas gvxdebaT

raRac korufciuli faqtebi da yvelas erTxel mainc, Soridan mainc

daginaxavT is, rac xdeba arakanonierad. es exeba (a) universitetSi Cabarebas

(b) sesiebs da (g) saxelmwifo gamocdebs. amis garda, Tu aris kidev rame

korufciuli SemTxvevebi Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi?

,

,

- sxva raRa darCa?

Tu SegiZliaT damisaxeloT korufciis raime faqti, romelsac, Tqveni

89

- ki, ra Tqma unda.

- ra Tqma unda, aris.

- erTi wuTi, davamTavreb Tu SeiZleba. is viRacis Svilia, is viRacis naTesavia,

moewyo. nawili aris fuliT mowyobili, imitom rom imas ara hyavs naTesavi da unda

swavla — iyvnen, Cemi kurselebic iyvnen, brwyinvaled daamTavres, magram fuli

hqondaT gadaxdili. Cemma meuRlem 800 dolari gadaixada inglisurze rom

mowyobiliyo, magram oTxi weliwadi da saxelmwifo gamocdebze ise gavida, rom

arc erT imaSi kapiki ar gadauxdia.

- Zalian kargi!

- iZuleba ara yofila, magram survili radgan hqonda swavlisa, gadaixada,

imitom rom meti gza ara hqonda.

- aravin ar moawyobda.

- ki, ra Tqma unda, sabednierod maseTebic arian jer kidev.

Tu saidumlo ar aris, kidev vin Caabara aq ise, rom fuli ar gadauxdia?

- me.

- me Cavabare.

- mec.

- me — arc fuli, arc...

- me Cavabare, magram axla raSia saqme, viRacam viRacas uTxrao — me ubralod

ar damikarges Cemi codna, imitom rom ver damikargavdnen, amitom ar vTvli me amas

garigebad.

- bevrs daukarges. ai Cems dros bevrs daukarges.

- pirovnulad Cemze ver damikargavdnen, ra, imitom rom…

- bevri vici iseTi, rom hqondaT conda da daarekines ubralod, hyavdaT is

naTesavi an axlobeli, ise rom am bavSvs codna aqvs da ar daukargoT.

rom ar daerekinebinaT ra moxdeboda?

- daukargavdnen!

- ki, ar miiRebdnen!

- dakargavdnen, imitom rom — magaliTs moviyvan, Cemi meuRle rom

mowyobiliyo, erT-erT umaRles pirTan reqtoratSi rom mividnen da gasaubreba

iyo, Tu Tanxaze iyo laparaki, Tu rac iyo, maSin eubnebodnen, rom ai,

momzadebulia da raRaca — maSin uTxres, “Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs”.

- ki, eg...

- “Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs”. ar minda davasaxelo saxeli da

gvari.

- arc gWideba, yvela mixvda!

- gavagrZeleb. inglisuri icio, ekiTxeba — kio, kargad vicio. mere rad

gindao? inglisurze rad ginda rom iswavloo, aq mainc verafers ver iswavlio.

anu prestiJi aris nulze dacemuli. TiTqmis yvela fakultetze, garda

sociologiurisa, ar aris imis prestiJi dacemuli.

- ara, Cvenebi ki fiqrobdnen imas, rom, sityvaze, cudi momentia, rom Svilma

ver Caabaros, da iZulebuli gaxdebi mag SemTxvevaSi, rom gadaixado, xom? rom ar

darCes Svili gareT — magram me vuTxari, rom axla, sityvaze, viRacas daarekinoT

— iqneb vabareb, hoda ratom unda viyo imis madlieri, Tu SevZeli, rom me CemiT

Cavabaro. is fuli gadavixado — ar iyo is fuli gadasaxdeli da xom ar isesxebT-

meTqi? Tu raRaca, RmerTma daifaros, moxda ise, rom ver da raRaca — mere an

vinmes [daurekeT] an raRaca, magram gavedi Cveulebriv, uSpargalkod Sevedi,

Cveulebriv davjeqi, davwere, gamovedi, damiweres 7 qula.

- erTaderTi viyavi, vinc Tavisufali Tema dawera qarTulSi.

- mec Tavisufali Tema davwere.

- meore dRes [maTematikaSi] mqonda testireba, 10-quliani sistemiT iyo da

miviRe 7 damiweres, magram aRar vidave, imitom rom gasuli viyavi.

- magram Cems gverdze ra moxda, vTqvaT — Zalian kargad momzadebuli bavSvi,

romelic ar iyo Telaveli — brwyinvaled abarebda istorias, magram ar uwerdnen

am bavSvs im niSans! sanam aman mere panika ar daiwyo da viRac ar ipova.

- iyo “posleze” mowyoba.

88

magaliTi #1

axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema saqarTveloSi

sadiskusio gegma38

SeniSvnebi:

rogorc es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebis formulireba ar aris

mkacri, aramed SesaZlebelia gvqondes erTi da igive SekiTxvis ramdenime

versia. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes pasuxis mosalodnel

variantebs — aq yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba variantebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania

kvleviTi amocanebidan gamomdinare.

Tu interviueri amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos sadiskusio

gegmaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi, moniSnos, ra kiTxva miaCnia yvelaze

mizanSewonilad ama Tu im informaciis miRebis mizniT, rogor gaagrZelos

diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. savsebiT dasaSvebia da

mosalodnelic aris, rom sadiskusio gegmam cvlilebebi ganicados

interviuebis Catarebis Sedegad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra damatebiT codnas

miiRebs interviueri Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

[SesavalSi gaacaniT respondents intervius mizani, amocanebi, daarwmuneT

misi pasuxebis anonimurobaSi.]

vin brZandebiT? gTxovT mokled momiyveT Tqveni Tavis Sesaxeb. [asaki, ojaxi,

pirveladi identifikacia]

;

;

ras saqmianobdiT skolis damTavrebis Semdeg? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT

skolis damTavrebis Semdeg gasuli mTeli drois manZilze]

ra ganaTleba gaqvT miRebuli? sad swavlobdiT? rodis daamTavreT swavla?

[Tu respondenti ar swavlobs da arc uswavlia skolis Semdeg:] ratom ar

swavlobT? [abarebda, magram ver Caabara arc ucdia; sxva]

ratom airCieT es specialoba? [nanobs?] romelime sxva specialobaze Tu

fiqrobdiT?

dRes rom irCevdeT specialobas, ras airCevdiT? igives Tu sxvas? ratom?

ramdenad kmayofili xarT miRebuli ganaTlebiT? ratom?

rogor swavlobdiT? rogor daamTavreT umaRlesi saswavlebeli?

ras saqmianobT amJamad? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT]

ramdenad gadgebaT miRebuli ganaTleba?

visTan erTad cxovrobT amJamad? [ojaxuri mdgomareoba]

vin muSaobs ojaxSi? rogor SeafasebdiT Tqveni ojaxis materialur

mdgomareobas? vin arCens ojaxs ZiriTadad?

38 es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis me-2 kursis

studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna saswavlo siRrmiseuli intervius

Catarebisas.

25

eZebT Tu ara samsaxurs amJamad?

[ara:] ratom ara?

[diax:] rogor eZebT? rogor samsaxurs eZebT? [specialobiT Tu nebismiers;

rogori anazRaurebiT]

rogor fiqrobT, ra adgils daikavebs es samsaxuri Tqvens cxovrebaSi?

[Semosavlis wyaro; “saxlidan gasvla”, sayvareli saqmis keTeba da sxv.]

ratom ver moaxerxeT samsaxuris Sovna dRemde? [iyo Tu ara variantebi? iyo

Tu ara iseTi varianti, romelzec TviTon TqviT uari? ra mizeziT? rogori

variantebi iyo es?]

Tqveni azriT, ra pirobebi Seuwyobs xels imas, rom Tqven amJamad samsaxuri

daiwyoT?

romeli specialobaa dRes yvelaze perspeqtiuli?

visTan gaqvT urTierToba yvelaze xSirad? [megobrebi — megobrebis dasaqmeba]

Tqvens megobrebs/axloblebs Soris, vis gaumarTla yvelaze metad samsaxuris

mxriv? [mogviyevs dawvrilebiT — rogori samsaxuri aqvs am adamians; sad; rogor

iSova es samsaxuri; ramdenad kmayofilia, da a.S.]

rogor gesaxebaT Tqveni cxovreba 10 wlis Semdeg? kerZod, dasaqmebis

sferoSi? risken iswrafviT, risi imedi gaqvT?

26

- erT welSi ver iswavlis is.

- ara, me vambob axlandel mdgomareobaze, meoTxe kurselebi, vinc amTavrebs

axla.

- bodiSs vixdi, magram axla saxelmwifo gamocdebze ici ra moxda?

exvewebodnen leqtorebi, sam-sami sakiTxi iswavleTo — aq ar iyo laparaki yvela

sakiTxis momzadebaze.

- sami ki ara, erTi sakiTxi.

- imdenad aqvT tvini gayinuli, rom ver iswavles is sami sakiTxi — ver iswavles

Tu ar iswavles, amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba. mainc iqidan cdiloben gaZvrenas.

- es ukve aris TviTon im pirovnebis brali, rogor, sami furceli ver unda

iswavlo?

- axlobels hqonda erTi gverdi saswavli — leqtorma uTxra, es erTi gverdi

iswavle da dagiwer ra niSans, samians dagiwer da wadi, ra — da es erTi gverdis

swavla ver moaxerxa, gadaixada 15 lari. kinaRam ara vceme, me vuTxari, dajeqi ra,

rom waikiTxo, viRaca rom mogiyves, imas daimaxsovreb amxela kaci!

- ho, magram elementarulad ar atokeben tvins.

- urCeviaT fuli gadaixadon da...

- CvenTan, magaliTad, agrarulSi96 xom vswavlob — aris aseTi pirovneba, g. C.,

romelic aris Tbiliseli profesori, Camodis CvenTan universitetSi, leqcias

atarebs, midis. magram am adamianis sagani xom maqvs me, vswavlob. imis magivrad

atarebs viRac qali — im sagans, leqcias ra. da es kaci Camodis — am semestrSi,

bolo semestrSi iyo erTxel Camosuli — da is leqcia ratomRac gavacdine me, ver

vnaxe, ise rom am semestrSi ar minaxia es pirovneba. Camovida, axla CaTvla-

gamocdebis periodi xom modis — es kaci Camodis erTi dRiT, da im erT dReSi

warmoidgine Sen rom vin Caabarebs, Tan aris saSineli mkacri, rom ra vici. hoda, es

iTxovs — darekavs, Tavis sagans vinc kiTxulobs, etyvis imas, rom amdeni

momikrifos jgufma, rom Camova, dro aRar dakargos, aiRos, Caidos jibeSi da

wavides — xels ki moawers.

- da aseTi kaci aris profesori? profesori aris Zalian bevri, rogorc aris

generali Zalian bevri.

- hoda aris profesori aseTi kaci da is kaci amayobs, rom profesoria da

sazogadoebaSi Cans, rom profesoria. me Tu mkiTxav, aseTi profesorebi ki ar

unda daiWiro, unda raRac...

- unda xarisxi CamoarTva da gauSva...

- aseTi momenti xom ar SeiZleba, ara? Camodis — iZulebuli xar rom misce

fuli, imitom rom...

- ho, aseTi situaciaa, zustad magas vambob, Sen xar imisi studenti,

iZulebuli xar misce, xom? oTxi weli es studenti iZulebulia misces leqtors

fuli, da is leqtoric — “ra kargi bavSvi xar, ai dagiwer Sen xuTians” da mere rom

saxelmwifo gamocdebze sTxov codnas...

- ara, am universitetSi97 xom ar aris aseTi situacia rom erTi profesori

Camodis da magitom, Torem aq xom ar aris ase, rom Tbilisidan...

- profesori ar aris, leqtoria, da leqtori gaiZulebs...

- ara, rogor ar aris, aq ufro metia, magram me minda isev TavSi davbrunde,

erTi wuTi — axla, nu davikavebT iseT pozicias, rom Cven yvelani ise movediT am

universitetSi da ai “sxvebi”, sxvebze fuls iReben da isa.

- ara, magas arc aravin ar ambobs.

- me marTla ar gadamixdia.

- arc me gadamixdia.

- me 15 larad Cavabare.

- me gadavixade.

- arc me gadamixdia, magram viRacam viRacas uTxra da movewye universitetSi.

eg aris Tu ara korufcia?

- ar vici.

96 saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis Telavis filiali. 97 Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi

87

gvarebis dasaxeleba, ara? ese igi, Cemi meuRle wayvanili myavda TbilisSi

samSobiarod da darCenili hqonda gamocda germanulSi, qalbaton m. g.-sTan.

mivedi am qalTan da veubnebi, rom iqneba an gadavavadoT, an raRaca, imitom rom ar

aris fizikurad da axla mSobiare qali rogor Camogiyvano Casabareblad? 25 lari

momecio, da yvelaferi kargad iqnebao. nu, vici es qali vinc aris, rac aris —

rasac metyoda vicodi. jibeSi midevs Cveulebrivi radio. me vuTxari, nakleb ar

iqneba-meTqi? arao, rogor, Tan xuTianio — mase ara xdebao. me vuTxari, vuxsni,

rom Tan gundSi mReris, aqtiuri studentebi varT, is gvikeTebia, es gvikeTebia da

iqneba gagviwioT angariSi... daicao, kaco, grantebi gikeTebiao da geqnebao fuli.

- da am SemTxvevaSi Sen sTxov gadavadebas, araTu niSnis daweras, ara?

- nu, iqneb ramiT mogvexmaroT, an raRaca — kargi, gadamivade, eg miTxari!

pirdapir 25 lars rom majaxeb, egre xom ara xdeba? kargi-meTqi maSin — amoviRe es

radio, davanaxe. ai-meTqi diqtofoni, hoda unda garbeino-meTqi magrad. es xdeba

reqtoris arCevnebamde. Camovedi, reqtorobis orive kandidats vuTxari me es

yvelaferi, am SemTxvevaSi vicrue, rom viTom diqtofonze mqonda es Cawerili,

rom cota seriozuloba Semateboda am faqts, da orive Cavayene saqmis kursSi.

mere iman etyoba gaikiTxa, gamoikiTxa, rom viRaca igre ar viyavi — Tavidan miTxra,

sadac ginda iq miCivle, rac ginda isa qenio da mere, rom, etyoba, mixvda, iq

viRacasTan mivida da Tqva, uTxres, rom cota saxumaro Tema ar aris egao, mere

daiwyo aqeT-iqiT sirbili, xan vin damireka, kaseta momecio, xan isa qenio, xan isa,

xan esa...

- mere ratom ar uTxari, 25 lari momeci da mogcem-Tqo?

da is 25 lari iqna gadaxdili Tu ara?

- ara. niSani ki Tavisi surviliT dawera, dawera oTxiani.

- iZulebiT.

studentis gamoCenis gareSe?

- ki.

- SantaJireba moaxdine.

- ara, SantaJi ar momixdenia, imitom rom me ara mqonia is kaseta. mere ukve

vTqvi, rom is ar iyo Cawerili. morCa.

- minda vTqva saxelmwifo gamocdebze. vfiqrob, rom is pirovnebebi, vinc

Tavidanve fuliT miiRes, mTeli oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi codna ar miuRiaT, ese

igi aZlevdnen leqtorebs fuls. imaT rom mosTxovo saxelmwifo gamocdebze

codna, cota, Cemi azriT, vfiqrob rom ararealuria, imitom rom axla Tu, vTqvaT,

mesame kursze xar, axla SeiZleba leqtorma, vTqvaT, fuli aRar aiRos da

saxelmwifo gamocdazec fuli aRar gTxovon, magram im moswavles, romelsac

oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi fuls arTmevdnen, axlac, Cemi azriT, isev fuliT unda

isa qnan...

- ki, veTanxmebi.

- imitom rom ...

- magram axla uyure — ver dageTanxmebi, universitets Tu unda ramis

pretenzia hqondes, anu Tu unda winsvlis pretenzia hqondes, man diplomi ar unda

gasces ucodinarze — da es daiwyeba dReidan Tu xvalidan...

- piradad CemTvis es didi xarji iqneba, marTali giTxraT, magram [mase] saqme

ar gakeTdeba.

- is pirovneba, romelic Tavisi swavlis periodSi ixdida da axla aRmoCnda am

situaciaSi, Cemi azriT, Rirsia da ar imsaxurebs...

- ki, ki, ki!

- ki.

- Rirsia ratom, kargi ra! yvelaferi misaRebi gamocdebidan iwyeba.

- maseTi arc unda miiRo.

- qrTams rom aZlev Sen, marto is ar aris, vinc aiRo, korumpirebuli, Senc xar

korumpirebuli.

- gasagebia, magram oTxi wliT ukan dros ver davabrunebT.

- kaco, sami weli rom fuli ixade, ar geyo im fulis gadaxda? dajeqi is erTi

weli, iswavle ra!

86

Tema 3.

fokus-jgufi

fokus-jgufi jgufuri intervius saxeobaa, romlis msvlelobac garkveul

wesebs emorCileba da romelsac specifikuri miznebi axasiaTebs. aseve

gansxvavebulia fokus-jgufis Catarebis procesSi gamoyenebuli meTodikebi,

moTxovnebi respondentTa SerCevisadmi da mkvlevarsa da respondentebs Soris

urTierTobis formebi.

zogierTi mkvlevari fokus-jgufs “jgufur siRrmiseul intervius” uwodebs,

vinaidan, rogorc wina leqciaSi aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufsa da siRrmiseul

intervius saerTo Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. magram am or meTods Soris aris seri-

ozuli gansxvavebebic, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom fokus-

jgufis dros erTdroulad ramdenime respondents vesaubrebiT (yvelze ufro

xSirad maTi raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde meryeobs), da Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT

maT Soris azrTa gacvlas (aqedan gamomdinareobs am meTodis kidev erTi

dasaxeleba — “jgufuri diskusia”).

siRrmiseul interviusTan SedarebiT, fokus-jgufs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom

ramdenime adamianisagan Semdgar jgufSi yovelTvis aRmoCndeba xolme adamiani,

romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro gulaxdilia, da misi gulaxdiloba, rogorc

wesi, jgufis sxva wevrebis gulaxdilobasac iwvevs.

garda amisa, siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis procesSi gansakuTrebiT

TvalSi sacemia interviuersa da respondents Soris arsebuli socialuri

distancia, romelmac, SesaZloa, damTrgunvelad imoqmedos respondentze.

fokus-jgufSi es socialuri distancia ar qreba, magram aq respondenti marto

aRar aris — mis gverdiT sxedan sxva respondentebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, imave

socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi arian da romlebic missave mdgomareobaSi

arian, rac respondentis met siTamames iwvevs da TviTdajerebulobas matebs mas.

empiriul socialur mecnierebebSi fokus-jgufebis Tanamedrove saxe

Camoyalibda jgufebTan eqsperimentaluri muSaobis gamocdilebis safuZvelze,

romelsac Tavidan fsiqologebi mimarTavdnen.

Tumca 1940-ian wlebSi socialuri kvlevebis sivrceSi raodenobirivi meTo-

debi dominirebda, am periodSi amerikul socialur mecnierebs Soris iyvnen

iseTebi, vinc skeptikur damokidebulebas gamoTqvamda struqturirebuli da

mkacrad formalizebuli meTodebis mimarT. am skepticizmis ZiriTadi mizezi is

iyo, rom formalizebuli meTodebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavdnen rogorc

respondentebis, aseve mkvlevrebis Tavisuflebas, mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevdnen

kvlevas, rac, zogis azriT, uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda miRebuli informaciis

sandoobaze. amitom TandaTanobiT sul ufro meti popularobiT sargeblobdnen

naklebad formalizebuli meTodebi, sadac Ria kiTxvebi da araformalizebuli

interviuebi dominirebda.

Tanamedrove fokus-jgufebis uSualo winamorbedad socialur mecniere-

bebSi amerikeli sociologis robert mertonis da misi kolegebis mier meore

msoflio omis dros SemuSavebuli “fokusirebuli intervius” meTodi iTvleba. am

meTodis meSveobiT isini ikvlevdnen faSisturi germaniis samxedro propagandis

gavlenas jariskacebze. magram mertonis fokusirebuli interviu SeiZleba

yofiliyo rogorc jgufuri, aseve individualuri. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1956

wels mertonma Tavis kolegebTan, m. fiskesa da p. kendalTan erTad gamosca am

meTodisadmi miZRvnili wigni “fokusirebuli interviu”,39 maT ar SeumuSavebiaT

am terminis mkacri ganmarteba. omis damTavrebis Semdeg mertonma Sewyvita

muSaoba am mimarTulebiT, da garkveuli drois manZilze es meTodi daviwyebas

mieca, sanam 1970-ian wlebSi mis Sesaxeb ar gaixsenes marketinguli kvlevebis

Catarebis mizniT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad fokus-jgufebi farTod gamoiyeneba empiriul

39 Robert K. Merton, Marjorie Fiske, and Patricia L. Kendall. 1956. The Focused Interview. A Manual of

Problems and Procedures. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.

27

kvlevebSi da maT sayovelTao aRiareba poves rogorc marketingSi, aseve

politikuri situaciebis da socialuri problemebis Seswavlisas, Teoriuli

TvalsazrisiT jerac ar aris Seswavlili Tu ra tipis gamokvlevebSia es meTodi

yvelaze ufro mizanSewonili. iTvleba, rom fokus-jgufebis gamoyeneba

saukeTeso Sedegebs sabazro situaciis, bazarze axali saqonlisaTvis Sesaferisi

adgilis Seswavlis mizniT Catarebul kvlevebSi iZleva. es meTodi yvelaze ukeT

gvexmareba gavigoT respondentebis azri ama Tu im saqonlis Sesaxeb, davadginoT

am saqonlis moxmarebis formebi da, rac ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, arCevanis

gakeTebis motivebi. es informacia SemdgomSi exmareba mwarmoeblebs, gaaumjo-

beson saqonlis xarisxi, Secvalon sareklamo strategia da sxv. aseve, fokus-

jgufebis gamoyeneba efeqturia momavali reklamis efeqturobis gansazRvis

mizniT. marketingis garda, es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur kvlevebSi,

politikuri partiebis an calkeuli politikosebis imijis da maTi saarCevno San-

sebis Sefasebisa da gaumjobesebis mizniT. fokus-jgufebi socialuri xasiaTis

kvlevebSic gamoiyeneba, xSirad — rogorc problemis winaswari Seswavlis

saSualeba an raime socialuri programis efeqturobis Sefasebis mizniT.

amasTan, aris Temebi, romelTa Seswavlisas mizanSewonili ar iqneba fokus-

jgufebis gamoyeneba. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, intimuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi,

maT Soris — piradi higiena, col-qmruli urTierTobebi, Ralati ojaxSi. fokus-

jgufis meTodi aseve naklebefeqturia respondentebis Semosavlis da saerTod,

maTi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kvlevis Catarebisas.

meTodis daxasiaTeba

rogorc mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, fokus-jgufebi saSualebas gvaZlevs,

ara mxolod Zalian Rrmad SeviswavloT esa Tu is rTuli sakiTxi, aramed

SeviqmnaT naTeli warmodgena am sakiTxis irgvliv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli azrTa

mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb. fokus-jgufis dros warmoqmnili diskusiebis Sede-

gad ukeT vlindeba respondentebis damokidebuleba garkveuli socialuri prob-

lemebisadmi, maTi fsiqologiuri ganwyobebi da emociuri Sefasebebi, romlebic

xSirad arc aris Segnebulad gaTviTcnobierebuli respondentebis mier.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufis monawileTa raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde

meryeobs, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi respondentTa minimaluri raodenoba SeiZleba

5-6 iyos, xolo maqsimaluri — 12.40 respondentTa raodenobis mkacri SezRudva

imitomaa aucilebeli, rom fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi mis yvela monawiles unda

mieces Tavisi azris Tavisuflad da srulad gamoTqmis saSualeba. Tu es piroba

ar sruleba, fokus-jgufi ver aRwevs Tavis mizans.

rogorc wesi, fokus-jgufis monawileebs specialuri kriteriumebis safuZ-

velze arCeven, es kriteriumebi ki gamokvlevis amocanebiTaa ganpirobebuli.

upirvelesi moTxovna monawileTa SerCevisadmi isaa, rom isini unda iyvnen gaT-

viTcnobierebulni im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac fokus-jgufi eZRvneba

(marketinguli kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi — unda iyvnen ama Tu im saqonlis momxma-

reblebi, an potenciuri momxmareblebi).

saerTo rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, fokus-jgufis monawileebi ar unda icob-

nden erTmaneTs da jgufis wamyvans. iTvleba, rom ucxo adamianebs Soris jgufis

msvlelobisas SeiZleba e.w. “Tanamgzavris efeqti” gaCndes, da respondentebi met

gulaxdilobas gamoiCenen im adamianebis gverdiT, romlebsac ar icnoben, visac

cxovrebaSi pirvelad da ukanasknelad xedaven. magram rig SemTxvevaSi (maga-

liTad, patara TemebSi muSaobisas) am moTxovnis dakmayofileba Zalze rTulia.

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac Cata-

rebuli iqna fokus-jgufebis seria, sadac yvela respondenti icnobda erTma-

neTs. am jgufebis araformaluri xasiaTis xazgasmis mizniT isini erT-erTi res-

pondentis binaSi Catarda. rogorc am eqsperimentma daadastura, aseT pirobebSi

40 aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac fokus-jgufis wevrebis raodenoba 15-s aRwevs, magram es ar

aris mizanSewonili.

28

Tqvens cxovrebaSi korufciasTan dakavSirebiT Seicvala Tu ar Seicvala?

- Cvens SemTxvevaSi ar Secvlila.

- jerjerobiT...

- araferi ar Secvlila, jerjerobiT mainc.

- magram me vfiqrob, imedi unda iyos, magram jerjerobiT...

niSnavs Tu ara es, rom axla korufcia isevea, rogorc iyo revoluciamde?

- ara, imis laparaki, rom ar Secvlila situacia, cota mgoni ararealuri

meCveneba, imitom rom situacia marTla Seicvala.

- ara, me rasTanac mqonda Sexeba, iq ar Secvlila situacia. igive

universitetis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, leqtorebTan mimarTebaSi.

- SeiZleba ufro gaCumda da ar ismis. ise aRar aris aSkarad.

- gamocdebTan dakavSirebiT.

- axla dameTanxmebiT, sami Tvea Tu oTxi Tvea, rac avirCieT Cveni prezidenti

— sam TveSi da oTx TveSi aseTi didi problemis mogvareba ar SeiZleba. SeiZleba

nela, magram situacia nel-nela win midis — gaumjobesebisaken, korufcias

vgulisxmob.

- imedi geqneba, magram jerjerobiT...

- centridan iwyeba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola da mere regionebSi cota

ufro sustdeba.

- erTi rame minda vTqva, Tu SeiZleba momismineT. Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom

korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba.

- ki.

- jerjerobiT me amas ver vxedav. universitetSi ixdidnen fuls, imitom rom

eswavlaT. marwyvs yididnen da ixdidnen. mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom ar eswavlaT.

mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom mowyobiliyvnen samsaxurSi da is fuli amoeRoT. axlac

asea. movida axali reqtori — rac Cemi TvaliT maqvs danaxuli, modiT konkretul

faqtebze davideT, mgoni, sjobia. saxelmwifo gamocdaze moikrifa isev fuli,

TiTqmis yvela jgufSi. midis reqtori da eubneba: “es fuli daabruneT ukan, azri

ara aqvs”. an: “mokrefili gaqvT? dekans mieciT?” — “ara, rogor gekadrebaT”,

studenti iZaxis. arada, dekani udga gverdze — konkretuli faqti vici, da “ara,

aravis ar miutanoT”, es dekanic iZaxis; arada, is fuli jibeSi udevs. kargi, im

students awyobs, rom gadaixados, ase vTqvaT, raRacnairad gaZvres.

- ki, veTanxmebi, es meqrTameoba universitetSi, pirvel rigSi, xels aZlevs

students. rom aviRoT, me roca vabarebdi aq universitetSi, da 100 kaci viyaviT

Tu ufro metni, vinc vabarebdiT erTad, iqidan codna hqonda erTi xuT-aT kacs.

gvqonda. danarCeni abarebda fuliT. gamocdebze axlac yvelani aZleven fuls,

imitom rom Cairicxnen fuliT, ar ainteresebT codna, mSoblebs aqvT aseTi is,

rom “Cems Svils aucileblad unda hqondes diplomi” da ar uyureben imas, rom

imaT Svils ar unda swavla.

- diplomiani siZe unda iyos, diplomiani rZali unda iyos...

- da Semdeg gamocdebzec leqtorebs aZleven fuls. leqtori aiRebs fuls,

imitom rom valdebuli ar aris, rom ucodinar bavSvs ise dauweros niSani.

axla, am bolo sesiaze aZleven fuls?

- ki.

- ki, kaco.

- ki, ai axla. ufro Cumad, magram ...

- arian leqtorebi, romlebic nebayoflobiT iZaxian uars, da es Zalian kargia,

SemiZlia davasaxelo kidec es leqtorebi, magram arian leqtorebi, romlebic,

piriqiT, moswrebaze arian, rom vTqvaT momavali wlidan [ar ician, ra moxdeba].

- gavaldebuleben, iseT situacias giqmnian, rom valdebuli xar...

- ki, im dRes erTma Tqva, fuli momikrifeT jgufmao.

- ara, bolos mase aSkarad aRar aris, magram mainc.

- da kidev ra situaciaa — rom CaTvlaSi 7 lari ar kmara da 10 lari unda

moitano da aseTi raRaceebi.

- “seilebi” ar aris.

- ubralo magaliTs moviyvan, rac me gadamxda. xom SeiZleba saxelebis da

85

iyos misaReb gamocdebze... garkveulwilad aferxebs korufcias.

- meore momentic aris, TviTon saxelmwifoebriv doneze Tu vityviT,

saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi akisria

saxelmwifos winaSe...

- da ra uflebebi aqvs, arc is ar icis.

- ... da rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom rom misi uflebebi,

rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi.

- ki magram, Cemi azriT, mgoni umetesobas arc unda rom icodes...

- masas, zogadad, ver moTxov amas.

- arc aqvT moTxovnileba.

- gind icode, xom weria xolme, vTqvaT, “icode kanoni, iqnebi daculi” — vici

kanoni — rom, vTqvaT, ar unda gamCxrikon orderis gareSe, — vici, rom is ar aris

sabuTi imisa, rom im wuTas me damiWiron, magram dRes-dReobiTac sakmaod

efeqturad mimdinareobs es. kanoni icis im adamianma, magram ver icavs im kanons!

- verc daicavs, martivad vityvi: Sen rogorc ar unda icode kanoni, Sen ise ver

daicav kanons, rogorc iuristi dagicavs — maSin Cveni profesia saerTod ar

gaxdeboda saWiro.

- elementarul imeebze, yvelaferze advokati xom ar geyoleba, ara?

- ara, yvelaferze advokati ara, Tundac igive saproceso moqmedebebze roca

vsaubrobT, da gakaveben, mainc gWirdeba damcveli.

Tqven daiwyeT laparaki, rom xalxs arc undao arafris Secvla...

- ubralod, me ase mgonia, rom arc cdiloben im situaciis Secvlas, rac aris.

Tu ar cdiloben, maSin ise gamodis, rom moswonT is situacia, Tu ra xdeba?

- ar moswonT, me ubralod ise mgonia, rom mieCvivnen.

- rogor aris, iciT? yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvela-

feri iyos kanonierad; magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad

TviTon mis garda, xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiq-

robs, rom ki, ra Tqma unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos,

magram...

- Tan qarTvelebis fsiqologia ufro sxvanairia.

- ... magram am dros TviTonve fiqrobs, rom kargi iqneboda, rom yvela ase

iqceodes, magram me mainc privilegirebuli unda viyo. es momenti namdvilad aris.

- Cemi azriT kidev, eg ar aris imis dasabuTeba, rom ar unda qarTvel xalxs

raRac Secvalos, imitom rom igive es Cveni ori revolucia imis

damadasturebelia, rom xalxs raRac undoda da Secvales kidec.

- ara, Sen cudad gamige — gana ar unda Secvla, unda rom Secvalos, magram...

- revolucia moxda, magram jer imdeni araferi ar momxdara.

- survili rom ara yofiliyo raRacis Secvlisa da keTildReobisken, arc

moxdeboda revolucia.

- ki.

- me vityvi, rom is elodeba viRacisgan Svelas — ki unda, rom Seicvalos,

magram TviTon mainc ar akeTebs.

- eg marTalia.

- saerTod, qarTveli xalxis Cvevaa, da, mgoni, mTavrobac ukve ise mieCvia

sazRvargareTidan daxmarebas, miliardi, ori miliardi — rogora varT ici,

rogorc patara ToTo bavSvi, rom sul Wamaze da sul TxovniT TvaliT vuyurebT,

ukve gamogvimuSaves aseTi Tviseba.

- nu, axla martivad rom aviRoT: Tu universitetis biblioTekaSi ar aris

wigni, Sen SegiZlia moiTxovo es, anu daayeno aseTi moTxovna, imitom rom gaqvs

amis ufleba, da meore varianti, rasac realurad studentoba mimarTavs: elodeba

axal reqtors, romelic SeiZleba 10 wlis Semdeg movides. “iman gadawyvitos” — es

momenti Zalian aris.

ori ramis Sejereba minda. Tqven yvelam — TiTqmis yvelam — TqviT, rom

gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan. amave dros, Tqven axseneT revolucia. Tu

SevadarebT mdgomareobas revoluciamde da revoluciis Semdeg, situacia

84

savsebiT SesaZlebelia fokus-jgufebis warmatebiT Catareba.41

mizanSewonilia, rom jgufis Semadgenloba homogenuri iyos asakobrivi da

sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT; aseve, fokus-jgufSi erTi da imave socialuri mdgo-

mareobis mqone pirebi unda iRebdnen monawileobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

jgufis warmatebis perspeqtivebi mcirea, vinaidan mis msvlelobaSi Tavs iCens

daZabuloba, mTeli rigi emociuri aspeqtebi, romlebic respondentTa yurad-

Rebis gafantvas iwvevs.

fokus-jgufis warmatebas didwilad gansazRvravs jgufis wamyvanis, anu

moderatoris xelovneba.42 misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, gauZRves diskusias im

sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze, romelic sakiTxis winaswari Seswavlis da

gamokvlevis programis safuZvelze iqna SemuSavebuli. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom

siRrmiseuli intervius da fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmebs Soris raime

principuli gansxvavebebi iyos, Tumca fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegma, ra Tqma

unda, orientirebulia ramdenime respondentze.

moderatoris ostatoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man unda gamoiwvios jgufis

monawileebis gulaxdiloba, uzrunvelyos yvela respondentis monawileoba

diskusiaSi, maT Soris maTi, vinc ar aris aqtiuri, an Tavs gaubedavad grZnobs. Tu

jgufis msvlelobaSi raime mizezis gamo viTareba daiZabeba, an respondentebs

Soris raime gaugebroba moxdeba, moderatoris movaleobaa, ganmuxtos situacia.

moderatori kargi msmeneli unda iyos, didi yuradRebiT usminos gamarTul

saubars da rodesac saWirod CaTvlis, gaCumdes, raTa respondentebma Tavad war-

marTon diskusia. fsiqologebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom rodesac responden-

tebi xedaven, rom maT yuradRebiT usmenen, rom maTi azri ainteresebT, isini

iolad da siamovnebiT Tanxmdebian TanamSromlobaze. moderatorma unda

gauadvilos respondentebs diskusiaSi monawileoba; mis qcevaSi ar unda iyos

araferi, rac SeboWavs respondentebs. swored moderatorzea damokidebuli

jgufSi megobruli da Ria atmosferos Seqmna, rac ueWvelad Seuwyobs xels

diskusiis warmatebas. idealur SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi

Seqmnili atmosfero mis monawileebs siamovnebas unda aniWebdes, saintereso

unda iyos maTTvis.

fokus-jgufis Catarebisas aqtualobas kargavs masobrivi gamokiTxvebisTvis

Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad adekvaturad esmiT

respondentebs dasmuli kiTxvebi —moderatoris erT-erT movaloebas swored

imis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, rom respondentebma sworad gaigon dasmuli

kiTxvebi; zogjer moderatoris Careva arc aris xolme aucilebeli, vinaidan

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jgufis sxva wevrebi Tavad exmarebian im respondents,

romelmac ver gaigo kiTxva, azusteben ra kiTxvis Sinaarss. saerTod, jgufis

msvlelobaSi respondentebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan xSirad saSualebas

aZlevs moderators, CrdilSi darCes, Sesabamisad — naklebad moaxdinos gavlena

respondentebis azrebze Tavisi SekiTxvebiT da komentarebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda,

mniSnvelovnad amcirebs respondentebis pasuxebis reaqtiulobas. es garemoebac

fokus-jgufebis Zalze mniSvnelovan upiratesobad iTvleba. amasTan, es, ra Tqma

unda, ar niSnavs, rom moderatori nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs jgufis msvle-

lobisas gamarTul diskusias — piriqiT, misi CrdilSi gasvla, rodesac es saWiroa

da sasargebloa jgufis msvlelobisaTvis, mis maRal profesiul ostatobaze

mowmobs. rodesac is amis saWiroebas dainaxavs, moderatori kvlav CaerTveba

jgufis wayvanis procesSi, imdenad aqtiurad, ramdenadac es saWiro iqneba.

iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis nebismieri saxeoba, fokus-jgufebis

meTodi garkveul Tavisuflebas aniWebs mkvlevars am meTodis gamoyenebis

konkretul formebTan dakavSirebiT. moderatoris mier fokus-jgufis Cata-

rebis stili SeiZleba iyos rogorc mkacri, aseve liberaluri. ukanasknel

SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, saqme gvaqvs gamocdil moderatorTan, vinaidan

41 David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Publications. P. 19. 42 moderatori SeiZleba iyos rogorc kvleviTi gundis warmomadgeneli, romelic

uSualod muSaobs gamokvlevis Catarebaze da monacemTa damuSavebaze, aseve mowveuli

piri, romlis daniSnulebac mxolod fokus-jgufis Catarebaa.

29

respondentebis moCvenebiTi Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, man mainc unda akontro-

los diskusiis msvleloba da unda miiRos pasuxebi dasmul kvleviT kiTxvebze.

fokus-jgufis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba isaa, rom es meTodi

saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT azrebis Camoyalibebis process, da amasTan,

SevecadoT davadginoT, Tu ratom fiqrobs xalxi ise, rogorc fiqrobs43. es xdeba

jgufis monawileebs Soris azrTa gacvlis dros. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is,

rom fokus-jgufis Catareba xSirad xels uwyobs ama Tu im sakiTxis axali TvaliT

danaxvas, misi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gamoyofas, romlebic, SesaZloa, ar

gamoaSkaravebuliyo formalizebuli intervius dros. amitom, rogorc devid

morgani Tvlis, fokus-jgufebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Rirsebas warmoadgens

am meTodis unari, aRmoaCinos axali Temebi da wamoWras axali hipoTezebi44.

amasTan, fokus-jgufi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar isaxavs miznad raime gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebas — misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, yvela respondents Tavisi azris

gamoTqmis saSualeba misces.

magram fokus-jgufis, iseve rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegad

mkvlevari mxolod respondentebis verbalur informaciaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs

daskvnebs, rac, ra Tqma unda, garkveulad amcirebs Sedegebis sandoobas, imitom

rom es informacia yovelTvis ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.45

fokus-jgufis Catareba seriozul momzadebas moiTxovs, rac gulisxmobs

Temis winaswar Seswavlas, gamokvlevis programis da sadiskusio gegmis Semu-

Savebas, agreTve, jgufis Catarebis teqnikuri mxareebis uzrunvelyofas.

Senoba, sadac fokus-jgufi tardeba, specialur moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes.

es unda iyos sada oTaxi, romelic daculia gare xmaurisagan. rogorc wesi,

fokus-jgufebi tardeba mkvlevaris ofisSi, specialur oTaxSi, romlis erTi

kedelzec calmxirivi sarkea, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarTa gunds an

damkveTebs Tvali adevnon diskusias ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon mis msvlelobas.

respondentebma ar ician am sarkis da meore oTaxis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

yovelTvis xdeba fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli saubris audio- da/an vide-

oCawera, ris Sesaxebac respondentebi winaswar unda iyvnen gafrTxilebulni. ra

Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes maTi konfidencialoba.

fokus-jgufis xangrZlivoba, rogorc wesi, saaTnaxevridan or saaTamdea;

Sesvenebis gakeTeba fokus-jgufis mimdinareobis dros ar aris mizanSewonili.

fokus-jgufis msvlelobisas respondentebs, rogorc wesi, umaspinZldebian

gamargilebeli sasmelebiT.

erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi, rogorc wesi, ramdenime fokus-jgufi

tardeba, romlebic xSirad gansxvavdeba monawileTa maCveneblebis mixedviT

(qalebi; mamakacebi; sxvadasxva asakobrivi an profesiuli jgufi); arc Tu iSviaTia

SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufebi sxvadasxva qalaqSi, an sulac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

tardeba. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari gacilebiT ufro mdidar informacias

iRebs, da Sedegebis Sedarebis SesaZlebloba eZleva asakobriv, sqesobriv,

teritorialur/regionalur WrilSi.

arcTu iSviaTad fokus-jgufebi gamoiyeneba kvlevis dazverviT etapze,

rogorc naklebad cnobili problemis Seswavlis pirveli nabiji, romelic

gvexmareba saerTo hipoTezebis formulirebaSi. garda amisa, fokus-jgufebis

msvlelobisas miRebuli informacia mdidar da sasargeblo masalas iZleva

masobrivi gamokiTxvis kiTxvaris Sesadgenad, kerZod, kiTxvebis Camoyalibebisa

da maTi “daxurvis” daxvewis mizniT, vinaidan fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi

kargad vlindeba respondentebis “leqsikoni”, maTi azrovnebis modelebi.

fokus-jgufebi kargad uTavsdeba kvlevis sxva meTodebs, amitom xSirad

gamoiyeneba farTomasStabian proeqtebSi sxva meTodebTan, maT Soris masobriv

gamokiTxvasTan erTad. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufebis Sedegad miRe-

buli Tvisebrivi informacia, rogorc wesi, amdidrebs raodenobriv Sedegebs.

aRsaniSnavia, agreTve isic, rom masobriv gamokiTxvebTan SedarebiT fokus-

43 Richard A. Kruger. 1994. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Second Edition. Thousand

Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 3. 44 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 21. 45 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 8.

30

gvaqvs saqme?

- ara, universitetSi rom Semodis studenti, iq unda xdebodes piradi

gasaubreba da uflebebis ganmarteba.

- ki, magram ar xdeba.

- magram me ras viZaxi — TviTon kanoni ukve ar avaldebulebs universitets,

rom [studentis] Semosvlis Tanave, Tavisive iniciativiT...

- anu Tu gainteresebs Seni uflebebi, is getyvis uxeSad: me unda gaswavlo, Sen

unda iswavlo; is arc imas getyvis, rom Tu ar iswavli, fuli gadamixadeo...

- gasagebia, vTqvaT, igive Cvens universitetze rom aviRoT, debulebaSi wlebis

ganmavlobaSi iyo Cadebuli, rom 40% vTqvaT fasiani seqtoridan Semosuli

Tanxebis unda moxmarebodaT studentebs, TviTon universitets, materialur-

teqikuri bazis saxiT, xolo 60% leqtorebs xelfasebis saxiT — ar xmardeboda,

martivad imitom, rom mxolod im adamianebs hqondaT es debuleba wakiTxuli, vinc

es miiRo. da sakmaod rTulad mosapovebeli dokumentia dRemde.

sxva mizezebi, sxva mosazrebebi?

- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba cota xmamaRali naTqvami iyos Cemi mxridan, magram

TelavSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea, me ase mgonia, rom Cveni mTavroba da xalxi

erTmaneTTan kavSirSi saerTod ar aris, anu Cven, adamiani laparakobs sul sxva

enaze, mTavroba laparakobs sul sxva enaze, Cvens problemebze ar laparakoben.

mTavrobas xalxi ar irCevs?

- irCevs, magram raRac momentSi isini ...

- formalurad irCevs.

- adamianebis azrs isini aRar aqceven yuradRebas imis Semdeg, rac isini

amorCeulebi arian.

- dabali politikuri kulturac aris amomrCevlisa, amas aucileblad unda

gavusvaT xazi, ZiriTadad populisti [politikosebi].

- me ise mgonia, rom xalxi arc cdilobs imis gamosworebas, rac xdeba.

- es yvelaferi modis, Cemi azriT, mainc saboloo jamSi imas vfiqrob, im

doneze midis ukve aqcenti, rom mTavroba, mTavroba — me vfiqrob, yvela

CvenTaganis bralic, imitom rom saganmanaTleblo sistema Zalian dabal donezea,

es SeiZleba imis bralic aris, amis bralic, magram Cven kargad viciT, rom Tu

adamians unda swavla da raRacis miRweva, gadalaxavs im raRac problemebs, magram

kidev viZaxi, rogorc weRan vTqvi, Cven vuwyobT amas xels da Cveni isic aris.

- ki.

- sxvaTaSoris, bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams

iRebs, Sen codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. da am SemTxvevaSi — me maqvs

micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved,

vidre imas, vinc aiRo es.

- erTi faqti SemiZlia — dResdReobiT imasac davoben, uxeSad rom SevadaroT,

qaTami ufro adre gaCnda Tu kvercxi; igive situaciaa, meqrTameoba ufro adre

gaCnda Tu TviTon meqrTame? imdenad gadajaWvulia es yvelaferi erTmaneTze,

igive Cvens dRevandel mdgomareobaSi, rom...

- eg marTalia; iyo periodi, roca arc codna, araferi marTla ar fasdeboda,

marTla gareT rCebodi, marTla katastrofa iyo.

axla laparakia am Senobaze, am qalaqze, am qveyanaze Tu ...?

- am Senobazec, am qalaqzec da am qveyanazec. elementarulad, ver Sexval,

gindac codna gqondes, ver Sexval, Tu raRac gadasaxadi ar Seitane

universitetSi; misaReb gamocdebze erTxel CaWra, orjer CaWra, samjer CaWra —

es ukve xdeboda raRac katastrofulad.

axla mase aRar aris?

- me vfiqrob, axla SeiZleba ase iyos, magram mcodnes xmis amoRebis unari da

saSualeba eqneba, odnav mainc rom gaitanos Tavisi simarTle.

- meti aqvs.

- ukve raRas sasikeTo Zvrebi iqneba, ukve raRac testireba, romelic unda

83

- igivea.

- Cemi azriT, igivea.

- aranairad naklebad.

- SedarebiT naklebi SeiZleba iyos.

- iqidan gamomdinare, rom Telavi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT Zalian pataraa...

- ara, me vityodi piriqiT, TbilisSi ufro, Cemi azriT, naklebia, vidre aq —

patara qalaqia, magram Zalian [gavrcelebulia].

- procentulad Tu aiRebT, am SemTxvevaSi ...

- SeiZleba sadRac naklebi Tanxaa gadasaxdeli, magram Semosavalic naklebia.

- eg aris mTavari, Tu korufcia ra donezea? is aris mTavari, ramdens ixdi, Tu

ra donezea? is xom mainc iRebs am SemTxvevaSi? korufcia is aris, rom iman

SeiZleba — uxeSad ar gamigo — lari aiRos, magram iman xom mainc safasurad

gagikeTa! am wuTas korufciazea laparaki, samarTlebrivi is rom irRveva; aqac

sakmaod irRveva.

- ki, hoda Tanabrad aris procentulad Tu aviRebT.

- nu, Tanabrad.

piradad Tqven Tu gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan?

- albaT, yvelas hqonia met-naklebad.

- met-naklebad.

- me SemiZlia vTqva, rom ar mqonia. Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom arasodes ar

mqonia.

- ho, axla mec vfiqrob, ra vici, verafers ver vigoneb.

- qrTami ar mimicia, magram vici, rom...

Tqvens pirad gamocdilebas davubrundebiT magram manamde — ra aris

korufciis gavrcelebis mizezi saqarTveloSi, ra iwvevs korufcias?

,

- Cemi azriT, ucodinroba.

- kanonis ucodinroba.

- gaunaTlebloba.

- samarTlebrivi...

- arsebuli mdgomareoba, raSic Cven vcxovrobT, is saSinelebebi, ase vTqvaT,

rac dRes-dReobiT xdeba: ukanonoba...

- es SeiZleba iyos erTi kompleqsi, socialuri foni, zogadi socialuri foni,

rodesac igive dabali xelfasi aqvT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi da bunebrivia,

sajaro moxeles ar SeuZlia 16 larian xelfasze cxovreba. aqedanac gamom-

dinareobs, erTi faqtori SeiZleba es gamovyoT. meore faqtori, TviTon

moqalaqis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis zedmetad dabali done. mesame faqtoric

SeiZleba arsebobdes am SemTxvevaSi...

- mainc araferi ar Seicvleba.

- mesame faqtoria umTavresi, zogadad saxelmwifoSi ukve sakanonmdeblo

vakuumi, rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis

iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs es procesi. anu es procesi

rom SeCerdes, es vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad. igive universitetSi,

ganaTlebis sistemaSi, es vakuumebi Zalian bevria.

ganaTlebis sistemaSi konkretulad ra vakuumebia?

- vTqvaT, igive ar aris gansazRvruli studentis da universitetis

valdebulebebi. Cven praqtikulad aranair, rodesac SemovdivarT universitetSi,

formalurad Tu iuridiulad ar xdeba gamijvna, ra valdebulebebi aqvs

universitets Cvens mimarT.

- es valdebulebebi wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli.

- ho, wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli, magram sainteresoa, ramdeni icnobs am

wesdebas, xom?

- erTi procenti.

- erTic ara.

Tu aris es wesdeba da Tqven mas ar icnobT, maSin iqneb sxva problemasTan

82

jgufebis Catareba nakleb dros moiTxovs da damkveTs gacilebiT ufro iafi

ujdeba, vidre sxva tipis kvlevis Catareba.

proeqciuli teqnikebi

Tvisebriv meTodebSi da, kerZod, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba e.w.

proeqciuli teqnikebi46, romlebic wina leqciaSi ganxiluli zondirebis saSua-

lebebis ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgens. proeqciuli teqnikebis mizania adamia-

nis Sinagani samyaros ufro Rrma Seswavla. es meTodikebi mWidro kavSirSia fsi-

qologebis mier SemuSavebul testebTan, da fsiqologiis mraval miRwevas iye-

neben.

proeqciuli teqnikebis aucileblobas aqvs rogorc fsiqologiuri, aseve

lingvisturi gamarTleba. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianis qcevis

motivebi xSirad qvecnobierebaSi arsebuli mizezebiT da motivebiT aixsneba,

amitom zog SemTxvevaSi adamians ar SeuZlia sakuTari saqcielis an poziciis axsna

verbaluri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. amas emateba lingvisturi gamarTleba —

enis, anu Cveni verbaluri komunikaciis saSualebis arasrulyofili xasiaTi.

swored proeqciuli teqnikebi dagvexmareba am ori SezRudvis gadalaxvaSi.

mkvlevrebi gamoiyeneben proeqciuli teqnikebis mraval saxeobas. vidre

mkvlevari gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli teqnika

gamoiyenos ama Tu im gamokvlevis farglebSi, man sam kiTxvas unda gasces pasuxi:

1. romeli teqnika dagvexmareba yvelaze ukeT Cvens winaSe mdgari miznis

misaRwevad?

2. rogor unda gamoviyenoT SerCeuli teqnika?

3. rogor unda davamuSavoT miRebuli Sedegebi?

qvemoT moyvanilia aTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli proeqciuli teqnikis mokle

aRwera.47

1. sityvieri asociaciebi

magaliTi: “ra azri gebadebaT, rodesac gesmiT sityva “. . .”?”

es meTodika Zalze martivia. misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi respondentebs,

rogorc wesi, advilad esmiT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan. amasTan, aseTi “savarjiSo”, Tu

is fokus-jgufis an siRrmiseuli intervius dasawyisSi gamoiyeneba, saSualebas

gvaZlevs, SeviqmnaT warmodgena respondentebis “leqsikonis”, maTi sityvaTa

maragis Sesaxeb da agreTve, gaverkveT ama Tu im produqtis an socialuri

situaciis Sefasebis variaciebSi.

es teqnika SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi saxiT;

ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, mas aucileblad anonimuri xasiaTi unda hqondes. magram

mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri teqnikis werilobiTi gamoyeneba

dasaSvebia mxolod sakmaod maRali ganaTlebis donis mqone respondentebTan

muSaobisas.

2. winadadebebis damTavreba

magaliTebi: “isini, vinc mxolod xsnad yavas svams, arian . . .”

“idealuri qorwineba — esaa qorwineba, romelic . . .”

es meTodikac Zalze iolia, da amasTan — uaRresad efeqturi. misi gamoyeneba

saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis faseulobebi, cxovrebi-

seuli orientaciebi da interesebi. is gvexmareba, swrafad da mkafiod Camova-

yalibebinoT repondentebs maTi damokidebuleba CvenTvis mniSvnelovani

sakiTxebisadmi.

46 termini nawarmoebia sityvebisgan ~proeqcia~, ~proecireba~. 47 es proeqciuli teqnikebi gamoyofilia sruliad ruseTis sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis

centris (amJamad — levada-centris) Tvisebrivi kvlevebis ganyofilebis mier 1996-1998

wlebSi.

31

3. SekiTxvebi “mesame pirSi”

magaliTebi: “ratomaa, rom zogi diasaxlisi iSviaTad wmends macivars?”

“rogorc fiqrobT, ratom ar uyvars xalxs zangebi?”

cnobilia, rom rodesac adamiani sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb laparakobs, is

imyofeba sakmaod Zlieri socialuri gavlenis qveS, romelic zRudavs mas Tavisi

azrebisa da Sefasebebis gamoxatvaSi da xels uSlis misi azrebis gulaxdil

gamoxatvas. magram rodesac Cven mas vTxovT sxvebis Sesaxeb (anu “mesame pirSi”)

ilaparakos, is gacilebiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba, da ufro gulwrfelad

gviziarebs Tavis mosazrebebs.

4. “Rrubliani” naxatebi

magaliTi: vuCvenoT respondentebs naxati an fotosuraTi, romelzec

aRbeWdilia raime socialuri situacia da erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi piris

gverdiT daxatulia carieli “Rrubeli”, romelic simbolurad misi azris

Casawer adgils warmoadgens. vTxovoT respondentebs, “RrubelSi” am adamianis

azri Caweron.

es meTodika SedarebiT ufro rTulia. misi meSveobiT Cven vigebT

respondentebis reaqcias suraTze asaxul socialur situaciasTan dakavSirebiT

ise, rom Cven mas ar vubiZgebT, raime tipis daskvna gaakeTos — Cven saerTod ar

aRvwerT arafers, ubralod naxats vuCvenebT. am naxatSi respondenti dainaxavs

mxolod imas, ris dasanaxadac is ukve momzadebulia Tavisi socialuri Tu

kulturuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, xolo respondentis mier “RrubelSi”

Cawerili azri naTlad gviCvenebs mis damokidebulebas im problemisadmi,

romelic gvainteresebs.

am meTodikis gamoyenebisas didi yuradRebiT unda movekidoT Sesabamisi

naxatebis SerCevas, da SeZlebisdagvarad karg mxatvrebs unda SevukveToT isini.

naxati unda iyos sada, naTeli da ubralo.

5. personifikacia

magaliTebi: “warmoidgineT, rom axali markis BMW-s avtomobili adamiania.

rogori adamiania is? SegiZliaT amiRweroT?”

“warmoidgineT, rom es organizacia raime cxovelia. konkretulad romel

cxovels gagonebT is?”

xdeba xolme, rom Tavidan respondentebs uWirT am meTodikis gamoyeneba,

magram, rogorc wesi, SemdgomSi isini gatacebiT umateben maT mier Seqmnil saxes

axal-axal detalebs.

sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi es meTodika Zalze mdidar informacias

mogvcems rogorc raime saqonlis imijis Sesaxeb, aseve misi “tipiuri

momxmareblis” warmomadgenlebis Taobaze; masTan dakavSirebul faseulobebze;

reklamis gavlenaze; da sxva.

6. stereotipebi

magaliTi: respondentebs sTavazoben produqtebis sias, romlebsac

yoveldRiurad moixmars romelime hipoTeturi ojaxi, da sTxoven, aRweron es

ojaxi.

am meTodikis gamoyeneba sapirispiro formiTac SeiZleba: aRvweroT ojaxis

tipi da vTxovoT respondentebs, Seadginon im produqtebis sia, romlebsac es

ojaxi yoveldRiurad moixmars.

es meTodika personifikaciis meTodikis Tavisebur gagrZelebadac SeiZleba

CaiTvalos. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovyoT momxmarebelTa jgufebi, romlebic,

respondentTa azriT, tipiuria.

7. rolebis gaTamaSeba

magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovT, rolebSi gaiTamaSon raime situacia,

32

kanons gareSea, vakuumia sakanonmdeblo.

- unda meTqva is, rom axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas efeqturad xels,

imitom rom ukve rom ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis

gareSe, da ukve rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris. im dRes erTma amerikelma

Tqva, rom qarTvelebis Cvevaao rom dawyebul saqmes bolomde ar amTavrebeno — da

daaxloebiT hgaqvs, rom dabrkolebas gana gadalaxavs, is fiqrobs, rom modi axla

ukve fuls mivcem, axla ukve daviRale...

- marcxena gzas gamonaxaven.

- Cvenc vuwyobT xels raRac momentSi, me vfiqrob.

- ra Tqma unda!

- da sazRvargareT aravin gadaixdis fuls uswavlelobisTvis, rogorc Cven

vakeTebT, mgoni, amas.

- rogorc yovelTvis, ukuRma varT niWierebi — nebismieri sxva SeiZleba

fiqrobdes problemis gadaWraze, qarTvelma SeiZleba oTxjer meti ifiqros

marcxena mxridan mogvarebaze, mainc moZebnis raRacas.

- da sabolood ver xvdebian, rom uswavleloba ufro Zviri ujdebaT da ufro

cudia qveynisTvis ekonomikuradac da saerTodac.

- cudi kidev is aris, rom adamiani, romelic profesias korufciuli xerxebiT

eufleba, anu romelic, vTqvaT, iqidanve ixdis ukanonod, mere, ra Tqma unda, isic

ukanonod gadaaxdevinebs, rodesac Tanamdebobas daikavebs, anu ukan amoiRebs.

- ho, xelisuflebaSi modis da...

- jaWviviT modis.

Cvens qveyanas davubrundeT. saqarTveloSi korufcia ramdenad aris

gavrcelebuli, Tqveni azriT?

- sakmaod.

- Zalian.

- Zalian gavrcelebulia.

sakmaod Tu Zalian?

- Zalian.

- Zalian.

- me vityodi, katastrofuli masStabiT.

- igives vityodi mec.

- faqtiurad sfero ar arsebobs, sadac korufcia ar aris.

SegiZliaT daasaxeloT sami sfero, sadac korufcia yvelaze Zalian aris

gavrcelebuli? an Tu TvliT, rom erTia aseTi sfero — ki, batono, erTi

daasaxeleT.

- ganaTleba.

- saganmanaTleblo.

- ganaTleba, samarTaldamcavi organoebi...

- saxelisuflo struqturebSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi, da mesame — damexmareT.

- samarTaldamcav organoebSi.

- es SeiZleba Sevides saxelmwifo struqturebSi.

- es im doneze, rom yvelas TvalSia.

Telavis raionSi igive sami sferoa, Tu aq raime specifikuri situaciaa?

- ara, me mgoni, igive sami gvaqvs.

- mgoni, gamonaklisebi iqneba, magram ZiriTadad igive.

- adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze Tu gadmovitanT xelisuflebis

situacias, maSin igive sami sferoa.

- igive.

- samarTaldamcavebi, saganmanaTleblo da...

saSualod saqarTvelos dones Tu SevadarebT, TelavSi korufcia metad

aris gavrcelebuli, naklebad Tu igivea?

- igivea.

81

korufciis masStabi — aq yvela sferoSi midis korufcia, iq ki, SeiZleba...

- aseve CamorCenili qveynebi.

modiT davasaxeloT qveynebi, nu davajgufebT.

- indoeTi mgonia me.

- ruseTi.

- sasomxeTic aseve.

- sasomxeTi, azerbaijani, ruseTi, ukraina. yofili sabWoTa samyaro.

ratom aris am qveynebSi SedarebiT metad gavrcelebuli?

- kanoni ar kanonobs, albaT.

- ufro metad gavrcelebuli ar aris, me mgoni, sasomxeTSi an ruseTSi, magram

sadac marTlaa gavrcelebuli — indoeTSi, vTqvaT.

- moicavs im qveynebs, rasac hqvia “ganviTarebadi”.

- da xalxis donea ufro SeiZleba dabali.

- ara, TviTon saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebis procesi ar aris iq

dasrulebuli, aqedan gamomdinare, TviTon sazogadoebac da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

saxelmwifo moxeleebic ver acnobiereben, ras niSnavs saxelmwifoSi cxovreba.

meorec, TviTon korufciis sistemazec aris aq saubari, vTqvaT, nebismier

ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, rodesac atyoben, rom raRac sfero eqceva maqsimarulad

CrdilSi, da iq xdeba korufciuli garigeba, cdiloben es gadmoitanon sakanon-

mdeblo regulirebis sferoSi, da aq es kultura ar aris xSir SemTxvevaSi.

- imitom, rom, albaT, kanoni ar kanonobs.

- damokidebulia azrisa da sityvis TavisuflebasTan, rac CvenTanac iyo didi

problema.

kargiT. da romelia, Tqveni azriT, qveynebi, sadac korufcia ar aris, an

SedarebiT naklebad aris gavrcelebuli?

- naklebad.

- gacilebiT naklebad.

- evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyana.

- es aris civilizebuli qveynebi.

- amerika.

- me amerikas davasaxelebdi.

- korufcia aris yvela qveyanaSi.

- ara, naklebad.

da ra aris imis mizezi, rom am qveynebSi korufcia naklebadaa

gavrcelebuli?

- ganviTarebulia, kanoni kanonobs.

- iq aris sakanonmdeblo regulireba.

- Zalian did pativs scemen sazRvargareT saerTod, ginda amerikaSi, gind

evropaSi, kanonebs da eSiniaT, imitom rom ician, raRacas rom daaSaveben, ician,

rom marTla daisjebian.

- weRan damaviwyda meTqva, rom kriminogenuli situacia CvenTan da im qveynebSi

[sadac korufcia gavrcelebulia] Zalian dabal donezea, da iq, [sadac korufcia

ar aris gavrcelebuli,] me vfiqrob, ufro maRal donezea. ician, rom Tu es

moxdeba, daisjeba is adamiani, da CvenTan ukve aravis eSinia arafris gakeTebis.

- ho, igive momentia — raRacas Caiden, fuls miitan da morCa.

- eg cxadia, kanonis simkacre imdenad ar gansazRvravs kanonis dacvas,

ramdenadac TviTon sasjelis aucilebloba, anu prevencia am SemTxvevaSi.

- dausjeloba akeTebs amas.

- dausjelobis sindromia saqarTveloSi.

- isic ar dagvaviwydes, rom iseT qveynebSi arsebobs iseTi kanonebi, romlebic

uSualod xels uwyoben korufciis gaRvivebas.

- martiv magaliTs moviyvan — amerikis nebismier universitetSi ratom ar aris

korufciis didi masStabi? elementarulad, yvela gadasaxadi iq aris kanoni-

zirebuli, anu is ukanono imaSi ar eqceva. aq yvelaferi dauregulirebelia,

80

magaliTad, ganasaxieron sxvadasxva firmis mier warmoebuli analogiuri

saqoneli.

es sakmaod rTuli meTodikaa, romlis gamoyenebasac Zalian didi dro

sWirdeba da amasTan, is moiTxovs moderatoris gansakuTrebul ostatobas. is

saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavigoT, Tu ra adgils ikavebs esa Tu is saqoneli

respondentebis yofaSi.

8. naxatebi da “fsiqonaxatebi”

magaliTi: vTxovoT respondentebs, Tavad daxaton naxati raime

situaciasTan dakavSirebiT.

aseTi naxatebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevafasoT respondentebis mier ama Tu im

saqonlis aRqma, amitom isini Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba satelevizio sareklamo

rgolebis efeqturobisadmi miZRvnil fokus-jgufebSi. amasTan, aseTi naxatebis

meSveobiT SesaZlebloba gveZleva SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad daaxsovdaT

respondentebs ama Tu im saqonlis SefuTva, samarko niSani, da sxva.

ra Tqma unda, aseTi meTodikis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia,

ramdenadac bevri respondenti ukan daixevs im mizezis gamo, rom xatva ar icis,

Tumca aq xatvis xarixs ara aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. amitom es meTodika

yvelaze xSirad bavSvebTan muSaobisas gamoiyeneba.

9. kolaJi

magaliTi: Jurnalebidan gamoWrili suraTebis didi raodenobidan

respondentebs sTavazoben SearCion iseTebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, yvelaze

metad Seesabameba romelime saqonlis an adamianis imijs.

es meTodika saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis

damokidebuleba ama Tu im saqonlis mimarT, da mogvcems iseT informacias,

romlis verbalurad gamoxatvac repondentebs gauWirdebaT.

rogorc wesi, kolaJis Sedgena sakmaod Znelia, amitom iTvleba, rom Tu

respondentebma Tavi gaarTves am amocanas, e.i. isini xangrZlivi drois manZilze

Segnebulad moixmaren ama Tu im saqonels, da maT cnobierebaSi ukve

Camoyalibebulia myari warmodgena mis Sesaxeb.

amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom kolaJis teqnika mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs

Seicavs ara marto respondentebisTvis, aramed mkvlevarebisTvisac, romlebsac,

rogorc wesi, uWirT Sedegebis interpretacia. amitom am teqnikis gamoyenebisas

uaRresad mniSvnelovania, mivceT respondentebs saSualeba, Tavad agvixsnan

Tavisi arCevani da agviRweron is, rac “Seqmnes”.

10. kartografireba (Brand mapping) magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovoT, ramdenime jgufad dayon konkurenti

firmebis mier damzadebuli msgavsi saqoneli.

es meTodika sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba marketinguli xasiaTis fokus-

jgufebSi. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovacocxloT jgufis msvleloba. amasTan,

is gvaZlevs Zalze Rirebul informacias imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor xedavs

bazars TviTon momxmarebeli. am meTodikis daxmarebiT SeiZleba davinaxoT,

ramdenad “savsea” bazari Tu, piriqiT, jer kidev aris axali markis saqonlis

SemoRwevis SesaZlebloba. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, agreTve davinaxoT, icvleba

Tu ara momxmareblis warmodgena arsebuli saqonlebis Sesaxeb reklamis gavlenis

qveS.

am meTodikis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is sakmaod

did dros moiTxovs da misi CatarebisTvis saWiroa damxmare “TvalsaCino

masalis” gamoyeneba.

proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia Semdegi moTxovnebis

dacva:

33

• maTi gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebelia CvenTvis

saWiro informaciis miReba sxva gziT (kerZod, pirdapiri kiTxvebis meSveobiT);

• mkvlevarma unda SearCios is meTodika, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba mis

winaSe mdgar amocanebs;

• aucilebelia winaswar ganvsazRvroT, fokus-jgufis Catarebis romel etapze

ufro mizanSewonilia SerCeuli teqnikis gamoyeneba;

• respondentebs gasagebad unda avuxsnaT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan, rogoria “TamaSis

wesebi”;

• aucilebelia Seiqmnas garemo, sadac respondentebi ar igrZnoben Tavs ise,

TiTqos isini raRac gamocdas abareben;

• moderatoris saqcieli maqsimalurad moqnili unda iyos, da Tu meTodika ar

“amuSavda” (rac xdeba xolme), man unda moaxerxos jgufTan muSaobis gagrZeleba

ise, rom aRar gaamaxvilos amaze yuradReba;

• araa mizanSewonili, gadavtvirToT jgufi proeqciuli teqnikebiT — erTi

jgufisTvis savsebiT sakmarisia 1-2 aseTi meTodikis gamoyeneba (erTi meTo-

dikis gamoyeneba saSualod 20 wuTs ikavebs);

• yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani am meTodikebis gamoyenebaSi maTi Sedegebis Sem-

dgomi interpretaciaa. yvelanairad unda vecadoT, pirveladi interpretacia

TviT respondentebma mogvcen.

proeqciuli teqnikebis gverdiT, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba,

agreTve zondirebis saSualebebi, kerZod:

siCume. rogorc ukve viciT, es aris erT-erTi yvelaze ubralo, neitraluri

da amasTan efeqturi meTodi, da amitom is Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba.

Jestebis ena. jgufis msvlelobisas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs

moderatoris araverbalur saqciels, kerZod, misi saxis gamometyvelebas,

mimikas, xmis intonaciebs, Tvalebis moZraobas, Tavis daqnevas, xmis intonacias,

diqcias da sxv. yvela es aris jgufis gaZRolis araverbaluri xerxebi.

mizanSewonilia, moderatori pirdapir uyurebdes Tavis Tanamosaubres, magram

amasTan ar iTvleba sworad, Tu is didi xniT daacqerdeba jgufis romelime

monawiles.

jgufuri urTierTobis marTva SesaZlebelia ramdenime teqnikis meSveobiT,

romelTa Sorisaa: dasmuli kiTxvebis “gadagzavna” jgufis sxva wevrebisTvis;

gamoTqmuli azris gameoreba; monawileTa Segnebuli “dapirispireba”, da sxv.

informaciis arasrulad gageba an respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli azris

Segnebulad damaxinjeba moderatoris mier aiZulebs respondentebs, ukeT

Camoayalibon Tavisi azrebi.

“ratom?”-kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, romlebic SeiZleba davyoT “motivis”

(“ratom?”) da “interesis” (“rogor?/rogori?/rogor moxda?”) kiTxvebad.

“zondirebis”, iseve rogorc proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas

yvelanairad unda vizrunoT imaze, rom ar dairRves respondentebis interesebi

da ar CavayenoT isini uxerxul mdgomareobaSi.

fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi

fokus-jgufis Catarebis Semdeg xdeba mis msvlelobaSi Cawerili saubris

qaRaldze srulad gadatana, ris Sedegadac iqmneba saubris transkripti (fokus-

jgufis transkriptis magaliTi ix. danarTSi #1). am transkriptis safuZvelze

mkvlevari an mkvlevarTa jgufi SemdgomSi amzadebs angariSs, romelic, kvlevis

miznebis Tanaxmad, Seicavs pasuxebs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.

fokus-jgufis angariSi analitikuri dokumentia, romelic Cveulebriv Seicavs

citatebs respondentTa saubridan, iseve rogorc mkvlevris daskvnebs da,

xSirad, praqtikul rekomendaciebs.

34

- qrTamis SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis Seni mxridan, xolo korufciis

SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis im mxridan.

- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba xmamaRla ar iyos naTqvami, rom ai, Sen raRac momitane,

magram qvecnobierad, farulad miganiSnebs, rom ai, kargi iqneboda, Tu raRacas

momitan.

- ki.

- sityvaze, vTqvaT, romeliRac samsaxurSi gamocxadda raRac konkursi,

SesarCevi, miiRe monawileoba da geubnebian, rom ai, ki, akmayofileb amas, magram

raRac damatebiTi isini unda gaimarTos — Sen atyob, rom giWianureben saqmes, ar

gawyoben — iZulebuli xdebi rom SesTavazo raRac, “pativs gcem, ra”...

- qrTami me mainc sul cudi gagebiT maxsovs, ai “qrTami misca” da...

- ara, kargi gagebiT verc ityvi.

- kargi gagebaa, rodesac pativs gcemen da Sen pativs scem adamians, magas xom

qrTams ver daarqmev?

- qrTami aris korufciis gamomxatveli meTodi.

maSin sxva kiTxva — korufcia SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc raRac fuladi

Tanxis an saCuqris miReba, Tu amas sxva formebic aqvs?

- sxva formebic aqvs, ra Tqma unda.

- da bankSi ver Seitan, namdvilad.

- korufcias aqvs yvelanairi forma — swored is aris, rom Sen arasamarTleb-

rivad im adamians, vTqvaT, igive rogorc samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT Camovarda

laparaki, TanamSromlad iyvan da nebismieri — amas SeiZleba, uxeSad geubnebi,

parketis dageba undodes an sul sxva raRacis [SekeTeba]; am SemTxvevaSi Sen

raRacis safasurad ukeTeb amas. imiT ki ara, rom is samarTlebrivad sworia, rom

is daimsaxura an raRaca — sxvas toveb TamaSgareT, imitom rom gawyobs im wuTas

Sen am adamianis SemoTavazebuli winadadeba, da mniSvneloba ara aqvs, es ra iqneba.

- amas kanonic aregulirebs, kanonSi aris, rom sajaro pirebs ar SeuZliaT

miiRon saCuqari, romlis fasic aRemateba [800] lars, Tu sworad maxsovs — aris

konkretuli Tanxa miRebuli, anu saCuqarSi igulisxmeba Tanxac da igulisxmeba

nivTic.

- 1000 lari.

- am SemTxvevaSi maSin is moiTxovs sam 400-larians, da Tavisuflad SeuZlia

rom cal-calke aiRos.

- elementarulad ai, nacnobia, kargi, fuls ar gamovarTmev, magram ukve ici,

rom saCuqari Sen unda “ikisro”.

- madlierebis niSnad.

- eg ukve tradiciuli momentia.

- ara! mainc korufciaa.

- korufcias imas ver davarqmevT, rom eqimTan midixar da “banbanerka” migaqvs.

- ara, ra Tqma unda!

- anda, vTqvaT, pativs scem adamians elementarulad adamianuri motiviT da

ara imitom, rom...

- eg vTqvi weRan, qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa,

qrTami sxvaa.

- eg iyo istoriuli winamZRvari qrTamisa.

aris aq vinme, vinc dRes pirvelad gaigo sityva “korufcia”?

- raRac ar mgonia, saqarTveloSi...

- imdenad xSirad ismis dRes-dReobiT, rom ara mgonia.

aris aq vinme, visac ucxo xalxis TandaswrebiT jer ar ulaparakia imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris korufcia da ar gamouTqvia Tavisi azri?

- Sedegebze gvilaparakia, magram korufcia ar gangvimartavs rogorc aseTi.

romeli qveynebia, Tqveni azriT, sadac korufcia Zalian aris

gavrcelebuli?

- es aris ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi qveynebi, Tumca korufciis xarisxi da

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- korufcia aris, rodesac romelime adgilze mosaxvedrad Tu raRac,

gWirdeba gasamrjelo, rom miitano, da ara is, rac sinamdvileSi saWiroa, codna an

raRac; sinamdvileSi rac ar gaqvs, im kriteriumebs Sen ver akmayofileb da amis

safasurad Sen unda gadaixado raRac...

- Seavso...

- korufcia es aris kanonis gareT momxdari garigeba, rodesac orive mxare

raRac valdebulebas kisrulobs, vTqvaT, erTi mxare kisrulobs raime Tanxis

gaRebas, xolo meore, da ZiriTadad saxelmwifo moxeleze unda gvqondes aq

saubari, kisrulobs raime ukanono qmedebis Sesrulebas am piris sasargeblod.

- mec, albaT, daaxloebiT ase vfiqrob.

korufcia da meqrTameoba erTi da igivea Tu ara?

- ki.

- Cemi azriT, ki.

- ki.

- erTia.

- Cemi azriT, ara, imitom rom meqrTameoba SeiZleba gamoixatos nebismier

pirTan mimarTebaSi, anu es SeiZleba ar iyos saxelmwifo moxele, vTqvaT, da

qrTami miutano kerZo pirs, romelmac ginda rom samsaxurSi migiRos. korufciaze

rodesac vsaubrobT, es aris uSualod saxelmwifo samsaxurSi momxdari movlena,

xolo qrTami SeiZleba gamoixatos kerZo seqtorSic, arasamTavrobo organi-

zaciaSic.

- mainc korufciasTan aris gadajaWvuli.

- magram amas ar SeiZleba davarqvaT, Cemi azriT, korufcia.

- qrTami pirdapir kavSirSia, Cemi azriT, korufciasTan, imitom rom qrTams

iReb, ese igi... Sen xdebi korumpirebuli.

- raRacas ukanonod akeTeb am SemTxvevaSi.

- Tu am gansazRvrebas gamoviyenebT, am SemTxvevaSi ver mivalT korufciamde,

imitom rom, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba saqarTveloSi qrTami rogorc saCuqari,

anu raime valdebulebis Sesruleba, raime momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians raRacas. gansakuTrebiT, vTqvaT,

notariusebTan mimarTebaSi, vTqvaT, raRac moqmedebas asruleben, xom? moqalaqe,

romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs, cdilobs rom rame gadauxados, rom is

daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamom-

dinareobs.

- da ar aris, Seni azriT, es korufcia?

- ara, korufcia aris, korufciis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, magram

mTlianobaSi identuri cnebebi ar aris.

- ara, identuri ar aris, ra Tqma unda.

...-m rom moiyvana magaliTi — rodesac samsaxurSi iReben ara codnis

safuZvelze, aramed imis safuZvelze, Tu vis ras miscem — im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

viRaca gaiZulebs raRaca misce samsaxurSi miRebisaTvis, magram amave dros

ase Tu ise akmayofilebs, Tundac formalurad, codnis mxriv arsebul

moTxovnebs — am SemTxvevaSi rasTan gvaqvs saqme?

- esec korufciaa, me Tu mkiTxavT, TviTon im moxelis mimarT, vinc iRebs

fuls, imitom rom is mainc akeTebs amas da arasamarTlebrivad xdeba im mxriv, rom

SeiZleba ufro kargi kriteriumebis, ufro kargi Sefasebis mqone adamiani darCes

gareT.

- cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi TviTon im adamianis uflebac irRveva, visac Txoven

[fuls], magram korufciis yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli niSani swored is aris, rom

saxelmwifo moxele TviTon iTxovs “aucilebel” gadasaxads, xolo qrTamis

SemTxvevaSi meqrTame TviTon aris SemTavazebeli.

- dRes-dReobiT, mgoni, qrTamic igivenairad xdeba — eg SeiZleba adre iyo mase,

magram dRes qrTamis micemisas igive movaleobas asrulebs is, rom Sen gTxoven im

qrTams, rom miitano. adre SeiZleba nebayoflobiTi iyo, magram dRes-dReobiT

aRar aris, me mgoni, nebayoflobiTi.

- Tu nebayoflobiTia, maSin es ukve saCuqaria, vTqvaT, madlierebis niSnad.

78

ramdenadac fokus-jgufi axlosaa siRrmiseul interviusTan, am ori meTodis

gamoyenebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebis analogiuri SesaZleb-

lobebi arsebobs. analizis pirvel etapze xdeba informaciis kodireba, Semdeg ki

— Sedegebis interpretacia; analizis saboloo safexurze mkvlevari akeTebs das-

kvnebs, romlebic warmoadgens pasuxs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.

siRrmiseuli interviuebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebisagan

gansxvavebiT, fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSaveba damatebiT moiTxovs

gadawyvetilebis miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra doneze unda ganxorciel-

des analizi. siRrmiseuli intervius SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi TavisTavad

cxadia — aq analizis done SeiZleba mxolod respondenti iyos. magram fokus-

jgufebis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos rogorc respondenti, aseve jgufi

(rogorc erTeuli), miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kvlevis far-

glebSi ramdenime fokus-jgufi tardeba. gadawyvetilebis miReba analizis donis

Taobaze Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tumca, erTi mxriv, yvela jgufi responden-

tebisgan Sedgeba da swored individualuri respondentebi ayalibeben jgufis

msvlelobaSi gamoTqmul azrebs, udavoa, rom jgufis dinamika gavlenas axdens

calkeul respondentebze, anu arsebobs agreTve analizis meore SesaZlo done,

jgufuri. amitom, d.morganis azriT, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis analizi aucileb-

lad unda iTvaliswinebdes am or dones Soris arsebul urTierTobebebs.48

ramdenadac fokus-jgufebi xSirad gamoiyeneba raime problemis winaswari

Seswavlis mizniT, maTi Sedegebis analizi xSirad aRweriTi xasiaTisaa. am leqciis

bolos moyvanilia fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis swored aRweriTi analizis

magaliTi (ix. magaliTi #3). is eyrdnoba kvlevas, romelic Catarda Tavisuflebis

institutis mier saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi 2004 wlis zafxulSi. kvleva

mieZRvna sxvadasxva profesiul jgufSi korufciis gavrcelebis Sefasebas,

korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis ganxilvas da korufciis daZlevis SesaZlo

gzebis dasaxvas. TiToeul jgufSi monawileobas iRebda respondentTa jgufi,

romelic homogenuri iyo profesiuli statusis mixedviT (mag., profesor-

maswavleblebi; policielebi; saxelmwifo moxeleebi; studentebi), magram ara

sqesisa da asakis mixedviT (Tumca, ra Tqma unda, studentTa jgufebi asakis

mixedviTac sakmaod homogenurebi iyo).

fokus-jgufebis Catarebis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebis generalizacia ar

aris gamarTlebuli, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba dasaSvebad CaiTvalos —

Tu Catarebuli iqna sakmaod bevri fokus-jgufi, romlebSic monawileoba miiRes

sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufis da teritoriuli erTeulis

warmomadgenelma respondentebma.

iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv kvlevaSi, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis

analizisas ganuyofelia analizis da angariSis weris etapebi.

davalebebi:

1. gaecaniT fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmas “Rvinis moxmarebis kultura

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi” (magaliTi 2). romeli proeqciuli teqnikebis

gamoyenebaa dagegmili am sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze Catarebul fokus-

jgufSi?

2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa Temaze “korufciis gavrcelebis

mizezebi saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi”; kvleva Catarebuli

unda iyos fokus-jguf(eb)is gamoyenebiT.

3. SeadgineT sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis saintereso Temaze fokus-

jgufis Catarebis mizniT; gamoiyeneT is proeqciuli teqnikebi, romlebic

yvelze mizanSewonilad migaCiaT kvlevis Temidan gamomdinare.

48 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 60.

35


1. maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba

axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba

da perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.

2. С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М.

3. Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

4. David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

36

danarTi #1

korufcia saqarTveloSi92


fokus-jgufis Catrebis TariRi: 29 ivnisi, 2004 w.

fokus-jgufis Catrebis adgili: q. Telavi.

fokus-jgufis respondentebis kategoria: studentebi.

SeniSvna:

transkripti fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli diskusiis dros Cawerili

audio- an videokasetis detaluri gaSifvris Sedegia; masSi unda aisaxos

fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamoTqmuli yvela azri, romlebic SeZlebis-

dagvarad sityvasityviT unda iyos gadatanili qaRaldze. aris SemTxvevebi,

rodesac respondenti Cumad laparakobs da misi sityvebis garCeva ver

xerxdeba — maSin transkriptSi Sesabamisi miniSneba unda iyos gakeTebuli. am

magaliTSi, aseT SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli kvadratuli frCxilebi.

fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamarTuli diskusiis gaSifvris Sedegad

srulad xdeba respondentTa stilis dacva; dauSvebelia saubris

stilisturi redaqtireba.

zogjer transkripSi miTiTebulia, Tu romel respondents ekuTvnis

yoveli gamoTqmuli azri; vinaidan fokus-jgufis respondentebis vinaobis

gamJRavneba arasodes ar xdeba, respondentebs pirobiTi saxelebiT moixse-

nieben xolme. aq moyvanil magaliTSi moyvanilia mxolod jgufis msvlelobaSi

gamoTqmuli azrebi, avtoris miTiTebis gareSe. gamoyofilia mxolod mode-

ratoris sityvebi.

Cveni saubris Temaa korufcia. saubris procesSi kidev davakonkretebT im

sakiTxebs, romlebsac dRes ganvixilavT magram Tavdapirvelad gTxovT

yvelam warvadginoT Tavi.

;

- ...,93 studenti.

- ..., agraruli universiteti.

- ..., ucxo enebi94.

- ....

- ..., biosamedicino.

- ..., ucxo enebi.

- ..., iuridiuli.

- ..., studenti.

sanam konkretul magaliTebze da konkretul SemTxvevebze gadavalT, jer

SevecadoT cota akademiurad mivudgeT am sakiTxs — Tqveni azriT, rogor

SeiZleba ganvmartoT, ra aris korufcia? am cnebis Teoriuli ganmarteba Tu

gaqvT vinmes?

- gaaCnia, iseT SenobaSi vimyofebiT, rom akademiurad midgoma, albaT, ufro

saWiro iqneba,95 samecniero doneze. gasarkvevia, korufciaSi ras vgulisxmobT —

es aris marto fulis micema, Tu saCuqaric igulisxmeba, namcxvari... Cemi azriT,

orive igulisxmeba.

- igulisxmeba.

92 fokus-jgufi Catarda Tavisuflebis institutis proeqtis farglebSi “korufcia

saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis

mier”. 93 respondentTa saxelebi gamotovebulia maTi anonimurobis dacvis mizniT. 94 Tumca es ar iyo moderatoris moTxovna, ramdenime respondentma miuTiTa fakulteti,

sadac swavlobdnen. 95 fokus-jgufi Catarda Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis SenobaSi.

77

magaliTi #4.

gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis mosaxleobaSi

izrdeba emigraciis survili

CNN Italia, 26 agvisto, 2002 w.

londoni (CNN) — isini veRar itanen amindis kaprizebs da cxovrebis siZvires,

zogi — samzareulosac ki. swored esaa ZiriTadi mizezebi, romelTa gamoc

britaneTis moqalaqeebis umravlesobas surs sazRvargareT gamgzavreba — iq,

sadac ufro rbili hava, dabali fasebi da gemrieli samzareuloa.

amaze mowmobs gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelic gazeT «deili telegrafis»

SekveTiT Caatara demoskopiurma sazogadoebam YouGov. rogorc gamokiTxulTa 54

procentma ganacxada, SesaZlebloba rom hqondeT isini siamovnebiT

gaemgzavrebodnen sazRvargareT sacxovreblad.

maTTvis yvelze sasurveli qveynebia SeerTebuli Statebi da avstralia,

sadac maT ar dasWirdebaT enobrivi barieris gadalaxva. (evrogaerTianebaSi

britanelebi yvelaze naklebad floben ucxo enebs). rom ara es barieri, maSin

espaneTs da safrangeTs arCevdnen.

ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze britaneTis mosaxleobaSi gaizarda qveynidan

gamgzavrebis survili. msgavsi gamokiTxvis Sedegad, romelic uSualod meore

msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg Catarda, gairkva, rom aseTi survili

mosaxleobis 42 procents hqonda. 1975 wels ki es raodenoba 40 procentamde

Semcirda.

umTavresi motivi, ris gamoc mosaxleobas didi britaneTidan gamgzavreba

surs, aris cxovrebis siZvire da SesaZleblobebis nakleboba. havis cvalebadoba

kidev erTi mizezia, romelsac gamokiTxulebi xSirad asaxelebdnen.

ingliselebis mxolod 25 procentma ganacxada, rom axali sacxovrebeli

adgilebis Zebnis mTavari mizezia maTi ukmayofileba erovnuli samzareuloTi.

sxva mxriv, umTavresi, rac maT Sin darCnis survils uZlierebs, ojaxi,

megobrebi, da erovnuli istoriiT gamowveuli siamayis grZnobaa.

76

magaliTi #2

Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

sadiskusio gegma49

SeniSvna:

rogorc fokus-jgufis es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebi SeiZleba

dajgufebuli iyos Tematurad, da ganlagebuli iyos ise, rom moderators

gauadvildes muSaoba. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes

ramdenime kiTxvas erTsa da imave Temaze, dazustebebs, romelTa mizania

respondentebis daxmareba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT gauWirdebaT kiTxvaze

pasuxis gacema. Tu moderatori amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos

sadiskusio gegmaSi pasuxebis mosalodneli variantebi da moniSnos, Tu

rogor gaagrZelos diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sadiskusio gegma xSirad individualuri dokumentia

da moderatoris gamocdilebasa da mis profesiul midgomas asaxavs.

saerTo SekiTxvebi:

ra SemTxvevebSi svamT Rvinos?

- yoveldRiurad

- dResaswaulebze (dabadebis dRe, axali weli da a.S.)

- qorwili, qelexi

- sxva ?

daaxloebiT ramden litr Rvinos moixmarT weliwadSi? (kerZod, ramdeni

litri Rvino moixmareT Tqven/Tqvenma ojaxma SarSan?)

arCevani

piradad Tqven, rogor Rvinos aniWebT upiratesobas?

- TeTrs Tu wiTels?

- glexurs Tu qarxnuls?

ratom?

Tqveni nacnobebis umravlesoba rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas?

rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas axalgazrdebis

umravlesoba saqarTveloSi? ratom?

rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas asakovani xalxi? ratom?

rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinoze ufro didi moTxovna arsebobs dRes

saqarTveloSi?

- TeTrs Tu wiTels?


ratom?

Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa am tipebis Rvinoebs Soris:

- glexuri;

- qarxnuli Camosasxmeli;

- qarxnuli boTlis.

vin aniWebs upiratesobas glexur Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi.) ratom irCeven

isini aseT Rvinos?

49 es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis II kursis

studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna 2 saswavlo fokus-jgufis

Catarebisas.

37

vin aniWebs upiratesobas qarxnul Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi) ratom irCeven

isini aseT Rvinos?

rogor fiqrobT, dalevs Tu ara glexi qarxnul Rvinos?

(Tu ara — ratom?)

ra SemTxvevaSi dalevs?

Tqveni azriT, dRes saqarTveloSi yvelaze did mowonebas romeli tipis Rvino

imsaxurebs? ratom?

daasruleT fraza: “is, vinc svams mxolod boTlSi Camosxmul Rvinos, aris . . .”

ra Tvisebebi aqvs xarisxian Rvinos? (naturaluri Rvino?)

Tu SegiZliaT dagvisaxeloT romelime xarisxiani Rvino?

fasi

sad yidulobT xomle Rvinos yvelaze xSirad?

saSualod ra fasSi yidulobT xomle Rvinos?

ra gavlenas axdens Tqvens arCevanze Rvinis fasi? Rvinis xarisxi?

Tqveni arCevani Rvinis xarisxze ufroa damokidebuli Tu mis fasze?

ra unda Rirdes Rvino?

unda gansxvavdebodes Tu ara Rvinis fasi misi saxeobis mixedviT (wiTeli da

TeTri, glexuri da qarxnis)

Rvinis smis kultura

rogor gesmiT fraza: “Rvinis smis kultura”?

ra iciT Rvinis smis kulturis Sesaxeb sazRvargareT?

aris Tu ara raime gansakuTrebuli im wesebSi da tradiciebSi, romlebic

axasiaTebs Rvinis smis wesebs da masTan dakavSirebul tradiciebs saqarTveloSi?

kaxeTSi?

rogori iyo Rvinis smis kultura saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 100 wlis win?

Seicvala Tu ara bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze Rvinis smis kultura saqarTve-

loSi / TelavSi / TbilisSi? rogoria Rvinis smis kultura axla? ra mogwonT amaSi

da ra — ara?

38

davalebebi:

1. ipoveT internetSi socialuri kvlevis eTikis ramdenime kodeqsi (garda

im kodeqsebisa, romlebic am masalaSia miTiTebuli) da SeadareT isini

erTmaneTs maTi detalurobis TvalsazrisiT.

2. gaecaniT publikacias “gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis

mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili” (magaliTi #4). rogor

SeafasebdiT kvlevis Sedegebis gaSuqebis xarisxs?


1. Bruce L. Berg. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Fifth edition. Boston: Pearson. Pp. 43-73 (“Ethical Issues”).

2. Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in Advances

in Consumer Research 25: 72-74.

3. ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice. http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961

4. American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics. http://www.asanet.org/members/

ecoderev.html

5. American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies and Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html

75

arCevnebSi, ar iqnes ganxiluli misi kandidatura asociaciis wevrebisaTvis

gankuTvnili kvleviTi stipendiebis ganawilebis procesSi da a.S. im sakiTxs, Tu,

kerZod, romeli privilegiebi CamoerTmeva eTikis normebis damrRvevs,

profesiuli eTikis komiteti yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare

gadawyvets.

d) asociaciaSi wevrobis Sewyveta ASA-s profesiuli eTikis komitetis

yvelaze seriozuli sanqciaa. aqac, komiteti yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi

wyvets, Tu ramdeni xniT unda moxdes ama Tu im sociologis wevrobis Sewyveta

ASA-Si da ra pirobiTaa SesaZlebeli am wevrobis ganaxleba momavalSi. sasjelis

yvelaze mZime formaa profesiuli sazogadoebis wevrTa rigebidan garicxva, rac

TavisTavad ara mxolod samarcxvinoa, aramed abrkolebs garicxulis Semdgom

profesiul saqmianobas, xels uSlis mas mniSvnelovani SekveTebis mozidvaSi.

kvlevis Sedegebis publikacia

profesiuli normebis specifikuri jgufia moTxovnebi kvlevis Sedegebis

gamoqveynebisadmi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi. am moTxovnebis

SemuSaveba araprofesiuli publikaciebis momravlebis Sedegad gaxda

aucilebeli. mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad rwmundebodnen, rom

Jurnalistebi, romlebsac ara aqvT Sesabamisi codna, xSirad sakmaod uxeS

Secdomebs uSvebdnen masobrivi gamokiTxvebis an sxva tipis kvlevebis Sedegebis

gamoqveynebisas, am Secdomebs ki Semdeg maTi mkiTxvelebi imeorebdnen. arcTu

iSviaTad Jurnalistur masalebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo kvlevis Sedegebi

Sefasebuli iyo rogorc araswori, es ki arasaxarbielo gavlenas axdenda am

kvlevebis Sefasebaze sazogadoebis mier.

am problemis gadaWris mizniT 1983 wels sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro

kvlevis evropulma kavSirma (ESOMAR) SeimuSava “sazogadoebrivi azris

gamokiTxvebis gzamkvlevi”91, romlis mizansac presaSi socialuri gamokvlevebis

Sedegebis gamoqveynebisas daSvebuli Secdomebis Semcireba iyo. gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba am kodeqsSi masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebis publikacias eZRvneba,

romlebic yvelaze ufro xSirad Suqdeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis

mier. garda imisa, rom es kodeqsi ganixilavs gamokiTxvebis Sedegebis

mniSvnelobas demokratiuli sazogadoebebisaTvis da Jurnalistebisa da

socialuri mecnierebebis profesiuli TanamSromlobis Taviseburebebs, aq

warmodginelia praqtikuli rekomendaciebi kvlevis Sedegebze damyarebuli

publikaciebis momzadebasTan dakavSirebiT. ESOMAR-is rCeviT, yvela

publikacias, romelic masobrivi gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs iyenebs, aucileblad

unda axldes meToduri informacia Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb, kerZod:

o romelma kvleviTma organizaciam Caatara gamokiTxva;

o gamokiTxvis Catarebis meTodika (piradi, satelefono, safosto Tu sxva);

o SerCeviTi erTobliobis raodenoba;

o SerCevis reprezentatuloba;

o gamokiTxvis Catarebis TariRebi;

o dasmuli kiTxvebis tipi (Ria, daxuruli Tu naxevraddaxuruli) da maTi

zusti formulireba.

socialuri kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli informaciis gamoqveynebisas

aucilebelia mkafiod gaimijnos miRebuli Sedegebi da am Sedegebis safuZvelze

Jurnalistebis mier gakeTebuli komentari.

garda amisa, ESOMAR-i urCevs kvleviT organizacias da masobrivi

informaciis organos, dadon xelSekruleba, romelSic ganxiluli iqneba maT

Soris TanamSromlobis pirobebi.

91 Guide to Opinion Polls. E.S.O.M.A.R., 1993.

74

magaliTi #3

korufcia saqarTveloSi

da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis

warmomadgenlebis mier


Tavisuflebis institutis mier 2004 wlis ivnisSi Catarebuli iqna fokus-

jgufebi saqarTvelos ramdenime qalaqSi (axalcixe, Tbilisi, Telavi, quTaisi).

jgufebi Catarda sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan: profesor-

maswavleblebi, studentebi, mZRolebi, policielebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi.

fokus-jgufebis mTavari mizani iyo am profesiuli jgufebis warmomad-

genlebis mier korufciuli qmedebebis Sefaseba da korufciis formebis Seswavla

profesiuli saqmianobis Sesabamis sferoebSi; korufciuli da arakorufciuli

qmedebebis gamijvna ama Tu im profesiis warmomadgenlebis TvalSi; agreTve,

korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla.

angariSi eyrdnoba Semdegi fokus-jgufebis masalebs:

profesiuli jgufi qalaqi Catarebis TariRi

saxelmwifo moxeleebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.

studentebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.

maswavleblebi da mSoblebi Tbilisi seqtemberi, 2004 w.

profesor-maswavleblebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.

studentebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.

policielebi quTaisi ivnisi, 2004 w.

1. ra aris korufcia da ra ar aris korufcia

fokus-jgufebis TiTqmis yvela monawilem daaxloebiT erTnairad ganmarta

korufcia, rogorc:

“Tanamdebobrivi ufleba-movaleobebis gadameteba angarebis mizniT”

(policielebi, quTaisi)

“adamiani rom nebismier Tanamdebobaze borotad iyenebs Tavis Tanamdebobas

sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“korufcia es aris kanons gareT momxdari garigeba” (studentebi, Telavi)

“korufcia aris rodesac garkveuli Tanamdeboba aqvs pirovnebas da am

TanamdebobiT sargeblobs Tavis raRac gadaWarbebuli ambiciebiT da gZalavs

fuls arakanonierad” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

,

“adamianTa mier saxelmwifo qonebis xelyofa” (profesor-maswavleblebi,

Telavi)

“[korufcia] qrTamis garda sxva saxiTac arsebobs: gadasaxadebis damalva,

sagzao policiis TanamSromeli rom mZRols fuls arTmevs, esec korufciaa”


sxva respondentebisagan gansxvavebiT, policiis TanamSromlebi ufro

farTod ganmartaven korufcias:

“korufcia pirvel rigSi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia, kanonis darRvevaa”


39

“movaleobas pasuxismgeblobiT rom ar Seasruleb, isic korufciaa”


SedarebiT iSviaTad gvaqvs saqme korufciis ganmartebasTan moralur WrilSi:

“korufcia aris fulis, sindisis da kanonis ukmarisoba” (saxelmwifo

moxeleebi, axalcixe)

xSir SemTxvevaSi, respondentebi aigiveben korufcias da meqrTameobas, Tumca

zogjer isini aRniSnaven, rom korufcia meqrTameobasTan SedarebiT ufro farTo

cnebaa, vinaidan is moicavs, agreTve arafuladi saxis garigebebs. SedarebiT

iSviaTad iqna gaigivebuli korufciasTan nepotizmi:

“naTesauri kavSirebi, megobroba, nacnoboba korufciaa, Tanamdebobaze iseTi

adamianebi SeiZleba dainiSnon, romlebic saerTod Sesaferisi ar arian im

Tanamdebobis” (policielebi, quTaisi)

yvela jgufSi respondentebi eTanxmebian azrs, rom korufcia saqarTveloSi

farTodaa gavrcelebuli da aRniSnaven, rom is gamoxatavs rogorc qrTamis

amRebis, aseve qrTamis mimcemis interesebs:

“vinc aZlevs [qrTams , isic kmayofilia da vinc iRebs, isic” (policielebi,

quTaisi)

]

]

!

“meqrTameoba universitetSi pirvel rigSi xels aZlevs students”

(studentebi, Telavi)

respondentebi yvelaze ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom korufcia erTnairad

gasakicxia imis miuxedavad, Tu ra TanxiT gamoixateba aRebuli an micemuli

qrTami; Tumca es pozicia erTsulovani ar iyo:

“nemsis qurdi da aqlemis qurdi erTiao” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“is, vinc 5 maneTs aiRebs, imas Tu saSualeba miecema, milionsac Tavisuflad

aiRebs” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“- rogorc ar arsebobs nawilobrivi orsuloba, ise ar arsebobs nawilobrivi

[korumpirebuloba . an aris, an ar aris.

- ara zogi, magaliTad, davuSvaT, im wamlisTvis, im gaWirvebisTvis [iRebs

qrTams] da zogi — fufunebisTvis, sasaxleebisTvis, mersedesebisTvis, “be-em-ve”-

ebisTvis. aq gansxvaveba unda iyos, Cemi azriT” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

respondentebi ganixilaven korufcias, rogorc erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiT

movlenas, romelsac ar SeuZlia, raime dadebiTi Sedegi mohyves da raime

gamarTleba hqondes:

“korufciiT ara mgonia, qveyanam miiRos rame kargi, korufcia sikeTes

moutans konkretul pirovnebas da mis ojaxs” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)

“korufcia TavisTavad ar SeiZleba iyos kargi, SeiZleba korufcias raRac

dadebiTi Sedegebi gaaCndes, magram misi zneobrivi mxare sul gadawonis im

dadebiTs. amitom korufcia ar SeiZleba iyos kargi” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,

axalcixe)

amasTan, qarTvel respondentebs uWirT erTmaneTisagan gamijnon korufcia

da e.w. “pativiscema”, gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom saqarTveloSi

tradiciulad pativs scemen sxva adamianebs, iqneba es saCuqris Tu, ubralod,

madlobis Tqmis meSveobiT. maTi azriT, ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani

korufciasa da pativiscemas Soris is aris, rom pirveli gamoZalvasTanaa

dakavSirebuli, xolo meore — nebayoflobiTia.

“qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa, qrTami sxvaa”


“yvelafers korufcias ver davarqmev. magaliTad, bavSvi yvavils rom miutans

maswavlebels skolaSi, es ar aris korufcia, es pativiscemaa. korufciad ar

40

da samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, amdenad eTikis kodeqsebi aregulirebs

mkvlevrisa da damkveTis urTierTobebis im sferoebs, romlebic xelSekru-

lebebis miRma rCeba da urTierTpatiosnebisa da urTierTgagebisken, maRali

profesiuli standartebis dacvisaken mouwodebs orive mxares.

g. farTo sazogadoebriobis interesebis dacva

ramdenadac socialuri mecnierebis pasuxismgebloba farTo sazogadoebis

winaSe iuridiuli regulirebis obieqts ar warmoadgens, is mTlianad eqceva pro-

fesiuli eTikis farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTva-

liswineba sociologebis moRvaweobis Zalze mniSvnelovan sferos warmoadgens.

rogorc amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis eTikis kodeqsSia xazgasmuli,

sociologebi acnobiereben maT profesiul da mecnierul pasuxismgeblobas im

sazogadoebis winaSe, sadac isini cxovroben da muSaoben; isini iyeneben Tavis

codnas, raTa xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebriv keTildReobas. gamokvlevis Cata-

rebisas isini miznad isaxaven rogorc sociologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas,

aseve sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis xelSewyobas.90

sanqciebi

ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebi iuridiuli dokumentebi ar aris,

maTi normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg ver iqneba gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi

sanqciebi. arada, eTikis kodeqsis normebis damyareba mxolod mkvlevarTa

keTilganwyobaze da maT mier am normebis didi mniSvnelobis gacnobierebaze

yovelTvis sakmarisi ar aris. amitom, profesiuli sazogadoebebi zrunaven imaze,

rom profesiuli eTikis darRvevis SemTxvevebma SeumCnevlad ar Caiaros da

SeZlebisdagvarad Zvirad daujdes am normebis damrRvevs, vinaidan yoveli aseTi

darRvevis SemTxvevaSi laqa ecxoba yvela mkvlevars, socialuri mecnierebis

sazogadoebriv reputacias.

eTikuri kodeqsebis specifikuri bunebidan gamomdinare, maT mier

gaTvaliswinebuli sanqciebic Taviseburi xasiaTisaa. isini did yuradRebas

aqcevs eTikuri normebis darRvevis SemTxvevebis gaxmaurebas profesiul wreSi

da aseTi faqtebis dagmobas kolegebis mier. amasTan, mniSvnelovania imis

aRniSvna, rom nebismieri faqti mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc

profesiuli eTikis normebis darRveva, Tu es damtkicebuli iqna, iqamde ki

yvelas mimarT Taviseburi “udanaSaulobis prezumfcia” moqmedebs.

profesiuli eTikis normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg Zalze seriozuli

sanqciebi iqna SemuSavebuli amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) mier. am

organizaciis farglebSi muSaobs profesiuli eTikis komiteti, romelic eTikis

normebis darRvevis faqtebs ganixilavs. es komiteti uflebamosilia ASA-s

wevrebis mier, Semdegi saxis sanqciebi gamoiyenos damnaSaveTa mimarT:

a) piradi gafrTxileba. es SedarebiT rbili sanqcia gamoiyeneba im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu darRveva SedarebiT msubuqi iyo da ar gamouwvevia seriozuli

piradi an profesiuli ziani. piradi gafrTxileba, rogorc wesi, werilis saxiT

egzavneba eTikis normebis damrRvevs.

b) sajaro gafrTxilebas im SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, Tu darRveva seriozul

xasiaTs atarebda. isic SeiZleba werilis saxiT iyos, magram es werili qveyndeba

Sesabamis sainformacio saSualebebSi.

g) privilegiebis CamorTmeva. nebismieri sociologiuri asociaciis (maT

Soris ASA-s) wevroba ara mxolod sakmaod maRali statusis niSania, aramed

wevrebisaTvis garkveul profesiul da materialur privilegiebTanaa

dakavSirebuli. amitom am privilegiebis CamorTmeva sakmaod seriozul sasjels

warmoadgens. kerZod, eTikis normebis damrRvevi SeiZleba ar iqnes daSvebuli am

asociaciis mier mowyobil RonisZiebebze; ar iqnes Seyvanili saredaqcio

kolegiebSi; aekrZalos monawileobis miReba asociaciis sxvadasxva komitetebSi

90 Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American

Sociological Association, 1999. P. 4-5.

73

respondentebis uflebebisa da Rirsebis pativiscema; pasuxismgebloba sazoga-

doebis winaSe, da sxv.

profesiuli normebis dayofa mizanSewonilia ramdenime jgufad, gamomdinare

iqidan, Tu romeli socialuri jgufis interesebis dacvis mizniTaa SemuSavebuli

eTikuri moTxovnebis esa Tu is jgufi. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa eTikuri nor-

mebi, romlebic icavs (a) respondentebis, (b) damkveTebis da (g) farTo sazo-

gadoebis interesebs. profesiuli kodeqsebis erT-erTi mTavari daniSnulebaa,

gansazRvros mkvlevarTa pasuxismgebloba am sami jgufis mimarT.

a. respondentTa uflebebi

eTikis kodeqsebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben respondentTa

uflebebis dacvas. es gasagebicaa — respondentebi kvlevis umTavres obieqts

warmoadgenen. maTi monawileoba kvlevaSi damokidebulia maT keTil nebaze, da

Cveni upirvelesi valdebuleba unda iyos uzrunvelvyoT, rom isini ar

dazaraldnen kvlevaSi monawileobis miRebis Sedegad.

eTikis kodeqsebis moTxovnebis Tanaxmad, respondentebis monawileoba

gamokvlevaSi nebayoflobiTi unda iyos, mkvlevarma SeZlebisdagvarad unda

miawodos mas sruli informacia gamokvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis Sesaxeb.

respondentTa uflebebis dacvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi valdebuleba,

romelsac mkvlevrebi kisruloben, maTi konfidencialobis dacvaa. xSirad

respondentebi mxolod im pirobiT iZlevian Tanxmobas CvenTan saubarze, Tu maTi

vinaoba ar iqneba gamJRavnebuli, magram, zog SemTxvevaSi, Zalze rTulia maTi

darwmuneba, rom Cven maT konfidencialobas davicavT, vinaidan mkvlevrebisTvis,

rogorc wesi, cnobilia respondentis vinaoba, masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas

ki interviuerebis muSaobis kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad yovelTvis xdeba

TiToeuli respondentis saxelisa da misamarTis Cawera. mniSvnelovania,

davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom es mxolod gamokvlevis saTanado xarisxiT

Catarebis uzrunvelsayofad xdeba da rom Sedegebis damuSavebis Semdeg maTi

pasuxebi mxolod anonimurad iqneba gamoyenebuli, masobrivi gamokiTxvis

SemTxvevaSi — statistikuri damuSavebis Semdeg.

socialuri gamokvlevis zogierTi saxeoba moiTxovs interviuebis Caweras

audio- an videofirze. amisaTvis aseve calke nebarTva gvWirdeba

respondentebisgan, da aqac, iseve rogorc yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Cven unda

davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom Camweri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis

miuxedavad maTi konfidencialoba daculi iqneba.

gansakuTrebiT rTulia respondentTa uflebebis dacva maSin, rodesac

xorcieldeba gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba; magaliTad, Tu dakvirvebas xalxmraval

adgilas vatarebT, sadac Cveulebriv mravali adamiani iyris Tavs, Cven, ra Tqma

unda, ver gavafrTxilebT yvela adamians, rom isini kvlevis obieqtebi arian.

amitom CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas, eTikis normebi garkveulwilad

specifikur xasiaTs iZens, da sakmaod relativisturi xasiaTisaa; erTaderTi

stabiluri mosazreba, romliTac mkvlevari unda xelmZRvanelobdes, isaa, rom

miRebuli unda iqnes yvela zoma, raTa kvlevam respondentebs raime vneba ar

miayenos. kvlevis angariSidan amoRebuli iyos ara mxolod respondentTa

saxelebi da gvarebi, aramed, agreTve yvela is informacia, romlis mixedviTac

SesaZlebeli iqneba adamianis identificireba.

b. damkveTebis uflebebi

empiriuli gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani nawili komerciuli xasiaTisaa da

sabazro, politikuri Tu sxva SekveTebis Sesasruleblad tardeba. mkvlevarebs

ara naklebi pasuxismgebloba akisriaT damkveTebTan urTierTobisas, da maTi

movaleobaa, uzrunvelyon, rom TiToeuli gamokvleva damkveTis mier dasmuli

problemebis gadaWris gzebis povnas isaxavdes miznad da yvelaze ufro

optimalur gzebs sTavazobdes damkveTs gamokvlevis gansaxorcieleblad.

mkvlevarisa da damkveTis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTisaa imdenad,

ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsis garda maTi regulireba xdeba agreTve

or mxares Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. magram rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, eTikis moTxovnebi ufro farTo xasiaTisaa, vidre administraciuli

72

miviCnev, roca eqims sakuTari surviliT pacienti rames aCuqebs. ar aris qrTami

radgan sakuTari surviliT Cuqnis” (policielebi, quTaisi)

,

,

[

,

,

,

“[Tu] me miCndeba survili, rom im adamians pativi vce, me amas qrTams ar veZaxi.

es SeiZleba iyos sunamo, “banbanerka” an sulac erTi fila Sokoladi. es, Cemi

azriT, namdvilad ar unda aRiqmebodes qrTamad da korufciad” (maswavleblebi

da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

“me, magaliTad, Zalian mewyineba, Tu isic korufciad CaTvales, rodesac me

viRacis pativiscema minda da SemeSindes, rom is ar daiWiron an me ar damiWiron,

rom imas pativi vce. pativiscema sxva aris, magram TviTon ar unda moiTxovon”

(maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

2. korufciis mizezebi saqarTveloSi

korufciis ZiriTad mizezad respondentebi TiTqmis erTxmad asaxeleben

dabal xelfasebs sajaro samsaxuris yvela sferoSi; yvela profesiuli jgufi,

gasagebi mizezebis gamo, gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs Tavisi profesiuli

sferos did mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, da mizanSewonilad

miiCnevs, rig SemTxvevaSi ki moiTxovs, am sferoSi xelfasebis mniSvnelovan

gazrdas; sainteresoa, rom TiTqmis yvela sferos warmomadgenlebi, mamakacebi

iseve rogorc qalebi, aucilebel saarsebo minimumad TveSi daaxloebiT 500 lars

asaxeleben.

“xelfasi minimumze minimumia” (policielebi, quTaisi)

“roca Tanamdebobis piri xar, Zalian Znelia, cduneba Zalian didia”

(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)

“maswavlebels imdeni xelfasi unda hqondes, rom aRar izrunos SeTavsebaze,

rom sxvaganac aiRos saaTebi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

“maswavlebels ar unda ecvas moswavleze cudad, ufro lamazad unda hqondes

Tma davarcxnili” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

“Tu xelfasebi ar gaizrdeba araferic ar Seicvleba” (maswavleblebi da

mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

bevri respondentis azriT, korumpirebuli pirebis nawili iZulebiT iRebs

qrTams, vinaidan isini sxva gamosavals ver xedaven, es maTTvis Tavis an ojaxebis

rCenis erTaderTi realuri gzaa; Zlieria rwmena, rom es xalxi Zalze ganicdis

aseT mdgomareobas:

“ekonomikuri mdgomareoba unda Seiqmnas imisTana, rom ar gaxde korum-

pirebuli] — magram miuxedavad amisa is korumpirebulebi, vinc arian — isini

iReben kidec [qrTams] da ekonomiuri mdgomareobac Zlieri aqvT. magram visac

araviTari saSualeba ara aqvs — iman rom patara raRaca gaakeTos, me mgoni,

korumpirebuli ar unda dauZaxon” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“me rodesac maqvs kargi xelfasi, var Cemi saqmis profesionali da, ase vTqvaT,

patrioti, me namdvilad ar davimcireb Tavs da ara mgonia, arc erTma

maswavlebelma daimciros Tavi da gamarTos mSobelTan raRac uxerxuli saubari,

raRac zewola moaxdinos masze, rom mere iman “pativi sces” — isevdaisev, Tu iqneba

normaluri xelfasebi. imitom rom pirovneba, vinc aseT saubars warmarTavs,

TviTonac Zalian Seuracxyofilia, da roca mas kargi xelfasi eqneba, merwmuneT

igi ar Caigdebs Tavs aseT saCoTiro situaciaSi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi,

Tbilisi)

rodesac aseT iZulebiT SemTxvevebTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin, saerTo azris

Tanaxmad, xelfasebis gazrda gadaWris korufciis problemas.

amasTan, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa azri, rom maRali

xelfasi TavisTavad yovelTvis ar iqneba aucilebeli da sakmarisi garantia imisa,

41

rom korufcia aRar iqneba, vinaidan mas sxva mizezebic aqvs: (a) sixarbe da (b)

tradiciuli kulturuli normebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi xels uwyobs

korufciis gavrcelebas, anu, rogorc respondentebi moixsenieben, e.w. “qarTuli

mentaliteti”.

“adamians rac ufro meti aqvs, miT ufro meti unda” (studentebi, axalcixe)

“marto gadarCenisTvis xom ar aris es korufcia? mTlad ise, vTqvaT —

adamiani iRebs qrTams, rom gadarCes — esec ar mimaCnia sworad, imitom rom Zalian

bevri adamiani vici me, romelic ar aris korumpirebuli, da Zalian bevri vici,

rom ukve ‘gadarCenilia’, magram korufciis gzas agrZelebs” (profesor-

maswavleblebi, Telavi)

,

“zogierT maswavlebels rom misce 1000 lari, is mainc aiRebs qrTams”


bevri respondentis azriT, korufcia yvelaze seriozul formebs

xelisuflebis yvelaze maRal safexurebze iRebs, kerZod, xSirad saxeldeba

parlamenti. es kidev erTxel adasturebs azrs, rom TavisTavad xelfasebis

gazrda ar gadawyvets korufciis problemas saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac

korufciis gavrcelebaSi dabal xelfasebTan erTad sxva faqtorebic TamaSoben

mniSvnelovan rols; Tumca, ra Tqma unda, xelfasebis gazrda sajaro samsaxurebis

moxeleebisTvis (gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es dakavSirebuli iqneba

pasuxismgelobis amaRlebasTan da dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvrasTan),

saerTo rwmeniT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels korufciis masStabebis

Semcirebas.

dausjelobis sindromi korufciis gavrcelebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

mizezia, da respondentebis mier xSirad iqna gamoTqmuli eWvi axlandeli

xelisuflebis moqmedebebis marTebulebaSi, rodesac xdeba arakanonieri gzebiT

mopovebuli qonebis patronebis gaTavisufleba winaswari patimrobidan

mniSvnelovani jarimis gadaxdis Semdeg. maTi azriT, es xalxi seriozulad unda

daisajos.

korufciis gavrceleba garkveuli Sidasauwyebo zewolis Sedegadac SeiZleba

moxdes, ris Sesaxebac, kerZod, saxelmwifo moxeleebi saubrobdnen:

“SeiZleba ar gindodes, magram Seqmnilia rgoli da gaiZulebs, rom gaakeTo

[qrTami aiRo], rom samsaxuri ar dakargo. gaiZulebs TviTon situacia”


Tumca, amave fokus-jgufis erT-erTi respondenti imasac aRniSnavs, rom

“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg xelisuflebis Secvlis Sedegad es situacia

Seicvala:

“adre iyo is, rom ver imuSavebdi, Tu qrTams ar gadauxdidi, radgan fuli unda

gekeTebina da yofiliyavi korumpirebuli. dRes me vityvi xmamaRla Cemi saxeliT

da Cemi TanamSromlebis saxeliT rom Cven vzivarT moWril konkretul xelfasze,

ar davasaxeleb Tanxas, romelic ar gvyofnis elementarul, magaliTad,

sigaretze” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)

respondentebi im garemoebas usvamen xazs, rom korufcia xSirad sakuTari

Tavis kvlavwarmoebas uwyobs xels:

“ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars

arTmev da maswavleblad iReb [skolaSi], rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere

isev aq [universitetSi] fuliT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase

gagrZeldes mudmivad?” (studentebi, Telavi)

garda amisa, korufciis gavrcelebas garkveulwilad xels uwyobs Tavad is

garemoeba, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi korufcia Zalze farTodaa

gavrcelebuli, rac respondentTa aseT mosazrebebs iwvevs:

“me Tu ar aviRe, sxva mainc aiRebs, aseTi fiqric xdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)

42

Tema 6.

socialuri kvlevis eTika

socialuri kvleva yovelTvis respondentebis, anu Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis

monawileobiT tardeba, misi Sedegebi ki arcTu iSviaTad mniSvnelovan gavlenas

axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. amitom socialuri mecnierebis yvela dargis

warmomadgeneli profesiuli organizaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi moTxovnaa

gamokvlevebis warmarTvisas mTeli rigi eTikuri principebis dacva, romlebic

respondentTa da farTo sazogadoebis uflebebsa da interesebs icavs da

romlebic profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebSia gaerTianebuli.

eTikis kodeqsi profesiuli saqmianobis principebis krebulia, romelic ama

Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs. rogorc wesi, is asaxavs

idealur warmodgenebs ama Tu im profesiis Sesaxeb. saerTo azris Tanaxmad,

profesiuli moralis normebis SemuSaveba ama Tu im profesiuli jgufis war-

momadgenlebis mier maTi sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gacnobierebisa da

aRiarebis Sedegia. mniSvnelovania, rom profesiuli eTikis normebis aRiareba am

profesiis warmomadgenlebis mier xdeba nebayoflobiT, vinaidan isini afaseben am

profesiul gaerTianebaSi wevrobas; profesiuli eTikis moTxovnebi maT

internalizebuli aqvT profesiuli momzadebis Sedegad.

eTikis kodeqsebi xSirad ganixileba rogorc qveyanaSi arsebuli samarTleb-

rivi normebis gavrcoba ama Tu im profesiuli saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tum-

ca Tavad eTikis kodeqsebi samarTlebriv dokumentebs ar warmoadgenen — isini

ufro farTo xasiaTisa da Sinaarsisaa, vidre iuridiuli dokumentebi. amasTan,

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes, rom vercerTi profesiuli kodeqsi ver SeZlebs,

SesaZlo situaciebis sruli speqtri moicvas.

aSkaraa, rom nebismieri socialuri kvlevis warmateba damokidebulia

sazogadoebis keTilganwyobaze mkvlevrebis mimarT, respondentebis ndobaze

interviuerebisa da gamokvlevis organizatorebisadmi, maT rwmenaze, rom kvleva

tardeba keTilsindisierad, obieqturad, sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacviT da

rom daculi iqneba respondentTa konfidencialoba. eTikis kodeqsis mizania,

aamaRlos socialuri kvlevebis sazogadoebrivi prestiJi, gaaZlieros ndoba am

tipis saqmianobis mimarT da misi warmarTvisaTvis maqsimalurad xelsayreli

pirobebi Seqmnas.

socialur mecnierebebSi eTikuri standartebis sistematuri SemuSaveba XX

saukunis 50-ian wlebSi daiwyes sxvadasxva qveynis profesiulma gaerTianebebma.

dRes es gaerTianebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi transnacionalur xasiaTs atarebs da

sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenel mkvlevrebs aerTianeben.

eTikuri normebis SemuSaveba da maTi SeZlebisdagvarad farTod danergva

socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli gaerTianebebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

misiaa. yvela aseT asociaciaSi gaerTianebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens

kandidatis mier asociaciis eTikuri kodeqsis normebis aRiareba da miReba.

socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli kodeqsis normebis Seswavlis mizniT Cven

dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT or aseT dokuments — saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis

(ICC) da sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro kvlevis evropuli kavSiris (ESOMAR)

sabazro da socialuri kvlevis praqtikis erTobliv kodeqss88 da amerikis

sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) eTikis kodeqss89.

dRes ukve danamdvilebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom socialuri kvlevis eTikuri

standartebi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa dacvasac

yvela mkvlevari Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs. yvela profesiuli kodeqsi Seicavs

e.w. saerTo principebs, rogorebicaa: profesiuli kompetenturoba, patiosneba,

88 ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice. ICC/ESOMAR, 1995.

kodeqsis naxva SeiZleba agreTve ESOMAR-is veb-gverdze: www.esomar.nl. 89 Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American

Sociological Association, 1999. kodeqsi SegiZliaT ixiloT agreTve amerikis sociologiuri

asociaciis veb-gverdze: www.asanet.org.

71

quCaSi policiam ubrZana movaWres, aelagebina Tavisi saqoneli, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi mas konfiskaciiT daemuqrnen. dunierma gadawyvita Seemowmebina,

policia mis mimarTac iseTive zomebs mimarTavda Tu ara. man gaSala magida imave

adgilas da daeloda policiis gamoCenas — sabednierod, mas Tan hqonda Tavisi

magnitofoni da SeZlo Caewera policiasTan saubari, Semdeg ki gaaanalia, Tu ra

gavlenas axdens rasa da socialuri mgomareoba imaze, Tu rogor eqceva policia

adamianebs.

swored dunieris dakvirvebis arasistematurobam ganapiroba is, rom aseTi

xangrZlivi savele muSaobis miuxedavad, kritikosebi dunieris kvlevis erT-erT

mTavar naklad miiCnevdnen imas, rom mas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, 24 saaTis

manZilze dakvirveboda Tavisi informantebis cxovrebas da saqmianobas. rogorc

wesi, is maT weliwadSi ramdenime Tvis manZilze xedavda; xvdeboda diliT da

Sordeboda saRamoTi, Tumca maTTan erTad wignebiT da JurnalebiT vaWrobasTan

dakavSirebul sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi monawileobda — magaliTad, mouwia

saqmeebis garkveva policiasTan, rodesac policielebma magidebis aReba

moiTxoves; gahyva Tavis informantebs gadasayrelad gamzadebuli nivTebidan

gasayidad gamosadegi wignebis da Jurnalebis amosarCevad, da a.S.

mainc, dunieris kvleva warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos; es warmateba, hasanis

azriT, iman ganapiroba, rom mitCels mosmenis unari hqonda — is ar axvevda Tavis

azrs Tanamosaubreebs, aramed cdilobda gaerkvia, Tu ratom iqceoda esa Tu is

adamiani ise, rogorc is iqceoda, amasTan, mas Tavad am adamianis axsna

ainteresebda. “quCa mainc quCaa, — ambobs hakim hasani. — es ar unda dagaviwydeT.

mitCi amas maSinve mixvda. mas ar ucdia moeCvenebina Tavi sxva adamianad, vidre is

sinamdvileSi iyo: adamiani da sociologi, romelic cdilobda Caswvdomoda Cveni

cxovrebis azrs”86.

metic, hasani ambobs, rom dunieris midgoma kvlevisadmi ar gamomdinareobda

paradigmidan “mecnierma yvelaze ukveT icis”, aramed mas axasiaTebda socialuri

mecnieris mondomeba, moesmina sxvebisTvis87.


1. Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.

2. Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.

3. Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage Publications.

86 Ibid. P. 325 87 Ibid. P. 327. ukve ramdenime welia, rac hakim hasani quCaSi aRar vaWrobs — is niu iorkis

erT-erT saxelmwifo universitetSi muSaobs (Director of the Metropolitan Institute at MCNY, Metropolitan College of New York).

70

“arian iseTi [studentebi], rom marTla modian, udevT raRac CaTvlis wignakSi

[me isini] gavabrune — ase iyo me-6 semestrSi, ase iyo me-7 semestrSi, ase iyo me-8

semestrSi, da saxelmwifo gamocdaze wamomisves win. axla: ara sjobda, me TviTon

gamomerTva?” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

;

garda amisa, korufciis mizezebad dasaxelda kanonebis ucodinroba,

gaunaTlebloba, da arasrulyofili sakanonmdeblo baza:

“rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis

iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs [korufciuli] procesi. anu es

procesi rom SeCerdes, es [sakanonmdeblo] vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad”


3. ra uwyobs xels korufcias

miuxedavad yovelive zemoT Tqmulisa, korufcia respondentebSi garkveul

gagebas iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac is xSir SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc Tavis

gadarCenis erT-erTi xelmisawvdomi strategia im pirobebSi, rodesac adamians

sxva araferi gamosvali aRar darCenia, rodesac is ganwirulia saxelmwifos mier.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dabali xelfasebi ganixileba rogorc korufciis

ZiriTadi mizezi saqarTveloSi, Sesabamisad, respondentebi miiCneven usaxsrobas

korufciis erT-erT umTavres gamarTlebad:

“16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara

aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos fuli viRac debilisgan, visac

aqvs fuli da sTavazobs” (studentebi, Telavi)

amas garda, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa korufciis

kidev ori SesaZlo gamarTleba qarTveli respondentebis mxridan: “susti

saxelmwifo”, romelic ver asrulebs Tavis funqciebs, da “qarTveloba/qarTuli

mentaliteti”.

3.1. “susti saxelmwifo”, rogorc korufciis

institucionaluri gamarTleba

repondentTa umravlesoba “patara kacis” poziciidan uyurebs korufciis

problemas qveyanaSi da miiCnevs, rom pasuxismgebloba korufciis gavrcelebaze

srulad ekisreba saxelmwifos da mis “pirvel moxeleebs”. am poziciisgan

gansxvavdeba studentebis Sefasebebi, romlebic SedarebiT ufro

TviTkritikulebi arian da xedaven rigiTi moqalaqeebis pasuxismgeblobas

korufciis gavrcelebas dakavSirebiT.

“yvelaferi mainc saxelmwifos meTauridan da mTavrobidan iwyeba da

mTavrdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)

“rodesac saxelmwifo winaswar uSvebs korufcias, imitom rom xelfass aZlevs

amdagvars, is ukve geubneba — midi da iSoveo” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“korufciis Tavi da Tavi mainc, me mgoni, zemodan modis” (saxelmwifo


“saxelmwifos midgomaa aseTi, rom imas awyobs, rom ase iyos. korufcia iyos”

(profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“ase Tu ise, korufcia yvela sferoSia, saboloo jamSi yvela sferodan Tanxa

erT xelSi iyris Tavs — kancelariasa da parlamentSi. korufciis saerTod moSla

gamoricxulia, magram Tu zemoT ar moiTxoven fuls, korufciis masStabebi

Semcirdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)

saxelmwifosadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi pretenziebi aseTia: is ar zrunavs

moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze; ar uzrunvelyobs “kanonierebis kulturis”

damkvidrebas, rac warmoSobs dausjelobis sindroms; da ar zrunavs iseTi

kanonebis miRebaze, romlebic ukeT imuSavebs Cvens qveyanaSi da mZime tvirTad ar

43

daawveba mosaxleobas. amasTan, sazogadoebaSi Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli rwmena, rom

maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeleebi yvelaze ufro korumpirebulTa Soris

arian saqarTveloSi, rac spobs mosaxleobaSi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas am

saxelmwifo moxeleebis, an sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.

“vfiqrob, saxelmwifom unda ifiqros imaze, rom xelfasebi gaizardos, rom

saxlSi mSieri bavSvi ar melodebodes da am saxlSi misvla ar meSinodes”


“mSier adamians ver mosTxov kanonis dacvas” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,

axalcixe)

“saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos materialuri keTildReoba da iseTi garemo

sadac adamians kanondarRvevis SemTxvevaSi SeeSindeba dasjis” (policielebi,

quTaisi)

,

,

,

“kacs rom 30 lars aZlev da imas mere cixeSi Casvam — imis moraluri ufleba

ara gaqvs!” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“Cveni [universitetis] Semosavali rom aris fasianebidan — 60% mihqonda

saxelmwifos aramwarmoebeli sferodan, amitom ara gvaqvs xelfasi. sad aris, ra

kanonzea laparaki? es aris saxelmwifosgan dadgenili oficialuri yaCaRoba. ...

es aris naZirlebis dawerili kanoni” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“sagadasaxado kanoni, magaliTad, unda iyos iseTi loialuri, rom adamiani

gaiqces gadasaxadis gadasaxdelad” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)

“Sroma moenatra yvelas! aucilebelia imuSaon, sawarmoebi amuSavdes, pirvel

rigSi” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

saxelmwifo ar uqmnis Tavis moxeleebs normalurad muSaobisaTvis saWiro

elementarul pirobebs, rac kidev ufro amcirebs saxelmwifos am xalxis TvalSi.

“qurdobaze [Tu] daiWire vinme, saqme Ziebamde rom miiyvano, daaxloebiT 50-

dan 100 laramde gWirdeba. furceli ginda, eqsperti, qseroqsi, benzini — am

yvelafers aravin afinansebs, policieli cdilobs, yvelafer amisTvis Tanxa

moipovos” (policielebi, quTaisi)

“Tavidan muSaobas rom iwyeb, forma gWirdeba, aravin ar gaZlevs mas, sakuTari

saxsrebiT unda iyido an Seikero. “pagonebi” 10 lari Rirs, formis perangi 18

lari, 50 lari — Sarvali, forma 100 laramde gijdeba. tyviebi Sen unda iyido

sawvavi Sen unda Caasxa. aseT pirobebSi korufciisagan Tavs ver daizRvev”


vinaidan saxelmwifo ar arsrulebs Tavis funqciebs, xdeba korufciaze

pasuxismgeblobis srulad “gadatana” saxelmwifoze an Tundac mis calkeul

maRalCinosnebze, rac mosaxleobas sakuTari udanaSaulobis grZnobas umtkicebs

da Sesabamisad, amcirebs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. respondentebi

iSviaTad afiqsireben SemTxvevebs, rodesac Tavad xalxi ase Tu ise xels uwyobs

korufcias daufiqreblobis, gulgrilobis an sxva raime mizezis Sedegad:

“yvelafers mTavrobas ver davabraleb, adamianebis mentaliteti unda

Seicvalos. 100-dan 70-s hgonia, rom qrTami aris saukeTeso gamosavali. xom

SeiZleba moqalaqem pasporti moiTxovos erTi TviT adre da ara bolo wuTSi?

moqalaqe, romelic erT kviraSi iTxovs pasportis damzadebas, korufcias uwyobs

xels” (policielebi, quTaisi)

fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gaiJRera mosazrebam, rom

korufciaSi met-naklebad Tanabrad ageben pasuxs rogorc qrTamis amRebi, aseve

qrTamis mimcemi — rogorc wesi, SeiniSneba tendencia, mTeli pasuxismgebloba

korufciuli garigebis mxolod erT mxares daekisros, kerZod — qrTamis amRebs,

romelic, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze ufro xSirad saxelmwifo moxelea.

“vinc aZlevs, igivea. es ianusia, orsaxovani, arafriT masze ukeTesi ar aris,

amRebic da mimcemic orive erTia. amitomac, TiTis miSvera mxolod imisken [vinc

44

<...> Cemi ideebi Camoyalibda imis safuZvelze, Tu ras vxedavdi da ra mesmoda

quCaSi”82.

rogorc CarTul damkvirvebels, duniers unda SeemCnia da yuradReba

gaemaxvilebina iseT movlenebze, romlebic sxvebs umniSvnelod eCveneboda. metic

— imis wyalobiT, rom mas TiTqmis mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hqonda

magnitofoni, kasetebis mosmenisas is afiqsirebda iseT momentebs, romlebic

gamorCa anda ar CaTvala mniSvnelovnad uSualod dakvirvebis dros. “CarTuli

dakvirvebis dros kvleviTi SekiTxvebi savele samuSaoebis Catarebisas ibadeba.

magaliTad, me ar SemeZlo meTqva marvinisTvis da ronisTvis83, rom mainteresebda

imis Seswavla, Tu rogor esaubreba ramodenime mamakaci (romelic quCaSi vaWrobs

— T.z.) Camvlel qalebs, imitom rom me ar vicodi, rom es sakiTxi wamoiWreboda.

aseve, me srulebiT ar vicodi, Tu damainteresebda dRevandeli trotuaris

cxovrebis Sedareba im periodTan, rodesac jein jeikobsi werda Tavis wigns. me

viyavi iq, raTa ubralod mewarmoebina dakvirveba da gamekeTebina Canawerebi, da me

vTxovdi im adamianebs, romlebic quCaSi muSaobdnen, rom CemTvis amis neba

daerToT”84.

dunierma es nebarTva miiRo, Tumca is bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom

quCis movaWreebi endobodnen da “Tavisianad” miiCnevdnen mas. is aRiarebs, rom

quCis movaWreebs sxvadasxva motivi amoZravebdaT, rodesac maT masTan

TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades: “zogierT gamyidvels ... ubralod

undoda, rom iq vyofiliyavi rogorc cotaodeni xurdis da sesxebis wyaro, ...

kidev ramodenimem ki CemTan saqmis daWera imitom gadawyvita, rom daweriliyo

wigni am ubnis da maT Sesaxeb. magram Cemi mxridan gulubryvilo iqneboda mefiqra,

rom me vicodi, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini, rom isini mendobodnen, an “Tavisianad”

mTvlidnen, rasac ar unda niSnavdes es”85.

adamianebi ficis qveSac ityuebian, miT umetes mkvlevars ara aqvs aranairi

garantia, rom informanti mas srul WeSmaritebas etyvis. amitomaa, rom dunieris

kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokvleuli masalis gadamowmebis mcdeloba —

yovelTvis, rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, dunierma gadaamowma misi

informantebis biografiis faqtebi (marTla hqonda Tu ara hasans damTavrebuli

rutgersis universiteti? marTla miatova Tu ara ronma Tavisi sacxovrebeli

bina, rodesac umuSevari darCa? marTla zrunavda Tu ara merdiki Tavis

SviliSvilze da a.S.); Seiswavla quCaSi beWvdviTi produqciiT vaWrobis kanonis

evolucia; rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo, iyenebda mraval mowmes, da a.S.

kvlevis warmoebis procesSi dunieri im daskvnamde mivida, rom imisaTvis,

raTa mkvlevarma warmatebuli kvleva Caataros, ar aris aucilebeli, rom

aqtorebma is “Tavisianad” miiCnion — sakmarisia, rom mkvlevars hqondes

dakvirvebis saSualeba; rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is unda akvirdebodes iseT

socialur struqturas, sadac meordeba garkveuli moqmedebebi da situaciebi.

magaliTad, Tu ojaxSi damokidebuleba meuRleebs Soris arc Tu idealuria,

droTa ganmavlobaSi Cven aucileblad gavxdebiT Cxubis an usiamovnebis mowmeni —

ra Tqma unda, es konkretuli Cxubi SeiZleba sul sxva ramis gamo iyos gamowveuli

da sul sxva formebi miiRos, vidre maT Soris Cxubis wina SemTxvevam, magram TviT

aseTi faqtis sixSiremac SeiZleba miuTiTos imaze, Tu ramdenadaa gamwvavebuli

urTierTobebi; anda, Tu romelime dawesebulebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli

korufcia, didia imis albaToba, rom Cven aucileblad SeveswrebiT aseT faqts.

miuxedavad amisa, CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas mainc sasurvelia, rom

mkvlevari maqsimalurad iyos “saitze”, radgan arsebobs unikaluri SemTxvevebic,

romlebic aRar meordeba da romlebsac SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

hqondes kvlevis warmatebisTvis. magaliTad, masala, romelic dunieris kvlevis

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tavs daedo safuZvlad (“Soba me-6 avenueze”), sruliad

SemTxveviT iqna Segrovebuli. Soba dRes, rodesac dunieri ar apirebda kvlevis

Catarebas, man gauara hakims, raTa kinoSi wasuliyvnen. aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT

82 Ibid. P. 341. 83 dunieris informantebi. 84 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 335. 85 Ibid. P. 338-339.

69

am Teoriis gavlenis Sedegad aSS-s policiam gaamkacra damokidebuleba

naklebad seriozuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis danaSaulebebisadmi — maTxov-

rebisadmi, mTvralebisadmi, xulignebisadmi da a.S. aseTi midgomis farglebSi

policia quCis movaWreebic wesrigis damrRvevebad aRiqvams da yvelanairad

cdilobs maTi saqmianobis SezRudvas.

dunieri ki cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis gamyidvlebis magaliTma bevr

cixidan gamosuls uCvena, rom SeiZleboda fulis patiosnad Sovna — anu, quCaSi

muSaoba socialuri reabilitaciis funqcias asrulebs.

rogorc dunierma kvlevis Sedegad daadgina, erTi SexedviT erTmaneTis

msgavs quCis gamyidvlebs Soris sakmaod mkacri ierarqia arsebobs; maT Soris

ganawilebulia rolebi da funqciebi. aq arian “adgilis damkaveblebi”, anu

adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze adre modian da ikaveben savaWro adgils, Semdeg ki

“yidian” mas 20-50 dolarad; aq arian “momtanebi” — adamianebi, romlebsac moaqvT

Senaxuli saqoneli sawyobebidan da amisaTvis garkveul gasamrjelos iReben;

“magidaze Tvalis damWerebs”, romlebic xSirad iqve axlos mdgomi maTxovrebi an

sxva gamyidvlebi arian, Tvali uWiravT ama Tu im saqmeze wasuli gamyidvlis

magidaze, raTa policiam misi konfiskacia ar moaxdinos79, da a.S.

dunieri cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis movaWreebi “sajaro figurebi” (public character) arian, romlebic awesrigeben cxovrebas da sazogadoebrivi kontrolis

funqciasac asruleben.

“sazogadiebrivi figurebis” koncefcia cnobil socialur mecniers, jein

jeikobss (Jane Jacobs) ekuTvnis, romelmac jer kidev 1961 wels gamosca wigni “didi

amerikuli qalaqebis sikvdili da sicocxle” (“Death and Life of Great American Cities”), sadac is grinviC vilijis ubanSi ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze

saubrobs Tanamedrove qalquri cxovrebis Sesaxeb:

“trotuaris socialuri cxovreba bevrad aris damokidebuli maTze, visac

SeiZleba TviTdaniSnuli sajaro figurebi vuwodoT. sajaro figura aris nebis-

mieri adamiani, visac xSiri kontaqti aqvs mraval adamianTan da vinc sakmarisad

aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom sakuTari Tavi sajaro figurad warmoaCinos. sa-

jaro figuras ar unda hqondes raime gansakuTrebuli niWi an sibrZne, raTa Tavisi

funqciebi Seasrulos — Tumca mas xSirad aqvs es Tvisebebi. <...> misi mTavari

kvalifikacia isaa, rom is aris sajaro, rom is esaubreba bevr sxvadasxvanair

adamians. amgvarad xdeba axali ambebis gavrceleba, rac trotuaris mizania”80.

jein jeikobsi sajaro figurebad miiCnevs maRaziis gamyidvlebs, mcire

biznesis mepatroneebs, romlebsac “Tvali uWiravT quCaze”. dunieris azriT,

swored aseT funqcias asruleben wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebi — maT

utoveben sagazeTo jixurSi motanil gazeTebs, isini yuradRebas aqceven maT

maxloblad gaCerebul manqanebs, isini esaubrebian ubnis macxovreblebs, da a.S.

Tavis kvlevis meTods mitCel dunieri “diagnostikur eTnografias” uwodebs.

“rodesac me davbrundi me-6 avenueze, raTa memuSava rogorc Jurnalebis

gamyidvels, me jer kidev ar mqonda Camoyalibebuli zusti kvleviTi SekiTxva”81, —

ambobs dunieri. miT umetes, kvlevis sawyis etapze mas ar hqonia Teoria, romlis

Semowmebasac apirebda. amitom is cdilobda yuradReba gaemaxvilebina quCaSi

mimdinare koleqtiur saqmianobaze; rogor xdeboda saqonlis moZieba, rogori

urTierToba iyo gamyidvlebsa da myidvelebs, gamyidvlebsa da policielebs

Soris, da a.S. “is, rom me ar mqonda gakrveuli kvleviTi SekiTxva Cemi kvlevis

dawyebisas, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes imas, rac sociologiaSia miRebuli.

miuxedavad amisa, me sxvanairi Sexeduleba maqvs. xSirad socialur mecnierebebSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki Tvisebrivi kvlevis dros, rodesac monacemTa didi raodenoba

moipoveba, kvlevis dizaini monacemebis Segrovebis Semdeg gamoikveTeba xolme.

79 kanonis Tanaxmad, policies ufleba aqvs im magidis konfiskacia moaxdinos, romelic

upatronod dgas trotuarze. 80 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 6. 81 Ibid. P. 340-341.

68

qrTams iRebs] es aris uzneoba” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams iRebs, Sen

codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. me maqvs micemuli, vTqvaT qrTami da me Cems

Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved, vidre imas, vinc aiRo es”


,

miuxedavad imisa, rom fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi mTavrobis mimarT

zogadad uaRresad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba dafiqsirda, axal mTavrobas

mainc aqvs garkveuli ndobis krediti.

respondentTa umravlesoba imediT uyurebs mTavrobis Secvlas da axali

saxeebis gamoCenas, Tumca jerjerobiT es imedi araviTar realur cvlilebebze

ar aris damyarebuli, aramed mxolod dapirebebsa da imedebze, amitom Znelia imis

Tqma, Tu ramden xans gastans es ndobis krediti. situaciis gamosworebis imeds

badebs, agreTve is garemoeba, rom, respondentebis SefasebiT, TandaTan

mkvidrdeba SiSis faqtori, romelic, SesaZloa, xels Seuwyobs dausjelobis

sindromis aRmofxvras.

3.2. “qarTveloba”, rogorc korufciis kulturuli gamarTleba

“qarTveloba”, “qarTuli mentaliteti”, agreTve xSirad ganixileba rogorc

korufciis Taviseburi gamarTleba. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, qarTvelebs

sCveviaT, “pativi scen” sxvebs, gamoxaton Tavisi madliereba saCuqrebis meSve-

obiT. amas respondentebi miiCneven misaReb movlenad da ar Tvlian, rom amis

winaaRmdeg saWiroa brZola.

“iciT ra aris — qarTvel kacs mentalitetSi aqvs raRacis Cuqeba, TiTqos

mgonia, niSnisTvis ki ar miaqvT es...” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“rogorc wesi, saqarTveloSi qrTamSi igulisxmeba rogorc saCuqari, raime

momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians

raRacas. moqalaqe, romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs [Tanamdebobis pirs],

cdilobs rame gadauxados, rom is daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad

moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamomdinareobs” (studentebi, Telavi)

“yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvelaferi iyos kanonierad;

magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad TviTon mis garda,

xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiqrobs, rom ki, ra Tqma

unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos, magram...” (studentebi,

Telavi)

4. korufciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli agentebi

respondnetebi yvelaze ufro xSirad miiCneven, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg

brZola calkeuli pirovnebebis doneze SeuZlebelia:

“pirovneba ver aRudgeba korufcias, sanam qveyanaSi socialuri mdgomareoba

ar amaRldeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)

“korufciasTan brZolaSi moqalaqe uZluria, brZola mTavrobidan unda

daiwyos” (policielebi, quTaisi)

Tavad respondentebi, rogorc wesi, ar SebrZolebian korufciul faqtebs,

romlebTanac hqoniaT Sexeba, vinaidan arCies, moridebodnen dapirispirebas,

romelsac aseTi brZola gamoiwvevda.

amasTan, respondentebma rig SemTxvevaSi daafiqsires is cvlilebebi, rome-

lic moxda maT damokidebulebaSi bolo Tveebis manZilze:

“axla me ukve SemiZlia [xmis amaRleba]. me Tu guSin cota mSiSara viyavi, dRes

cota Tamami var” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

45

“imaze, razec vCumdebodi me yovelTvis, me gulaxdilad vityvi, razec vCum-

debodi, raRac situaciebze, yovelTvis, me ar gavCumdi erTi Tvis win, Zalian

delikaturad, <...> magram me ukve ratom ar gavCumdi, iciT? me ukve vicodi, rom

zurgi ukve cota magari meqneboda, rom Tu me xmas amoviRebdi da Tu amas vityodi,

ukve vicodi, rom im Cems zurgs ukan ukve SeiZleba damdgariyo adamiani, romelic

mxars momcemda” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

SedarebiT iSviaTad saubroben respodnentebi Tavad moqalaqeTa rolis

Sesaxeb korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:

“aq aris mTavari sakuTari uflebebis da movaleobebis gacnobiereba, da

rogorc Tanamdebobis pirma unda gaiTvaliswinos sakuTari movaleoba, aseve

saxelmwifom nebismieri moqalaqisadmi unda gaacnobieros [Tavisi] ufleba-

movaleoba ase unda iyos gacnobierebuli kanonis uzenaesoba” (saxelmwifo


.

,

,

“sazogadoebam is unda gaakeTos pirvel rigSi, rom unda SeveCvioT SeniSvnis

micemas. ai, magaliTad: quCaSi mimavalma axlagazrdam daagdo Zirs nayinis

qaRaldi, Cven mas SeniSvnas ar mivcemT, rom Caagdos qaRaldi urnaSi” (saxelmwifo


aqac, sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT studentebi yvelaze xSirad gamoTqvemen

konstruqciul mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos

rigiTi moqalaqeebis roli korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:

“Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs”


“kanoni unda vicodeT” (studentebi, axalcixe)

“is, rac Sen ici da [sxva adamianma] ar icis — Tundac uflebebi, Tundac Sen

ufro mebrZoli xar vidre is — Sen [unda] daexmaro im adamians im resursiT, rac

Sen gaqvs” (studentebi, Telavi)

“Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba” (studentebi,

Telavi)

“saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi

akisria saxelmwifos winaSe da, rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom

rom misi uflebebi, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi”


“sabani sadamdec gagwvdeba, ise unda daifaro” (studentebi, axalcixe)

“axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas [korufcias] efeqturad xels, imitom

rom ukve ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis gareSe, da ukve

rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris” (studentebi, Telavi)

mainc, ZiriTadi agenti, romelsac, respondentTa azriT, Seswevs Zala

SeebrZolos korufcias, aris saxelmwifo. mas es SeuZlia gaakeTos Semdegi

RonisZiebebis gatarebis meSveobiT: xelfasebis gazrda da kanonierebis

kulturis damkvidreba, Sesabamisad, dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvra. es

ukanaskneli SeiZleba, kerZod, gakeTdes mosaxleobis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis

meSveobiT:

“saxelmwifom unda izrunos sakuTari moqalaqeebis samarTlebrivi

ganaTlebisaTvis. moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda gaxdnen, aRar unda ifiqron, es

Cemi saqme ar ariso. unda gaacnobieron, rom saxelmwifos mSenebloba TiToeul

maTganzea damokidebuli. mentalitetis Secvlas albaT dro dasWirdeba”


“saxelmwifom unda akontrolos xalxi, rogor asrulebs kanons; Tu [kanoni]

ar Sesruldeba, unda agebinon pasuxi” (studentebi, axalcixe)

“saxelmwifom unda daanaxos xalxs, rom kanons Tu ar Seasruleb, daisjebi.

viRaca rom dainaxavs daisaja, sxvac aRar gaakeTebs” (studentebi, axalcixe)

46

saubrebi myidvelebTan. amasTan, dunieri maqsimalurad cdilobda gaekeTebina im

dialogebis mokle Canawerebi (jotted notes), romlebis momswrec is xdeboda. rogorc

Tavad dunieri aRniSnavs, es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT viTarebaSi,

rodesac erTi kulturis an rasis warmomadgneli ikvlevs sxva kulturis da rasis

warmoadgenlebs. “kulturis mniSvneloba garkveulwilad enaSia Caqsovili, da

SeuZlebelia kulturis gageba sxva kulturis warmomadgenlis mier imis gareSe,

rom yuradReba daeTmos sityvebisa da winadadebebis, maTi Tanamimdevrobis

SerCevas”78. amasTan, dunieri aRniSnavs, rom magnitofons SesaZloa garkveuli

zegavlena moexdina informantebze — rodesac ici, rom Seni saTiTao sityva

fiqsirdeba, Sen Zalauneburad cdilob, akontrolo sakuTari saubari, Tavi

aarido zogierT Temas da ar iyo zedmetad gulaxdili. magram, dunieris TqmiT,

magnitofonma SeZlo is, rac yvelaze mTavari iyo — trotuarze mimdinare

cxovrebis dafiqsireba. Cawerili dialogebis Seswavlis mizniT dunierma saubris

specialur analizs mimarTa (conversational analysis), raTa gamoekveTa urTierTobis

garkveuli strategiebi. imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba sruli informacia Seekriba, dunierma Caatara

interviuebi ZiriTad informantebTan, gaesaubra wignebisa da Jurnalebis

myidvelebs, moinaxula da interviuebi Caatara niu-iorkis im organizaciebis

xelmZRvanelebTan, romlebic qalaqis raionebis keTilmowyobisaTvis ibrZvian da

zRudaven usaxlkaroebs (da usaxlkaro quCis movaWreebs) TaviaanTi raionebis

teritoriebze; gaicno da interviu CamoarTva im adamians, vinc dawera kanoni

quCaSi beWvdiTi produqciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb. dunierma aseve Caatara inter-

viuebi axlomdebare kafeebisa da maRaziebis mepatroneebTan, raTa daedgina, Tu

ra azris arian quCis movaWreebis Sesaxeb maT maxloblad momuSave adamianebi.

imis saCveneblad, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos damokidebuleba

quCaSi momuSave adamianebis mimarT maTi socialuri, ekonomikuri da rasobrivi

maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, dunierma, agreTve Caatara Taviseburi sakon-

trolo dakvirveba iqve maxloblad, ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT momuSave

naZvis xeebiT movaWreTa TeTrkanian ojaxze.

es naZvis xeebi yovel zamTars Camoaqvs niu-iorkSi erT ojaxs vermontis

Statidan; isini TeTrkanianebi arian; isini noembris bolos Camodian niu-iorkSi

da Sobamde rCebian. mTeli am periodis manZilze maT manqanis misabmelSi uwevT

cxovreba, sadac arc abazanaa da arc tualeti. magram maT moaxerxes

daemyarebinaT imdenad kargi urTierToba ubanSi mcxovreb xalxTan, rom isini maT

uflebas aZleven, maTi abazanebiT isargeblon, xolo rodesac qalaqgareT midian,

binis gasaRebsac ki utoveben naZvis xeebiT movaWreebs. aseTi keTilmosurne

damokidebuleba radikalurad gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisgan, rasac

mosaxleoba iCens wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebis mimarT; Zala-

uneburad ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom xdeba ase. dunieris azriT, amas SeiZleba

ramdenime axsna hqondes — is, rom naZvis xeebiT movaWreebi TeTrkanianebi da

saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi arian; is, rom isini bavSvebTan erTad arian

Camosulebi, bavSvebi ki yovelTvis met TanagrZnobas iwveven; sxva mizezebi

SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes im garemoebas, rom bevri quCis movaWre an nasa-

marTlevia, an narkomani/yofili narkomani, rac afrTxobs mosaxleobas; yovelive

amasTan erTad, zog maTgans sakmaod gamomwvevad uWiravs Tavi, rac, ra Tqma unda,

ar iwvevs mosaxleobis simpaTiebs.

dunieri Tvlis, rom jeims vilsonis da jorj kelingis Teoria, romelic

cnobilia rogorc “Camtvreuli fanjrebis Teoria”, quCaSi momuSave wignebisa da

Jurnalebis gamyidvlebTan dakavSirebiT ar marTldeba. es Teoria amtkicebs, rom

Tu romelime ubnis binebSi Camtvreulia fanjrebi da quCebSi matulobs nagavi,

mosaxleobas eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aravis ar adardebs da aravis ar

ainteresebs, Tu ra xdeba am ubanSi; Sesabamisad, am ubanSi matulobs danaSauli,

mosaxleoba cdilobs sxva ubnebSi gadavides sacxovreblad; saboloo jamSi es

yvelaferi iwvevs kriminogenuli mdgomareobis gauaresebas da ubanSi cxovrebis

donis dacemas.

78 Ibid. P. 339.

67

“— saidan gaqvT es wigni? — vkiTxe mas, Tan gamefiqra, moparuli xom ar aris-

meTqi.

me Cemi arxebi aqvs, — mipasuxa hakimma. — gainteresebT es wigni?

es wigni me davwere, — vupasuxe.

marTla? aq axlomaxlo cxovrobT?

diax, quCis kuTxeSi, merseris quCaze.

xom ar momcemdiT Tqvens misamarTs da telefonis nomers, Cems rolodeqsSi

rom Sevitano?”76

swored hakimis am bolo frazam gamoiwvia dunieris daintereseba: quCis gam-

yidvlebis umravlesoba iqve quCaSi cxovrobda da is faqti, rom hakims hqonda ro-

lodeqsi — misamarTebis da telefonebis Casaweri specialuri mowyobiloba, ro-

melsac, rogorc wesi, saqmiani adamianebi xmaroben, — marTlac rom gasakviri iyo.

mitCels daebada idea, dakvirveba daewyo wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis

movaWreebis saqmianobaze da Seeswavla, Tu ra rols TamaSoben es adamianebi —

romelTa didi nawilic usaxlkaroa, zogi narkomani, zogic cixidan axali

gamosuli — qalaqis am ubnis cxovrebaSi. mitCeli Seecada daaxloveboda da

damegobreboda hasans, da es erT-erTi Tavisi yofili kurselis meSveobiT

moaxerxa, romelic hasanis wignebis xSiri myidveli aRmoCnda.

rogorc dunieri aRniSnavs, Tavidan hasani Zalian skeptikurad Sexvda mis

ideas — pirvel rigSi imitom, rom dunieris gegma iTvaliswinebda Savakniani quCis

movaWreebis gverdiT muSaobas, maSin rodesac quCaSi muSaoba TavisTavad ar iyo

usafrTxo saqmianoba, miT umetes ki dunierisTvis — ebrauli warmoSobis

TeTrkaniani profesorisTvis, romlis garegnobac da aqcentiT maSinve

gamoyofda mas quCis movaWreebs Soris, romelTa umravlesobasac afro-

amerikeli mamakacebi Seadgendnen.

miuxedavad amisa, dunieri TandaTan Caeba dakvirvebaSi, romelic saerTo

jamSi TiTqmis 7 wels gagrZelda — radgan is sxva qalaqSi aswavlida universi-

tetSi, dunieri mxolod ardadegebis periodSi axerxebda dakvirvebis ganxor-

cielebas, ise rom, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, misi kvleva sezonur xasiaTs atarebda.

dunierma hakimi 1992 wels gaicno da nel-nela dauaxlovda mas. hakimma is sxva

quCis movaWreebs gaacno da dunierma daiwyo muSaoba maT damxmared — is Tvals

adevnebda movaWreebis magidebs, rodesac isini sxvagan midiodnen; mohqonda yava;

yidulobda da yidda saqonels. 1996 wlis zafxulSi, Semdgom ki 1997 wlis

zafxulSi da Semodgomaze man Jurnalebis gamyidvlad imuSava; 1998 wlis

zafxulSi regularulad midioda xolme “saitze” dReSi ramdneime saaTiT, xolo

1999 wlis martSi, rodesac misi kvleva TiTqmis ukve dasrulebuli iyo, kidev 2

kviris manZilze imuSava sruli datvirTviT rogorc quCis movaWrem77.

Tavad dakvirvebis adgili (Greenwhich Village) niu-iorkis erT-erT yvelaze

Tavisufal, garkveulwilad bohemur raionad iTvleba, sadac uamravi mxatvari,

mwerali, sqesobrivi umciresobebis warmoamdgeneli cxovrobs. aqvea ramdenime

umaRlesi saswavlebeli — niu-iorkis universiteti (NYU), New School University, ise

rom am ubanSi bevri studenti da profesori cxovrobs. es xels aZlevs quCis

gamyidvlebs — am ubnis mosaxleoba maT Zveli wignebiT da JurnalebiT amaragebs;

amasTan, gamyidvlebi Tavad eZeben gadasayrelad gamzadebul nivTebSi wignebs da

Jurnalebs.

Tavdapirvelad dunieri mxolod hasans da mis saqmianobas akvirdeboda; wignis

pirveli variantic mxolod hasans exeboda — mas “hasanis magida” erqva (“Hassan’s Table”; es saTauri garkveulwilad dunieris pirveli wignis saTauris — “Slim’s Table” — gamoZaxili iyo). dunierma es varianti hasans waakiTxa, da swored am

ukanasknelma CaTvala, rom kvleva usamarTlod iyo fokusirebuli mxolod masze;

man urCia duniers, Tavis kvlevaSi Jurnalebis gamyidvlebic CaerTo.

kvlevis Catarebis procesSi dunieris ZiriTad “iaraRs” warmoadgnenda

magnitofoni, romelic faqtiurad mTeli dRis manZilze CarTuli iyo. dunieri

cdilobda, yvelaferi Caewera —gamyidvlebis saubrebi erTmaneTs Soris, maTi

76 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 21. 77 Ibid. P. 11.

66

respondnetebi acnobiereben im garemoebas, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg

brZola ioli ar aris:

“xan aris, rom isea gamartivebuli qrTamis aRebis procedura, rom Zalian

Znelia vinme konkretulze xelis dadeba” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

SesaZloa, yvelaze ufro konstruqciulia pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac

brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg unda xdebodes erToblivad, rogorc

saxelmwifos, aseve calkeuli moqalaqeebis Zalebis gaerTianebis Sedegad:

“moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda iyvnen, saxelmwifom ki socialuri pirobebi

unda mouwesrigos Tavis moqalaqeebs” (policielebi, quTaisi)

“sazogadoeba kanonmorCili unda gaxdes, saxelmwifom socialuri

problemebi unda moagvaros” (policielebi, quTaisi)

oqtomberi, 2004 w.

47

Tema 4.

dakvirveba

intervius nebismier saxeobas (maT Soris siRrmiseul intervius da fokus-

jgufs) informaciis Segrovebis verbaluri saSualebebi udevs safuZvlad. magram

adamianTa cxovrebaSi ara naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs moqmedebebs, qcevebs,

urTierTobas, da am moqmedebebs Soris aris iseTebi, romelTa sityvierad aRwera

da gadmocema respondents SeiZleba gauWirdes; damaxinjebulad gadmogvces

isini; an ubralod ar CaTvalos laparakis Rirsad. arada, es SeiZleba iyos

moqmedebebi, romelTa mniSvnelobac socialuri cxovrebis analizisaTvis Zalze

didia. zog SemTxvevaSi respondentebi ar aqceven yuradRebas sakuTari qcevis

garkveul detalebs, amitom intervius dros ver ixseneben maT; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki

isini arasworad ixsomeben imas, Tu rogor ganviTarda movlenebi. socialuri

mecnierebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom adamianebi ar arian sakuTari qcevis

kargi aRmwerebi, da ver gvawvdian sando informacias mis Sesaxeb.50

situaciebSi, rodesac intervius verc erT saxeobas ver gamoviyenebT,

CvenTvis saWiro informaciis mopovebaSi dakvirveba dagvexmareba.

dakvirvebis meTodi Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba socialur mecnierebebSi.

yvelaze xSirad am meTods antropologebi da eTnografebi mimarTaven

gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenelebis cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT, da aq

sityva “kultura” Zalze farTo gagebiT ixmareba. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc sxva,

SedarebiT mcirericxovani da naklebad cnobili socialuri jgufis kultura

(magaliTad, rok-musikosebis; damnaSaveebis; mecxvareebis) da maTi cxovrebis

Sinagani wesebis dadgena, aseve antropologiuri gamokvlevebi — naklebad

cnobili tomis an eris cxovreba an am cxovrebis romelime aspeqti, iqneba es maTi

religiuri wes-Cveulebebi; Taobebs Soris urTierToba; Sromis ganawileba, Tu

sxva. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi kvleva Soreul qveynebSi xorcieldeba, SedarebiT

naklebad Seswavlil kunZulebze, magram Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi

savsebiT miRebulia, mivmarToT dakvirvebas Cvensave qalaqebSi mcxovrebi xalxis

subkulturis Seswavlis mizniT.

dakvirvebis meTodis Teoretikosebi, kerZod, h.r.bernardi, xazs usvamen im

garemoebas, rom damkvirveblis amocana gacilebiT iolia misTvis ucxo

kulturaSi muSaobis dros; es amocana mniSvnelovnad rTuldeba, rodesac mas

mSobliur kulturaSi uwevs dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom

mSobliur kulturaSi Cven “bunebrivad” aRviqvamT da Cveulebrivad gveCveneba

moqmedebebisa da reaqciebis umravlesoba, romlebic mraval kiTxvas warmoSoben,

Tu maT miukerZoebeli TvaliT SevxedavT; zogierTi mniSvnelovani elementi ki

SeiZleba saerTod yuradRebis gareSe dagvrCes, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom

isini Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia da miCveulebi varT maT.

dakvirveba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tvisebriv meTods warmoadgens, romlis

umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom is bunebriv garemoSi xorcieldeba, iq, sadac rea-

lurad mimdinareobs cxovreba, da ara “laboratoriul” pirobebSi, rogoricaa

mkvlevris ofisi. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs am meTodis specifikas da

masTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs. Tumca Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom

Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoirCeva Tavisi araformaluri xasiaTiT, es gansakuTrebiT

sworia dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeuZlebelia imis winaswarmetyveleba,

Tu vin Sexvdeba mkvlevars quCaSi an kafeSi; rodis, ra pirobebSi da ra Temaze

mouwevs intervius Catareba; ra movlenebis momswre gaxdeba dRis manZilze.

iTvleba, rom dakvirvebis warmoebis yvelaze mizanSewonili obieqtia yovel-

dRiuri saqmianoba, romelic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe meordeba dRidan

dRemde. es SeiZleba iyos urTierToba TanamSromlebs Soris samuSao saaTebSi;

Tavisufali drois organizacia ojaxSi an megobarTa wreSi; saswavlo procesi

(skolSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi); bazris cxovreba an maRaziaSi myidvelebis

50 Robert S. Weiss. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York:

Free Press. P. 236.

48

pretacia. amitom mkvlevars naratiuli niWi unda hqondes. am mxriv sainteresoa,

rom am meTodis Camoyalibebis periodSi, rodesac jer ar arsebobda Teoriuli

literatura mis Sesaxeb, Cikagos universitetis studentebs urCevdnen, ekiTxaT

romanebi da avtobiografiuli Txzulebebi, romlebic Tanamimdevrulad asaxaven

adamianis an jgufis cxovrebas da amdenad garkveulwilad avsebdnen arsebul

sicarieles.

Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis yvelaze

mizanSewonil “saitebad” iTvleboda did qalaqebs da sxva dasaxlebebs

mowyvetili patara soflebi da mcire izolirebuli tomebi, vinaidan, erTi mxriv,

maTi mosaxleobis kulturuli da eTnikuri erTianoba SesaZlebels xdida, aseTi

dasaxlebebi ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc kulturuli erToba, xolo meore

mxriv, maTi mcire zoma da mosaxleobis mcire raodenoba aseT Seswavlas

SesaZlebels xdida erTi adamianis ZalebiTac ki.

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi monografiuli gamokvlevis meSveobiT Seiswavlian

iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxi,

socialuri daxmarebis programebis efeqturoba, Tanamedrove samrewvelo

organizaciebis struqtura, eTnikuri da rasobrivi problemebi da sxv. Tumca,

iseve rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisSi, monografiuli gamokvlevebi SedarebiT

mcire Temebis an organizaciebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, raTa SesaZlebeli

iyos mkvlevris uSualo kontaqti Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebTan.

saboloo jamSi, monografiuli gamokvlevis mizania aRweros Sesaswavli

jgufis cxovreba da gaaanalizos am cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi,

SeZlebisdagvarad — gaakeTos mecnieruli daskvnebi jgufSi arsebuli ierarqiis,

urTierTobaTa specifikis da a.S. Sesaxeb.

“SIDEWALK”: monografiuli gamokvlevis erTi magaliTi

Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso

magaliTia mitCel dunieris wigni “Sidewalk” (“trotuari”)74. es wigni am meTodis

gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSad iTvleba, romelmac ramdenime premiac ki

miiRo75. garda imisa, rom es saintereso da SemecnebiTi kvlevaa, is amave dros

inovaciurisaa rogorc savele samuSaoebis Catarebis, aseve Sedegebis

warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT — is uxvadaa ilustrirebuli fotosuraTebiT,

romlebic “Cikago tribiun”-is fotokorespondentma ovi karterma gadauRo

dunieris TxovniT aqtorebs da im garemos, sadac maT uwevdaT cxovreba da

muSaoba (da, ra Tqma unda, suraTebi aqtorebis nebarTviT iqna gadaRebuli).

Sesabamisad, mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva sakuTari TvaliT naxos is adamianebi,

romlebic wignis mTavari gmirebi arian, dainaxos is garemo, sadac isini

cxovroben da muSaoben. garda amisa, dunieris kvleva erT-erTi im kvlevaTagania,

romlis procesSic ganviTarda gansakuTrebiT mWidro urTierToba da, SeiZleba

iTqvas, inteleqtualuri TanamSromloba mkvlevarsa da informantebis Soris;

dunierma saSualeba misca informantebs, gacnobodnen wignis xelnawers da

TavianTi SeniSvnebi gamoeTqvaT. dunieris kvleva imiTac gamoirCeva, rom man

gamomcemlobasTan gaaforma kontraqti, romlis mixedviTac mis informantebs

wignis gayidvidan Semosuli mogebis garkveuli procenti unda mieRoT. ufro

metic, dunierma miiwvia Tavisi ZiriTadi informanti, hakim hasani Tavis

universitetSi da masTan erTad uZRveboda seminars bakalavrebisaTvis “Savi

amerikis quCis cxovreba da gonebrivi cxovreba” (“The Life of the Street and the Life of Mind in Black America”); dunierma, agreTve SesTavaza hakim hasans, misi wignis

blosityvaobis avtori yofiliyo, razec hasans uari ar uTqvams.

dunieris kvleva, iseve rogorc bevri sxva monografiuli gamokvleva,

sruliad SemTxveviT daiwyo. niu-iorkSi myofi dunieris yuradReba miipyro

wignebis erT-erTma quCis movaWrem — hakim hasanma, romlis magidazec man Tavisi

wigni dainaxa.

74 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. 75 Los Angeles Time Book Prize da The C.Wright Mills Award.

65

kvleviTi midgoma (romelic meTodebis vrcel arsenals aerTianebs), da ara

romelime erTi calkeuli meTodi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvas dadebiTad unda

vupasuxoT.

ra Tqma unda, mravali meTodis gamoyenebisas moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo

gansxvavebuli, zogjer — sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis miReba. Tumca, “raodenobrivi”

mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi amas ar aRiqvamen

rogorc saSiSroebas, aramed rogorc kidev erT SesaZleblobas, miRebul

Sedegebs gansxvavebuli TvaliT SevxedoT, rac, saboloo jamSi, sruli da

yovelmxrivi suraTis daxatvaSi unda dagvexmaros. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos

isic, rom monografiul gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi savsebiT ar

Semoifargleboda mxolod Tvisebrivi meTodebiT — piriqiT, isini xSirad

mdidrdeboda statistikuri da raodenobrivi monacemebiT. Cikagos skolis erT-

erTi lideris, ernest berjesis TqmiT, “ori midgomis Tanamoqmedeba ueWvelad

yvelaze nayofieri iqneba”69.

rogorc am meTodis Teoretikosebi miiCneven, kvleviTi amocanebis dasaxva

monografiuli gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac

mkvlevarma daiwyo savele samuSaoebi, amitom TviTon gamokvleva iwyeba, rogorc

wesi, gamokvlevis saerTo Temis gansazRvriT, da ara konkretuli hipoTezebis

SemuSavebiT. amis Sedegad monografiuli gamokvleva gansakuTrebuli moqnilo-

biT gamoirCeva. Tumca, rogorc robert iini aRniSnavs, “paradoqsaluria, magram

rac ufro “rbilia” kvleviTi strategia, miT ufro rTuli gansaxorcielebelia

is praqtikulad”70.

monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebaSi Zalian didia mkvlevris roli da

Zalian bevria damokidebuli am ukanasknelis profesiulobaze. monografiuli

gamokvlevis Catarebis dros mkvlevari ar aris daculi emociuri stresisagan,

romelic yovelTvis Tan axlavs CarTul dakvirvebas. amitom kvlevis dawyebamde

mis mier kargad unda iyos gaTviTcnobierebuli mis winaSe mdgari sirTuleebi.

ZiriTadad mkvlevarzea damokidebuli, Tu rogor gansazRvravs is

gamokvlvevis xangrZlivobas — is SeiZleba gagrZeldes rogorc ramdenime Tve,

aseve ramdenime weli. Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rodis unda damTavrdes savele

samuSaoebi. metic, rogorc u.f.uaiTi aRiarebs, “romelime Temis an organizaciis

Seswavlas ar SeiZleba, raime logikuri dasasruli hqondes. rac ufro mets

igebT, miT ukeT gesmiT, Tu ra dagrCaT kidev Sesaswavli”71.

iTvleba, rom monografiuli gamokvleva yvelaze efeqturia rogorc

romelime socialuri problemis winaswar Seswavlis, misi pirveladi aRweris

saSualeba, amitom praqtikaSi es meTodi yvelaze xSirad aRweriT fuqncias

asrulebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve xedavda am meTodis rols Cikagos skolis

warmomadgeneli vivien palmeri, am meTodisadmi miZRvnili pirveli saxel-

mZRvanelos72 avtori (es saxelmRvanelo 1928 wels gamovida). Tumca Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom am meTods savsebiT Seswevs

Zala, ara marto aRweros, aramed, agreTve axsnas esa Tu is socialuri situacia;

kerZod, robert iini gamoyofs monografiuli gamokvlevebis or gansxvavebul

saxeobas — romlebic aRweren socialur sinamdviles da romlebic xsnian mas.73

monografiuli gamokvlevis Sedegebi vrceli angariSis, xSirad ki — wignis

saxiT xdeba xolme cnobili, sadac avtori cdilobs, SesTavazos mkiTxvels

Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebis Rirebulebebis da normebis Taviseburi inter-

69 citirebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Martin Bulmer. 1984. The Chicago School of Sociology.

Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 162.

70 Robert K Yin. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. P. 16.

71 William F. Whyte. 1993. Street Corner Society. The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Fourth Edition. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 324-325.

72 Viven M. Palmer. 1928. Field Studies in Sociology: A Student’s Manual. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press.

73 Robert K. Yin. Op. cit.

64

qceva, da sxva. mklevris uSualo interesi SeiZleba iyos xalxis Cacmuloba ama Tu

im situaciaSi; an mosaxleobis quCaSi moZraobis siCqare, nacnobebTan

gamosaubrebis mizniT SeCerebis sixSire da am SeCerebebis xangrZlivoba.

iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda51, kvlevis procesSi damkvirvebeli Zalauneburad

axdens gavlenas moqmed pirebze da socialur situaciebze, romelSic isini arian

CarTulni. es gavlena cnobilia rogorc reaqtiuloba — ician ra, rom maT

moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu

rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da

saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara,

isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram

dakvirvebis warmoebisas Zalze seriozul problemas warmoadgens, vinaidan

amaxinjebs Sedegebs. misi srulad gadalaxva faqtiurad SeuZlebelia, Tumca

arsebobs misi Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubrebT.

meTodis daxasiaTeba

iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva tipis gamokvleva, dakvirveba Sesaswavli

erTeulis gamoyofiT iwyeba. es SeiZleba iyos:

o adgili, sadac xdeba moqmedeba. specialur literaturaSi es adgili

moxsenieba rogorc “saiti” (ingl. site);

o adamianebi, romlebic CarTulni arian CvenTvis saintereso saqmianobaSi da

vis moqmedebebsac vakvirdebiT, anu “aqtorebi” (ingl. actor);

o TviTon moqmedeba an saqmianoba (scenebi), situaciebi, movlenebi, romlebsac

uSualod vakvirdebiT; da

o nivTebi, romlebis irgvliv an romelTa gamoyenebiTac xdeba moqmedeba.

socialur gamokvlevebSi dakvirvebis meTodi iSviaTad gvxvdeba rogorc

kvlevis erTaderTi meTodi. es imiT aixsneba, rom, rogorc vTqviT, dakvirveba

yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebis cxov-

rebis wesis Seswavlis mizniT, aseTi Seswavla ki SeuZlebelia mxolod dakvirvebis

meSveobiT — is aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sxva meTodebis gamoyenebasac, upirve-

les yovlisa — gasaubrebas Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan da eqsperteb-

Tan, romlebic dagvexmarebian sworad avxsnaT is, rac davafiqsireT dakvirvebis

dros. gasaubreba ki, ra Tqma unda, intervius erT-erTi saxeobaa. amitom “sufTa”,

an “ubralo” dakvirveba, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari ar amyarebs urTi-

erTobas aqtorebTan, romlebsac is Seiswavlis, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. rogorc

wesi, dakvirvebis meTodi ixmareba kompleqsurad sxva meTodebTan — upirveles

yovlisa, interviusTan erTad, da am meTodiT muSaobisas mkvlevari Zalaune-

burad erTveba socialur situaciaSi, romelSic aqtorebi monawileoben.

mkvlevris monawileoba socialur situaciaSi, misi CarTva im procesebSi,

romlebsac is Seiswavlis, SeiZleba sxvadasxva intnsiurobiT moxdes. am intensi-

urobidan gamomdinare, gamoiyofa CarTvis Semdegi tipebi:52

CarTvis intensiuroba CarTvis tipi

maRali sruli (“CarTuli dakvirveba”)

aqtiuri saSualo

mokrZalebuli

dabali pasiuri

mkvlevari ar iRebs monawileobas

socialur situaciaSi

ar aris “CarTva”

(“ubralo dakvirveba”)

51 aseT SemTxvevad SeiZleba CavTvaloT situacia, rodesac Sesaswavli obieqti ver

igrZnobs damkvirveblis arsebobas — erT-erTi aseTi magaliTia dakvirveba xalxmraval

adgilebSi. 52 ix. James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. gv. 58.

49

“ubralo” dakvirveba Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari saerTod ar

iRebs monawileobas socialur situaciaSi — magaliTad, is zis kafeSi da mxolod

akvirdeba im movlenebs, romlebic iq viTardeba.

amis sapirispirod, socialur situaciaSi sruli CarTva Seesabameba CarTul

dakvirvebas (participant observation), romlis drosac mkvlevari ar rCeba gare

damkvirveblad, aramed srul monawileobas iRebs im socialur situaciebSi,

romlebsac Seiswavlis. es monawileoba gamoixateba aqtorebTan erTad maT

yoveldRiur saqmianobasa Tu zeimebSi monawileobis miRebaSi; damatebiT,

mkvlevari awarmoebs araformalur gasaubrebebs aqtorebTan an srulfasovan

interviuebs atarebs maTTan.

CarTuli dakvirvebaa is meTodi, romelic xSirad gaigivebulia Tavad Tviseb-

riv meTodebTan da/an eTnografiasTan; xSirad literaturaSi terminebi

“eTnografia”, “eTnografiuli kvleva” da “CarTuli dakvirveba” ixmareba rogorc

sinonimebi.53

CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodisadmi miZRvnil klasikur saxelmZRvanelod

iTvleba jeims spradlis “CarTuli dakvirveba”.54 spradlis Tanaxmad, ucnob

socialur situaciaSi moxvedrili nebismieri adamiani CarTuli damkvirvebeli

xdeba, vinaidan misTvis ucxoa am situaciaSi moqmedi wesebi da normebi, da is

iZulebuli xdeba, gamoikvlios da Seiswavlos isini xalxTan urTierTobis meS-

veobiT.

socialuri mecnierebebis farglebSi CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens

mcdelobas gavigoT, Tu ra mniSvnelobebs aniWeben sxvadasxva socialuri Tu

kulturuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi TavianT cxovrebas, rogor aRiqvamen

sxvadasxva movlenebs da ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben maT. amis Seswavlas sakmaod

bevri dro sWirdeba. CarTuli dakvirvebis minimalur xangrZlivobad ramdenime

Tve iTvleba; srulfasovani gamokvleva ki sul cota erTi wlis manZilze

grZeldeba, vinaidan erTi SexedviT martiv socialur situaciebSic ki xSirad

Rrma da rTuli kulturuli azria Caqsovili. imisaTvis, rom kargad SeviswavloT

ucxo kulturis warmomadgenlebi, maTi kulturuli normebi da/an simboloebi,

didi droa saWiro. maSinac ki, Tu gamokvlevis savele periods ramdenime

weliwads davuTmobT, iZulebulebi viqnebiT, SevarCioT cxovrebis konkretuli

aspeqtebi, romlebic dakvirvebis ZiriTad fokuss warmoadgenen da romlebsac

dawvrilebiT SeviswavliT, danarCenebs ki mxolod zedapiruli yuradReba

davuTmoT.

ar arsebobs CarTuli dakvirvebis warmoebis sayovelTao wesebi, iseve ro-

gorc ar arsebobs dakvirvebis saitis SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaci-

ebi. am gadawyvetilebebis miReba yovelTvis konkretuli situaciidan gamomdi-

nare xdeba. xSirad mkvlevari iwyebs muSaobas garemoSi, sadac aravis ar icnobs; is

ubralod midis kafeebSi, biblioTekebSi, eswreba ama Tu im Temis mier

organizebul RonisZiebebs, dadis SerCeuli “saitis” quCebSi, da TandaTan icnobs

xalxs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi misi informaciis wyaroebi gaxdebian.

miuxedavad am meTodikis simartivisa, “quCaSi dgomis” strategia Zalian efeq-

turia. magram informantebis gacnobis Semdeg Tveebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom

mkvlevarma daimkvidros adgili Sesaswavl jgufSi da moipovos xalxis ndoba.

h.r.bernardi Tvlis, rom am meTodis Seswavlis saukeTeso xerxi misi praq-

tikuli gamoyenebaa. amasTan, misi azriT, SeuZlebelia am meTodis warmatebiT

gamoyeneba, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos is xalxi, visTanac is

muSaobs, anu aqtorebi. “sakuTari Tavis wardgenis wesebi Zalze martivia, — ambobs

bernardi. — ilaparakeT simarTle, iyaviT Tanamimdevruli da nu ilaparakebT

zedmets. CarTul dakvirvebaSi, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba warmoadginos Tavi sxva

adamianad, vidre is sinamdvileSia, is ver miaRwevs warmatebas”55.

CarTuli dakvirvebis ori tipi arsebobs — gamJRavnebuli, (ingl. overt),

53 qarTulad CarTuli dakvirveba zog SemTxvevaSi moixsenieba rogorc “monawile

dakvirveba” rac Sesabamisi inglisuri terminis ufro zusti Targmania. 54 James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. 55 H. Russel Bernard. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers.

P. 144.

50

saskolo eseebi: skolis damwyebi da saSualo klasebis ramdenime moswavlem dawera

naSromebi Semdeg Temebze: “ra minda yvelaze metad”, “vin minda viyo” da “ra saCuqari minda

saSobaod”.

eseebis konkursi, romlis gamarjvebulisTvisac dawesebuli iyo jildo: ramdenime

mozardma dawera naSromi Temaze: “rogor mesaxeba Cemi momavali”.

kvebis angariSebi: erTi kviris manZilze 40 ojaxi iwerda, Tu ras Wamdnen, agreTve, ra

sagzals atandnen skolaSi bavSvebs Semweobis miRebis wina dRes da Semweobis miRebis

Semdgom dRes.

sxvadasxva saxis informacia: Cven SevagroveT informacia 80 patara bavSvis mier

miRebuli saSobao saCuqrebis Sesaxeb; barebSi saubris Temebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb; im

sirTuleebis Taobaze, romlebsac mSoblebi Svilebis aRzrdisas awydebian (im Canawerebis

safuZvelze, romlebic eqimis sakonsultacio kabinetSi moviZieT); samedicino analizebi;

maswavleblebisgan miRebuli informacia maTi moswavleebis warmatebebis Sesaxeb;

saxelmwifo organoebis, qarxnis, eklesiis da sxvaTa mier warmoebuli saqvelmoqmedo

saqmianobis Sesaxeb; duqanSi, dalaqTan, yasabTan, fexacmlis SemkeTebelTan, mkeravTan,

konditerTan daxarjuli Tanxebis Sesaxeb; agreTve, sxvadasxva politikuri klubis Tu

sxva organizaciebis mier mowodebuli informacia.

statistikuri monacemebi: am tipis monacemebs warmoadgenda kooperatiuli maRaziis

saangariSo wignebi; sajaro biblioTekidan gatanili wignebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli

Canawerebi; informacia gazeTebis gamoweris Sesaxeb; klubebis wevrebis raodenoba;

arCevnebis Sedegebi; asakobrivi ganawilebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, qorwinebebis da

migraciis maCveneblebi.

saojaxo statistika: marientalSi Camovida savaWro palatis oficialuri

warmomadgeneli specialuri mizniT: raTa Seegrovebina saojaxo statistika, magram

teqnikuri sirTuleebis gamo man mxolod ramdenime ojaxis monacemebis Segroveba

moaxerxa.”67

garda amisa, kvlevis manZize sofelSi ganxorcielebuli iqna ramdenime

socialuri progarma (e.w. tansacmlis proeqti; samedicino momsaxurebis pro-

eqti; Wra-kervis kursebi; konsultaciebi mSoblebisaTvis da sxv.); am programebis

msvlelobaSi, agreTve Segrovebuli iqna damatebiTi informacia. informaciis

wyaroebis aseTi mdidari sia Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevebisTvisac

STambeWdavad gamoiyureba.

Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebic intensiurad iyenebdnen e.w. “mravalmeTo-

dur midgomas” (multimethod approach) monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi; isini

Tvlidnen, rom amis meSveobiT informaciis maqsimalurad farTo speqtris

Segroveba iyo SesaZlebeli. oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi, romlebsac isini iyenebdnen,

iyo: (1) Sesaswavli dasaxlebuli punqtis socialuri istoria; (2) ama Tu im

maCveneblebis gavrcelebis amsaxveli grafikuli masalebi; (3) sxvadasxva

kulturuli jgufis an urTierTobis modelebis aRwera, da (4) iseTi

raodenobrivi monacemebis statistikuri analizi, rogorebicaa Semosavlebi da

xarjebi, mosaxleobis mobiloba, miwis zoma, da sxv.

Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris gansakuTrebuli popularobiT

sargeblobda aseTi gamokvlevebSi piradi xasiaTis dokumentebis (werilebis,

dRiurebis) gamoyeneba, iseve rogorc gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmoba

respondentebis cxovrebis istoriebisadmi; rig SemTxvevebSi, gamokvlevis

saboloo angariSic ise iyo moyolili, rogorc mTavar aqtorTa cxovrebis

istoria68. am angariSebSic Tavis asaxvas poulobs kvlevis dros ramdenime me-

Todis gamoyeneba, ramdenadac aq moyvanilia rogorc dakvirvebis Sedegebi, aseve

Catarebuli interviuebis fragmentebi, eqspertebis Sefasebebi, romlebic arc

Tu iSviaTad ilustrirebulia rukebiT, sqemebiT an fotosuraTebiT.

monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli meTodebis mravalfe-

rovneba aqtualurs xdis SekiTxvas, romelsac rigi mkvlevari svams: kerZod,

ufro gamarTlebuli xom ar iqneboda, monografiul gamokvlevas ewodos

67 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Op. cit. Pp. 4-5. 68 mag.: Clifford R. Shaw. 1966. The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy’s Own Story. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press.

63

xangrZlivi savele muSaoba Sedgeba, erTi mxriv, pirveli SexedviT Cveu-

lebrivi yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan, romelsac mkvlevari aqtorebTan erTad

iziarebs, eswreba maT Sexverdebs, muSaobs maT gverdiT, saubrobs maTTan,

isvenebs maTTan erTad da a.S., xolo meore mxriv — yoveldRiuri angariSebis

Sedgenisgan, sadac rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli yovelive is, rasac

mkvlevari akvirdeboda da rac man Seityo dRis manZilze. yovelive es Zalian

mkacr TviTdisciplinas, sakuTari Tavis moqmedebebis kontrols da drois

optimalurad ganawilebis unars moiTxvos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac

mkvlevari marto muSaobs.

monografiuli gamokvleva SeiZleba Caataros rogorc erTma mkvlevarma,

aseve mkvlevarTa jgufma. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa gamokvlevis Zalian

maRal doneze organizeba, raTa kvleviTi jgufis wevrebi marTlac erTsa da imave

sakiTxze muSaobdnen, da miRebuli iqnes Sedegebi, romelTa Sedarebac SemdgomSi

SesaZlebeli iqneba. Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevebi individualur

kvleviT proeqtebs warmoadgenda, da dRemde SeimCneva tendencia, es kvleviTi

midgoma erTi mkvlevris mier iqnes gamoyenebuli.

monografiuli gamokvlevis Catarebis procesSi mkvlevari arasodes

yabuldeba informaciis Segrovebis mxolod erT meTods, aramed ramdenime

urTierTSemavsebel meTodikas gamoiyenebs, romlebic Sesaswavli problemis

gansxvavebul mxareebs gamoavlenen. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, dakvirveba da

sxvadasxva saxis interviu, dokumentebis analizi, fokus-jgufi; es SeiZleba iyos,

agreTve saarqivo sabuTebis Seswavla, piradi werilebi da/an dRiurebi, aseve —

fotosuraTebi da sxv. sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs gamokvlevis

Sedegebis sandoobis gazrdas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania Tvisebrivi meTodebiT

Catarebuli yvela gamokvlevisaTvis. arcTu iSviaTad, Sesaswavli Temis Sesaxeb

sruli informaciis miRebis mizniT mkvlevrebi mimarTaven mosaxleobis aRweras

an gamokiTxvas ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi mravalmeToduri midgoma

axasiTebda jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria iahodas,

pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebul gamokvlevas, romlis Temac

umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.66 es gamokvleva Catarda

sofelSi, romlis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba struqturuli cvlilebebis

Sedegad umuSevari darCa. mkvlevarTa mizani mosaxleobaze umuSevrobis gavlenis

Seswavla iyo, rac maT iseTi gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT ganaxor-

cieles, rogorebicaa raodenobrivi monacemebis Segroveba da situaciaSi

“CarTva”. am gamokvlevis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli angariSis dasawyisSive

mkvlevrebs moyavT Tavisi infomaciis wyaroebis sruli sia:

“saojaxo dosie: marientalSi mcxovrebi 478-ve ojaxis yvela wevris Sesaxeb

Segrovebuli iqna detaluri da vrceli informacia: maTi piradi monacemebi, umuSevrobis

Semweobis saxeoba, da sxva. dosie Seicavda agreTve srul informacias sacxovrebeli

pirobebis, ojaxuri cxovrebis, ojaxSi Sromis ganawilebis Sesaxeb da a.S. damatebiT,

yvela ojaxSi Cveni TxovniT avsebdnen saojaxo dRiurs.

cxovrebis istoriebi: Cven CaviwereT 32 mamakacis da 30 qalis detaluri cxovrebis

istoria. am istoriebis mniSvneloba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isini

adamianis mTel cxovrebas asaxaven. rodesac am adamianebma umuSevrobis Sesaxeb daiwyes

laparaki, maTi Txroba ukve mimdinareobda. maTTvis ufro ioli iyo umuSevrobis

gamocdilebis aRwera, vinaidan am droisaTvis maT ukve moyolili hqondaT Tavisi

cxovrebis wina periodis Sesaxeb, romelic maTTvis Sedarebebis safuZvels warmoadgenda.

Cven rom pirdapir maTi axlandeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb dagvesva kiTxvebi, Sedegad

SeiZleba moridebuli siCume an arafrismTqmeli saerTo frazebi migveRo.

drois grafikebi: 80 adamianma Seavso kiTxvari, romelSic aRweres, Tu rogor

gaatares Tavisi cxovrebis erTi dRe.

angariSebi da Civilebi: Cven SeviswavleT ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze venis

noiStatis olqis samrewvelo komisiaSi wardgenili angariSebi da Civilebi (marientali am

olqSi Sedis).

66 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed

Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.

62

rodesac mkvlevari Tavidanve acnobs aqtorebs Tavis vinaobas da miznebs, da

gaumJRavnebeli (ingl. covert), romlis drosac aqtorebisTvis ucnobia, rom saqme

aqvT mkvlevarTan — isini mas aRiqvamen, rogorc socialuri situaciis rigiT

monawiles. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaumJRavnebeli dakvrivebis warmoebas Tavisi

upiratesobebi aqvs (upirveles yovlisa, aRar gvaqvs saqme reaqtiulobis

problemasTan), is Zalze seriozul eTikur problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli,

vinaidan misi warmoebis dros Segnebulad xdeba aqtorebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.

amasTan, mkvlevari mudam “gamomJRavnebis” saSiSroebis winaSea — yovelTvis aris

imis SesaZlebloba, rom romelime aqtori Seityobs mis namdvil vinaobas, an vinmes

xelSi Cauvardeba mis mier kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli Canawerebi.

gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac SeuZle-

belia ama Tu im jgufis Seswavla sxvagvarad, rodesac kvlevis erTaderT

saSualebas gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens; arcTu iSviaTad,

mkvlevari ase Seiswavlis daxurul jgufebs, maT Soris — kriminalur

dajgufebebs. magram Tu mkvlevari kriminaluri dajgufebis wevri xdeba kvlevis

Catarebis mizniT da ar miaCnia mizanSewonilad Tavisi namdvili vinaobis gam-

JRavneba, maSin is iZulebulia, monawileoba miiRos am jgufis kanonsawinaaRmdego

qmedebebSi; garda amisa, mas eqneba informacia dagegmili qurdobis/Zarcvis/yaCa-

Robis Sesaxeb. rogor unda moiqces is aseT SemTxvevebSi? am sakiTxis gadawyveta

Zalian rTulia, imitom rom Tu is Seatyobinebs policias aseT informacias, maSin

iZulebuli gaxdeba Sewyvitos kvleva, xolo Tu Tavs Seikavebs am informaciis

gamxelisagan, maSin damnaSaveTa Tanamonawile xdeba.

CarTuli dakvirvebis sami etapi gamoiyofa — aRweriTi, fokusirebuli da

SerCeviTi dakvirveba.56

mkvlevari axorcielebs aRweriT dakvirvebas (descriptive observation) kvlevis

sawyis etapze, rodesac mas jer ara aqvs gadawyvetili, socialuri realobis

konkretulad romel aspeqtebze gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas. amitom am etapze is

“yvelafers akvirdeba”, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvelafris dakvirveba sinamdvileSi

SeuZlebelia. aRweriTi dakvirveba dakvirvebis pirveli, sacdeli etapia, romlis

msvlelobaSic mkvlevari cdilobs, gaerkves arsebul socialur situaciaSi da

Seiqmnas saerTo warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu “ra xdeba aq”. aRweriTi dakvirvebis

meSveobiT SesaZlebelia pasuxi gavceT mkvlevaris winaSe mdgar aRweriT

kiTxvebze57, romlebic saerTo xasiaTis informaciis miRebas isaxavs miznad.

warmovidginoT, rom es esaa daviwyeT dakvirvebis Catareba sasamarTloSi da

gvsurs SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba garkveuli tipis saqmeebis warmoeba.

dakvirvebis aRweriT etapze Cven SevZlebT mxolod Zalian saerTo doneze

aRvweroT, Tu rogor iqceva sasamrTlo darbazSi xalxi; ra Temebs exeboda Cvens

mier mosmenili saubrebi, ra tipis saqmeebis ganxilva mimdinareobs, romeli

saqmeebi iwvevs yvelaze did interess da a.S.

aRweriT dakvirvebas ar SeuZlia met-naklebad mniSvnelovani Sedegebi

mogvces — misi erTaderTi mizania, dagvexmaros dakvirvebis fokusis dadgenaSi —

xSirad es xdeba eqspertebTan da/an Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan

konsultaciebis meSveobiT, romlebic eyrdnoba aRweriTi dakvirvebis dros

Segrovil masalas.

dakvirvebis fokusis SerCeva da misi Semdgomi dazusteba, anu saboloo jamSi

im situaciis SerCeva, romelic Cveni Seswavlis “fokusSi” moeqceva, yovelTvis

konkretuli gamokvlevis miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinareobs. fokusis

SerCevaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos socialuri situaciis

monawileebTan gasaubrebis Sedegad miRebulma informaciam, maTma komentarebma.

fokusirebuli dakvirveba (focused observation) dakvirvebis meore etapia,

rodesac mkvlevars ukve gamokveTili aqvs Seswavlis konkretuli erTeulebi.

dakvirvebis fokusireba Zalauneburad iwvevs socialuri situaciis im

elementebis ignorirebas, romlebic ar warmoadgens Seswavlis uSualo interess.

56 James P. Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 33-34. 57 jeims spradlis mohyavs aRweriTi kiTxvebis yvela SesaZlo tipis cxrili (ix. James

Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 82-83).

51

warmatebuli fokusirebuli dakvirveba moiTxovs gasaubrebas Sesaswavli

kulturis warmomadgenlebTan, raTa SevZloT ama Tu im movlenebis axsna TviT am

kulturis warmomadgenelTa TvaliT. aseTi interviuebis Sedegad miRebuli

komentarebis gareSe zogi moqmedeba SeiZleba Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCes, an

uazro da SemTxveviTi gveCvenos, maSin rodesac am kulturis wamomadgenlebis

TvalSi mas garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Tumca

damkvirvebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom adamianebi racionalurad moqmedeben, es

yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.

SerCeviTi dakvirveba (selective observation) dakvirvebis bolo etapia da moiTxovs

damkvirveblis yuradRebis sferos kidev ufro dazustebas da SezRudvas,

fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze gamoyofili Seswavlis erTeulebis ama Tu im

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Seswavlas. magaliTad, Tu restoranSi oficiantebis

saqcielis Seswavla aRweriTi dakvirvebis sagania, maT mier klientebisagan dama-

tebiTi gasamrjelos miRebis xerxebi (magidis SerCeva klientisaTvis; daxmareba

menius SerCevaSi, da sxv.) SeiZleba gaxdes fokusirebuli dakvirvebis sagani,

xolo am xerxebis SedarebiTi efeqturobis dadgena — SerCveviTi dakvirvebis

sagani. anu mklevaris interesi garkveulwilad viwrovdeba, sanam is aRweriTi dak-

virvebidan SerCeviTamde miva. SerCeviTi dakvirveba aucileblad moiTxovs

interviuebis Catarebas Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan maTi Sexe-

dulebebis da komentarebis miRebis mizniT, raTa daskvnebis gamotanisas ar iqnes

ugulebelyofili mniSvnelovani niuansebi, romlebis gagebac mxolod am xer-

xiTaa SesaZlebeli.

dakvirvebis samive etapi, rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ganxor-

cielebuli Tanamimdevruli etapebia, Tumca SesaZloa, rom kvleva mxolod

aRweriTi dakvirvebiT Semoifarglos. yvelaze xSirad es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu

sakiTxis sawyis SeswavlasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac mkvlevari jer ar aris

darwmunebuli, Tu ra iqneba misi kvlevis sagani da problema, an Tu dakvirveba

gamoiyeneba rogorc damxmare meTodi kompleqsuri kvlevis farglebSi.

Tu aRweriTi dakvirvebis etapze mkvlevari SeiZleba sakuTari miznebis

gamJRavnebis gareSe muSaobdes, fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze is Zalaunebu-

rad amJRavnebs Tavs rogorc mkvlevari; xolo SerCeviTi dakvirvebis etapze is

ukve am situaciis monawile xdeba. dakvirvebis SerCeviTi etapis yvelaze mniS-

vnelovan damaxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba mkvlevris mier kontrastruli

Sedarebebis da kontrastuli SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan am etapze misi

mizania kulturul situaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamomJRavneba.

nebismieri Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebisas, gansakuTrebiT ki dakvirvebis

SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu muSaobis procesSi gamoCndeba axali

Temebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyos Cveni gamokvlevisTvis, da

mzad unda viyoT, CavrToT es Temebi Cveni muSaobis procesSi, zog SemTxvevaSi —

SevcvaloT kvlevis fokusi.

CarTuli dakvirveba warmoudgenelia mkvlevaris mier damatebiTi kvleviTi

teqnikebis, kerZod, intervius sxvadasxva saxeobis gamoynebis gareSe. CarTuli

dakvirvebis procesSi SeiZleba gamovyoT intervius ori ZiriTadi saxeoba:

formalizebuli da araformalizebuli.

araformalizebulia yvela is interviu, romelic tardeba moumzadeblad,

CarTuli dakvirvebis dros aqtorebTan urTierTobis damyarebis an ganmtkicebis

procesSi, an aqtorebisagan damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis mizniT, rodesac

damkvirvebeli grZnobs, rom misTvis araa srulad gasagebi im movlenebis

mniSvneloba, romlebsac is akvirdeba. aseTi interviuebi araa struqturirebuli

da, rogorc wesi, araa winaswar SeTanxmebuli da dagegmili — isini Cveulebriv

gasaubrebas ufro hgavs da maTi Cawera diqtofonze yovelTvis ar xdeba, Tumca

mis msvlelobaSi damkvirvebelma SesaZloa (da sasurvelicaa) gaakeTos

Canawerebi. magram, miuxedavad maTi “moumzadeblobisa”, araformalizebuli

interviuebi informaciis Zalze mniSvnelovani wyaroa.

formalizebuli interviu mkvlevarsa da aqtors Soris winaswari molapa-

rakebis da SeTanxmebis Sedegia; aseTi interviuebi tardeba winaswar daTqmul

drosa da adgilas da xdeba maTi Cawera audiokasetaze. es interviu Zalze waagavs

siRrmiseul intervius da tardeba winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis (sadiskusio

52

Tema 5.

monografiuli gamokvleva

iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis umaravlesoba, monografiuli gamokvle-

vac Tavdapirvelad antropologebis mier iqna SemuSavebuli da maTi gamoc-

dilebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad damkvidrda socialur mecnierebebSi. erT-

erTi pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac es meTodi gamoiyena, iyo cnobili britaneli

antropologi bronoslav malinovski (1884-1942 ww.). Tumca, garkveulwilad

SeiZleba monografiul gamokvlevad miviCnioT agreTve 1890-iani wlebis bolos

londonSi Carlz butis mier Catarebuli siRaribis cnobili gamokvleva,

romelic erT-erT pirvel socialur gamokvlevad iTvleba msoflioSi da ara aqvs

kavSiri antropologiasTan.

monografiuli gamokvleva sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo frangul mecniereba-

Sic, sadac is klod levi-strosis da frederik le pleis saxels ukavSirdeba.

miiCnevda ra, rom sazogadoebis Seswavlis mizniT saWiroa misi sakvanZo elementis

SerCeva, sadac yvelaze aSkarad gamoikveTeba am sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebebi, le pleim sazogadoebebis Seswavla muSaTa ojaxebis Seswavlis

meSveobiT gadawyvita. le pleis da mis mimdevarTa naSromebSi yvelaze xSirad

gamoiyeneboda informaciis Segrovebis iseTi meTodebi, rogorebicaa dakvirveba,

interviu da samTavrobo organoebis mier Segrovebul monacemTa Seswavla.

monografiuli gamokvlevis ganviTarebaSi didi roli iTamaSes Cikagos so-

ciologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebma. sociologiaSi swored maT daamkvidres

mkvlevris xangrZlivi droiT dasaxlebis tradicia aqtorebis gverdiT, da

maTTvis saintereso fenomenis mravalmxrivi siRrmiseuli Seswavla.

meTodis aRwera

monografiuli gamokvleva65 calkeuli SemTxevis, Temis an socialuri jgufis

siRrmiseuli da yovelmxrivi Seswavlaa mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli yvela

saSualebis meSveobiT, romelTa Soris umniSnvelovanesia CarTuli dakvirveba.

saerTod, CarTul dakvirvebasa da monografiul gamokvlevas Soris imdeni

saerTo elementia, rom zogjer isini gaigivebulicaa erTmaneTTan; miuxedavad

amisa, monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi mkvlevaris xelT kvlevis Catarebis

ufro mdidari da mravalferovani saSualebebia, vidre CarTuli dakvirvebis

Catarebis dros, Tumca es ukanasknelic kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi elementia.

monografiuli gamokvlevis mTavar upiratesobad iTvleba mis mier

problemis siRrmisulad da mravalmxriv Seswavlis unari. am meTods, iseve

rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv meTodebs, safuZvlad udevs maqs veberis saxelTan

dakavSirebuli “interpretaciuli sociologiis” principebi, romelic miznad

isaxavs socialuri agentebis moqmedebaTa sazrisSi Cawvdomas. monografiuli

gamokvlevis Sesaxeb tradiciuli warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mkvlevari Seiswavlis ama

Tu im socialur erTobas masSi “CaZirvis” meSveobiT. am “CaZirvis” Sedegad

mkvlevari ukeT ecnoba Sesaswavli jgufis cxovrebas, iziarebs misi wevrebis

yofas da saSualeba eZleva, maTi TvaliT Sexedos samyaros.

mkvlevris muSaoba iwyeba misi “saitSi” CasvliT da pirveli kontaqtebis

damyarebiT Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan. aseT gamokvlevebSi, ra Tqma

unda, Zalian mniSvnelovania CarTuli dakvirvebis roli; muSaobis warmateba

didad aris damokidebuli kargi informantebis povnaze.

savele muSaobis dros aucilebeli moTxovnaa, mkvlevari imyofebodes

“saitze” sakmoad xangrZlivi drois manZilze, respondentebTan erTad icxovros

da gaiziaros maTi yofis yvela elementi. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ara

marto uSualo urTierToba daamyaros aqtorebTan da ufro Rrmad Seiswavlos

maTi cxovreba, aramed, agreTve moipovos maTi ndoba.

65 qarTul enaze jer ar aris damkvidrebuli inglisuri “case-study”-s Sesabamisi termini.

mis qarTul Sesatyvisad Cven vxmarobT termins “monografiuli gamokvleva”, Tumca

misi zusti Targmani “SemTxvevis Seswavla” iqneba.

61

monacemTa analizi

CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis damuSaveba eyrdnoba savele Canawerebs da

kvlevis procesSi Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebul informacias.

vinaidan CarTuli dakvirvebis manZilze Catarebuli yvela intervius

audioCawera ar xerxdeba, zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari eydnoba intervius Sedegad

xeliT gakeTebul Canawerebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — transkriptebs.

analizis procesSi mkvlevarma Zalian vrceli masala unda Seiswavlos — am

masalis umravlesoba mis mieraa Segrovebuli xangrZlivi savele muSaobis

procesSi; sakuTari savele Canawerebis Seswavlis dros mkvlevari gamoyofs im

detalebs, SemTxvevebs, faqtebs da citatebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania Sesaswavl

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs, gaakeTos daskvnebi Seswavlili socialuri

urTierTobebis specifikisa da aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis Sesaxeb.

monacemTa analizis saboloo mizani unda iyos kvleviT kiTxvebze pasuxis

gacema, magram ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi kiTxvebis saboloo

dazusteba savele muSaobis Catarebis procesSi xdeba, bunebrivia, rom adreuli

Canawerebi am miznisTvis SedarebiT naklebad gamosadegi iqneba. magram es

Canawerebi SeiZleba gamodges imis asaRwerad, Tu rogor moxda kvlevis fokusis

gamoyofa, Tu isini Seicaven informacias im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelmac ubiZga

mkvlevars, garkveuli mimarTulebiT waremarTa kvleva.

rogorc analitikuri strategiis magaliTi, sainteresoa uiliam f. uaiTis

mier gakeTebuli analizi imisa, Tu rogoria erT-erTi amerikuli qalaqis

italiur ubanSi arsebuli dajgufebis Sida struqtura, ra aris am jgufis

lideris avtoritetis safuZvels.64

CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis Sejameba, maTi analizis saboloo Sedegi,

rogorc wesi, aris monografia, sadac ganxilulia kvlevis savele etapi da

moyvanilia miRebuli daskvnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarTulad weris unari

saWiro da aucilebelia ara mxolod savele muSaobis yvela etapze, aramed,

agreTve miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros, Sualeduri Tu daskvniTi

angariSis/monografiis daweris mizniT.

davaleba:

wadiT sajaro biblioTekaSi, SeukveTeT wignebi da daakvirdiT iq

myof/misul adamianebs da situaciebs 3 saaTis manZilze. dakvirvebis

dasrulebisTanave gaakeTeT detaluri Canawerebi.


o H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant Observation”).

o Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

o David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.

o Roger Sanjek, ed. 1990. Fieldnotes. The Making of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

o James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.

o John Van Maanen. 1988. Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

o William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

64 William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

60

gegmis) mixedviT. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi saWiroa erTi

Temisadmi miZRvnili mTeli rigi formaluri interviuebis Catareba.

interviuebis gamoyenebasTan erTad, CarTuli dakvirvebis erT-erTi umniS-

vnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli niSania mkvlevrebis mWidro TanamSromloba infor-

mantebTan.

informanti, anu Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, exmareba mkvlevars ama

Tu im jgufis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis SeswavlaSi da jgufSi arsebuli

wesebisa da normebis gagebaSi; swored is uadvilebs mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevas,

acnobs xalxs. informantebis gareSe Cven gagviWirdeba SeviswavloT movlenebi,

romelTa mowmeebic vxdebiT. informantis roli gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani

xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobs, romlis

warmomadgenelTa enac man ar icis. am SemTxvevaSi informanti, rogorc wesi,

Tarjimnis funqciebsac kisrulobs xolme, da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze

erTiorad izrdeba.

informantebis SerCeva ioli ar aris, vinaidan kargi informanti mTel rig

moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos Sesaswavli kul-

turis warmomadgeneli, romelic kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas. sasurvelia,

es iyos komunikabeluri pirovneba, vinc dainteresdeba gamokvleviT da mTeli

gulisyuriT CaerTveba masSi; rac mTavaria, mas unda hqondes survili, rom

daexmaros mkvlevars. garda amisa, mas dadebiTad unda uyurebdnen Sesaswavl

jgufSi, ukeTesia, Tu is garkveuli avtoritetiTac sargeblobs. bevri mkvlevari

Tvlis, rom karg informants Seswevs Zala, Cveni “maswavlebeli” gaxdes CvenTvis

ucxo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, informanti ar

unda gaxdes erTaderTi pirovneba, vis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda

mivaniWoT — Tu es moxdeba, maSin kvlevas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. xolo

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informanti Tarjimnis rolsac TamaSobs, ufro izrdeba imis

saSiSroeba, rom is “gafiltravs” aqtorebis naTqvams da mxolod im informacias

gadaTargmnis, romelic mas miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, amitom, sasurvelia, rom

mkvlevarma rac SeiZleba male moaxerxos im enis Seswavla, romelzec mas uwevs

kvlevis Catareba.

magram informanti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos socialur mecni-

erebaTa specialisti, adamiani, vinc Seecdeba mecnieruli terminebiT agvixsnas

mimdinare movlenebi — Cven gvWirdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani, Sesaswavli jgufis

rigiTi wevri, SesaZloa, sxvebze ufro xalisiani da gonebagaxsnili, magram

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mecnieri; Cven gvesaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man

Tavisive eniT unda agvixsnas yvelaferi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eniT, da ara

samecniero kategoriebis gamoyenebiT.

rac unda kargi iyos informanti, misi brmad ndoba ar SeiZleba — rogorc am

kulturis warmomadgenels, mas SeiZleba gauCndes survili, met-naklebed

Sealamazos faqtebi, an ar gamoitanos saaSkaraoze cxovrebis is elementebi,

romlebic miaCnia samarcxvinod, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi arasatrabaxod.

rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis mkvlevars ramdenime infor-

manti sWirdeba xolme, romelTa Sorisac arian ZiriTadi, mTavari (key informant) da

“damatebiTi” informantebi. informantebis SerCeva, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba da

arc unda iyos reprezentatuli. Tumca garegnulad mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs,

xSirad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aqtorebisgan, sinamdvileSi mas sruliad

gansxvavebeli roli aqvs da, garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs — erTi

mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magram

amave dros is regularulad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa

Seiswavlos misi wesebi; is cxovrobs, raTa Seiswavlos. amitom mniSvnelovania

ganvasxvavoT ama Tu im socialuri situaciis Cveulebrivi monawilis da CarTuli

damkvirveblis rolebi. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT 6 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba58:

1. damkvirvebels ormagi mizani aqvs: Cveulebrivi monawilisagan gansxva-

vebiT, is ara marto monawileobs socialur situaciaSi, aramed Segnebulad da

58 es klasifikacia moyvanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: James P. Spradley. 1980. Op. cit. Pp.

53-58.

53

mizanmimarTulad akvirdeba movlenaTa ganviTarebas, xalxs, maT saqmianobas.

amasTan, mas akisria garkveuli movaleobebi: daakvirdes, Tu rogor viTardeba

movlenebi, CainiSnos da/an daixsomos yvelaferi, rac xdeba, raTa SemdgomSi Tavis

CanawerebSi aRweros movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi.

2. Cveulebrivi adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, damkvirvebelma gaaskecebuli

yuradReba unda gamoiCinos mis garSemo mimdinare movlenebisadmi, raTa SeniSnos

da daixsomos iseTi detalebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv pirobebSi yuradRebas

ar vaqcevT. es garkveul momzadebas moiTxovs. CarTuli dakvirvebisas Cveni miza-

ni unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad araferi dagvrCes yuradRebis gareSe (ra Tqma

unda, yvelafris SeniSvna SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mizani unda

iyos, maqsimalurad gavzardoT dakvirvebuli elementebis raodenoba).

3. cxovrebaSi yvelas gviwevs garkveuli dakvirvebebis Catareba; aseTi

cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebisagan gansxvavebiT, CarTuli damkvirveblis mizani

unda iyos, movlenaTa rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri moaqcios Tavisi dakvirvebis

sferoSi; es miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania,

Seiswavlos socialuri jgufis kulturuli normebi, romlebic araa gamotanili

saaSkaraoze.

4. kidev erTi, SesaZloa, umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba movlenebis rigiT

monawilesa da damkvirvebels Soris isaa, rom damkvirvebeli, imasTan erTad, rom

aris movlenebis monawile, uyurebs am movlenebs gareSe mowmis — “ucxos” —

TvaliT, anu erTsa da imave dros is aris am socialuri situaciis monawilec da

Semswavlelic, romelic ganixilavs situacias, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts. ese

igi, erTsa da imave dros profesiuli damkvirveblebi arian situaciis

monawileebic da gareSe pirebic, romlebic am situacias akvirdebian. mkvlevari

aTviTcnobierebs, rom is ormag rols TamaSobs, da mkafiod ganasxvavebs Tavisi

moqmedebebis “monawileobiT” da “SemecnebiT” mxareebs.

5. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mkvlevari Tavad aris Tavisi kvlevis

instrumenti — mas ar “exmareba” arc kiTxvari, arc sadiskusio gegma an raime sxva

instrumenti. yovel saRamos, savele muSaobis Semdeg, iwyeba kvlevis meore, ara

nakleb mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac man unda gaaanalizos mis mier Segrovebuli

informacia, nanaxi da gagonili, maT Soris — Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebebi, grZno-

bebi, reaqciebi, da azrebi. aseT introspeqcias yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs da is

didad amdidrebs CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mopovebul faqtologiur

masalas. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi adamiani ar eweva Tavisi moqmedebebis da

grZnobebis aseT sistematur da Rrma analizs.

6. da bolos, damkvirvebeli awarmoebs Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegebis dawvri-

lebiT Caweras — esaa iseTi ram, rasac socialuri situaciis nebismieri sxva,

rigiTi monawile arasdros ar akeTebs — Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebs,

vinc regularulad awarmoebs pirad dRiurs. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi, rogorc

wesi, aseTi dRiurebi mimarTulia individis piradi grZnobebis da gamocdile-

bebis aRsawerad da amiT gansxvavdeba savele Canawerebisgan. dakvirvebis Sede-

gebis Cawerasac saTanado codna da gamocdileba sWirdeba, da Cven ganvixilavT

moTxovnebs maTi warmarTvisadmi.

CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba ubralo dakvirvebasTan

SedarebiT isaa, rom aqtorebTan xangrZlivi da mWirdo urTierTobis Sedegad

mkvlevari Zalze mdidar informacias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb; metic, is

Tavad iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze. rogorc

zemoT aRvniSneT, dakvirvebis meTodiT Catarebuli gamokvleva, rogorc wesi,

didxans grZeldeba, da am drois manZilze mkvlevari da aqtorebi Zalauneburad

sakmaod axlos icnoben erTmaneTs. warmatebuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba

SeuZlebelia, Tu mkvlevarma ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, ndobis mopoveba ki

garkveuli pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. rigiT inter-

viuers, romelic maTTvis sruliad ucxo adamiania, respondentebi gacilebiT

naklebi gulaxdilobiT esaubrebian, vidre damkvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, ar

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess; es exeba ara marto

saerTo informacias, aramed, agreTve informacias aqtorebisTvis mgZnobiare

Temebze.

54

es Canaweri gakeTda espaurenovani rok-musikis erT-erT klubSi. Cven vigebT,

rom jorji magidasTan zis, rom Tavidan is inglisurad saubrobda da raRac

momentSi gadavida espanurze. jorjma ar gaacno mkvlevari aravis, vinc

magidasTan ijda. magidasTan saerTo saubari mimdinareobs, romlis drosac

viRacam ikiTxa, romeli jgufi ukravs am dros scenaze; erT-erTi damswreTagani —

ara mkvlevari — akeTebs komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ukravs es

jgufi — “isini ar arian Zalian magrebi”, da mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom es SeniSvna

garkveulwilad bodiSis moxdas niSnavs, imis gamo, rom is iseT klubSi moiyvanes,

sadac jgufi ver ukravs saTanado doneze.

mkvlevari unda ecados, rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT gadmosces Tavis Cana-

werebSi is garemo da dialogebi, romelTa momswrec xdeba. es SeiZleba iyos

pirdapiri naTqvami, perefrazireba an iribi naTqvami. savele CanawerebSi

informantis zusti naTqvami brWyalebSi unda movaTavsoT, perefrazirebuli

sityvebi ki brWyalebis gareSe davweroT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:

2004 wlis ... ivnisi. niu-iorki.

Sexvedraze — metros gaCereba braiton biCi, me-10 aRmosavleTis quCa — Tamazi

zustad wuTi-wuTze movida (saRamos 5 saaTze). Tamazi maRali, daaxlovebiT 1.80

sm. da 32-34 wlisaa. ecva TeTri perangi da lurji jinsebi, tyavis fexsacmeli.

perangis jibeSi uCanda Camel-is kolofi da sanTebela. im drois manZilze, rac

saxlamde mivdiodiT, Cven mivesalmeT da movikiTxeT erTmaneTi da is gamiZRva

Tavisi sacxovrebeli binisken, ufro swored ki im binisken, sadac is sawol-

adgils qiraobda. gzad SevekiTxe, ramdeni welia, rac niu-iorkSi cxovrobda da

aRmoCnda, rom ukve meeqvse weli iyo. “sul aq cxovrobdiT Tu sxva binac gqondaT

naqiravebi?” — “sul aq, rac Camovedi, pirveli dRidan, aqa var”. rogorc aRmoCnda,

masTan erT oTaxSi kidev 3 adamiani cxovrobs, zogi dRisiT muSaobs da zogi

RamiT. “iseTi daRlili movdivar xandaxan samsaxuridan rom Zilis garda arafris

Tavi ara maqvs xolme. ai, movediT kidec”. Cven gaviareT 3 kvartali aRmosaleTiT

da aRmovCndiT TeTrad SeRebili orsarTuliani binis win, romelsac ori

Sesasvleli qonda, win patara kibeebiT. Cven marcxena SesasvlelSi SevediT — “ar

SegeSindeT, cota dasalagebelia aqauroba, mainc, kacebi vcxovrobT yvelani”,

gamotyda Tamazi da kari SeaRo.63

am magaliTSi gamoyenebulia rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi naTqvami,

perefrazi, mocemulia garemos da Tavad informantis aRwera.

mniSvnelovania, rom savele CanawerebSi daTariRebuli iyos yoveli Canaweri.

sasurvelia aseve, miTiTebuli iyos zusti saaTi, rodesac esa Tu is dakvirveba

ganxorcielda, adgili, monawileTa raodenoba, maTi daxasiaTeba — rogorc

eTnografebi amboben, rac meti detalia, miT ukeTesi. aseTi Canawerebi

informaciis mdidari wyaroa, kvlevis savele etapis damTavrebis Semdeg is

exmareba mkvlevars aRadginos grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa,

gavlena iqonies miRebul Sedegebze.

savele Canawerebi sakmaod fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs, radgan isini

calkeuli dakvirvebebis aRweras warmoadgens. magram maTi analizisa da

gadamuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba saboloo naSromi, romelic gamarTulia rogorc

Sinaarsobrivad, aseve stilisturad.

ramdenadac savele Canawerebi mxolod mkvlevrisTvisaa gankuTvnili, maTSi

SeiZleba aqtorebis da informantebis namdvili saxelebis xmareba, magram ro-

desac kvlevis angariSs vamzadebT, yvela saxeli unda Seicvalos ise, rom

SeuZlebeli gaxdes aqtoris identifikacia. zog SemTxvevaSi, aqtorebis

konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT, aucilebelia, agreTve SevcvaloT an saerTod

ar davasaxeloT dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac kvleva Catarda, an organizacia,

sadac vawarmoebdiT dakvirvebas.

63 Tamar zurabiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvlevis savele Canawerebidan.

59

irRveva, vinaidan damkvirvebelisTvis ufro advilia, mokled da “Taviseburad”

gaukeTos Tqmuls perefrazireba. SemdgomSi es mravali Secdomis mizezi xdeba,

rameTu aqtorebis mier gamoynebuli ena maTi kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa, da Tu is ar SevinarCuneT, maSin garkveul

kulturul elementebsac davkargavT.

spradlis mesame rCeva aseTia: dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerisas, iyaviT rac

SeiZleba zusti da konkretuli, movlenebi dawvrilebiT aRwereT, maSinac ki,

rodesac Tqveni STabeWdilebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb laparakobT. es rTulia,

da gacilebiT met dros moiTxovs, vidre mokle “Sejamebebi”, magram saboloo

jamSi swored detalebia, rac yvelaze metad dagvexmareba monacemebis analizis

dros. CanawerebSi araa mizanSewonili, vixmaroT iseTi mecnieruli terminebi,

rogorebicaa “roli”, “socialuri situacia”, “interaqcia”, “kulturuli

strategia”, “socializacia” da sxv. detaluri da konkretuli aRwera imisa, risi

mowmeebic Cven gavxdiT dakvirvebis dros, dagvexmareba davicvaT Tavi winaswari

(da xSirad mcdari) Sejamebebisa da Sefasebebisagan; ra Tqma unda, ganzogadoebebi

saWiro iqneba Cveni Semdgomi muSaobisas, magram es unda moxdes mas Semdeg, rac

ukve SevagrovebT faqtebs.

mklvevari unda ecados, rom gadmogvces ama Tu im movlenis informantiseuli

axsna-ganmartebebi, maT Tavs gadamxdari ambebi, sxvadasxva istoriebi — savele

etapis Catarebis procesSi aqtorebis yuradrebiT mosmenis unari erT-erTi

yvelaze mniSvnelovania.

ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis aRwera savele CanawerebSi yoveldRiurad

unda xdebodes uSualod dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg — winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba dagvaviwydes detalebi da davkargoT bevri faseuli

informacia. dakvirvebis angariSis dawera SeiZleba or etapad moxdes: uSualod

dakvirvebis damTavrebisas iwereba mokle angariSi, Semdeg ki — vrceli. vrceli

angariSis dawerac ar unda gadavdoT Soreuli momavlisaTvis, magram vinaidan

aseTi angariSebis Caweris dasrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro, sanam maT

SevudgebodeT, mizanSewonilia mokle angariSis dawera uSualod dakvirvebis

damTavrebis Semdeg.

vrcel angariSSi damkvirvebels ar unda eSinodes xSiri ganmeorebebis —

piriqiT, Tu movlenebi xSirad meordeba, isini isev da isev unda iqnes aRwerili;

SemdgomSi es mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba ucxo kulturis SecnobaSi. amasTan,

spradli darwmunebulia, rom swored mravalgzis ganmeorebuli dakvirvebebis

aRweris Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari Cawvdes socialuri situaciis mTel

sirTules, romelic pirveli SexedviT mas, SesaZloa, iolic ki eCvena.

detaluri savele Canawerebis regularuli gakeTeba zog SemTxvevaSi

SeuZlebelia, amitom eTnografisTvis aucilebelia kargi mexsierebis qona. mas

unda SeeZlos daimaxsovros adamianebis garegnoba, sakvanZo frazebi, garemo,

Jestebi da sxva. magram mexsierebis srulad ndoba ar SeiZleba. imisaTvis, rom

mkvlevars ar daaviwydes mniSvnelovani movlenebi, man aucileblad unda

ramenairad CainiSnos isini; es SeiZleba ar iyos gamarTuli da Camoyalibebuli

winadadebebi — sakmarisia sakvanZo fraza, an raime sakvanZo detalis mokled

CaniSvna, rom maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkvlevarma SeZlos ama Tu im movlenis

mexsierebaSi aRdgena da detalurad aRwera.

arsebobs aseTi termini — jottings, an jotting notes, rac mokle Canaweris gakTebas

niSavs. es termini Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari iyenebs mxolod

misTvis gasageb Semoklebebs, SeiZleba, figurebs an sqemebs imisaTvis, rom

CainiSnos raime detali Tu movlena. aseTi Canawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxo

pirebs SesaZloa sityvebis uazro nakrebi eCvenos. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi

Canwerebis magaliTi:

jorji=magidasTan aravin ar gamacno

exla marto espanurad saubrobs

saerTo saubari — vin ukravs

“isini ar arian Zalian magrebi” — bodiSi62

62 Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 30.

58

ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, rom gamokvlevis manZilze aqtorebi eCvevian maT

gverdiT damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi qcevis da maTi

saubrebis reaqtiuloba, Sesabamisad, CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli

informacia ufro sando xdeba.

CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis moqmedebs mkvlevaris

emociur mdgomareobaze. rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, obieqturi iyos Tavisi

informatebis mimarT, amis srulad miRweva SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, eTno-

grafiuli kvlevis Sedegad mkvlevrebi xSirad resocializaciis process gadian,

anu eCvevian aqtorebis TvaliT uyuron movlenebs. xSirad mkvlevari rTuli eTi-

kuri dilemis winaSe dgeba — aRweros Tu ara moqmedeba, romelic mis

informantebs cudad daaxasiaTebs? miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari mainc “ucxod”

rCeba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs, Tundac imis gamo, rom is

yovelTvis, nebismieri movlenis dros imaze fiqrobs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is

misi kvlevisTvis, Rirs Tu ara masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da CaniSvna, da a.S.

xSir SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba imitom miiRos monawileoba ama Tu im

RonisZiebaSi, rom mas gadwyvetili aqvs mis Sesaxeb daweros, mniSnvelovnad

miaCnia Tavisi kvlevisTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom rac ar unda ecados

mkvlevari, srulad “Seerwyas” Sesaswavls jgufs, misTvis es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is xels aiRebs Tavis kvlevaze.

bernardi gamoyofs CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcilebis procesSi

mkvlevaris mier gancdili fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebis Tanamimdevrobas:

• pirveli kontaqti;

• kulturuli Soki;

• aRmoCena imisa, rac aSkaraa;

• Sesveneba;

• fokusireba;

• daqancva, meore Sesveneba da gaSmagebuli saqmianoba; da

• muSaobis dasruleba da “saitis” datoveba.59

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevars eufleba Soki, garkveul etapze is

gadaiRleba, gauCndeba Sesvenebis aucilebloba. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad

CarTuli dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan srul CarTvas moiTxovs. bolos, arc iseTi

etapis gamoyofaa SemTxveviTi, rogoricaa “saitis” datoveba — CarTuli

dakvirvebis damTavreba da “saitidan” wasvla cxovrebis mniSvnelovani periodis

damTavrebas niSnavs, da is xSirad mtkivneulia rogorc mkvlevrisTvis,iseve im

aqtorebisaTvis, visTanac man yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi daamyara;

mkvlevarsa da aqtorebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi,

gamokvlevis damTavrebis Semdegac grZeldeba; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac

damkvirvebeli daumegobrda aqtorebs, monaTla maTi Svilebi, da sxv.

CarTuli dakvirveba saboloo jamSi Zalze piradi xasiaTis ganumeorebeli

gamocdilebaa; es ar aris romelime rigiTi meTodi, romelic SeiZleba “vcadoT,

rogor gamogviva” — es aris saqme, romelsac mkvlevari uZRvnis cxovrebis

mniSvnelovan periods. amitomaa, rom bernardi Tvlis, rom garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, “mkvlevari arasodes tovebs saits” — sulierad is iq rCeba. rac ar

unda ecados is, SeuZlebelia informatebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis

SenarCuneba da bevri informanti saboloo jamSi mkvlevris namdvili megobari

xdeba.

59 H. Russell Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.

Third Edition. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp. 356-362.

55

savele Canawerebi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis

da socialuri jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli

normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis

Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis

Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis

Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im

gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa

yofasac Cven SeviswavliT.

CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs

daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli,

kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalizebuli

interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic

daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom

Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis

angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis

unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT,

romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos

gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros

wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze.

mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele

Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu

mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri

savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis

meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele

CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is socialuri realoba, romelsac mkvlevari

Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da

socialuri organizaciis formebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze.

savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols

TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele

Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri

informaciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes.

CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi

kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda

Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve

umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela

detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos.

savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis

Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi,

Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore

midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba

aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da

gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da

praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs

Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba

maTi ukeT warmoebis unari.

dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba

warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli

socialuri situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi.

devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis

aguri da cementia”60. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli

maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani

savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert

emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor

unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar

60 David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107.

56

aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis

Canawerebs unda ewodos “savele Canawerebi”, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan

“dRiurebi” an “Junalebi”, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis

sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa61.

robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele

muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom

arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele

Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari

SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvir-

vebis Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs

da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan

dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi,

problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni

aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis

“obieqturobis” miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis

viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba

rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis “subieqturi” STabeWdilebebis asaxva.

savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian

did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime

mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi

SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu

romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba.

savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania — Tavad mkvlevari.

magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad,

savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed

rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili.

savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo

aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba

mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi

exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac

xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas.

rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs?

pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis

warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda,

upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi

muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki,

rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis

aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba:

• yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena;

• mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, socialuri mecnierebis ena);

• Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.).

mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da

ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac

akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis

damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas

Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros,

SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda

saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris

vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva.

rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es

naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad

61 Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:

The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x.

57

savele Canawerebi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis

da socialuri jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli

normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis

Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis

Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis

Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im

gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa

yofasac Cven SeviswavliT.

CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs

daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli,

kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalizebuli

interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic

daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom

Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis

angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis

unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT,

romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos

gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros

wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze.

mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele

Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu

mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri

savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis

meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele

CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is socialuri realoba, romelsac mkvlevari

Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da

socialuri organizaciis formebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze.

savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols

TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele

Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri

informaciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes.

CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi

kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda

Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve

umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela

detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos.

savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis

Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi,

Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore

midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba

aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da

gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da

praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs

Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba

maTi ukeT warmoebis unari.

dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba

warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli

socialuri situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi.

devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis

aguri da cementia”60. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli

maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani

savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert

emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor

unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar

60 David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107.

56

aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis

Canawerebs unda ewodos “savele Canawerebi”, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan

“dRiurebi” an “Junalebi”, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis

sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa61.

robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele

muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom

arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele

Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari

SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvir-

vebis Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs

da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan

dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi,

problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni

aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis

“obieqturobis” miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis

viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba

rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis “subieqturi” STabeWdilebebis asaxva.

savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian

did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime

mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi

SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu

romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba.

savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania — Tavad mkvlevari.

magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad,

savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed

rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili.

savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo

aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba

mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi

exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac

xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas.

rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs?

pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis

warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda,

upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi

muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki,

rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis

aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba:

• yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena;

• mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, socialuri mecnierebis ena);

• Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.).

mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da

ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac

akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis

damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas

Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros,

SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda

saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris

vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva.

rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es

naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad

61 Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:

The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x.

57

irRveva, vinaidan damkvirvebelisTvis ufro advilia, mokled da “Taviseburad”

gaukeTos Tqmuls perefrazireba. SemdgomSi es mravali Secdomis mizezi xdeba,

rameTu aqtorebis mier gamoynebuli ena maTi kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa, da Tu is ar SevinarCuneT, maSin garkveul

kulturul elementebsac davkargavT.

spradlis mesame rCeva aseTia: dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerisas, iyaviT rac

SeiZleba zusti da konkretuli, movlenebi dawvrilebiT aRwereT, maSinac ki,

rodesac Tqveni STabeWdilebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb laparakobT. es rTulia,

da gacilebiT met dros moiTxovs, vidre mokle “Sejamebebi”, magram saboloo

jamSi swored detalebia, rac yvelaze metad dagvexmareba monacemebis analizis

dros. CanawerebSi araa mizanSewonili, vixmaroT iseTi mecnieruli terminebi,

rogorebicaa “roli”, “socialuri situacia”, “interaqcia”, “kulturuli

strategia”, “socializacia” da sxv. detaluri da konkretuli aRwera imisa, risi

mowmeebic Cven gavxdiT dakvirvebis dros, dagvexmareba davicvaT Tavi winaswari

(da xSirad mcdari) Sejamebebisa da Sefasebebisagan; ra Tqma unda, ganzogadoebebi

saWiro iqneba Cveni Semdgomi muSaobisas, magram es unda moxdes mas Semdeg, rac

ukve SevagrovebT faqtebs.

mklvevari unda ecados, rom gadmogvces ama Tu im movlenis informantiseuli

axsna-ganmartebebi, maT Tavs gadamxdari ambebi, sxvadasxva istoriebi — savele

etapis Catarebis procesSi aqtorebis yuradrebiT mosmenis unari erT-erTi

yvelaze mniSvnelovania.

ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis aRwera savele CanawerebSi yoveldRiurad

unda xdebodes uSualod dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg — winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba dagvaviwydes detalebi da davkargoT bevri faseuli

informacia. dakvirvebis angariSis dawera SeiZleba or etapad moxdes: uSualod

dakvirvebis damTavrebisas iwereba mokle angariSi, Semdeg ki — vrceli. vrceli

angariSis dawerac ar unda gadavdoT Soreuli momavlisaTvis, magram vinaidan

aseTi angariSebis Caweris dasrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro, sanam maT

SevudgebodeT, mizanSewonilia mokle angariSis dawera uSualod dakvirvebis

damTavrebis Semdeg.

vrcel angariSSi damkvirvebels ar unda eSinodes xSiri ganmeorebebis —

piriqiT, Tu movlenebi xSirad meordeba, isini isev da isev unda iqnes aRwerili;

SemdgomSi es mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba ucxo kulturis SecnobaSi. amasTan,

spradli darwmunebulia, rom swored mravalgzis ganmeorebuli dakvirvebebis

aRweris Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari Cawvdes socialuri situaciis mTel

sirTules, romelic pirveli SexedviT mas, SesaZloa, iolic ki eCvena.

detaluri savele Canawerebis regularuli gakeTeba zog SemTxvevaSi

SeuZlebelia, amitom eTnografisTvis aucilebelia kargi mexsierebis qona. mas

unda SeeZlos daimaxsovros adamianebis garegnoba, sakvanZo frazebi, garemo,

Jestebi da sxva. magram mexsierebis srulad ndoba ar SeiZleba. imisaTvis, rom

mkvlevars ar daaviwydes mniSvnelovani movlenebi, man aucileblad unda

ramenairad CainiSnos isini; es SeiZleba ar iyos gamarTuli da Camoyalibebuli

winadadebebi — sakmarisia sakvanZo fraza, an raime sakvanZo detalis mokled

CaniSvna, rom maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkvlevarma SeZlos ama Tu im movlenis

mexsierebaSi aRdgena da detalurad aRwera.

arsebobs aseTi termini — jottings, an jotting notes, rac mokle Canaweris gakTebas

niSavs. es termini Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari iyenebs mxolod

misTvis gasageb Semoklebebs, SeiZleba, figurebs an sqemebs imisaTvis, rom

CainiSnos raime detali Tu movlena. aseTi Canawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxo

pirebs SesaZloa sityvebis uazro nakrebi eCvenos. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi

Canwerebis magaliTi:

jorji=magidasTan aravin ar gamacno

exla marto espanurad saubrobs

saerTo saubari — vin ukravs

“isini ar arian Zalian magrebi” — bodiSi62

62 Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 30.

58

ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, rom gamokvlevis manZilze aqtorebi eCvevian maT

gverdiT damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi qcevis da maTi

saubrebis reaqtiuloba, Sesabamisad, CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli

informacia ufro sando xdeba.

CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis moqmedebs mkvlevaris

emociur mdgomareobaze. rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, obieqturi iyos Tavisi

informatebis mimarT, amis srulad miRweva SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, eTno-

grafiuli kvlevis Sedegad mkvlevrebi xSirad resocializaciis process gadian,

anu eCvevian aqtorebis TvaliT uyuron movlenebs. xSirad mkvlevari rTuli eTi-

kuri dilemis winaSe dgeba — aRweros Tu ara moqmedeba, romelic mis

informantebs cudad daaxasiaTebs? miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari mainc “ucxod”

rCeba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs, Tundac imis gamo, rom is

yovelTvis, nebismieri movlenis dros imaze fiqrobs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is

misi kvlevisTvis, Rirs Tu ara masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da CaniSvna, da a.S.

xSir SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba imitom miiRos monawileoba ama Tu im

RonisZiebaSi, rom mas gadwyvetili aqvs mis Sesaxeb daweros, mniSnvelovnad

miaCnia Tavisi kvlevisTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom rac ar unda ecados

mkvlevari, srulad “Seerwyas” Sesaswavls jgufs, misTvis es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is xels aiRebs Tavis kvlevaze.

bernardi gamoyofs CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcilebis procesSi

mkvlevaris mier gancdili fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebis Tanamimdevrobas:

• pirveli kontaqti;

• kulturuli Soki;

• aRmoCena imisa, rac aSkaraa;

• Sesveneba;

• fokusireba;

• daqancva, meore Sesveneba da gaSmagebuli saqmianoba; da

• muSaobis dasruleba da “saitis” datoveba.59

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevars eufleba Soki, garkveul etapze is

gadaiRleba, gauCndeba Sesvenebis aucilebloba. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad

CarTuli dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan srul CarTvas moiTxovs. bolos, arc iseTi

etapis gamoyofaa SemTxveviTi, rogoricaa “saitis” datoveba — CarTuli

dakvirvebis damTavreba da “saitidan” wasvla cxovrebis mniSvnelovani periodis

damTavrebas niSnavs, da is xSirad mtkivneulia rogorc mkvlevrisTvis,iseve im

aqtorebisaTvis, visTanac man yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi daamyara;

mkvlevarsa da aqtorebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi,

gamokvlevis damTavrebis Semdegac grZeldeba; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac

damkvirvebeli daumegobrda aqtorebs, monaTla maTi Svilebi, da sxv.

CarTuli dakvirveba saboloo jamSi Zalze piradi xasiaTis ganumeorebeli

gamocdilebaa; es ar aris romelime rigiTi meTodi, romelic SeiZleba “vcadoT,

rogor gamogviva” — es aris saqme, romelsac mkvlevari uZRvnis cxovrebis

mniSvnelovan periods. amitomaa, rom bernardi Tvlis, rom garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, “mkvlevari arasodes tovebs saits” — sulierad is iq rCeba. rac ar

unda ecados is, SeuZlebelia informatebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis

SenarCuneba da bevri informanti saboloo jamSi mkvlevris namdvili megobari

xdeba.

59 H. Russell Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.

Third Edition. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp. 356-362.

55

mizanmimarTulad akvirdeba movlenaTa ganviTarebas, xalxs, maT saqmianobas.

amasTan, mas akisria garkveuli movaleobebi: daakvirdes, Tu rogor viTardeba

movlenebi, CainiSnos da/an daixsomos yvelaferi, rac xdeba, raTa SemdgomSi Tavis

CanawerebSi aRweros movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi.

2. Cveulebrivi adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, damkvirvebelma gaaskecebuli

yuradReba unda gamoiCinos mis garSemo mimdinare movlenebisadmi, raTa SeniSnos

da daixsomos iseTi detalebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv pirobebSi yuradRebas

ar vaqcevT. es garkveul momzadebas moiTxovs. CarTuli dakvirvebisas Cveni miza-

ni unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad araferi dagvrCes yuradRebis gareSe (ra Tqma

unda, yvelafris SeniSvna SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mizani unda

iyos, maqsimalurad gavzardoT dakvirvebuli elementebis raodenoba).

3. cxovrebaSi yvelas gviwevs garkveuli dakvirvebebis Catareba; aseTi

cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebisagan gansxvavebiT, CarTuli damkvirveblis mizani

unda iyos, movlenaTa rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri moaqcios Tavisi dakvirvebis

sferoSi; es miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania,

Seiswavlos socialuri jgufis kulturuli normebi, romlebic araa gamotanili

saaSkaraoze.

4. kidev erTi, SesaZloa, umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba movlenebis rigiT

monawilesa da damkvirvebels Soris isaa, rom damkvirvebeli, imasTan erTad, rom

aris movlenebis monawile, uyurebs am movlenebs gareSe mowmis — “ucxos” —

TvaliT, anu erTsa da imave dros is aris am socialuri situaciis monawilec da

Semswavlelic, romelic ganixilavs situacias, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts. ese

igi, erTsa da imave dros profesiuli damkvirveblebi arian situaciis

monawileebic da gareSe pirebic, romlebic am situacias akvirdebian. mkvlevari

aTviTcnobierebs, rom is ormag rols TamaSobs, da mkafiod ganasxvavebs Tavisi

moqmedebebis “monawileobiT” da “SemecnebiT” mxareebs.

5. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mkvlevari Tavad aris Tavisi kvlevis

instrumenti — mas ar “exmareba” arc kiTxvari, arc sadiskusio gegma an raime sxva

instrumenti. yovel saRamos, savele muSaobis Semdeg, iwyeba kvlevis meore, ara

nakleb mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac man unda gaaanalizos mis mier Segrovebuli

informacia, nanaxi da gagonili, maT Soris — Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebebi, grZno-

bebi, reaqciebi, da azrebi. aseT introspeqcias yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs da is

didad amdidrebs CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mopovebul faqtologiur

masalas. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi adamiani ar eweva Tavisi moqmedebebis da

grZnobebis aseT sistematur da Rrma analizs.

6. da bolos, damkvirvebeli awarmoebs Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegebis dawvri-

lebiT Caweras — esaa iseTi ram, rasac socialuri situaciis nebismieri sxva,

rigiTi monawile arasdros ar akeTebs — Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebs,

vinc regularulad awarmoebs pirad dRiurs. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi, rogorc

wesi, aseTi dRiurebi mimarTulia individis piradi grZnobebis da gamocdile-

bebis aRsawerad da amiT gansxvavdeba savele Canawerebisgan. dakvirvebis Sede-

gebis Cawerasac saTanado codna da gamocdileba sWirdeba, da Cven ganvixilavT

moTxovnebs maTi warmarTvisadmi.

CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba ubralo dakvirvebasTan

SedarebiT isaa, rom aqtorebTan xangrZlivi da mWirdo urTierTobis Sedegad

mkvlevari Zalze mdidar informacias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb; metic, is

Tavad iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze. rogorc

zemoT aRvniSneT, dakvirvebis meTodiT Catarebuli gamokvleva, rogorc wesi,

didxans grZeldeba, da am drois manZilze mkvlevari da aqtorebi Zalauneburad

sakmaod axlos icnoben erTmaneTs. warmatebuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba

SeuZlebelia, Tu mkvlevarma ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, ndobis mopoveba ki

garkveuli pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. rigiT inter-

viuers, romelic maTTvis sruliad ucxo adamiania, respondentebi gacilebiT

naklebi gulaxdilobiT esaubrebian, vidre damkvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, ar

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess; es exeba ara marto

saerTo informacias, aramed, agreTve informacias aqtorebisTvis mgZnobiare

Temebze.

54

es Canaweri gakeTda espaurenovani rok-musikis erT-erT klubSi. Cven vigebT,

rom jorji magidasTan zis, rom Tavidan is inglisurad saubrobda da raRac

momentSi gadavida espanurze. jorjma ar gaacno mkvlevari aravis, vinc

magidasTan ijda. magidasTan saerTo saubari mimdinareobs, romlis drosac

viRacam ikiTxa, romeli jgufi ukravs am dros scenaze; erT-erTi damswreTagani —

ara mkvlevari — akeTebs komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ukravs es

jgufi — “isini ar arian Zalian magrebi”, da mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom es SeniSvna

garkveulwilad bodiSis moxdas niSnavs, imis gamo, rom is iseT klubSi moiyvanes,

sadac jgufi ver ukravs saTanado doneze.

mkvlevari unda ecados, rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT gadmosces Tavis Cana-

werebSi is garemo da dialogebi, romelTa momswrec xdeba. es SeiZleba iyos

pirdapiri naTqvami, perefrazireba an iribi naTqvami. savele CanawerebSi

informantis zusti naTqvami brWyalebSi unda movaTavsoT, perefrazirebuli

sityvebi ki brWyalebis gareSe davweroT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:

2004 wlis ... ivnisi. niu-iorki.

Sexvedraze — metros gaCereba braiton biCi, me-10 aRmosavleTis quCa — Tamazi

zustad wuTi-wuTze movida (saRamos 5 saaTze). Tamazi maRali, daaxlovebiT 1.80

sm. da 32-34 wlisaa. ecva TeTri perangi da lurji jinsebi, tyavis fexsacmeli.

perangis jibeSi uCanda Camel-is kolofi da sanTebela. im drois manZilze, rac

saxlamde mivdiodiT, Cven mivesalmeT da movikiTxeT erTmaneTi da is gamiZRva

Tavisi sacxovrebeli binisken, ufro swored ki im binisken, sadac is sawol-

adgils qiraobda. gzad SevekiTxe, ramdeni welia, rac niu-iorkSi cxovrobda da

aRmoCnda, rom ukve meeqvse weli iyo. “sul aq cxovrobdiT Tu sxva binac gqondaT

naqiravebi?” — “sul aq, rac Camovedi, pirveli dRidan, aqa var”. rogorc aRmoCnda,

masTan erT oTaxSi kidev 3 adamiani cxovrobs, zogi dRisiT muSaobs da zogi

RamiT. “iseTi daRlili movdivar xandaxan samsaxuridan rom Zilis garda arafris

Tavi ara maqvs xolme. ai, movediT kidec”. Cven gaviareT 3 kvartali aRmosaleTiT

da aRmovCndiT TeTrad SeRebili orsarTuliani binis win, romelsac ori

Sesasvleli qonda, win patara kibeebiT. Cven marcxena SesasvlelSi SevediT — “ar

SegeSindeT, cota dasalagebelia aqauroba, mainc, kacebi vcxovrobT yvelani”,

gamotyda Tamazi da kari SeaRo.63

am magaliTSi gamoyenebulia rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi naTqvami,

perefrazi, mocemulia garemos da Tavad informantis aRwera.

mniSvnelovania, rom savele CanawerebSi daTariRebuli iyos yoveli Canaweri.

sasurvelia aseve, miTiTebuli iyos zusti saaTi, rodesac esa Tu is dakvirveba

ganxorcielda, adgili, monawileTa raodenoba, maTi daxasiaTeba — rogorc

eTnografebi amboben, rac meti detalia, miT ukeTesi. aseTi Canawerebi

informaciis mdidari wyaroa, kvlevis savele etapis damTavrebis Semdeg is

exmareba mkvlevars aRadginos grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa,

gavlena iqonies miRebul Sedegebze.

savele Canawerebi sakmaod fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs, radgan isini

calkeuli dakvirvebebis aRweras warmoadgens. magram maTi analizisa da

gadamuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba saboloo naSromi, romelic gamarTulia rogorc

Sinaarsobrivad, aseve stilisturad.

ramdenadac savele Canawerebi mxolod mkvlevrisTvisaa gankuTvnili, maTSi

SeiZleba aqtorebis da informantebis namdvili saxelebis xmareba, magram ro-

desac kvlevis angariSs vamzadebT, yvela saxeli unda Seicvalos ise, rom

SeuZlebeli gaxdes aqtoris identifikacia. zog SemTxvevaSi, aqtorebis

konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT, aucilebelia, agreTve SevcvaloT an saerTod

ar davasaxeloT dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac kvleva Catarda, an organizacia,

sadac vawarmoebdiT dakvirvebas.

63 Tamar zurabiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvlevis savele Canawerebidan.

59

monacemTa analizi

CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis damuSaveba eyrdnoba savele Canawerebs da

kvlevis procesSi Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebul informacias.

vinaidan CarTuli dakvirvebis manZilze Catarebuli yvela intervius

audioCawera ar xerxdeba, zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari eydnoba intervius Sedegad

xeliT gakeTebul Canawerebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — transkriptebs.

analizis procesSi mkvlevarma Zalian vrceli masala unda Seiswavlos — am

masalis umravlesoba mis mieraa Segrovebuli xangrZlivi savele muSaobis

procesSi; sakuTari savele Canawerebis Seswavlis dros mkvlevari gamoyofs im

detalebs, SemTxvevebs, faqtebs da citatebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania Sesaswavl

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs, gaakeTos daskvnebi Seswavlili socialuri

urTierTobebis specifikisa da aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis Sesaxeb.

monacemTa analizis saboloo mizani unda iyos kvleviT kiTxvebze pasuxis

gacema, magram ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi kiTxvebis saboloo

dazusteba savele muSaobis Catarebis procesSi xdeba, bunebrivia, rom adreuli

Canawerebi am miznisTvis SedarebiT naklebad gamosadegi iqneba. magram es

Canawerebi SeiZleba gamodges imis asaRwerad, Tu rogor moxda kvlevis fokusis

gamoyofa, Tu isini Seicaven informacias im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelmac ubiZga

mkvlevars, garkveuli mimarTulebiT waremarTa kvleva.

rogorc analitikuri strategiis magaliTi, sainteresoa uiliam f. uaiTis

mier gakeTebuli analizi imisa, Tu rogoria erT-erTi amerikuli qalaqis

italiur ubanSi arsebuli dajgufebis Sida struqtura, ra aris am jgufis

lideris avtoritetis safuZvels.64

CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis Sejameba, maTi analizis saboloo Sedegi,

rogorc wesi, aris monografia, sadac ganxilulia kvlevis savele etapi da

moyvanilia miRebuli daskvnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarTulad weris unari

saWiro da aucilebelia ara mxolod savele muSaobis yvela etapze, aramed,

agreTve miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros, Sualeduri Tu daskvniTi

angariSis/monografiis daweris mizniT.

davaleba:

wadiT sajaro biblioTekaSi, SeukveTeT wignebi da daakvirdiT iq

myof/misul adamianebs da situaciebs 3 saaTis manZilze. dakvirvebis

dasrulebisTanave gaakeTeT detaluri Canawerebi.


o H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant Observation”).

o Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

o David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.

o Roger Sanjek, ed. 1990. Fieldnotes. The Making of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

o James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.

o John Van Maanen. 1988. Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

o William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

64 William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

60

gegmis) mixedviT. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi saWiroa erTi

Temisadmi miZRvnili mTeli rigi formaluri interviuebis Catareba.

interviuebis gamoyenebasTan erTad, CarTuli dakvirvebis erT-erTi umniS-

vnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli niSania mkvlevrebis mWidro TanamSromloba infor-

mantebTan.

informanti, anu Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, exmareba mkvlevars ama

Tu im jgufis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis SeswavlaSi da jgufSi arsebuli

wesebisa da normebis gagebaSi; swored is uadvilebs mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevas,

acnobs xalxs. informantebis gareSe Cven gagviWirdeba SeviswavloT movlenebi,

romelTa mowmeebic vxdebiT. informantis roli gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani

xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobs, romlis

warmomadgenelTa enac man ar icis. am SemTxvevaSi informanti, rogorc wesi,

Tarjimnis funqciebsac kisrulobs xolme, da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze

erTiorad izrdeba.

informantebis SerCeva ioli ar aris, vinaidan kargi informanti mTel rig

moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos Sesaswavli kul-

turis warmomadgeneli, romelic kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas. sasurvelia,

es iyos komunikabeluri pirovneba, vinc dainteresdeba gamokvleviT da mTeli

gulisyuriT CaerTveba masSi; rac mTavaria, mas unda hqondes survili, rom

daexmaros mkvlevars. garda amisa, mas dadebiTad unda uyurebdnen Sesaswavl

jgufSi, ukeTesia, Tu is garkveuli avtoritetiTac sargeblobs. bevri mkvlevari

Tvlis, rom karg informants Seswevs Zala, Cveni “maswavlebeli” gaxdes CvenTvis

ucxo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, informanti ar

unda gaxdes erTaderTi pirovneba, vis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda

mivaniWoT — Tu es moxdeba, maSin kvlevas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. xolo

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informanti Tarjimnis rolsac TamaSobs, ufro izrdeba imis

saSiSroeba, rom is “gafiltravs” aqtorebis naTqvams da mxolod im informacias

gadaTargmnis, romelic mas miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, amitom, sasurvelia, rom

mkvlevarma rac SeiZleba male moaxerxos im enis Seswavla, romelzec mas uwevs

kvlevis Catareba.

magram informanti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos socialur mecni-

erebaTa specialisti, adamiani, vinc Seecdeba mecnieruli terminebiT agvixsnas

mimdinare movlenebi — Cven gvWirdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani, Sesaswavli jgufis

rigiTi wevri, SesaZloa, sxvebze ufro xalisiani da gonebagaxsnili, magram

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mecnieri; Cven gvesaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man

Tavisive eniT unda agvixsnas yvelaferi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eniT, da ara

samecniero kategoriebis gamoyenebiT.

rac unda kargi iyos informanti, misi brmad ndoba ar SeiZleba — rogorc am

kulturis warmomadgenels, mas SeiZleba gauCndes survili, met-naklebed

Sealamazos faqtebi, an ar gamoitanos saaSkaraoze cxovrebis is elementebi,

romlebic miaCnia samarcxvinod, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi arasatrabaxod.

rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis mkvlevars ramdenime infor-

manti sWirdeba xolme, romelTa Sorisac arian ZiriTadi, mTavari (key informant) da

“damatebiTi” informantebi. informantebis SerCeva, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba da

arc unda iyos reprezentatuli. Tumca garegnulad mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs,

xSirad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aqtorebisgan, sinamdvileSi mas sruliad

gansxvavebeli roli aqvs da, garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs — erTi

mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magram

amave dros is regularulad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa

Seiswavlos misi wesebi; is cxovrobs, raTa Seiswavlos. amitom mniSvnelovania

ganvasxvavoT ama Tu im socialuri situaciis Cveulebrivi monawilis da CarTuli

damkvirveblis rolebi. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT 6 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba58:

1. damkvirvebels ormagi mizani aqvs: Cveulebrivi monawilisagan gansxva-

vebiT, is ara marto monawileobs socialur situaciaSi, aramed Segnebulad da

58 es klasifikacia moyvanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: James P. Spradley. 1980. Op. cit. Pp.

53-58.

53

warmatebuli fokusirebuli dakvirveba moiTxovs gasaubrebas Sesaswavli

kulturis warmomadgenlebTan, raTa SevZloT ama Tu im movlenebis axsna TviT am

kulturis warmomadgenelTa TvaliT. aseTi interviuebis Sedegad miRebuli

komentarebis gareSe zogi moqmedeba SeiZleba Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCes, an

uazro da SemTxveviTi gveCvenos, maSin rodesac am kulturis wamomadgenlebis

TvalSi mas garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Tumca

damkvirvebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom adamianebi racionalurad moqmedeben, es

yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.

SerCeviTi dakvirveba (selective observation) dakvirvebis bolo etapia da moiTxovs

damkvirveblis yuradRebis sferos kidev ufro dazustebas da SezRudvas,

fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze gamoyofili Seswavlis erTeulebis ama Tu im

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Seswavlas. magaliTad, Tu restoranSi oficiantebis

saqcielis Seswavla aRweriTi dakvirvebis sagania, maT mier klientebisagan dama-

tebiTi gasamrjelos miRebis xerxebi (magidis SerCeva klientisaTvis; daxmareba

menius SerCevaSi, da sxv.) SeiZleba gaxdes fokusirebuli dakvirvebis sagani,

xolo am xerxebis SedarebiTi efeqturobis dadgena — SerCveviTi dakvirvebis

sagani. anu mklevaris interesi garkveulwilad viwrovdeba, sanam is aRweriTi dak-

virvebidan SerCeviTamde miva. SerCeviTi dakvirveba aucileblad moiTxovs

interviuebis Catarebas Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan maTi Sexe-

dulebebis da komentarebis miRebis mizniT, raTa daskvnebis gamotanisas ar iqnes

ugulebelyofili mniSvnelovani niuansebi, romlebis gagebac mxolod am xer-

xiTaa SesaZlebeli.

dakvirvebis samive etapi, rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ganxor-

cielebuli Tanamimdevruli etapebia, Tumca SesaZloa, rom kvleva mxolod

aRweriTi dakvirvebiT Semoifarglos. yvelaze xSirad es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu

sakiTxis sawyis SeswavlasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac mkvlevari jer ar aris

darwmunebuli, Tu ra iqneba misi kvlevis sagani da problema, an Tu dakvirveba

gamoiyeneba rogorc damxmare meTodi kompleqsuri kvlevis farglebSi.

Tu aRweriTi dakvirvebis etapze mkvlevari SeiZleba sakuTari miznebis

gamJRavnebis gareSe muSaobdes, fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze is Zalaunebu-

rad amJRavnebs Tavs rogorc mkvlevari; xolo SerCeviTi dakvirvebis etapze is

ukve am situaciis monawile xdeba. dakvirvebis SerCeviTi etapis yvelaze mniS-

vnelovan damaxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba mkvlevris mier kontrastruli

Sedarebebis da kontrastuli SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan am etapze misi

mizania kulturul situaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamomJRavneba.

nebismieri Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebisas, gansakuTrebiT ki dakvirvebis

SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu muSaobis procesSi gamoCndeba axali

Temebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyos Cveni gamokvlevisTvis, da

mzad unda viyoT, CavrToT es Temebi Cveni muSaobis procesSi, zog SemTxvevaSi —

SevcvaloT kvlevis fokusi.

CarTuli dakvirveba warmoudgenelia mkvlevaris mier damatebiTi kvleviTi

teqnikebis, kerZod, intervius sxvadasxva saxeobis gamoynebis gareSe. CarTuli

dakvirvebis procesSi SeiZleba gamovyoT intervius ori ZiriTadi saxeoba:

formalizebuli da araformalizebuli.

araformalizebulia yvela is interviu, romelic tardeba moumzadeblad,

CarTuli dakvirvebis dros aqtorebTan urTierTobis damyarebis an ganmtkicebis

procesSi, an aqtorebisagan damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis mizniT, rodesac

damkvirvebeli grZnobs, rom misTvis araa srulad gasagebi im movlenebis

mniSvneloba, romlebsac is akvirdeba. aseTi interviuebi araa struqturirebuli

da, rogorc wesi, araa winaswar SeTanxmebuli da dagegmili — isini Cveulebriv

gasaubrebas ufro hgavs da maTi Cawera diqtofonze yovelTvis ar xdeba, Tumca

mis msvlelobaSi damkvirvebelma SesaZloa (da sasurvelicaa) gaakeTos

Canawerebi. magram, miuxedavad maTi “moumzadeblobisa”, araformalizebuli

interviuebi informaciis Zalze mniSvnelovani wyaroa.

formalizebuli interviu mkvlevarsa da aqtors Soris winaswari molapa-

rakebis da SeTanxmebis Sedegia; aseTi interviuebi tardeba winaswar daTqmul

drosa da adgilas da xdeba maTi Cawera audiokasetaze. es interviu Zalze waagavs

siRrmiseul intervius da tardeba winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis (sadiskusio

52

Tema 5.

monografiuli gamokvleva

iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis umaravlesoba, monografiuli gamokvle-

vac Tavdapirvelad antropologebis mier iqna SemuSavebuli da maTi gamoc-

dilebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad damkvidrda socialur mecnierebebSi. erT-

erTi pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac es meTodi gamoiyena, iyo cnobili britaneli

antropologi bronoslav malinovski (1884-1942 ww.). Tumca, garkveulwilad

SeiZleba monografiul gamokvlevad miviCnioT agreTve 1890-iani wlebis bolos

londonSi Carlz butis mier Catarebuli siRaribis cnobili gamokvleva,

romelic erT-erT pirvel socialur gamokvlevad iTvleba msoflioSi da ara aqvs

kavSiri antropologiasTan.

monografiuli gamokvleva sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo frangul mecniereba-

Sic, sadac is klod levi-strosis da frederik le pleis saxels ukavSirdeba.

miiCnevda ra, rom sazogadoebis Seswavlis mizniT saWiroa misi sakvanZo elementis

SerCeva, sadac yvelaze aSkarad gamoikveTeba am sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebebi, le pleim sazogadoebebis Seswavla muSaTa ojaxebis Seswavlis

meSveobiT gadawyvita. le pleis da mis mimdevarTa naSromebSi yvelaze xSirad

gamoiyeneboda informaciis Segrovebis iseTi meTodebi, rogorebicaa dakvirveba,

interviu da samTavrobo organoebis mier Segrovebul monacemTa Seswavla.

monografiuli gamokvlevis ganviTarebaSi didi roli iTamaSes Cikagos so-

ciologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebma. sociologiaSi swored maT daamkvidres

mkvlevris xangrZlivi droiT dasaxlebis tradicia aqtorebis gverdiT, da

maTTvis saintereso fenomenis mravalmxrivi siRrmiseuli Seswavla.

meTodis aRwera

monografiuli gamokvleva65 calkeuli SemTxevis, Temis an socialuri jgufis

siRrmiseuli da yovelmxrivi Seswavlaa mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli yvela

saSualebis meSveobiT, romelTa Soris umniSnvelovanesia CarTuli dakvirveba.

saerTod, CarTul dakvirvebasa da monografiul gamokvlevas Soris imdeni

saerTo elementia, rom zogjer isini gaigivebulicaa erTmaneTTan; miuxedavad

amisa, monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi mkvlevaris xelT kvlevis Catarebis

ufro mdidari da mravalferovani saSualebebia, vidre CarTuli dakvirvebis

Catarebis dros, Tumca es ukanasknelic kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi elementia.

monografiuli gamokvlevis mTavar upiratesobad iTvleba mis mier

problemis siRrmisulad da mravalmxriv Seswavlis unari. am meTods, iseve

rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv meTodebs, safuZvlad udevs maqs veberis saxelTan

dakavSirebuli “interpretaciuli sociologiis” principebi, romelic miznad

isaxavs socialuri agentebis moqmedebaTa sazrisSi Cawvdomas. monografiuli

gamokvlevis Sesaxeb tradiciuli warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mkvlevari Seiswavlis ama

Tu im socialur erTobas masSi “CaZirvis” meSveobiT. am “CaZirvis” Sedegad

mkvlevari ukeT ecnoba Sesaswavli jgufis cxovrebas, iziarebs misi wevrebis

yofas da saSualeba eZleva, maTi TvaliT Sexedos samyaros.

mkvlevris muSaoba iwyeba misi “saitSi” CasvliT da pirveli kontaqtebis

damyarebiT Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan. aseT gamokvlevebSi, ra Tqma

unda, Zalian mniSvnelovania CarTuli dakvirvebis roli; muSaobis warmateba

didad aris damokidebuli kargi informantebis povnaze.

savele muSaobis dros aucilebeli moTxovnaa, mkvlevari imyofebodes

“saitze” sakmoad xangrZlivi drois manZilze, respondentebTan erTad icxovros

da gaiziaros maTi yofis yvela elementi. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ara

marto uSualo urTierToba daamyaros aqtorebTan da ufro Rrmad Seiswavlos

maTi cxovreba, aramed, agreTve moipovos maTi ndoba.

65 qarTul enaze jer ar aris damkvidrebuli inglisuri “case-study”-s Sesabamisi termini.

mis qarTul Sesatyvisad Cven vxmarobT termins “monografiuli gamokvleva”, Tumca

misi zusti Targmani “SemTxvevis Seswavla” iqneba.

61

xangrZlivi savele muSaoba Sedgeba, erTi mxriv, pirveli SexedviT Cveu-

lebrivi yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan, romelsac mkvlevari aqtorebTan erTad

iziarebs, eswreba maT Sexverdebs, muSaobs maT gverdiT, saubrobs maTTan,

isvenebs maTTan erTad da a.S., xolo meore mxriv — yoveldRiuri angariSebis

Sedgenisgan, sadac rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli yovelive is, rasac

mkvlevari akvirdeboda da rac man Seityo dRis manZilze. yovelive es Zalian

mkacr TviTdisciplinas, sakuTari Tavis moqmedebebis kontrols da drois

optimalurad ganawilebis unars moiTxvos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac

mkvlevari marto muSaobs.

monografiuli gamokvleva SeiZleba Caataros rogorc erTma mkvlevarma,

aseve mkvlevarTa jgufma. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa gamokvlevis Zalian

maRal doneze organizeba, raTa kvleviTi jgufis wevrebi marTlac erTsa da imave

sakiTxze muSaobdnen, da miRebuli iqnes Sedegebi, romelTa Sedarebac SemdgomSi

SesaZlebeli iqneba. Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevebi individualur

kvleviT proeqtebs warmoadgenda, da dRemde SeimCneva tendencia, es kvleviTi

midgoma erTi mkvlevris mier iqnes gamoyenebuli.

monografiuli gamokvlevis Catarebis procesSi mkvlevari arasodes

yabuldeba informaciis Segrovebis mxolod erT meTods, aramed ramdenime

urTierTSemavsebel meTodikas gamoiyenebs, romlebic Sesaswavli problemis

gansxvavebul mxareebs gamoavlenen. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, dakvirveba da

sxvadasxva saxis interviu, dokumentebis analizi, fokus-jgufi; es SeiZleba iyos,

agreTve saarqivo sabuTebis Seswavla, piradi werilebi da/an dRiurebi, aseve —

fotosuraTebi da sxv. sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs gamokvlevis

Sedegebis sandoobis gazrdas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania Tvisebrivi meTodebiT

Catarebuli yvela gamokvlevisaTvis. arcTu iSviaTad, Sesaswavli Temis Sesaxeb

sruli informaciis miRebis mizniT mkvlevrebi mimarTaven mosaxleobis aRweras

an gamokiTxvas ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi mravalmeToduri midgoma

axasiTebda jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria iahodas,

pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebul gamokvlevas, romlis Temac

umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.66 es gamokvleva Catarda

sofelSi, romlis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba struqturuli cvlilebebis

Sedegad umuSevari darCa. mkvlevarTa mizani mosaxleobaze umuSevrobis gavlenis

Seswavla iyo, rac maT iseTi gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT ganaxor-

cieles, rogorebicaa raodenobrivi monacemebis Segroveba da situaciaSi

“CarTva”. am gamokvlevis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli angariSis dasawyisSive

mkvlevrebs moyavT Tavisi infomaciis wyaroebis sruli sia:

“saojaxo dosie: marientalSi mcxovrebi 478-ve ojaxis yvela wevris Sesaxeb

Segrovebuli iqna detaluri da vrceli informacia: maTi piradi monacemebi, umuSevrobis

Semweobis saxeoba, da sxva. dosie Seicavda agreTve srul informacias sacxovrebeli

pirobebis, ojaxuri cxovrebis, ojaxSi Sromis ganawilebis Sesaxeb da a.S. damatebiT,

yvela ojaxSi Cveni TxovniT avsebdnen saojaxo dRiurs.

cxovrebis istoriebi: Cven CaviwereT 32 mamakacis da 30 qalis detaluri cxovrebis

istoria. am istoriebis mniSvneloba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isini

adamianis mTel cxovrebas asaxaven. rodesac am adamianebma umuSevrobis Sesaxeb daiwyes

laparaki, maTi Txroba ukve mimdinareobda. maTTvis ufro ioli iyo umuSevrobis

gamocdilebis aRwera, vinaidan am droisaTvis maT ukve moyolili hqondaT Tavisi

cxovrebis wina periodis Sesaxeb, romelic maTTvis Sedarebebis safuZvels warmoadgenda.

Cven rom pirdapir maTi axlandeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb dagvesva kiTxvebi, Sedegad

SeiZleba moridebuli siCume an arafrismTqmeli saerTo frazebi migveRo.

drois grafikebi: 80 adamianma Seavso kiTxvari, romelSic aRweres, Tu rogor

gaatares Tavisi cxovrebis erTi dRe.

angariSebi da Civilebi: Cven SeviswavleT ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze venis

noiStatis olqis samrewvelo komisiaSi wardgenili angariSebi da Civilebi (marientali am

olqSi Sedis).

66 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed

Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.

62

rodesac mkvlevari Tavidanve acnobs aqtorebs Tavis vinaobas da miznebs, da

gaumJRavnebeli (ingl. covert), romlis drosac aqtorebisTvis ucnobia, rom saqme

aqvT mkvlevarTan — isini mas aRiqvamen, rogorc socialuri situaciis rigiT

monawiles. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaumJRavnebeli dakvrivebis warmoebas Tavisi

upiratesobebi aqvs (upirveles yovlisa, aRar gvaqvs saqme reaqtiulobis

problemasTan), is Zalze seriozul eTikur problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli,

vinaidan misi warmoebis dros Segnebulad xdeba aqtorebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.

amasTan, mkvlevari mudam “gamomJRavnebis” saSiSroebis winaSea — yovelTvis aris

imis SesaZlebloba, rom romelime aqtori Seityobs mis namdvil vinaobas, an vinmes

xelSi Cauvardeba mis mier kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli Canawerebi.

gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac SeuZle-

belia ama Tu im jgufis Seswavla sxvagvarad, rodesac kvlevis erTaderT

saSualebas gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens; arcTu iSviaTad,

mkvlevari ase Seiswavlis daxurul jgufebs, maT Soris — kriminalur

dajgufebebs. magram Tu mkvlevari kriminaluri dajgufebis wevri xdeba kvlevis

Catarebis mizniT da ar miaCnia mizanSewonilad Tavisi namdvili vinaobis gam-

JRavneba, maSin is iZulebulia, monawileoba miiRos am jgufis kanonsawinaaRmdego

qmedebebSi; garda amisa, mas eqneba informacia dagegmili qurdobis/Zarcvis/yaCa-

Robis Sesaxeb. rogor unda moiqces is aseT SemTxvevebSi? am sakiTxis gadawyveta

Zalian rTulia, imitom rom Tu is Seatyobinebs policias aseT informacias, maSin

iZulebuli gaxdeba Sewyvitos kvleva, xolo Tu Tavs Seikavebs am informaciis

gamxelisagan, maSin damnaSaveTa Tanamonawile xdeba.

CarTuli dakvirvebis sami etapi gamoiyofa — aRweriTi, fokusirebuli da

SerCeviTi dakvirveba.56

mkvlevari axorcielebs aRweriT dakvirvebas (descriptive observation) kvlevis

sawyis etapze, rodesac mas jer ara aqvs gadawyvetili, socialuri realobis

konkretulad romel aspeqtebze gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas. amitom am etapze is

“yvelafers akvirdeba”, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvelafris dakvirveba sinamdvileSi

SeuZlebelia. aRweriTi dakvirveba dakvirvebis pirveli, sacdeli etapia, romlis

msvlelobaSic mkvlevari cdilobs, gaerkves arsebul socialur situaciaSi da

Seiqmnas saerTo warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu “ra xdeba aq”. aRweriTi dakvirvebis

meSveobiT SesaZlebelia pasuxi gavceT mkvlevaris winaSe mdgar aRweriT

kiTxvebze57, romlebic saerTo xasiaTis informaciis miRebas isaxavs miznad.

warmovidginoT, rom es esaa daviwyeT dakvirvebis Catareba sasamarTloSi da

gvsurs SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba garkveuli tipis saqmeebis warmoeba.

dakvirvebis aRweriT etapze Cven SevZlebT mxolod Zalian saerTo doneze

aRvweroT, Tu rogor iqceva sasamrTlo darbazSi xalxi; ra Temebs exeboda Cvens

mier mosmenili saubrebi, ra tipis saqmeebis ganxilva mimdinareobs, romeli

saqmeebi iwvevs yvelaze did interess da a.S.

aRweriT dakvirvebas ar SeuZlia met-naklebad mniSvnelovani Sedegebi

mogvces — misi erTaderTi mizania, dagvexmaros dakvirvebis fokusis dadgenaSi —

xSirad es xdeba eqspertebTan da/an Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan

konsultaciebis meSveobiT, romlebic eyrdnoba aRweriTi dakvirvebis dros

Segrovil masalas.

dakvirvebis fokusis SerCeva da misi Semdgomi dazusteba, anu saboloo jamSi

im situaciis SerCeva, romelic Cveni Seswavlis “fokusSi” moeqceva, yovelTvis

konkretuli gamokvlevis miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinareobs. fokusis

SerCevaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos socialuri situaciis

monawileebTan gasaubrebis Sedegad miRebulma informaciam, maTma komentarebma.

fokusirebuli dakvirveba (focused observation) dakvirvebis meore etapia,

rodesac mkvlevars ukve gamokveTili aqvs Seswavlis konkretuli erTeulebi.

dakvirvebis fokusireba Zalauneburad iwvevs socialuri situaciis im

elementebis ignorirebas, romlebic ar warmoadgens Seswavlis uSualo interess.

56 James P. Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 33-34. 57 jeims spradlis mohyavs aRweriTi kiTxvebis yvela SesaZlo tipis cxrili (ix. James

Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 82-83).

51

“ubralo” dakvirveba Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari saerTod ar

iRebs monawileobas socialur situaciaSi — magaliTad, is zis kafeSi da mxolod

akvirdeba im movlenebs, romlebic iq viTardeba.

amis sapirispirod, socialur situaciaSi sruli CarTva Seesabameba CarTul

dakvirvebas (participant observation), romlis drosac mkvlevari ar rCeba gare

damkvirveblad, aramed srul monawileobas iRebs im socialur situaciebSi,

romlebsac Seiswavlis. es monawileoba gamoixateba aqtorebTan erTad maT

yoveldRiur saqmianobasa Tu zeimebSi monawileobis miRebaSi; damatebiT,

mkvlevari awarmoebs araformalur gasaubrebebs aqtorebTan an srulfasovan

interviuebs atarebs maTTan.

CarTuli dakvirvebaa is meTodi, romelic xSirad gaigivebulia Tavad Tviseb-

riv meTodebTan da/an eTnografiasTan; xSirad literaturaSi terminebi

“eTnografia”, “eTnografiuli kvleva” da “CarTuli dakvirveba” ixmareba rogorc

sinonimebi.53

CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodisadmi miZRvnil klasikur saxelmZRvanelod

iTvleba jeims spradlis “CarTuli dakvirveba”.54 spradlis Tanaxmad, ucnob

socialur situaciaSi moxvedrili nebismieri adamiani CarTuli damkvirvebeli

xdeba, vinaidan misTvis ucxoa am situaciaSi moqmedi wesebi da normebi, da is

iZulebuli xdeba, gamoikvlios da Seiswavlos isini xalxTan urTierTobis meS-

veobiT.

socialuri mecnierebebis farglebSi CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens

mcdelobas gavigoT, Tu ra mniSvnelobebs aniWeben sxvadasxva socialuri Tu

kulturuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi TavianT cxovrebas, rogor aRiqvamen

sxvadasxva movlenebs da ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben maT. amis Seswavlas sakmaod

bevri dro sWirdeba. CarTuli dakvirvebis minimalur xangrZlivobad ramdenime

Tve iTvleba; srulfasovani gamokvleva ki sul cota erTi wlis manZilze

grZeldeba, vinaidan erTi SexedviT martiv socialur situaciebSic ki xSirad

Rrma da rTuli kulturuli azria Caqsovili. imisaTvis, rom kargad SeviswavloT

ucxo kulturis warmomadgenlebi, maTi kulturuli normebi da/an simboloebi,

didi droa saWiro. maSinac ki, Tu gamokvlevis savele periods ramdenime

weliwads davuTmobT, iZulebulebi viqnebiT, SevarCioT cxovrebis konkretuli

aspeqtebi, romlebic dakvirvebis ZiriTad fokuss warmoadgenen da romlebsac

dawvrilebiT SeviswavliT, danarCenebs ki mxolod zedapiruli yuradReba

davuTmoT.

ar arsebobs CarTuli dakvirvebis warmoebis sayovelTao wesebi, iseve ro-

gorc ar arsebobs dakvirvebis saitis SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaci-

ebi. am gadawyvetilebebis miReba yovelTvis konkretuli situaciidan gamomdi-

nare xdeba. xSirad mkvlevari iwyebs muSaobas garemoSi, sadac aravis ar icnobs; is

ubralod midis kafeebSi, biblioTekebSi, eswreba ama Tu im Temis mier

organizebul RonisZiebebs, dadis SerCeuli “saitis” quCebSi, da TandaTan icnobs

xalxs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi misi informaciis wyaroebi gaxdebian.

miuxedavad am meTodikis simartivisa, “quCaSi dgomis” strategia Zalian efeq-

turia. magram informantebis gacnobis Semdeg Tveebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom

mkvlevarma daimkvidros adgili Sesaswavl jgufSi da moipovos xalxis ndoba.

h.r.bernardi Tvlis, rom am meTodis Seswavlis saukeTeso xerxi misi praq-

tikuli gamoyenebaa. amasTan, misi azriT, SeuZlebelia am meTodis warmatebiT

gamoyeneba, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos is xalxi, visTanac is

muSaobs, anu aqtorebi. “sakuTari Tavis wardgenis wesebi Zalze martivia, — ambobs

bernardi. — ilaparakeT simarTle, iyaviT Tanamimdevruli da nu ilaparakebT

zedmets. CarTul dakvirvebaSi, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba warmoadginos Tavi sxva

adamianad, vidre is sinamdvileSia, is ver miaRwevs warmatebas”55.

CarTuli dakvirvebis ori tipi arsebobs — gamJRavnebuli, (ingl. overt),

53 qarTulad CarTuli dakvirveba zog SemTxvevaSi moixsenieba rogorc “monawile

dakvirveba” rac Sesabamisi inglisuri terminis ufro zusti Targmania. 54 James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. 55 H. Russel Bernard. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers.

P. 144.

50

saskolo eseebi: skolis damwyebi da saSualo klasebis ramdenime moswavlem dawera

naSromebi Semdeg Temebze: “ra minda yvelaze metad”, “vin minda viyo” da “ra saCuqari minda

saSobaod”.

eseebis konkursi, romlis gamarjvebulisTvisac dawesebuli iyo jildo: ramdenime

mozardma dawera naSromi Temaze: “rogor mesaxeba Cemi momavali”.

kvebis angariSebi: erTi kviris manZilze 40 ojaxi iwerda, Tu ras Wamdnen, agreTve, ra

sagzals atandnen skolaSi bavSvebs Semweobis miRebis wina dRes da Semweobis miRebis

Semdgom dRes.

sxvadasxva saxis informacia: Cven SevagroveT informacia 80 patara bavSvis mier

miRebuli saSobao saCuqrebis Sesaxeb; barebSi saubris Temebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb; im

sirTuleebis Taobaze, romlebsac mSoblebi Svilebis aRzrdisas awydebian (im Canawerebis

safuZvelze, romlebic eqimis sakonsultacio kabinetSi moviZieT); samedicino analizebi;

maswavleblebisgan miRebuli informacia maTi moswavleebis warmatebebis Sesaxeb;

saxelmwifo organoebis, qarxnis, eklesiis da sxvaTa mier warmoebuli saqvelmoqmedo

saqmianobis Sesaxeb; duqanSi, dalaqTan, yasabTan, fexacmlis SemkeTebelTan, mkeravTan,

konditerTan daxarjuli Tanxebis Sesaxeb; agreTve, sxvadasxva politikuri klubis Tu

sxva organizaciebis mier mowodebuli informacia.

statistikuri monacemebi: am tipis monacemebs warmoadgenda kooperatiuli maRaziis

saangariSo wignebi; sajaro biblioTekidan gatanili wignebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli

Canawerebi; informacia gazeTebis gamoweris Sesaxeb; klubebis wevrebis raodenoba;

arCevnebis Sedegebi; asakobrivi ganawilebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, qorwinebebis da

migraciis maCveneblebi.

saojaxo statistika: marientalSi Camovida savaWro palatis oficialuri

warmomadgeneli specialuri mizniT: raTa Seegrovebina saojaxo statistika, magram

teqnikuri sirTuleebis gamo man mxolod ramdenime ojaxis monacemebis Segroveba

moaxerxa.”67

garda amisa, kvlevis manZize sofelSi ganxorcielebuli iqna ramdenime

socialuri progarma (e.w. tansacmlis proeqti; samedicino momsaxurebis pro-

eqti; Wra-kervis kursebi; konsultaciebi mSoblebisaTvis da sxv.); am programebis

msvlelobaSi, agreTve Segrovebuli iqna damatebiTi informacia. informaciis

wyaroebis aseTi mdidari sia Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevebisTvisac

STambeWdavad gamoiyureba.

Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebic intensiurad iyenebdnen e.w. “mravalmeTo-

dur midgomas” (multimethod approach) monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi; isini

Tvlidnen, rom amis meSveobiT informaciis maqsimalurad farTo speqtris

Segroveba iyo SesaZlebeli. oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi, romlebsac isini iyenebdnen,

iyo: (1) Sesaswavli dasaxlebuli punqtis socialuri istoria; (2) ama Tu im

maCveneblebis gavrcelebis amsaxveli grafikuli masalebi; (3) sxvadasxva

kulturuli jgufis an urTierTobis modelebis aRwera, da (4) iseTi

raodenobrivi monacemebis statistikuri analizi, rogorebicaa Semosavlebi da

xarjebi, mosaxleobis mobiloba, miwis zoma, da sxv.

Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris gansakuTrebuli popularobiT

sargeblobda aseTi gamokvlevebSi piradi xasiaTis dokumentebis (werilebis,

dRiurebis) gamoyeneba, iseve rogorc gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmoba

respondentebis cxovrebis istoriebisadmi; rig SemTxvevebSi, gamokvlevis

saboloo angariSic ise iyo moyolili, rogorc mTavar aqtorTa cxovrebis

istoria68. am angariSebSic Tavis asaxvas poulobs kvlevis dros ramdenime me-

Todis gamoyeneba, ramdenadac aq moyvanilia rogorc dakvirvebis Sedegebi, aseve

Catarebuli interviuebis fragmentebi, eqspertebis Sefasebebi, romlebic arc

Tu iSviaTad ilustrirebulia rukebiT, sqemebiT an fotosuraTebiT.

monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli meTodebis mravalfe-

rovneba aqtualurs xdis SekiTxvas, romelsac rigi mkvlevari svams: kerZod,

ufro gamarTlebuli xom ar iqneboda, monografiul gamokvlevas ewodos

67 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Op. cit. Pp. 4-5. 68 mag.: Clifford R. Shaw. 1966. The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy’s Own Story. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press.

63

kvleviTi midgoma (romelic meTodebis vrcel arsenals aerTianebs), da ara

romelime erTi calkeuli meTodi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvas dadebiTad unda

vupasuxoT.

ra Tqma unda, mravali meTodis gamoyenebisas moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo

gansxvavebuli, zogjer — sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis miReba. Tumca, “raodenobrivi”

mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi amas ar aRiqvamen

rogorc saSiSroebas, aramed rogorc kidev erT SesaZleblobas, miRebul

Sedegebs gansxvavebuli TvaliT SevxedoT, rac, saboloo jamSi, sruli da

yovelmxrivi suraTis daxatvaSi unda dagvexmaros. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos

isic, rom monografiul gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi savsebiT ar

Semoifargleboda mxolod Tvisebrivi meTodebiT — piriqiT, isini xSirad

mdidrdeboda statistikuri da raodenobrivi monacemebiT. Cikagos skolis erT-

erTi lideris, ernest berjesis TqmiT, “ori midgomis Tanamoqmedeba ueWvelad

yvelaze nayofieri iqneba”69.

rogorc am meTodis Teoretikosebi miiCneven, kvleviTi amocanebis dasaxva

monografiuli gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac

mkvlevarma daiwyo savele samuSaoebi, amitom TviTon gamokvleva iwyeba, rogorc

wesi, gamokvlevis saerTo Temis gansazRvriT, da ara konkretuli hipoTezebis

SemuSavebiT. amis Sedegad monografiuli gamokvleva gansakuTrebuli moqnilo-

biT gamoirCeva. Tumca, rogorc robert iini aRniSnavs, “paradoqsaluria, magram

rac ufro “rbilia” kvleviTi strategia, miT ufro rTuli gansaxorcielebelia

is praqtikulad”70.

monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebaSi Zalian didia mkvlevris roli da

Zalian bevria damokidebuli am ukanasknelis profesiulobaze. monografiuli

gamokvlevis Catarebis dros mkvlevari ar aris daculi emociuri stresisagan,

romelic yovelTvis Tan axlavs CarTul dakvirvebas. amitom kvlevis dawyebamde

mis mier kargad unda iyos gaTviTcnobierebuli mis winaSe mdgari sirTuleebi.

ZiriTadad mkvlevarzea damokidebuli, Tu rogor gansazRvravs is

gamokvlvevis xangrZlivobas — is SeiZleba gagrZeldes rogorc ramdenime Tve,

aseve ramdenime weli. Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rodis unda damTavrdes savele

samuSaoebi. metic, rogorc u.f.uaiTi aRiarebs, “romelime Temis an organizaciis

Seswavlas ar SeiZleba, raime logikuri dasasruli hqondes. rac ufro mets

igebT, miT ukeT gesmiT, Tu ra dagrCaT kidev Sesaswavli”71.

iTvleba, rom monografiuli gamokvleva yvelaze efeqturia rogorc

romelime socialuri problemis winaswar Seswavlis, misi pirveladi aRweris

saSualeba, amitom praqtikaSi es meTodi yvelaze xSirad aRweriT fuqncias

asrulebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve xedavda am meTodis rols Cikagos skolis

warmomadgeneli vivien palmeri, am meTodisadmi miZRvnili pirveli saxel-

mZRvanelos72 avtori (es saxelmRvanelo 1928 wels gamovida). Tumca Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom am meTods savsebiT Seswevs

Zala, ara marto aRweros, aramed, agreTve axsnas esa Tu is socialuri situacia;

kerZod, robert iini gamoyofs monografiuli gamokvlevebis or gansxvavebul

saxeobas — romlebic aRweren socialur sinamdviles da romlebic xsnian mas.73

monografiuli gamokvlevis Sedegebi vrceli angariSis, xSirad ki — wignis

saxiT xdeba xolme cnobili, sadac avtori cdilobs, SesTavazos mkiTxvels

Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebis Rirebulebebis da normebis Taviseburi inter-

69 citirebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Martin Bulmer. 1984. The Chicago School of Sociology.

Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 162.

70 Robert K Yin. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. P. 16.

71 William F. Whyte. 1993. Street Corner Society. The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Fourth Edition. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 324-325.

72 Viven M. Palmer. 1928. Field Studies in Sociology: A Student’s Manual. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press.

73 Robert K. Yin. Op. cit.

64

qceva, da sxva. mklevris uSualo interesi SeiZleba iyos xalxis Cacmuloba ama Tu

im situaciaSi; an mosaxleobis quCaSi moZraobis siCqare, nacnobebTan

gamosaubrebis mizniT SeCerebis sixSire da am SeCerebebis xangrZlivoba.

iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda51, kvlevis procesSi damkvirvebeli Zalauneburad

axdens gavlenas moqmed pirebze da socialur situaciebze, romelSic isini arian

CarTulni. es gavlena cnobilia rogorc reaqtiuloba — ician ra, rom maT

moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu

rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da

saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara,

isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram

dakvirvebis warmoebisas Zalze seriozul problemas warmoadgens, vinaidan

amaxinjebs Sedegebs. misi srulad gadalaxva faqtiurad SeuZlebelia, Tumca

arsebobs misi Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubrebT.

meTodis daxasiaTeba

iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva tipis gamokvleva, dakvirveba Sesaswavli

erTeulis gamoyofiT iwyeba. es SeiZleba iyos:

o adgili, sadac xdeba moqmedeba. specialur literaturaSi es adgili

moxsenieba rogorc “saiti” (ingl. site);

o adamianebi, romlebic CarTulni arian CvenTvis saintereso saqmianobaSi da

vis moqmedebebsac vakvirdebiT, anu “aqtorebi” (ingl. actor);

o TviTon moqmedeba an saqmianoba (scenebi), situaciebi, movlenebi, romlebsac

uSualod vakvirdebiT; da

o nivTebi, romlebis irgvliv an romelTa gamoyenebiTac xdeba moqmedeba.

socialur gamokvlevebSi dakvirvebis meTodi iSviaTad gvxvdeba rogorc

kvlevis erTaderTi meTodi. es imiT aixsneba, rom, rogorc vTqviT, dakvirveba

yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebis cxov-

rebis wesis Seswavlis mizniT, aseTi Seswavla ki SeuZlebelia mxolod dakvirvebis

meSveobiT — is aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sxva meTodebis gamoyenebasac, upirve-

les yovlisa — gasaubrebas Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan da eqsperteb-

Tan, romlebic dagvexmarebian sworad avxsnaT is, rac davafiqsireT dakvirvebis

dros. gasaubreba ki, ra Tqma unda, intervius erT-erTi saxeobaa. amitom “sufTa”,

an “ubralo” dakvirveba, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari ar amyarebs urTi-

erTobas aqtorebTan, romlebsac is Seiswavlis, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. rogorc

wesi, dakvirvebis meTodi ixmareba kompleqsurad sxva meTodebTan — upirveles

yovlisa, interviusTan erTad, da am meTodiT muSaobisas mkvlevari Zalaune-

burad erTveba socialur situaciaSi, romelSic aqtorebi monawileoben.

mkvlevris monawileoba socialur situaciaSi, misi CarTva im procesebSi,

romlebsac is Seiswavlis, SeiZleba sxvadasxva intnsiurobiT moxdes. am intensi-

urobidan gamomdinare, gamoiyofa CarTvis Semdegi tipebi:52

CarTvis intensiuroba CarTvis tipi

maRali sruli (“CarTuli dakvirveba”)

aqtiuri saSualo

mokrZalebuli

dabali pasiuri

mkvlevari ar iRebs monawileobas

socialur situaciaSi

ar aris “CarTva”

(“ubralo dakvirveba”)

51 aseT SemTxvevad SeiZleba CavTvaloT situacia, rodesac Sesaswavli obieqti ver

igrZnobs damkvirveblis arsebobas — erT-erTi aseTi magaliTia dakvirveba xalxmraval

adgilebSi. 52 ix. James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. gv. 58.

49

Tema 4.

dakvirveba

intervius nebismier saxeobas (maT Soris siRrmiseul intervius da fokus-

jgufs) informaciis Segrovebis verbaluri saSualebebi udevs safuZvlad. magram

adamianTa cxovrebaSi ara naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs moqmedebebs, qcevebs,

urTierTobas, da am moqmedebebs Soris aris iseTebi, romelTa sityvierad aRwera

da gadmocema respondents SeiZleba gauWirdes; damaxinjebulad gadmogvces

isini; an ubralod ar CaTvalos laparakis Rirsad. arada, es SeiZleba iyos

moqmedebebi, romelTa mniSvnelobac socialuri cxovrebis analizisaTvis Zalze

didia. zog SemTxvevaSi respondentebi ar aqceven yuradRebas sakuTari qcevis

garkveul detalebs, amitom intervius dros ver ixseneben maT; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki

isini arasworad ixsomeben imas, Tu rogor ganviTarda movlenebi. socialuri

mecnierebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom adamianebi ar arian sakuTari qcevis

kargi aRmwerebi, da ver gvawvdian sando informacias mis Sesaxeb.50

situaciebSi, rodesac intervius verc erT saxeobas ver gamoviyenebT,

CvenTvis saWiro informaciis mopovebaSi dakvirveba dagvexmareba.

dakvirvebis meTodi Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba socialur mecnierebebSi.

yvelaze xSirad am meTods antropologebi da eTnografebi mimarTaven

gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenelebis cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT, da aq

sityva “kultura” Zalze farTo gagebiT ixmareba. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc sxva,

SedarebiT mcirericxovani da naklebad cnobili socialuri jgufis kultura

(magaliTad, rok-musikosebis; damnaSaveebis; mecxvareebis) da maTi cxovrebis

Sinagani wesebis dadgena, aseve antropologiuri gamokvlevebi — naklebad

cnobili tomis an eris cxovreba an am cxovrebis romelime aspeqti, iqneba es maTi

religiuri wes-Cveulebebi; Taobebs Soris urTierToba; Sromis ganawileba, Tu

sxva. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi kvleva Soreul qveynebSi xorcieldeba, SedarebiT

naklebad Seswavlil kunZulebze, magram Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi

savsebiT miRebulia, mivmarToT dakvirvebas Cvensave qalaqebSi mcxovrebi xalxis

subkulturis Seswavlis mizniT.

dakvirvebis meTodis Teoretikosebi, kerZod, h.r.bernardi, xazs usvamen im

garemoebas, rom damkvirveblis amocana gacilebiT iolia misTvis ucxo

kulturaSi muSaobis dros; es amocana mniSvnelovnad rTuldeba, rodesac mas

mSobliur kulturaSi uwevs dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom

mSobliur kulturaSi Cven “bunebrivad” aRviqvamT da Cveulebrivad gveCveneba

moqmedebebisa da reaqciebis umravlesoba, romlebic mraval kiTxvas warmoSoben,

Tu maT miukerZoebeli TvaliT SevxedavT; zogierTi mniSvnelovani elementi ki

SeiZleba saerTod yuradRebis gareSe dagvrCes, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom

isini Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia da miCveulebi varT maT.

dakvirveba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tvisebriv meTods warmoadgens, romlis

umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom is bunebriv garemoSi xorcieldeba, iq, sadac rea-

lurad mimdinareobs cxovreba, da ara “laboratoriul” pirobebSi, rogoricaa

mkvlevris ofisi. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs am meTodis specifikas da

masTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs. Tumca Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom

Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoirCeva Tavisi araformaluri xasiaTiT, es gansakuTrebiT

sworia dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeuZlebelia imis winaswarmetyveleba,

Tu vin Sexvdeba mkvlevars quCaSi an kafeSi; rodis, ra pirobebSi da ra Temaze

mouwevs intervius Catareba; ra movlenebis momswre gaxdeba dRis manZilze.

iTvleba, rom dakvirvebis warmoebis yvelaze mizanSewonili obieqtia yovel-

dRiuri saqmianoba, romelic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe meordeba dRidan

dRemde. es SeiZleba iyos urTierToba TanamSromlebs Soris samuSao saaTebSi;

Tavisufali drois organizacia ojaxSi an megobarTa wreSi; saswavlo procesi

(skolSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi); bazris cxovreba an maRaziaSi myidvelebis

50 Robert S. Weiss. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York:

Free Press. P. 236.

48

pretacia. amitom mkvlevars naratiuli niWi unda hqondes. am mxriv sainteresoa,

rom am meTodis Camoyalibebis periodSi, rodesac jer ar arsebobda Teoriuli

literatura mis Sesaxeb, Cikagos universitetis studentebs urCevdnen, ekiTxaT

romanebi da avtobiografiuli Txzulebebi, romlebic Tanamimdevrulad asaxaven

adamianis an jgufis cxovrebas da amdenad garkveulwilad avsebdnen arsebul

sicarieles.

Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis yvelaze

mizanSewonil “saitebad” iTvleboda did qalaqebs da sxva dasaxlebebs

mowyvetili patara soflebi da mcire izolirebuli tomebi, vinaidan, erTi mxriv,

maTi mosaxleobis kulturuli da eTnikuri erTianoba SesaZlebels xdida, aseTi

dasaxlebebi ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc kulturuli erToba, xolo meore

mxriv, maTi mcire zoma da mosaxleobis mcire raodenoba aseT Seswavlas

SesaZlebels xdida erTi adamianis ZalebiTac ki.

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi monografiuli gamokvlevis meSveobiT Seiswavlian

iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxi,

socialuri daxmarebis programebis efeqturoba, Tanamedrove samrewvelo

organizaciebis struqtura, eTnikuri da rasobrivi problemebi da sxv. Tumca,

iseve rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisSi, monografiuli gamokvlevebi SedarebiT

mcire Temebis an organizaciebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, raTa SesaZlebeli

iyos mkvlevris uSualo kontaqti Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebTan.

saboloo jamSi, monografiuli gamokvlevis mizania aRweros Sesaswavli

jgufis cxovreba da gaaanalizos am cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi,

SeZlebisdagvarad — gaakeTos mecnieruli daskvnebi jgufSi arsebuli ierarqiis,

urTierTobaTa specifikis da a.S. Sesaxeb.

“SIDEWALK”: monografiuli gamokvlevis erTi magaliTi

Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso

magaliTia mitCel dunieris wigni “Sidewalk” (“trotuari”)74. es wigni am meTodis

gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSad iTvleba, romelmac ramdenime premiac ki

miiRo75. garda imisa, rom es saintereso da SemecnebiTi kvlevaa, is amave dros

inovaciurisaa rogorc savele samuSaoebis Catarebis, aseve Sedegebis

warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT — is uxvadaa ilustrirebuli fotosuraTebiT,

romlebic “Cikago tribiun”-is fotokorespondentma ovi karterma gadauRo

dunieris TxovniT aqtorebs da im garemos, sadac maT uwevdaT cxovreba da

muSaoba (da, ra Tqma unda, suraTebi aqtorebis nebarTviT iqna gadaRebuli).

Sesabamisad, mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva sakuTari TvaliT naxos is adamianebi,

romlebic wignis mTavari gmirebi arian, dainaxos is garemo, sadac isini

cxovroben da muSaoben. garda amisa, dunieris kvleva erT-erTi im kvlevaTagania,

romlis procesSic ganviTarda gansakuTrebiT mWidro urTierToba da, SeiZleba

iTqvas, inteleqtualuri TanamSromloba mkvlevarsa da informantebis Soris;

dunierma saSualeba misca informantebs, gacnobodnen wignis xelnawers da

TavianTi SeniSvnebi gamoeTqvaT. dunieris kvleva imiTac gamoirCeva, rom man

gamomcemlobasTan gaaforma kontraqti, romlis mixedviTac mis informantebs

wignis gayidvidan Semosuli mogebis garkveuli procenti unda mieRoT. ufro

metic, dunierma miiwvia Tavisi ZiriTadi informanti, hakim hasani Tavis

universitetSi da masTan erTad uZRveboda seminars bakalavrebisaTvis “Savi

amerikis quCis cxovreba da gonebrivi cxovreba” (“The Life of the Street and the Life of Mind in Black America”); dunierma, agreTve SesTavaza hakim hasans, misi wignis

blosityvaobis avtori yofiliyo, razec hasans uari ar uTqvams.

dunieris kvleva, iseve rogorc bevri sxva monografiuli gamokvleva,

sruliad SemTxveviT daiwyo. niu-iorkSi myofi dunieris yuradReba miipyro

wignebis erT-erTma quCis movaWrem — hakim hasanma, romlis magidazec man Tavisi

wigni dainaxa.

74 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. 75 Los Angeles Time Book Prize da The C.Wright Mills Award.

65

“— saidan gaqvT es wigni? — vkiTxe mas, Tan gamefiqra, moparuli xom ar aris-

meTqi.

me Cemi arxebi aqvs, — mipasuxa hakimma. — gainteresebT es wigni?

es wigni me davwere, — vupasuxe.

marTla? aq axlomaxlo cxovrobT?

diax, quCis kuTxeSi, merseris quCaze.

xom ar momcemdiT Tqvens misamarTs da telefonis nomers, Cems rolodeqsSi

rom Sevitano?”76

swored hakimis am bolo frazam gamoiwvia dunieris daintereseba: quCis gam-

yidvlebis umravlesoba iqve quCaSi cxovrobda da is faqti, rom hakims hqonda ro-

lodeqsi — misamarTebis da telefonebis Casaweri specialuri mowyobiloba, ro-

melsac, rogorc wesi, saqmiani adamianebi xmaroben, — marTlac rom gasakviri iyo.

mitCels daebada idea, dakvirveba daewyo wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis

movaWreebis saqmianobaze da Seeswavla, Tu ra rols TamaSoben es adamianebi —

romelTa didi nawilic usaxlkaroa, zogi narkomani, zogic cixidan axali

gamosuli — qalaqis am ubnis cxovrebaSi. mitCeli Seecada daaxloveboda da

damegobreboda hasans, da es erT-erTi Tavisi yofili kurselis meSveobiT

moaxerxa, romelic hasanis wignebis xSiri myidveli aRmoCnda.

rogorc dunieri aRniSnavs, Tavidan hasani Zalian skeptikurad Sexvda mis

ideas — pirvel rigSi imitom, rom dunieris gegma iTvaliswinebda Savakniani quCis

movaWreebis gverdiT muSaobas, maSin rodesac quCaSi muSaoba TavisTavad ar iyo

usafrTxo saqmianoba, miT umetes ki dunierisTvis — ebrauli warmoSobis

TeTrkaniani profesorisTvis, romlis garegnobac da aqcentiT maSinve

gamoyofda mas quCis movaWreebs Soris, romelTa umravlesobasac afro-

amerikeli mamakacebi Seadgendnen.

miuxedavad amisa, dunieri TandaTan Caeba dakvirvebaSi, romelic saerTo

jamSi TiTqmis 7 wels gagrZelda — radgan is sxva qalaqSi aswavlida universi-

tetSi, dunieri mxolod ardadegebis periodSi axerxebda dakvirvebis ganxor-

cielebas, ise rom, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, misi kvleva sezonur xasiaTs atarebda.

dunierma hakimi 1992 wels gaicno da nel-nela dauaxlovda mas. hakimma is sxva

quCis movaWreebs gaacno da dunierma daiwyo muSaoba maT damxmared — is Tvals

adevnebda movaWreebis magidebs, rodesac isini sxvagan midiodnen; mohqonda yava;

yidulobda da yidda saqonels. 1996 wlis zafxulSi, Semdgom ki 1997 wlis

zafxulSi da Semodgomaze man Jurnalebis gamyidvlad imuSava; 1998 wlis

zafxulSi regularulad midioda xolme “saitze” dReSi ramdneime saaTiT, xolo

1999 wlis martSi, rodesac misi kvleva TiTqmis ukve dasrulebuli iyo, kidev 2

kviris manZilze imuSava sruli datvirTviT rogorc quCis movaWrem77.

Tavad dakvirvebis adgili (Greenwhich Village) niu-iorkis erT-erT yvelaze

Tavisufal, garkveulwilad bohemur raionad iTvleba, sadac uamravi mxatvari,

mwerali, sqesobrivi umciresobebis warmoamdgeneli cxovrobs. aqvea ramdenime

umaRlesi saswavlebeli — niu-iorkis universiteti (NYU), New School University, ise

rom am ubanSi bevri studenti da profesori cxovrobs. es xels aZlevs quCis

gamyidvlebs — am ubnis mosaxleoba maT Zveli wignebiT da JurnalebiT amaragebs;

amasTan, gamyidvlebi Tavad eZeben gadasayrelad gamzadebul nivTebSi wignebs da

Jurnalebs.

Tavdapirvelad dunieri mxolod hasans da mis saqmianobas akvirdeboda; wignis

pirveli variantic mxolod hasans exeboda — mas “hasanis magida” erqva (“Hassan’s Table”; es saTauri garkveulwilad dunieris pirveli wignis saTauris — “Slim’s Table” — gamoZaxili iyo). dunierma es varianti hasans waakiTxa, da swored am

ukanasknelma CaTvala, rom kvleva usamarTlod iyo fokusirebuli mxolod masze;

man urCia duniers, Tavis kvlevaSi Jurnalebis gamyidvlebic CaerTo.

kvlevis Catarebis procesSi dunieris ZiriTad “iaraRs” warmoadgnenda

magnitofoni, romelic faqtiurad mTeli dRis manZilze CarTuli iyo. dunieri

cdilobda, yvelaferi Caewera —gamyidvlebis saubrebi erTmaneTs Soris, maTi

76 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 21. 77 Ibid. P. 11.

66

respondnetebi acnobiereben im garemoebas, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg

brZola ioli ar aris:

“xan aris, rom isea gamartivebuli qrTamis aRebis procedura, rom Zalian

Znelia vinme konkretulze xelis dadeba” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

SesaZloa, yvelaze ufro konstruqciulia pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac

brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg unda xdebodes erToblivad, rogorc

saxelmwifos, aseve calkeuli moqalaqeebis Zalebis gaerTianebis Sedegad:

“moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda iyvnen, saxelmwifom ki socialuri pirobebi

unda mouwesrigos Tavis moqalaqeebs” (policielebi, quTaisi)

“sazogadoeba kanonmorCili unda gaxdes, saxelmwifom socialuri

problemebi unda moagvaros” (policielebi, quTaisi)

oqtomberi, 2004 w.

47

“imaze, razec vCumdebodi me yovelTvis, me gulaxdilad vityvi, razec vCum-

debodi, raRac situaciebze, yovelTvis, me ar gavCumdi erTi Tvis win, Zalian

delikaturad, <...> magram me ukve ratom ar gavCumdi, iciT? me ukve vicodi, rom

zurgi ukve cota magari meqneboda, rom Tu me xmas amoviRebdi da Tu amas vityodi,

ukve vicodi, rom im Cems zurgs ukan ukve SeiZleba damdgariyo adamiani, romelic

mxars momcemda” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

SedarebiT iSviaTad saubroben respodnentebi Tavad moqalaqeTa rolis

Sesaxeb korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:

“aq aris mTavari sakuTari uflebebis da movaleobebis gacnobiereba, da

rogorc Tanamdebobis pirma unda gaiTvaliswinos sakuTari movaleoba, aseve

saxelmwifom nebismieri moqalaqisadmi unda gaacnobieros [Tavisi] ufleba-

movaleoba ase unda iyos gacnobierebuli kanonis uzenaesoba” (saxelmwifo


.

,

,

“sazogadoebam is unda gaakeTos pirvel rigSi, rom unda SeveCvioT SeniSvnis

micemas. ai, magaliTad: quCaSi mimavalma axlagazrdam daagdo Zirs nayinis

qaRaldi, Cven mas SeniSvnas ar mivcemT, rom Caagdos qaRaldi urnaSi” (saxelmwifo


aqac, sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT studentebi yvelaze xSirad gamoTqvemen

konstruqciul mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos

rigiTi moqalaqeebis roli korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:

“Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs”


“kanoni unda vicodeT” (studentebi, axalcixe)

“is, rac Sen ici da [sxva adamianma] ar icis — Tundac uflebebi, Tundac Sen

ufro mebrZoli xar vidre is — Sen [unda] daexmaro im adamians im resursiT, rac

Sen gaqvs” (studentebi, Telavi)

“Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba” (studentebi,

Telavi)

“saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi

akisria saxelmwifos winaSe da, rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom

rom misi uflebebi, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi”


“sabani sadamdec gagwvdeba, ise unda daifaro” (studentebi, axalcixe)

“axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas [korufcias] efeqturad xels, imitom

rom ukve ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis gareSe, da ukve

rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris” (studentebi, Telavi)

mainc, ZiriTadi agenti, romelsac, respondentTa azriT, Seswevs Zala

SeebrZolos korufcias, aris saxelmwifo. mas es SeuZlia gaakeTos Semdegi

RonisZiebebis gatarebis meSveobiT: xelfasebis gazrda da kanonierebis

kulturis damkvidreba, Sesabamisad, dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvra. es

ukanaskneli SeiZleba, kerZod, gakeTdes mosaxleobis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis

meSveobiT:

“saxelmwifom unda izrunos sakuTari moqalaqeebis samarTlebrivi

ganaTlebisaTvis. moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda gaxdnen, aRar unda ifiqron, es

Cemi saqme ar ariso. unda gaacnobieron, rom saxelmwifos mSenebloba TiToeul

maTganzea damokidebuli. mentalitetis Secvlas albaT dro dasWirdeba”


“saxelmwifom unda akontrolos xalxi, rogor asrulebs kanons; Tu [kanoni]

ar Sesruldeba, unda agebinon pasuxi” (studentebi, axalcixe)

“saxelmwifom unda daanaxos xalxs, rom kanons Tu ar Seasruleb, daisjebi.

viRaca rom dainaxavs daisaja, sxvac aRar gaakeTebs” (studentebi, axalcixe)

46

saubrebi myidvelebTan. amasTan, dunieri maqsimalurad cdilobda gaekeTebina im

dialogebis mokle Canawerebi (jotted notes), romlebis momswrec is xdeboda. rogorc

Tavad dunieri aRniSnavs, es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT viTarebaSi,

rodesac erTi kulturis an rasis warmomadgneli ikvlevs sxva kulturis da rasis

warmoadgenlebs. “kulturis mniSvneloba garkveulwilad enaSia Caqsovili, da

SeuZlebelia kulturis gageba sxva kulturis warmomadgenlis mier imis gareSe,

rom yuradReba daeTmos sityvebisa da winadadebebis, maTi Tanamimdevrobis

SerCevas”78. amasTan, dunieri aRniSnavs, rom magnitofons SesaZloa garkveuli

zegavlena moexdina informantebze — rodesac ici, rom Seni saTiTao sityva

fiqsirdeba, Sen Zalauneburad cdilob, akontrolo sakuTari saubari, Tavi

aarido zogierT Temas da ar iyo zedmetad gulaxdili. magram, dunieris TqmiT,

magnitofonma SeZlo is, rac yvelaze mTavari iyo — trotuarze mimdinare

cxovrebis dafiqsireba. Cawerili dialogebis Seswavlis mizniT dunierma saubris

specialur analizs mimarTa (conversational analysis), raTa gamoekveTa urTierTobis

garkveuli strategiebi. imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba sruli informacia Seekriba, dunierma Caatara

interviuebi ZiriTad informantebTan, gaesaubra wignebisa da Jurnalebis

myidvelebs, moinaxula da interviuebi Caatara niu-iorkis im organizaciebis

xelmZRvanelebTan, romlebic qalaqis raionebis keTilmowyobisaTvis ibrZvian da

zRudaven usaxlkaroebs (da usaxlkaro quCis movaWreebs) TaviaanTi raionebis

teritoriebze; gaicno da interviu CamoarTva im adamians, vinc dawera kanoni

quCaSi beWvdiTi produqciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb. dunierma aseve Caatara inter-

viuebi axlomdebare kafeebisa da maRaziebis mepatroneebTan, raTa daedgina, Tu

ra azris arian quCis movaWreebis Sesaxeb maT maxloblad momuSave adamianebi.

imis saCveneblad, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos damokidebuleba

quCaSi momuSave adamianebis mimarT maTi socialuri, ekonomikuri da rasobrivi

maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, dunierma, agreTve Caatara Taviseburi sakon-

trolo dakvirveba iqve maxloblad, ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT momuSave

naZvis xeebiT movaWreTa TeTrkanian ojaxze.

es naZvis xeebi yovel zamTars Camoaqvs niu-iorkSi erT ojaxs vermontis

Statidan; isini TeTrkanianebi arian; isini noembris bolos Camodian niu-iorkSi

da Sobamde rCebian. mTeli am periodis manZilze maT manqanis misabmelSi uwevT

cxovreba, sadac arc abazanaa da arc tualeti. magram maT moaxerxes

daemyarebinaT imdenad kargi urTierToba ubanSi mcxovreb xalxTan, rom isini maT

uflebas aZleven, maTi abazanebiT isargeblon, xolo rodesac qalaqgareT midian,

binis gasaRebsac ki utoveben naZvis xeebiT movaWreebs. aseTi keTilmosurne

damokidebuleba radikalurad gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisgan, rasac

mosaxleoba iCens wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebis mimarT; Zala-

uneburad ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom xdeba ase. dunieris azriT, amas SeiZleba

ramdenime axsna hqondes — is, rom naZvis xeebiT movaWreebi TeTrkanianebi da

saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi arian; is, rom isini bavSvebTan erTad arian

Camosulebi, bavSvebi ki yovelTvis met TanagrZnobas iwveven; sxva mizezebi

SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes im garemoebas, rom bevri quCis movaWre an nasa-

marTlevia, an narkomani/yofili narkomani, rac afrTxobs mosaxleobas; yovelive

amasTan erTad, zog maTgans sakmaod gamomwvevad uWiravs Tavi, rac, ra Tqma unda,

ar iwvevs mosaxleobis simpaTiebs.

dunieri Tvlis, rom jeims vilsonis da jorj kelingis Teoria, romelic

cnobilia rogorc “Camtvreuli fanjrebis Teoria”, quCaSi momuSave wignebisa da

Jurnalebis gamyidvlebTan dakavSirebiT ar marTldeba. es Teoria amtkicebs, rom

Tu romelime ubnis binebSi Camtvreulia fanjrebi da quCebSi matulobs nagavi,

mosaxleobas eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aravis ar adardebs da aravis ar

ainteresebs, Tu ra xdeba am ubanSi; Sesabamisad, am ubanSi matulobs danaSauli,

mosaxleoba cdilobs sxva ubnebSi gadavides sacxovreblad; saboloo jamSi es

yvelaferi iwvevs kriminogenuli mdgomareobis gauaresebas da ubanSi cxovrebis

donis dacemas.

78 Ibid. P. 339.

67

am Teoriis gavlenis Sedegad aSS-s policiam gaamkacra damokidebuleba

naklebad seriozuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis danaSaulebebisadmi — maTxov-

rebisadmi, mTvralebisadmi, xulignebisadmi da a.S. aseTi midgomis farglebSi

policia quCis movaWreebic wesrigis damrRvevebad aRiqvams da yvelanairad

cdilobs maTi saqmianobis SezRudvas.

dunieri ki cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis gamyidvlebis magaliTma bevr

cixidan gamosuls uCvena, rom SeiZleboda fulis patiosnad Sovna — anu, quCaSi

muSaoba socialuri reabilitaciis funqcias asrulebs.

rogorc dunierma kvlevis Sedegad daadgina, erTi SexedviT erTmaneTis

msgavs quCis gamyidvlebs Soris sakmaod mkacri ierarqia arsebobs; maT Soris

ganawilebulia rolebi da funqciebi. aq arian “adgilis damkaveblebi”, anu

adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze adre modian da ikaveben savaWro adgils, Semdeg ki

“yidian” mas 20-50 dolarad; aq arian “momtanebi” — adamianebi, romlebsac moaqvT

Senaxuli saqoneli sawyobebidan da amisaTvis garkveul gasamrjelos iReben;

“magidaze Tvalis damWerebs”, romlebic xSirad iqve axlos mdgomi maTxovrebi an

sxva gamyidvlebi arian, Tvali uWiravT ama Tu im saqmeze wasuli gamyidvlis

magidaze, raTa policiam misi konfiskacia ar moaxdinos79, da a.S.

dunieri cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis movaWreebi “sajaro figurebi” (public character) arian, romlebic awesrigeben cxovrebas da sazogadoebrivi kontrolis

funqciasac asruleben.

“sazogadiebrivi figurebis” koncefcia cnobil socialur mecniers, jein

jeikobss (Jane Jacobs) ekuTvnis, romelmac jer kidev 1961 wels gamosca wigni “didi

amerikuli qalaqebis sikvdili da sicocxle” (“Death and Life of Great American Cities”), sadac is grinviC vilijis ubanSi ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze

saubrobs Tanamedrove qalquri cxovrebis Sesaxeb:

“trotuaris socialuri cxovreba bevrad aris damokidebuli maTze, visac

SeiZleba TviTdaniSnuli sajaro figurebi vuwodoT. sajaro figura aris nebis-

mieri adamiani, visac xSiri kontaqti aqvs mraval adamianTan da vinc sakmarisad

aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom sakuTari Tavi sajaro figurad warmoaCinos. sa-

jaro figuras ar unda hqondes raime gansakuTrebuli niWi an sibrZne, raTa Tavisi

funqciebi Seasrulos — Tumca mas xSirad aqvs es Tvisebebi. <...> misi mTavari

kvalifikacia isaa, rom is aris sajaro, rom is esaubreba bevr sxvadasxvanair

adamians. amgvarad xdeba axali ambebis gavrceleba, rac trotuaris mizania”80.

jein jeikobsi sajaro figurebad miiCnevs maRaziis gamyidvlebs, mcire

biznesis mepatroneebs, romlebsac “Tvali uWiravT quCaze”. dunieris azriT,

swored aseT funqcias asruleben wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebi — maT

utoveben sagazeTo jixurSi motanil gazeTebs, isini yuradRebas aqceven maT

maxloblad gaCerebul manqanebs, isini esaubrebian ubnis macxovreblebs, da a.S.

Tavis kvlevis meTods mitCel dunieri “diagnostikur eTnografias” uwodebs.

“rodesac me davbrundi me-6 avenueze, raTa memuSava rogorc Jurnalebis

gamyidvels, me jer kidev ar mqonda Camoyalibebuli zusti kvleviTi SekiTxva”81, —

ambobs dunieri. miT umetes, kvlevis sawyis etapze mas ar hqonia Teoria, romlis

Semowmebasac apirebda. amitom is cdilobda yuradReba gaemaxvilebina quCaSi

mimdinare koleqtiur saqmianobaze; rogor xdeboda saqonlis moZieba, rogori

urTierToba iyo gamyidvlebsa da myidvelebs, gamyidvlebsa da policielebs

Soris, da a.S. “is, rom me ar mqonda gakrveuli kvleviTi SekiTxva Cemi kvlevis

dawyebisas, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes imas, rac sociologiaSia miRebuli.

miuxedavad amisa, me sxvanairi Sexeduleba maqvs. xSirad socialur mecnierebebSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki Tvisebrivi kvlevis dros, rodesac monacemTa didi raodenoba

moipoveba, kvlevis dizaini monacemebis Segrovebis Semdeg gamoikveTeba xolme.

79 kanonis Tanaxmad, policies ufleba aqvs im magidis konfiskacia moaxdinos, romelic

upatronod dgas trotuarze. 80 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 6. 81 Ibid. P. 340-341.

68

qrTams iRebs] es aris uzneoba” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams iRebs, Sen

codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. me maqvs micemuli, vTqvaT qrTami da me Cems

Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved, vidre imas, vinc aiRo es”


,

miuxedavad imisa, rom fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi mTavrobis mimarT

zogadad uaRresad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba dafiqsirda, axal mTavrobas

mainc aqvs garkveuli ndobis krediti.

respondentTa umravlesoba imediT uyurebs mTavrobis Secvlas da axali

saxeebis gamoCenas, Tumca jerjerobiT es imedi araviTar realur cvlilebebze

ar aris damyarebuli, aramed mxolod dapirebebsa da imedebze, amitom Znelia imis

Tqma, Tu ramden xans gastans es ndobis krediti. situaciis gamosworebis imeds

badebs, agreTve is garemoeba, rom, respondentebis SefasebiT, TandaTan

mkvidrdeba SiSis faqtori, romelic, SesaZloa, xels Seuwyobs dausjelobis

sindromis aRmofxvras.

3.2. “qarTveloba”, rogorc korufciis kulturuli gamarTleba

“qarTveloba”, “qarTuli mentaliteti”, agreTve xSirad ganixileba rogorc

korufciis Taviseburi gamarTleba. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, qarTvelebs

sCveviaT, “pativi scen” sxvebs, gamoxaton Tavisi madliereba saCuqrebis meSve-

obiT. amas respondentebi miiCneven misaReb movlenad da ar Tvlian, rom amis

winaaRmdeg saWiroa brZola.

“iciT ra aris — qarTvel kacs mentalitetSi aqvs raRacis Cuqeba, TiTqos

mgonia, niSnisTvis ki ar miaqvT es...” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“rogorc wesi, saqarTveloSi qrTamSi igulisxmeba rogorc saCuqari, raime

momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians

raRacas. moqalaqe, romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs [Tanamdebobis pirs],

cdilobs rame gadauxados, rom is daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad

moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamomdinareobs” (studentebi, Telavi)

“yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvelaferi iyos kanonierad;

magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad TviTon mis garda,

xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiqrobs, rom ki, ra Tqma

unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos, magram...” (studentebi,

Telavi)

4. korufciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli agentebi

respondnetebi yvelaze ufro xSirad miiCneven, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg

brZola calkeuli pirovnebebis doneze SeuZlebelia:

“pirovneba ver aRudgeba korufcias, sanam qveyanaSi socialuri mdgomareoba

ar amaRldeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)

“korufciasTan brZolaSi moqalaqe uZluria, brZola mTavrobidan unda

daiwyos” (policielebi, quTaisi)

Tavad respondentebi, rogorc wesi, ar SebrZolebian korufciul faqtebs,

romlebTanac hqoniaT Sexeba, vinaidan arCies, moridebodnen dapirispirebas,

romelsac aseTi brZola gamoiwvevda.

amasTan, respondentebma rig SemTxvevaSi daafiqsires is cvlilebebi, rome-

lic moxda maT damokidebulebaSi bolo Tveebis manZilze:

“axla me ukve SemiZlia [xmis amaRleba]. me Tu guSin cota mSiSara viyavi, dRes

cota Tamami var” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

45

daawveba mosaxleobas. amasTan, sazogadoebaSi Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli rwmena, rom

maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeleebi yvelaze ufro korumpirebulTa Soris

arian saqarTveloSi, rac spobs mosaxleobaSi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas am

saxelmwifo moxeleebis, an sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.

“vfiqrob, saxelmwifom unda ifiqros imaze, rom xelfasebi gaizardos, rom

saxlSi mSieri bavSvi ar melodebodes da am saxlSi misvla ar meSinodes”


“mSier adamians ver mosTxov kanonis dacvas” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,

axalcixe)

“saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos materialuri keTildReoba da iseTi garemo

sadac adamians kanondarRvevis SemTxvevaSi SeeSindeba dasjis” (policielebi,

quTaisi)

,

,

,

“kacs rom 30 lars aZlev da imas mere cixeSi Casvam — imis moraluri ufleba

ara gaqvs!” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“Cveni [universitetis] Semosavali rom aris fasianebidan — 60% mihqonda

saxelmwifos aramwarmoebeli sferodan, amitom ara gvaqvs xelfasi. sad aris, ra

kanonzea laparaki? es aris saxelmwifosgan dadgenili oficialuri yaCaRoba. ...

es aris naZirlebis dawerili kanoni” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“sagadasaxado kanoni, magaliTad, unda iyos iseTi loialuri, rom adamiani

gaiqces gadasaxadis gadasaxdelad” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)

“Sroma moenatra yvelas! aucilebelia imuSaon, sawarmoebi amuSavdes, pirvel

rigSi” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

saxelmwifo ar uqmnis Tavis moxeleebs normalurad muSaobisaTvis saWiro

elementarul pirobebs, rac kidev ufro amcirebs saxelmwifos am xalxis TvalSi.

“qurdobaze [Tu] daiWire vinme, saqme Ziebamde rom miiyvano, daaxloebiT 50-

dan 100 laramde gWirdeba. furceli ginda, eqsperti, qseroqsi, benzini — am

yvelafers aravin afinansebs, policieli cdilobs, yvelafer amisTvis Tanxa

moipovos” (policielebi, quTaisi)

“Tavidan muSaobas rom iwyeb, forma gWirdeba, aravin ar gaZlevs mas, sakuTari

saxsrebiT unda iyido an Seikero. “pagonebi” 10 lari Rirs, formis perangi 18

lari, 50 lari — Sarvali, forma 100 laramde gijdeba. tyviebi Sen unda iyido

sawvavi Sen unda Caasxa. aseT pirobebSi korufciisagan Tavs ver daizRvev”


vinaidan saxelmwifo ar arsrulebs Tavis funqciebs, xdeba korufciaze

pasuxismgeblobis srulad “gadatana” saxelmwifoze an Tundac mis calkeul

maRalCinosnebze, rac mosaxleobas sakuTari udanaSaulobis grZnobas umtkicebs

da Sesabamisad, amcirebs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. respondentebi

iSviaTad afiqsireben SemTxvevebs, rodesac Tavad xalxi ase Tu ise xels uwyobs

korufcias daufiqreblobis, gulgrilobis an sxva raime mizezis Sedegad:

“yvelafers mTavrobas ver davabraleb, adamianebis mentaliteti unda

Seicvalos. 100-dan 70-s hgonia, rom qrTami aris saukeTeso gamosavali. xom

SeiZleba moqalaqem pasporti moiTxovos erTi TviT adre da ara bolo wuTSi?

moqalaqe, romelic erT kviraSi iTxovs pasportis damzadebas, korufcias uwyobs

xels” (policielebi, quTaisi)

fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gaiJRera mosazrebam, rom

korufciaSi met-naklebad Tanabrad ageben pasuxs rogorc qrTamis amRebi, aseve

qrTamis mimcemi — rogorc wesi, SeiniSneba tendencia, mTeli pasuxismgebloba

korufciuli garigebis mxolod erT mxares daekisros, kerZod — qrTamis amRebs,

romelic, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze ufro xSirad saxelmwifo moxelea.

“vinc aZlevs, igivea. es ianusia, orsaxovani, arafriT masze ukeTesi ar aris,

amRebic da mimcemic orive erTia. amitomac, TiTis miSvera mxolod imisken [vinc

44

<...> Cemi ideebi Camoyalibda imis safuZvelze, Tu ras vxedavdi da ra mesmoda

quCaSi”82.

rogorc CarTul damkvirvebels, duniers unda SeemCnia da yuradReba

gaemaxvilebina iseT movlenebze, romlebic sxvebs umniSvnelod eCveneboda. metic

— imis wyalobiT, rom mas TiTqmis mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hqonda

magnitofoni, kasetebis mosmenisas is afiqsirebda iseT momentebs, romlebic

gamorCa anda ar CaTvala mniSvnelovnad uSualod dakvirvebis dros. “CarTuli

dakvirvebis dros kvleviTi SekiTxvebi savele samuSaoebis Catarebisas ibadeba.

magaliTad, me ar SemeZlo meTqva marvinisTvis da ronisTvis83, rom mainteresebda

imis Seswavla, Tu rogor esaubreba ramodenime mamakaci (romelic quCaSi vaWrobs

— T.z.) Camvlel qalebs, imitom rom me ar vicodi, rom es sakiTxi wamoiWreboda.

aseve, me srulebiT ar vicodi, Tu damainteresebda dRevandeli trotuaris

cxovrebis Sedareba im periodTan, rodesac jein jeikobsi werda Tavis wigns. me

viyavi iq, raTa ubralod mewarmoebina dakvirveba da gamekeTebina Canawerebi, da me

vTxovdi im adamianebs, romlebic quCaSi muSaobdnen, rom CemTvis amis neba

daerToT”84.

dunierma es nebarTva miiRo, Tumca is bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom

quCis movaWreebi endobodnen da “Tavisianad” miiCnevdnen mas. is aRiarebs, rom

quCis movaWreebs sxvadasxva motivi amoZravebdaT, rodesac maT masTan

TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades: “zogierT gamyidvels ... ubralod

undoda, rom iq vyofiliyavi rogorc cotaodeni xurdis da sesxebis wyaro, ...

kidev ramodenimem ki CemTan saqmis daWera imitom gadawyvita, rom daweriliyo

wigni am ubnis da maT Sesaxeb. magram Cemi mxridan gulubryvilo iqneboda mefiqra,

rom me vicodi, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini, rom isini mendobodnen, an “Tavisianad”

mTvlidnen, rasac ar unda niSnavdes es”85.

adamianebi ficis qveSac ityuebian, miT umetes mkvlevars ara aqvs aranairi

garantia, rom informanti mas srul WeSmaritebas etyvis. amitomaa, rom dunieris

kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokvleuli masalis gadamowmebis mcdeloba —

yovelTvis, rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, dunierma gadaamowma misi

informantebis biografiis faqtebi (marTla hqonda Tu ara hasans damTavrebuli

rutgersis universiteti? marTla miatova Tu ara ronma Tavisi sacxovrebeli

bina, rodesac umuSevari darCa? marTla zrunavda Tu ara merdiki Tavis

SviliSvilze da a.S.); Seiswavla quCaSi beWvdviTi produqciiT vaWrobis kanonis

evolucia; rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo, iyenebda mraval mowmes, da a.S.

kvlevis warmoebis procesSi dunieri im daskvnamde mivida, rom imisaTvis,

raTa mkvlevarma warmatebuli kvleva Caataros, ar aris aucilebeli, rom

aqtorebma is “Tavisianad” miiCnion — sakmarisia, rom mkvlevars hqondes

dakvirvebis saSualeba; rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is unda akvirdebodes iseT

socialur struqturas, sadac meordeba garkveuli moqmedebebi da situaciebi.

magaliTad, Tu ojaxSi damokidebuleba meuRleebs Soris arc Tu idealuria,

droTa ganmavlobaSi Cven aucileblad gavxdebiT Cxubis an usiamovnebis mowmeni —

ra Tqma unda, es konkretuli Cxubi SeiZleba sul sxva ramis gamo iyos gamowveuli

da sul sxva formebi miiRos, vidre maT Soris Cxubis wina SemTxvevam, magram TviT

aseTi faqtis sixSiremac SeiZleba miuTiTos imaze, Tu ramdenadaa gamwvavebuli

urTierTobebi; anda, Tu romelime dawesebulebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli

korufcia, didia imis albaToba, rom Cven aucileblad SeveswrebiT aseT faqts.

miuxedavad amisa, CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas mainc sasurvelia, rom

mkvlevari maqsimalurad iyos “saitze”, radgan arsebobs unikaluri SemTxvevebic,

romlebic aRar meordeba da romlebsac SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

hqondes kvlevis warmatebisTvis. magaliTad, masala, romelic dunieris kvlevis

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tavs daedo safuZvlad (“Soba me-6 avenueze”), sruliad

SemTxveviT iqna Segrovebuli. Soba dRes, rodesac dunieri ar apirebda kvlevis

Catarebas, man gauara hakims, raTa kinoSi wasuliyvnen. aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT

82 Ibid. P. 341. 83 dunieris informantebi. 84 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 335. 85 Ibid. P. 338-339.

69

quCaSi policiam ubrZana movaWres, aelagebina Tavisi saqoneli, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi mas konfiskaciiT daemuqrnen. dunierma gadawyvita Seemowmebina,

policia mis mimarTac iseTive zomebs mimarTavda Tu ara. man gaSala magida imave

adgilas da daeloda policiis gamoCenas — sabednierod, mas Tan hqonda Tavisi

magnitofoni da SeZlo Caewera policiasTan saubari, Semdeg ki gaaanalia, Tu ra

gavlenas axdens rasa da socialuri mgomareoba imaze, Tu rogor eqceva policia

adamianebs.

swored dunieris dakvirvebis arasistematurobam ganapiroba is, rom aseTi

xangrZlivi savele muSaobis miuxedavad, kritikosebi dunieris kvlevis erT-erT

mTavar naklad miiCnevdnen imas, rom mas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, 24 saaTis

manZilze dakvirveboda Tavisi informantebis cxovrebas da saqmianobas. rogorc

wesi, is maT weliwadSi ramdenime Tvis manZilze xedavda; xvdeboda diliT da

Sordeboda saRamoTi, Tumca maTTan erTad wignebiT da JurnalebiT vaWrobasTan

dakavSirebul sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi monawileobda — magaliTad, mouwia

saqmeebis garkveva policiasTan, rodesac policielebma magidebis aReba

moiTxoves; gahyva Tavis informantebs gadasayrelad gamzadebuli nivTebidan

gasayidad gamosadegi wignebis da Jurnalebis amosarCevad, da a.S.

mainc, dunieris kvleva warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos; es warmateba, hasanis

azriT, iman ganapiroba, rom mitCels mosmenis unari hqonda — is ar axvevda Tavis

azrs Tanamosaubreebs, aramed cdilobda gaerkvia, Tu ratom iqceoda esa Tu is

adamiani ise, rogorc is iqceoda, amasTan, mas Tavad am adamianis axsna

ainteresebda. “quCa mainc quCaa, — ambobs hakim hasani. — es ar unda dagaviwydeT.

mitCi amas maSinve mixvda. mas ar ucdia moeCvenebina Tavi sxva adamianad, vidre is

sinamdvileSi iyo: adamiani da sociologi, romelic cdilobda Caswvdomoda Cveni

cxovrebis azrs”86.

metic, hasani ambobs, rom dunieris midgoma kvlevisadmi ar gamomdinareobda

paradigmidan “mecnierma yvelaze ukveT icis”, aramed mas axasiaTebda socialuri

mecnieris mondomeba, moesmina sxvebisTvis87.


1. Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.

2. Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.

3. Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage Publications.

86 Ibid. P. 325 87 Ibid. P. 327. ukve ramdenime welia, rac hakim hasani quCaSi aRar vaWrobs — is niu iorkis

erT-erT saxelmwifo universitetSi muSaobs (Director of the Metropolitan Institute at MCNY, Metropolitan College of New York).

70

“arian iseTi [studentebi], rom marTla modian, udevT raRac CaTvlis wignakSi

[me isini] gavabrune — ase iyo me-6 semestrSi, ase iyo me-7 semestrSi, ase iyo me-8

semestrSi, da saxelmwifo gamocdaze wamomisves win. axla: ara sjobda, me TviTon

gamomerTva?” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

;

garda amisa, korufciis mizezebad dasaxelda kanonebis ucodinroba,

gaunaTlebloba, da arasrulyofili sakanonmdeblo baza:

“rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis

iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs [korufciuli] procesi. anu es

procesi rom SeCerdes, es [sakanonmdeblo] vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad”


3. ra uwyobs xels korufcias

miuxedavad yovelive zemoT Tqmulisa, korufcia respondentebSi garkveul

gagebas iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac is xSir SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc Tavis

gadarCenis erT-erTi xelmisawvdomi strategia im pirobebSi, rodesac adamians

sxva araferi gamosvali aRar darCenia, rodesac is ganwirulia saxelmwifos mier.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dabali xelfasebi ganixileba rogorc korufciis

ZiriTadi mizezi saqarTveloSi, Sesabamisad, respondentebi miiCneven usaxsrobas

korufciis erT-erT umTavres gamarTlebad:

“16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara

aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos fuli viRac debilisgan, visac

aqvs fuli da sTavazobs” (studentebi, Telavi)

amas garda, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa korufciis

kidev ori SesaZlo gamarTleba qarTveli respondentebis mxridan: “susti

saxelmwifo”, romelic ver asrulebs Tavis funqciebs, da “qarTveloba/qarTuli

mentaliteti”.

3.1. “susti saxelmwifo”, rogorc korufciis

institucionaluri gamarTleba

repondentTa umravlesoba “patara kacis” poziciidan uyurebs korufciis

problemas qveyanaSi da miiCnevs, rom pasuxismgebloba korufciis gavrcelebaze

srulad ekisreba saxelmwifos da mis “pirvel moxeleebs”. am poziciisgan

gansxvavdeba studentebis Sefasebebi, romlebic SedarebiT ufro

TviTkritikulebi arian da xedaven rigiTi moqalaqeebis pasuxismgeblobas

korufciis gavrcelebas dakavSirebiT.

“yvelaferi mainc saxelmwifos meTauridan da mTavrobidan iwyeba da

mTavrdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)

“rodesac saxelmwifo winaswar uSvebs korufcias, imitom rom xelfass aZlevs

amdagvars, is ukve geubneba — midi da iSoveo” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“korufciis Tavi da Tavi mainc, me mgoni, zemodan modis” (saxelmwifo


“saxelmwifos midgomaa aseTi, rom imas awyobs, rom ase iyos. korufcia iyos”

(profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“ase Tu ise, korufcia yvela sferoSia, saboloo jamSi yvela sferodan Tanxa

erT xelSi iyris Tavs — kancelariasa da parlamentSi. korufciis saerTod moSla

gamoricxulia, magram Tu zemoT ar moiTxoven fuls, korufciis masStabebi

Semcirdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)

saxelmwifosadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi pretenziebi aseTia: is ar zrunavs

moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze; ar uzrunvelyobs “kanonierebis kulturis”

damkvidrebas, rac warmoSobs dausjelobis sindroms; da ar zrunavs iseTi

kanonebis miRebaze, romlebic ukeT imuSavebs Cvens qveyanaSi da mZime tvirTad ar

43

rom korufcia aRar iqneba, vinaidan mas sxva mizezebic aqvs: (a) sixarbe da (b)

tradiciuli kulturuli normebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi xels uwyobs

korufciis gavrcelebas, anu, rogorc respondentebi moixsenieben, e.w. “qarTuli

mentaliteti”.

“adamians rac ufro meti aqvs, miT ufro meti unda” (studentebi, axalcixe)

“marto gadarCenisTvis xom ar aris es korufcia? mTlad ise, vTqvaT —

adamiani iRebs qrTams, rom gadarCes — esec ar mimaCnia sworad, imitom rom Zalian

bevri adamiani vici me, romelic ar aris korumpirebuli, da Zalian bevri vici,

rom ukve ‘gadarCenilia’, magram korufciis gzas agrZelebs” (profesor-

maswavleblebi, Telavi)

,

“zogierT maswavlebels rom misce 1000 lari, is mainc aiRebs qrTams”


bevri respondentis azriT, korufcia yvelaze seriozul formebs

xelisuflebis yvelaze maRal safexurebze iRebs, kerZod, xSirad saxeldeba

parlamenti. es kidev erTxel adasturebs azrs, rom TavisTavad xelfasebis

gazrda ar gadawyvets korufciis problemas saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac

korufciis gavrcelebaSi dabal xelfasebTan erTad sxva faqtorebic TamaSoben

mniSvnelovan rols; Tumca, ra Tqma unda, xelfasebis gazrda sajaro samsaxurebis

moxeleebisTvis (gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es dakavSirebuli iqneba

pasuxismgelobis amaRlebasTan da dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvrasTan),

saerTo rwmeniT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels korufciis masStabebis

Semcirebas.

dausjelobis sindromi korufciis gavrcelebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

mizezia, da respondentebis mier xSirad iqna gamoTqmuli eWvi axlandeli

xelisuflebis moqmedebebis marTebulebaSi, rodesac xdeba arakanonieri gzebiT

mopovebuli qonebis patronebis gaTavisufleba winaswari patimrobidan

mniSvnelovani jarimis gadaxdis Semdeg. maTi azriT, es xalxi seriozulad unda

daisajos.

korufciis gavrceleba garkveuli Sidasauwyebo zewolis Sedegadac SeiZleba

moxdes, ris Sesaxebac, kerZod, saxelmwifo moxeleebi saubrobdnen:

“SeiZleba ar gindodes, magram Seqmnilia rgoli da gaiZulebs, rom gaakeTo

[qrTami aiRo], rom samsaxuri ar dakargo. gaiZulebs TviTon situacia”


Tumca, amave fokus-jgufis erT-erTi respondenti imasac aRniSnavs, rom

“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg xelisuflebis Secvlis Sedegad es situacia

Seicvala:

“adre iyo is, rom ver imuSavebdi, Tu qrTams ar gadauxdidi, radgan fuli unda

gekeTebina da yofiliyavi korumpirebuli. dRes me vityvi xmamaRla Cemi saxeliT

da Cemi TanamSromlebis saxeliT rom Cven vzivarT moWril konkretul xelfasze,

ar davasaxeleb Tanxas, romelic ar gvyofnis elementarul, magaliTad,

sigaretze” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)

respondentebi im garemoebas usvamen xazs, rom korufcia xSirad sakuTari

Tavis kvlavwarmoebas uwyobs xels:

“ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars

arTmev da maswavleblad iReb [skolaSi], rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere

isev aq [universitetSi] fuliT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase

gagrZeldes mudmivad?” (studentebi, Telavi)

garda amisa, korufciis gavrcelebas garkveulwilad xels uwyobs Tavad is

garemoeba, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi korufcia Zalze farTodaa

gavrcelebuli, rac respondentTa aseT mosazrebebs iwvevs:

“me Tu ar aviRe, sxva mainc aiRebs, aseTi fiqric xdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)

42

Tema 6.

socialuri kvlevis eTika

socialuri kvleva yovelTvis respondentebis, anu Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis

monawileobiT tardeba, misi Sedegebi ki arcTu iSviaTad mniSvnelovan gavlenas

axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. amitom socialuri mecnierebis yvela dargis

warmomadgeneli profesiuli organizaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi moTxovnaa

gamokvlevebis warmarTvisas mTeli rigi eTikuri principebis dacva, romlebic

respondentTa da farTo sazogadoebis uflebebsa da interesebs icavs da

romlebic profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebSia gaerTianebuli.

eTikis kodeqsi profesiuli saqmianobis principebis krebulia, romelic ama

Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs. rogorc wesi, is asaxavs

idealur warmodgenebs ama Tu im profesiis Sesaxeb. saerTo azris Tanaxmad,

profesiuli moralis normebis SemuSaveba ama Tu im profesiuli jgufis war-

momadgenlebis mier maTi sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gacnobierebisa da

aRiarebis Sedegia. mniSvnelovania, rom profesiuli eTikis normebis aRiareba am

profesiis warmomadgenlebis mier xdeba nebayoflobiT, vinaidan isini afaseben am

profesiul gaerTianebaSi wevrobas; profesiuli eTikis moTxovnebi maT

internalizebuli aqvT profesiuli momzadebis Sedegad.

eTikis kodeqsebi xSirad ganixileba rogorc qveyanaSi arsebuli samarTleb-

rivi normebis gavrcoba ama Tu im profesiuli saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tum-

ca Tavad eTikis kodeqsebi samarTlebriv dokumentebs ar warmoadgenen — isini

ufro farTo xasiaTisa da Sinaarsisaa, vidre iuridiuli dokumentebi. amasTan,

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes, rom vercerTi profesiuli kodeqsi ver SeZlebs,

SesaZlo situaciebis sruli speqtri moicvas.

aSkaraa, rom nebismieri socialuri kvlevis warmateba damokidebulia

sazogadoebis keTilganwyobaze mkvlevrebis mimarT, respondentebis ndobaze

interviuerebisa da gamokvlevis organizatorebisadmi, maT rwmenaze, rom kvleva

tardeba keTilsindisierad, obieqturad, sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacviT da

rom daculi iqneba respondentTa konfidencialoba. eTikis kodeqsis mizania,

aamaRlos socialuri kvlevebis sazogadoebrivi prestiJi, gaaZlieros ndoba am

tipis saqmianobis mimarT da misi warmarTvisaTvis maqsimalurad xelsayreli

pirobebi Seqmnas.

socialur mecnierebebSi eTikuri standartebis sistematuri SemuSaveba XX

saukunis 50-ian wlebSi daiwyes sxvadasxva qveynis profesiulma gaerTianebebma.

dRes es gaerTianebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi transnacionalur xasiaTs atarebs da

sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenel mkvlevrebs aerTianeben.

eTikuri normebis SemuSaveba da maTi SeZlebisdagvarad farTod danergva

socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli gaerTianebebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

misiaa. yvela aseT asociaciaSi gaerTianebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens

kandidatis mier asociaciis eTikuri kodeqsis normebis aRiareba da miReba.

socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli kodeqsis normebis Seswavlis mizniT Cven

dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT or aseT dokuments — saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis

(ICC) da sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro kvlevis evropuli kavSiris (ESOMAR)

sabazro da socialuri kvlevis praqtikis erTobliv kodeqss88 da amerikis

sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) eTikis kodeqss89.

dRes ukve danamdvilebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom socialuri kvlevis eTikuri

standartebi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa dacvasac

yvela mkvlevari Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs. yvela profesiuli kodeqsi Seicavs

e.w. saerTo principebs, rogorebicaa: profesiuli kompetenturoba, patiosneba,

88 ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice. ICC/ESOMAR, 1995.

kodeqsis naxva SeiZleba agreTve ESOMAR-is veb-gverdze: www.esomar.nl. 89 Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American

Sociological Association, 1999. kodeqsi SegiZliaT ixiloT agreTve amerikis sociologiuri

asociaciis veb-gverdze: www.asanet.org.

71

respondentebis uflebebisa da Rirsebis pativiscema; pasuxismgebloba sazoga-

doebis winaSe, da sxv.

profesiuli normebis dayofa mizanSewonilia ramdenime jgufad, gamomdinare

iqidan, Tu romeli socialuri jgufis interesebis dacvis mizniTaa SemuSavebuli

eTikuri moTxovnebis esa Tu is jgufi. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa eTikuri nor-

mebi, romlebic icavs (a) respondentebis, (b) damkveTebis da (g) farTo sazo-

gadoebis interesebs. profesiuli kodeqsebis erT-erTi mTavari daniSnulebaa,

gansazRvros mkvlevarTa pasuxismgebloba am sami jgufis mimarT.

a. respondentTa uflebebi

eTikis kodeqsebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben respondentTa

uflebebis dacvas. es gasagebicaa — respondentebi kvlevis umTavres obieqts

warmoadgenen. maTi monawileoba kvlevaSi damokidebulia maT keTil nebaze, da

Cveni upirvelesi valdebuleba unda iyos uzrunvelvyoT, rom isini ar

dazaraldnen kvlevaSi monawileobis miRebis Sedegad.

eTikis kodeqsebis moTxovnebis Tanaxmad, respondentebis monawileoba

gamokvlevaSi nebayoflobiTi unda iyos, mkvlevarma SeZlebisdagvarad unda

miawodos mas sruli informacia gamokvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis Sesaxeb.

respondentTa uflebebis dacvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi valdebuleba,

romelsac mkvlevrebi kisruloben, maTi konfidencialobis dacvaa. xSirad

respondentebi mxolod im pirobiT iZlevian Tanxmobas CvenTan saubarze, Tu maTi

vinaoba ar iqneba gamJRavnebuli, magram, zog SemTxvevaSi, Zalze rTulia maTi

darwmuneba, rom Cven maT konfidencialobas davicavT, vinaidan mkvlevrebisTvis,

rogorc wesi, cnobilia respondentis vinaoba, masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas

ki interviuerebis muSaobis kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad yovelTvis xdeba

TiToeuli respondentis saxelisa da misamarTis Cawera. mniSvnelovania,

davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom es mxolod gamokvlevis saTanado xarisxiT

Catarebis uzrunvelsayofad xdeba da rom Sedegebis damuSavebis Semdeg maTi

pasuxebi mxolod anonimurad iqneba gamoyenebuli, masobrivi gamokiTxvis

SemTxvevaSi — statistikuri damuSavebis Semdeg.

socialuri gamokvlevis zogierTi saxeoba moiTxovs interviuebis Caweras

audio- an videofirze. amisaTvis aseve calke nebarTva gvWirdeba

respondentebisgan, da aqac, iseve rogorc yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Cven unda

davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom Camweri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis

miuxedavad maTi konfidencialoba daculi iqneba.

gansakuTrebiT rTulia respondentTa uflebebis dacva maSin, rodesac

xorcieldeba gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba; magaliTad, Tu dakvirvebas xalxmraval

adgilas vatarebT, sadac Cveulebriv mravali adamiani iyris Tavs, Cven, ra Tqma

unda, ver gavafrTxilebT yvela adamians, rom isini kvlevis obieqtebi arian.

amitom CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas, eTikis normebi garkveulwilad

specifikur xasiaTs iZens, da sakmaod relativisturi xasiaTisaa; erTaderTi

stabiluri mosazreba, romliTac mkvlevari unda xelmZRvanelobdes, isaa, rom

miRebuli unda iqnes yvela zoma, raTa kvlevam respondentebs raime vneba ar

miayenos. kvlevis angariSidan amoRebuli iyos ara mxolod respondentTa

saxelebi da gvarebi, aramed, agreTve yvela is informacia, romlis mixedviTac

SesaZlebeli iqneba adamianis identificireba.

b. damkveTebis uflebebi

empiriuli gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani nawili komerciuli xasiaTisaa da

sabazro, politikuri Tu sxva SekveTebis Sesasruleblad tardeba. mkvlevarebs

ara naklebi pasuxismgebloba akisriaT damkveTebTan urTierTobisas, da maTi

movaleobaa, uzrunvelyon, rom TiToeuli gamokvleva damkveTis mier dasmuli

problemebis gadaWris gzebis povnas isaxavdes miznad da yvelaze ufro

optimalur gzebs sTavazobdes damkveTs gamokvlevis gansaxorcieleblad.

mkvlevarisa da damkveTis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTisaa imdenad,

ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsis garda maTi regulireba xdeba agreTve

or mxares Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. magram rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, eTikis moTxovnebi ufro farTo xasiaTisaa, vidre administraciuli

72

miviCnev, roca eqims sakuTari surviliT pacienti rames aCuqebs. ar aris qrTami

radgan sakuTari surviliT Cuqnis” (policielebi, quTaisi)

,

,

[

,

,

,

“[Tu] me miCndeba survili, rom im adamians pativi vce, me amas qrTams ar veZaxi.

es SeiZleba iyos sunamo, “banbanerka” an sulac erTi fila Sokoladi. es, Cemi

azriT, namdvilad ar unda aRiqmebodes qrTamad da korufciad” (maswavleblebi

da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

“me, magaliTad, Zalian mewyineba, Tu isic korufciad CaTvales, rodesac me

viRacis pativiscema minda da SemeSindes, rom is ar daiWiron an me ar damiWiron,

rom imas pativi vce. pativiscema sxva aris, magram TviTon ar unda moiTxovon”


2. korufciis mizezebi saqarTveloSi

korufciis ZiriTad mizezad respondentebi TiTqmis erTxmad asaxeleben

dabal xelfasebs sajaro samsaxuris yvela sferoSi; yvela profesiuli jgufi,

gasagebi mizezebis gamo, gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs Tavisi profesiuli

sferos did mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, da mizanSewonilad

miiCnevs, rig SemTxvevaSi ki moiTxovs, am sferoSi xelfasebis mniSvnelovan

gazrdas; sainteresoa, rom TiTqmis yvela sferos warmomadgenlebi, mamakacebi

iseve rogorc qalebi, aucilebel saarsebo minimumad TveSi daaxloebiT 500 lars

asaxeleben.

“xelfasi minimumze minimumia” (policielebi, quTaisi)

“roca Tanamdebobis piri xar, Zalian Znelia, cduneba Zalian didia”


“maswavlebels imdeni xelfasi unda hqondes, rom aRar izrunos SeTavsebaze,

rom sxvaganac aiRos saaTebi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

“maswavlebels ar unda ecvas moswavleze cudad, ufro lamazad unda hqondes

Tma davarcxnili” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

“Tu xelfasebi ar gaizrdeba araferic ar Seicvleba” (maswavleblebi da

mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

bevri respondentis azriT, korumpirebuli pirebis nawili iZulebiT iRebs

qrTams, vinaidan isini sxva gamosavals ver xedaven, es maTTvis Tavis an ojaxebis

rCenis erTaderTi realuri gzaa; Zlieria rwmena, rom es xalxi Zalze ganicdis

aseT mdgomareobas:

“ekonomikuri mdgomareoba unda Seiqmnas imisTana, rom ar gaxde korum-

pirebuli] — magram miuxedavad amisa is korumpirebulebi, vinc arian — isini

iReben kidec [qrTams] da ekonomiuri mdgomareobac Zlieri aqvT. magram visac

araviTari saSualeba ara aqvs — iman rom patara raRaca gaakeTos, me mgoni,

korumpirebuli ar unda dauZaxon” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“me rodesac maqvs kargi xelfasi, var Cemi saqmis profesionali da, ase vTqvaT,

patrioti, me namdvilad ar davimcireb Tavs da ara mgonia, arc erTma

maswavlebelma daimciros Tavi da gamarTos mSobelTan raRac uxerxuli saubari,

raRac zewola moaxdinos masze, rom mere iman “pativi sces” — isevdaisev, Tu iqneba

normaluri xelfasebi. imitom rom pirovneba, vinc aseT saubars warmarTavs,

TviTonac Zalian Seuracxyofilia, da roca mas kargi xelfasi eqneba, merwmuneT

igi ar Caigdebs Tavs aseT saCoTiro situaciaSi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi,

Tbilisi)

rodesac aseT iZulebiT SemTxvevebTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin, saerTo azris

Tanaxmad, xelfasebis gazrda gadaWris korufciis problemas.

amasTan, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa azri, rom maRali

xelfasi TavisTavad yovelTvis ar iqneba aucilebeli da sakmarisi garantia imisa,

41

“movaleobas pasuxismgeblobiT rom ar Seasruleb, isic korufciaa”


SedarebiT iSviaTad gvaqvs saqme korufciis ganmartebasTan moralur WrilSi:

“korufcia aris fulis, sindisis da kanonis ukmarisoba” (saxelmwifo


xSir SemTxvevaSi, respondentebi aigiveben korufcias da meqrTameobas, Tumca

zogjer isini aRniSnaven, rom korufcia meqrTameobasTan SedarebiT ufro farTo

cnebaa, vinaidan is moicavs, agreTve arafuladi saxis garigebebs. SedarebiT

iSviaTad iqna gaigivebuli korufciasTan nepotizmi:

“naTesauri kavSirebi, megobroba, nacnoboba korufciaa, Tanamdebobaze iseTi

adamianebi SeiZleba dainiSnon, romlebic saerTod Sesaferisi ar arian im

Tanamdebobis” (policielebi, quTaisi)

yvela jgufSi respondentebi eTanxmebian azrs, rom korufcia saqarTveloSi

farTodaa gavrcelebuli da aRniSnaven, rom is gamoxatavs rogorc qrTamis

amRebis, aseve qrTamis mimcemis interesebs:

“vinc aZlevs [qrTams , isic kmayofilia da vinc iRebs, isic” (policielebi,

quTaisi)

]

]

!

“meqrTameoba universitetSi pirvel rigSi xels aZlevs students”


respondentebi yvelaze ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom korufcia erTnairad

gasakicxia imis miuxedavad, Tu ra TanxiT gamoixateba aRebuli an micemuli

qrTami; Tumca es pozicia erTsulovani ar iyo:

“nemsis qurdi da aqlemis qurdi erTiao” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“is, vinc 5 maneTs aiRebs, imas Tu saSualeba miecema, milionsac Tavisuflad

aiRebs” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“- rogorc ar arsebobs nawilobrivi orsuloba, ise ar arsebobs nawilobrivi

[korumpirebuloba . an aris, an ar aris.

- ara zogi, magaliTad, davuSvaT, im wamlisTvis, im gaWirvebisTvis [iRebs

qrTams] da zogi — fufunebisTvis, sasaxleebisTvis, mersedesebisTvis, “be-em-ve”-

ebisTvis. aq gansxvaveba unda iyos, Cemi azriT” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

respondentebi ganixilaven korufcias, rogorc erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiT

movlenas, romelsac ar SeuZlia, raime dadebiTi Sedegi mohyves da raime

gamarTleba hqondes:

“korufciiT ara mgonia, qveyanam miiRos rame kargi, korufcia sikeTes

moutans konkretul pirovnebas da mis ojaxs” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)

“korufcia TavisTavad ar SeiZleba iyos kargi, SeiZleba korufcias raRac

dadebiTi Sedegebi gaaCndes, magram misi zneobrivi mxare sul gadawonis im

dadebiTs. amitom korufcia ar SeiZleba iyos kargi” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,

axalcixe)

amasTan, qarTvel respondentebs uWirT erTmaneTisagan gamijnon korufcia

da e.w. “pativiscema”, gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom saqarTveloSi

tradiciulad pativs scemen sxva adamianebs, iqneba es saCuqris Tu, ubralod,

madlobis Tqmis meSveobiT. maTi azriT, ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani

korufciasa da pativiscemas Soris is aris, rom pirveli gamoZalvasTanaa

dakavSirebuli, xolo meore — nebayoflobiTia.

“qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa, qrTami sxvaa”


“yvelafers korufcias ver davarqmev. magaliTad, bavSvi yvavils rom miutans

maswavlebels skolaSi, es ar aris korufcia, es pativiscemaa. korufciad ar

40

da samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, amdenad eTikis kodeqsebi aregulirebs

mkvlevrisa da damkveTis urTierTobebis im sferoebs, romlebic xelSekru-

lebebis miRma rCeba da urTierTpatiosnebisa da urTierTgagebisken, maRali

profesiuli standartebis dacvisaken mouwodebs orive mxares.

g. farTo sazogadoebriobis interesebis dacva

ramdenadac socialuri mecnierebis pasuxismgebloba farTo sazogadoebis

winaSe iuridiuli regulirebis obieqts ar warmoadgens, is mTlianad eqceva pro-

fesiuli eTikis farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTva-

liswineba sociologebis moRvaweobis Zalze mniSvnelovan sferos warmoadgens.

rogorc amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis eTikis kodeqsSia xazgasmuli,

sociologebi acnobiereben maT profesiul da mecnierul pasuxismgeblobas im

sazogadoebis winaSe, sadac isini cxovroben da muSaoben; isini iyeneben Tavis

codnas, raTa xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebriv keTildReobas. gamokvlevis Cata-

rebisas isini miznad isaxaven rogorc sociologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas,

aseve sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis xelSewyobas.90

sanqciebi

ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebi iuridiuli dokumentebi ar aris,

maTi normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg ver iqneba gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi

sanqciebi. arada, eTikis kodeqsis normebis damyareba mxolod mkvlevarTa

keTilganwyobaze da maT mier am normebis didi mniSvnelobis gacnobierebaze

yovelTvis sakmarisi ar aris. amitom, profesiuli sazogadoebebi zrunaven imaze,

rom profesiuli eTikis darRvevis SemTxvevebma SeumCnevlad ar Caiaros da

SeZlebisdagvarad Zvirad daujdes am normebis damrRvevs, vinaidan yoveli aseTi

darRvevis SemTxvevaSi laqa ecxoba yvela mkvlevars, socialuri mecnierebis

sazogadoebriv reputacias.

eTikuri kodeqsebis specifikuri bunebidan gamomdinare, maT mier

gaTvaliswinebuli sanqciebic Taviseburi xasiaTisaa. isini did yuradRebas

aqcevs eTikuri normebis darRvevis SemTxvevebis gaxmaurebas profesiul wreSi

da aseTi faqtebis dagmobas kolegebis mier. amasTan, mniSvnelovania imis

aRniSvna, rom nebismieri faqti mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc

profesiuli eTikis normebis darRveva, Tu es damtkicebuli iqna, iqamde ki

yvelas mimarT Taviseburi “udanaSaulobis prezumfcia” moqmedebs.

profesiuli eTikis normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg Zalze seriozuli

sanqciebi iqna SemuSavebuli amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) mier. am

organizaciis farglebSi muSaobs profesiuli eTikis komiteti, romelic eTikis

normebis darRvevis faqtebs ganixilavs. es komiteti uflebamosilia ASA-s

wevrebis mier, Semdegi saxis sanqciebi gamoiyenos damnaSaveTa mimarT:

a) piradi gafrTxileba. es SedarebiT rbili sanqcia gamoiyeneba im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu darRveva SedarebiT msubuqi iyo da ar gamouwvevia seriozuli

piradi an profesiuli ziani. piradi gafrTxileba, rogorc wesi, werilis saxiT

egzavneba eTikis normebis damrRvevs.

b) sajaro gafrTxilebas im SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, Tu darRveva seriozul

xasiaTs atarebda. isic SeiZleba werilis saxiT iyos, magram es werili qveyndeba

Sesabamis sainformacio saSualebebSi.

g) privilegiebis CamorTmeva. nebismieri sociologiuri asociaciis (maT

Soris ASA-s) wevroba ara mxolod sakmaod maRali statusis niSania, aramed

wevrebisaTvis garkveul profesiul da materialur privilegiebTanaa

dakavSirebuli. amitom am privilegiebis CamorTmeva sakmaod seriozul sasjels

warmoadgens. kerZod, eTikis normebis damrRvevi SeiZleba ar iqnes daSvebuli am

asociaciis mier mowyobil RonisZiebebze; ar iqnes Seyvanili saredaqcio

kolegiebSi; aekrZalos monawileobis miReba asociaciis sxvadasxva komitetebSi

90 Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American

Sociological Association, 1999. P. 4-5.

73

arCevnebSi, ar iqnes ganxiluli misi kandidatura asociaciis wevrebisaTvis

gankuTvnili kvleviTi stipendiebis ganawilebis procesSi da a.S. im sakiTxs, Tu,

kerZod, romeli privilegiebi CamoerTmeva eTikis normebis damrRvevs,

profesiuli eTikis komiteti yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare

gadawyvets.

d) asociaciaSi wevrobis Sewyveta ASA-s profesiuli eTikis komitetis

yvelaze seriozuli sanqciaa. aqac, komiteti yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi

wyvets, Tu ramdeni xniT unda moxdes ama Tu im sociologis wevrobis Sewyveta

ASA-Si da ra pirobiTaa SesaZlebeli am wevrobis ganaxleba momavalSi. sasjelis

yvelaze mZime formaa profesiuli sazogadoebis wevrTa rigebidan garicxva, rac

TavisTavad ara mxolod samarcxvinoa, aramed abrkolebs garicxulis Semdgom

profesiul saqmianobas, xels uSlis mas mniSvnelovani SekveTebis mozidvaSi.

kvlevis Sedegebis publikacia

profesiuli normebis specifikuri jgufia moTxovnebi kvlevis Sedegebis

gamoqveynebisadmi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi. am moTxovnebis

SemuSaveba araprofesiuli publikaciebis momravlebis Sedegad gaxda

aucilebeli. mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad rwmundebodnen, rom

Jurnalistebi, romlebsac ara aqvT Sesabamisi codna, xSirad sakmaod uxeS

Secdomebs uSvebdnen masobrivi gamokiTxvebis an sxva tipis kvlevebis Sedegebis

gamoqveynebisas, am Secdomebs ki Semdeg maTi mkiTxvelebi imeorebdnen. arcTu

iSviaTad Jurnalistur masalebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo kvlevis Sedegebi

Sefasebuli iyo rogorc araswori, es ki arasaxarbielo gavlenas axdenda am

kvlevebis Sefasebaze sazogadoebis mier.

am problemis gadaWris mizniT 1983 wels sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro

kvlevis evropulma kavSirma (ESOMAR) SeimuSava “sazogadoebrivi azris

gamokiTxvebis gzamkvlevi”91, romlis mizansac presaSi socialuri gamokvlevebis

Sedegebis gamoqveynebisas daSvebuli Secdomebis Semcireba iyo. gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba am kodeqsSi masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebis publikacias eZRvneba,

romlebic yvelaze ufro xSirad Suqdeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis

mier. garda imisa, rom es kodeqsi ganixilavs gamokiTxvebis Sedegebis

mniSvnelobas demokratiuli sazogadoebebisaTvis da Jurnalistebisa da

socialuri mecnierebebis profesiuli TanamSromlobis Taviseburebebs, aq

warmodginelia praqtikuli rekomendaciebi kvlevis Sedegebze damyarebuli

publikaciebis momzadebasTan dakavSirebiT. ESOMAR-is rCeviT, yvela

publikacias, romelic masobrivi gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs iyenebs, aucileblad

unda axldes meToduri informacia Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb, kerZod:

o romelma kvleviTma organizaciam Caatara gamokiTxva;

o gamokiTxvis Catarebis meTodika (piradi, satelefono, safosto Tu sxva);

o SerCeviTi erTobliobis raodenoba;

o SerCevis reprezentatuloba;

o gamokiTxvis Catarebis TariRebi;

o dasmuli kiTxvebis tipi (Ria, daxuruli Tu naxevraddaxuruli) da maTi

zusti formulireba.

socialuri kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli informaciis gamoqveynebisas

aucilebelia mkafiod gaimijnos miRebuli Sedegebi da am Sedegebis safuZvelze

Jurnalistebis mier gakeTebuli komentari.

garda amisa, ESOMAR-i urCevs kvleviT organizacias da masobrivi

informaciis organos, dadon xelSekruleba, romelSic ganxiluli iqneba maT

Soris TanamSromlobis pirobebi.

91 Guide to Opinion Polls. E.S.O.M.A.R., 1993.

74

magaliTi #3

korufcia saqarTveloSi

da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis

warmomadgenlebis mier


Tavisuflebis institutis mier 2004 wlis ivnisSi Catarebuli iqna fokus-

jgufebi saqarTvelos ramdenime qalaqSi (axalcixe, Tbilisi, Telavi, quTaisi).

jgufebi Catarda sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan: profesor-

maswavleblebi, studentebi, mZRolebi, policielebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi.

fokus-jgufebis mTavari mizani iyo am profesiuli jgufebis warmomad-

genlebis mier korufciuli qmedebebis Sefaseba da korufciis formebis Seswavla

profesiuli saqmianobis Sesabamis sferoebSi; korufciuli da arakorufciuli

qmedebebis gamijvna ama Tu im profesiis warmomadgenlebis TvalSi; agreTve,

korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla.

angariSi eyrdnoba Semdegi fokus-jgufebis masalebs:

profesiuli jgufi qalaqi Catarebis TariRi

saxelmwifo moxeleebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.

studentebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.

maswavleblebi da mSoblebi Tbilisi seqtemberi, 2004 w.

profesor-maswavleblebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.

studentebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.

policielebi quTaisi ivnisi, 2004 w.

1. ra aris korufcia da ra ar aris korufcia

fokus-jgufebis TiTqmis yvela monawilem daaxloebiT erTnairad ganmarta

korufcia, rogorc:

“Tanamdebobrivi ufleba-movaleobebis gadameteba angarebis mizniT”


“adamiani rom nebismier Tanamdebobaze borotad iyenebs Tavis Tanamdebobas

sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

“korufcia es aris kanons gareT momxdari garigeba” (studentebi, Telavi)

“korufcia aris rodesac garkveuli Tanamdeboba aqvs pirovnebas da am

TanamdebobiT sargeblobs Tavis raRac gadaWarbebuli ambiciebiT da gZalavs

fuls arakanonierad” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

,

“adamianTa mier saxelmwifo qonebis xelyofa” (profesor-maswavleblebi,

Telavi)

“[korufcia] qrTamis garda sxva saxiTac arsebobs: gadasaxadebis damalva,

sagzao policiis TanamSromeli rom mZRols fuls arTmevs, esec korufciaa”


sxva respondentebisagan gansxvavebiT, policiis TanamSromlebi ufro

farTod ganmartaven korufcias:

“korufcia pirvel rigSi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia, kanonis darRvevaa”


39

vin aniWebs upiratesobas qarxnul Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi) ratom irCeven

isini aseT Rvinos?

rogor fiqrobT, dalevs Tu ara glexi qarxnul Rvinos?

(Tu ara — ratom?)

ra SemTxvevaSi dalevs?

Tqveni azriT, dRes saqarTveloSi yvelaze did mowonebas romeli tipis Rvino

imsaxurebs? ratom?

daasruleT fraza: “is, vinc svams mxolod boTlSi Camosxmul Rvinos, aris . . .”

ra Tvisebebi aqvs xarisxian Rvinos? (naturaluri Rvino?)

Tu SegiZliaT dagvisaxeloT romelime xarisxiani Rvino?

fasi

sad yidulobT xomle Rvinos yvelaze xSirad?

saSualod ra fasSi yidulobT xomle Rvinos?

ra gavlenas axdens Tqvens arCevanze Rvinis fasi? Rvinis xarisxi?

Tqveni arCevani Rvinis xarisxze ufroa damokidebuli Tu mis fasze?

ra unda Rirdes Rvino?

unda gansxvavdebodes Tu ara Rvinis fasi misi saxeobis mixedviT (wiTeli da

TeTri, glexuri da qarxnis)

Rvinis smis kultura

rogor gesmiT fraza: “Rvinis smis kultura”?

ra iciT Rvinis smis kulturis Sesaxeb sazRvargareT?

aris Tu ara raime gansakuTrebuli im wesebSi da tradiciebSi, romlebic

axasiaTebs Rvinis smis wesebs da masTan dakavSirebul tradiciebs saqarTveloSi?

kaxeTSi?

rogori iyo Rvinis smis kultura saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 100 wlis win?

Seicvala Tu ara bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze Rvinis smis kultura saqarTve-

loSi / TelavSi / TbilisSi? rogoria Rvinis smis kultura axla? ra mogwonT amaSi

da ra — ara?

38

davalebebi:

1. ipoveT internetSi socialuri kvlevis eTikis ramdenime kodeqsi (garda

im kodeqsebisa, romlebic am masalaSia miTiTebuli) da SeadareT isini

erTmaneTs maTi detalurobis TvalsazrisiT.

2. gaecaniT publikacias “gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis

mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili” (magaliTi #4). rogor

SeafasebdiT kvlevis Sedegebis gaSuqebis xarisxs?


1. Bruce L. Berg. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Fifth edition. Boston: Pearson. Pp. 43-73 (“Ethical Issues”).

2. Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in Advances

in Consumer Research 25: 72-74.

3. ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice. http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961

4. American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics. http://www.asanet.org/members/

ecoderev.html

5. American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies and Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html

75

magaliTi #4.

gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis mosaxleobaSi

izrdeba emigraciis survili

CNN Italia, 26 agvisto, 2002 w.

londoni (CNN) — isini veRar itanen amindis kaprizebs da cxovrebis siZvires,

zogi — samzareulosac ki. swored esaa ZiriTadi mizezebi, romelTa gamoc

britaneTis moqalaqeebis umravlesobas surs sazRvargareT gamgzavreba — iq,

sadac ufro rbili hava, dabali fasebi da gemrieli samzareuloa.

amaze mowmobs gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelic gazeT «deili telegrafis»

SekveTiT Caatara demoskopiurma sazogadoebam YouGov. rogorc gamokiTxulTa 54

procentma ganacxada, SesaZlebloba rom hqondeT isini siamovnebiT

gaemgzavrebodnen sazRvargareT sacxovreblad.

maTTvis yvelze sasurveli qveynebia SeerTebuli Statebi da avstralia,

sadac maT ar dasWirdebaT enobrivi barieris gadalaxva. (evrogaerTianebaSi

britanelebi yvelaze naklebad floben ucxo enebs). rom ara es barieri, maSin

espaneTs da safrangeTs arCevdnen.

ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze britaneTis mosaxleobaSi gaizarda qveynidan

gamgzavrebis survili. msgavsi gamokiTxvis Sedegad, romelic uSualod meore

msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg Catarda, gairkva, rom aseTi survili

mosaxleobis 42 procents hqonda. 1975 wels ki es raodenoba 40 procentamde

Semcirda.

umTavresi motivi, ris gamoc mosaxleobas didi britaneTidan gamgzavreba

surs, aris cxovrebis siZvire da SesaZleblobebis nakleboba. havis cvalebadoba

kidev erTi mizezia, romelsac gamokiTxulebi xSirad asaxelebdnen.

ingliselebis mxolod 25 procentma ganacxada, rom axali sacxovrebeli

adgilebis Zebnis mTavari mizezia maTi ukmayofileba erovnuli samzareuloTi.

sxva mxriv, umTavresi, rac maT Sin darCnis survils uZlierebs, ojaxi,

megobrebi, da erovnuli istoriiT gamowveuli siamayis grZnobaa.

76

magaliTi #2

Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

sadiskusio gegma49

SeniSvna:

rogorc fokus-jgufis es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebi SeiZleba

dajgufebuli iyos Tematurad, da ganlagebuli iyos ise, rom moderators

gauadvildes muSaoba. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes

ramdenime kiTxvas erTsa da imave Temaze, dazustebebs, romelTa mizania

respondentebis daxmareba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT gauWirdebaT kiTxvaze

pasuxis gacema. Tu moderatori amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos

sadiskusio gegmaSi pasuxebis mosalodneli variantebi da moniSnos, Tu

rogor gaagrZelos diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sadiskusio gegma xSirad individualuri dokumentia

da moderatoris gamocdilebasa da mis profesiul midgomas asaxavs.

saerTo SekiTxvebi:

ra SemTxvevebSi svamT Rvinos?

- yoveldRiurad

- dResaswaulebze (dabadebis dRe, axali weli da a.S.)

- qorwili, qelexi

- sxva ?

daaxloebiT ramden litr Rvinos moixmarT weliwadSi? (kerZod, ramdeni

litri Rvino moixmareT Tqven/Tqvenma ojaxma SarSan?)

arCevani

piradad Tqven, rogor Rvinos aniWebT upiratesobas?

- TeTrs Tu wiTels?


ratom?

Tqveni nacnobebis umravlesoba rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas?

rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas axalgazrdebis

umravlesoba saqarTveloSi? ratom?

rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas asakovani xalxi? ratom?

rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinoze ufro didi moTxovna arsebobs dRes

saqarTveloSi?

- TeTrs Tu wiTels?


ratom?

Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa am tipebis Rvinoebs Soris:

- glexuri;

- qarxnuli Camosasxmeli;

- qarxnuli boTlis.

vin aniWebs upiratesobas glexur Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi.) ratom irCeven

isini aseT Rvinos?

49 es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis II kursis

studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna 2 saswavlo fokus-jgufis

Catarebisas.

37


1. maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba

axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba

da perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.

2. С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М.

3. Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

4. David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

36

danarTi #1

korufcia saqarTveloSi92


fokus-jgufis Catrebis TariRi: 29 ivnisi, 2004 w.

fokus-jgufis Catrebis adgili: q. Telavi.

fokus-jgufis respondentebis kategoria: studentebi.

SeniSvna:

transkripti fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli diskusiis dros Cawerili

audio- an videokasetis detaluri gaSifvris Sedegia; masSi unda aisaxos

fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamoTqmuli yvela azri, romlebic SeZlebis-

dagvarad sityvasityviT unda iyos gadatanili qaRaldze. aris SemTxvevebi,

rodesac respondenti Cumad laparakobs da misi sityvebis garCeva ver

xerxdeba — maSin transkriptSi Sesabamisi miniSneba unda iyos gakeTebuli. am

magaliTSi, aseT SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli kvadratuli frCxilebi.

fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamarTuli diskusiis gaSifvris Sedegad

srulad xdeba respondentTa stilis dacva; dauSvebelia saubris

stilisturi redaqtireba.

zogjer transkripSi miTiTebulia, Tu romel respondents ekuTvnis

yoveli gamoTqmuli azri; vinaidan fokus-jgufis respondentebis vinaobis

gamJRavneba arasodes ar xdeba, respondentebs pirobiTi saxelebiT moixse-

nieben xolme. aq moyvanil magaliTSi moyvanilia mxolod jgufis msvlelobaSi

gamoTqmuli azrebi, avtoris miTiTebis gareSe. gamoyofilia mxolod mode-

ratoris sityvebi.

Cveni saubris Temaa korufcia. saubris procesSi kidev davakonkretebT im

sakiTxebs, romlebsac dRes ganvixilavT magram Tavdapirvelad gTxovT

yvelam warvadginoT Tavi.

;

- ...,93 studenti.

- ..., agraruli universiteti.

- ..., ucxo enebi94.

- ....

- ..., biosamedicino.

- ..., ucxo enebi.

- ..., iuridiuli.

- ..., studenti.

sanam konkretul magaliTebze da konkretul SemTxvevebze gadavalT, jer

SevecadoT cota akademiurad mivudgeT am sakiTxs — Tqveni azriT, rogor

SeiZleba ganvmartoT, ra aris korufcia? am cnebis Teoriuli ganmarteba Tu

gaqvT vinmes?

- gaaCnia, iseT SenobaSi vimyofebiT, rom akademiurad midgoma, albaT, ufro

saWiro iqneba,95 samecniero doneze. gasarkvevia, korufciaSi ras vgulisxmobT —

es aris marto fulis micema, Tu saCuqaric igulisxmeba, namcxvari... Cemi azriT,

orive igulisxmeba.

- igulisxmeba.

92 fokus-jgufi Catarda Tavisuflebis institutis proeqtis farglebSi “korufcia

saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis

mier”. 93 respondentTa saxelebi gamotovebulia maTi anonimurobis dacvis mizniT. 94 Tumca es ar iyo moderatoris moTxovna, ramdenime respondentma miuTiTa fakulteti,

sadac swavlobdnen. 95 fokus-jgufi Catarda Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis SenobaSi.

77

- korufcia aris, rodesac romelime adgilze mosaxvedrad Tu raRac,

gWirdeba gasamrjelo, rom miitano, da ara is, rac sinamdvileSi saWiroa, codna an

raRac; sinamdvileSi rac ar gaqvs, im kriteriumebs Sen ver akmayofileb da amis

safasurad Sen unda gadaixado raRac...

- Seavso...

- korufcia es aris kanonis gareT momxdari garigeba, rodesac orive mxare

raRac valdebulebas kisrulobs, vTqvaT, erTi mxare kisrulobs raime Tanxis

gaRebas, xolo meore, da ZiriTadad saxelmwifo moxeleze unda gvqondes aq

saubari, kisrulobs raime ukanono qmedebis Sesrulebas am piris sasargeblod.

- mec, albaT, daaxloebiT ase vfiqrob.

korufcia da meqrTameoba erTi da igivea Tu ara?

- ki.

- Cemi azriT, ki.

- ki.

- erTia.

- Cemi azriT, ara, imitom rom meqrTameoba SeiZleba gamoixatos nebismier

pirTan mimarTebaSi, anu es SeiZleba ar iyos saxelmwifo moxele, vTqvaT, da

qrTami miutano kerZo pirs, romelmac ginda rom samsaxurSi migiRos. korufciaze

rodesac vsaubrobT, es aris uSualod saxelmwifo samsaxurSi momxdari movlena,

xolo qrTami SeiZleba gamoixatos kerZo seqtorSic, arasamTavrobo organi-

zaciaSic.

- mainc korufciasTan aris gadajaWvuli.

- magram amas ar SeiZleba davarqvaT, Cemi azriT, korufcia.

- qrTami pirdapir kavSirSia, Cemi azriT, korufciasTan, imitom rom qrTams

iReb, ese igi... Sen xdebi korumpirebuli.

- raRacas ukanonod akeTeb am SemTxvevaSi.

- Tu am gansazRvrebas gamoviyenebT, am SemTxvevaSi ver mivalT korufciamde,

imitom rom, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba saqarTveloSi qrTami rogorc saCuqari,

anu raime valdebulebis Sesruleba, raime momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians raRacas. gansakuTrebiT, vTqvaT,

notariusebTan mimarTebaSi, vTqvaT, raRac moqmedebas asruleben, xom? moqalaqe,

romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs, cdilobs rom rame gadauxados, rom is

daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamom-

dinareobs.

- da ar aris, Seni azriT, es korufcia?

- ara, korufcia aris, korufciis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, magram

mTlianobaSi identuri cnebebi ar aris.

- ara, identuri ar aris, ra Tqma unda.

...-m rom moiyvana magaliTi — rodesac samsaxurSi iReben ara codnis

safuZvelze, aramed imis safuZvelze, Tu vis ras miscem — im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

viRaca gaiZulebs raRaca misce samsaxurSi miRebisaTvis, magram amave dros

ase Tu ise akmayofilebs, Tundac formalurad, codnis mxriv arsebul

moTxovnebs — am SemTxvevaSi rasTan gvaqvs saqme?

- esec korufciaa, me Tu mkiTxavT, TviTon im moxelis mimarT, vinc iRebs

fuls, imitom rom is mainc akeTebs amas da arasamarTlebrivad xdeba im mxriv, rom

SeiZleba ufro kargi kriteriumebis, ufro kargi Sefasebis mqone adamiani darCes

gareT.

- cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi TviTon im adamianis uflebac irRveva, visac Txoven

[fuls], magram korufciis yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli niSani swored is aris, rom

saxelmwifo moxele TviTon iTxovs “aucilebel” gadasaxads, xolo qrTamis

SemTxvevaSi meqrTame TviTon aris SemTavazebeli.

- dRes-dReobiT, mgoni, qrTamic igivenairad xdeba — eg SeiZleba adre iyo mase,

magram dRes qrTamis micemisas igive movaleobas asrulebs is, rom Sen gTxoven im

qrTams, rom miitano. adre SeiZleba nebayoflobiTi iyo, magram dRes-dReobiT

aRar aris, me mgoni, nebayoflobiTi.

- Tu nebayoflobiTia, maSin es ukve saCuqaria, vTqvaT, madlierebis niSnad.

78

ramdenadac fokus-jgufi axlosaa siRrmiseul interviusTan, am ori meTodis

gamoyenebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebis analogiuri SesaZleb-

lobebi arsebobs. analizis pirvel etapze xdeba informaciis kodireba, Semdeg ki

— Sedegebis interpretacia; analizis saboloo safexurze mkvlevari akeTebs das-

kvnebs, romlebic warmoadgens pasuxs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.

siRrmiseuli interviuebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebisagan

gansxvavebiT, fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSaveba damatebiT moiTxovs

gadawyvetilebis miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra doneze unda ganxorciel-

des analizi. siRrmiseuli intervius SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi TavisTavad

cxadia — aq analizis done SeiZleba mxolod respondenti iyos. magram fokus-

jgufebis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos rogorc respondenti, aseve jgufi

(rogorc erTeuli), miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kvlevis far-

glebSi ramdenime fokus-jgufi tardeba. gadawyvetilebis miReba analizis donis

Taobaze Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tumca, erTi mxriv, yvela jgufi responden-

tebisgan Sedgeba da swored individualuri respondentebi ayalibeben jgufis

msvlelobaSi gamoTqmul azrebs, udavoa, rom jgufis dinamika gavlenas axdens

calkeul respondentebze, anu arsebobs agreTve analizis meore SesaZlo done,

jgufuri. amitom, d.morganis azriT, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis analizi aucileb-

lad unda iTvaliswinebdes am or dones Soris arsebul urTierTobebebs.48

ramdenadac fokus-jgufebi xSirad gamoiyeneba raime problemis winaswari

Seswavlis mizniT, maTi Sedegebis analizi xSirad aRweriTi xasiaTisaa. am leqciis

bolos moyvanilia fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis swored aRweriTi analizis

magaliTi (ix. magaliTi #3). is eyrdnoba kvlevas, romelic Catarda Tavisuflebis

institutis mier saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi 2004 wlis zafxulSi. kvleva

mieZRvna sxvadasxva profesiul jgufSi korufciis gavrcelebis Sefasebas,

korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis ganxilvas da korufciis daZlevis SesaZlo

gzebis dasaxvas. TiToeul jgufSi monawileobas iRebda respondentTa jgufi,

romelic homogenuri iyo profesiuli statusis mixedviT (mag., profesor-

maswavleblebi; policielebi; saxelmwifo moxeleebi; studentebi), magram ara

sqesisa da asakis mixedviT (Tumca, ra Tqma unda, studentTa jgufebi asakis

mixedviTac sakmaod homogenurebi iyo).

fokus-jgufebis Catarebis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebis generalizacia ar

aris gamarTlebuli, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba dasaSvebad CaiTvalos —

Tu Catarebuli iqna sakmaod bevri fokus-jgufi, romlebSic monawileoba miiRes

sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufis da teritoriuli erTeulis

warmomadgenelma respondentebma.

iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv kvlevaSi, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis

analizisas ganuyofelia analizis da angariSis weris etapebi.

davalebebi:

1. gaecaniT fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmas “Rvinis moxmarebis kultura

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi” (magaliTi 2). romeli proeqciuli teqnikebis

gamoyenebaa dagegmili am sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze Catarebul fokus-

jgufSi?

2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa Temaze “korufciis gavrcelebis

mizezebi saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi”; kvleva Catarebuli

unda iyos fokus-jguf(eb)is gamoyenebiT.

3. SeadgineT sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis saintereso Temaze fokus-

jgufis Catarebis mizniT; gamoiyeneT is proeqciuli teqnikebi, romlebic

yvelze mizanSewonilad migaCiaT kvlevis Temidan gamomdinare.

48 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 60.

35

• maTi gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebelia CvenTvis

saWiro informaciis miReba sxva gziT (kerZod, pirdapiri kiTxvebis meSveobiT);

• mkvlevarma unda SearCios is meTodika, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba mis

winaSe mdgar amocanebs;

• aucilebelia winaswar ganvsazRvroT, fokus-jgufis Catarebis romel etapze

ufro mizanSewonilia SerCeuli teqnikis gamoyeneba;

• respondentebs gasagebad unda avuxsnaT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan, rogoria “TamaSis

wesebi”;

• aucilebelia Seiqmnas garemo, sadac respondentebi ar igrZnoben Tavs ise,

TiTqos isini raRac gamocdas abareben;

• moderatoris saqcieli maqsimalurad moqnili unda iyos, da Tu meTodika ar

“amuSavda” (rac xdeba xolme), man unda moaxerxos jgufTan muSaobis gagrZeleba

ise, rom aRar gaamaxvilos amaze yuradReba;

• araa mizanSewonili, gadavtvirToT jgufi proeqciuli teqnikebiT — erTi

jgufisTvis savsebiT sakmarisia 1-2 aseTi meTodikis gamoyeneba (erTi meTo-

dikis gamoyeneba saSualod 20 wuTs ikavebs);

• yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani am meTodikebis gamoyenebaSi maTi Sedegebis Sem-

dgomi interpretaciaa. yvelanairad unda vecadoT, pirveladi interpretacia

TviT respondentebma mogvcen.

proeqciuli teqnikebis gverdiT, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba,

agreTve zondirebis saSualebebi, kerZod:

siCume. rogorc ukve viciT, es aris erT-erTi yvelaze ubralo, neitraluri

da amasTan efeqturi meTodi, da amitom is Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba.

Jestebis ena. jgufis msvlelobisas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs

moderatoris araverbalur saqciels, kerZod, misi saxis gamometyvelebas,

mimikas, xmis intonaciebs, Tvalebis moZraobas, Tavis daqnevas, xmis intonacias,

diqcias da sxv. yvela es aris jgufis gaZRolis araverbaluri xerxebi.

mizanSewonilia, moderatori pirdapir uyurebdes Tavis Tanamosaubres, magram

amasTan ar iTvleba sworad, Tu is didi xniT daacqerdeba jgufis romelime

monawiles.

jgufuri urTierTobis marTva SesaZlebelia ramdenime teqnikis meSveobiT,

romelTa Sorisaa: dasmuli kiTxvebis “gadagzavna” jgufis sxva wevrebisTvis;

gamoTqmuli azris gameoreba; monawileTa Segnebuli “dapirispireba”, da sxv.

informaciis arasrulad gageba an respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli azris

Segnebulad damaxinjeba moderatoris mier aiZulebs respondentebs, ukeT

Camoayalibon Tavisi azrebi.

“ratom?”-kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, romlebic SeiZleba davyoT “motivis”

(“ratom?”) da “interesis” (“rogor?/rogori?/rogor moxda?”) kiTxvebad.

“zondirebis”, iseve rogorc proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas

yvelanairad unda vizrunoT imaze, rom ar dairRves respondentebis interesebi

da ar CavayenoT isini uxerxul mdgomareobaSi.

fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi

fokus-jgufis Catarebis Semdeg xdeba mis msvlelobaSi Cawerili saubris

qaRaldze srulad gadatana, ris Sedegadac iqmneba saubris transkripti (fokus-

jgufis transkriptis magaliTi ix. danarTSi #1). am transkriptis safuZvelze

mkvlevari an mkvlevarTa jgufi SemdgomSi amzadebs angariSs, romelic, kvlevis

miznebis Tanaxmad, Seicavs pasuxebs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.

fokus-jgufis angariSi analitikuri dokumentia, romelic Cveulebriv Seicavs

citatebs respondentTa saubridan, iseve rogorc mkvlevris daskvnebs da,

xSirad, praqtikul rekomendaciebs.

34

- qrTamis SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis Seni mxridan, xolo korufciis

SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis im mxridan.

- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba xmamaRla ar iyos naTqvami, rom ai, Sen raRac momitane,

magram qvecnobierad, farulad miganiSnebs, rom ai, kargi iqneboda, Tu raRacas

momitan.

- ki.

- sityvaze, vTqvaT, romeliRac samsaxurSi gamocxadda raRac konkursi,

SesarCevi, miiRe monawileoba da geubnebian, rom ai, ki, akmayofileb amas, magram

raRac damatebiTi isini unda gaimarTos — Sen atyob, rom giWianureben saqmes, ar

gawyoben — iZulebuli xdebi rom SesTavazo raRac, “pativs gcem, ra”...

- qrTami me mainc sul cudi gagebiT maxsovs, ai “qrTami misca” da...

- ara, kargi gagebiT verc ityvi.

- kargi gagebaa, rodesac pativs gcemen da Sen pativs scem adamians, magas xom

qrTams ver daarqmev?

- qrTami aris korufciis gamomxatveli meTodi.

maSin sxva kiTxva — korufcia SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc raRac fuladi

Tanxis an saCuqris miReba, Tu amas sxva formebic aqvs?

- sxva formebic aqvs, ra Tqma unda.

- da bankSi ver Seitan, namdvilad.

- korufcias aqvs yvelanairi forma — swored is aris, rom Sen arasamarTleb-

rivad im adamians, vTqvaT, igive rogorc samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT Camovarda

laparaki, TanamSromlad iyvan da nebismieri — amas SeiZleba, uxeSad geubnebi,

parketis dageba undodes an sul sxva raRacis [SekeTeba]; am SemTxvevaSi Sen

raRacis safasurad ukeTeb amas. imiT ki ara, rom is samarTlebrivad sworia, rom

is daimsaxura an raRaca — sxvas toveb TamaSgareT, imitom rom gawyobs im wuTas

Sen am adamianis SemoTavazebuli winadadeba, da mniSvneloba ara aqvs, es ra iqneba.

- amas kanonic aregulirebs, kanonSi aris, rom sajaro pirebs ar SeuZliaT

miiRon saCuqari, romlis fasic aRemateba [800] lars, Tu sworad maxsovs — aris

konkretuli Tanxa miRebuli, anu saCuqarSi igulisxmeba Tanxac da igulisxmeba

nivTic.

- 1000 lari.

- am SemTxvevaSi maSin is moiTxovs sam 400-larians, da Tavisuflad SeuZlia

rom cal-calke aiRos.

- elementarulad ai, nacnobia, kargi, fuls ar gamovarTmev, magram ukve ici,

rom saCuqari Sen unda “ikisro”.

- madlierebis niSnad.

- eg ukve tradiciuli momentia.

- ara! mainc korufciaa.

- korufcias imas ver davarqmevT, rom eqimTan midixar da “banbanerka” migaqvs.

- ara, ra Tqma unda!

- anda, vTqvaT, pativs scem adamians elementarulad adamianuri motiviT da

ara imitom, rom...

- eg vTqvi weRan, qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa,

qrTami sxvaa.

- eg iyo istoriuli winamZRvari qrTamisa.

aris aq vinme, vinc dRes pirvelad gaigo sityva “korufcia”?

- raRac ar mgonia, saqarTveloSi...

- imdenad xSirad ismis dRes-dReobiT, rom ara mgonia.

aris aq vinme, visac ucxo xalxis TandaswrebiT jer ar ulaparakia imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris korufcia da ar gamouTqvia Tavisi azri?

- Sedegebze gvilaparakia, magram korufcia ar gangvimartavs rogorc aseTi.

romeli qveynebia, Tqveni azriT, sadac korufcia Zalian aris

gavrcelebuli?

- es aris ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi qveynebi, Tumca korufciis xarisxi da

79

korufciis masStabi — aq yvela sferoSi midis korufcia, iq ki, SeiZleba...

- aseve CamorCenili qveynebi.

modiT davasaxeloT qveynebi, nu davajgufebT.

- indoeTi mgonia me.

- ruseTi.

- sasomxeTic aseve.

- sasomxeTi, azerbaijani, ruseTi, ukraina. yofili sabWoTa samyaro.

ratom aris am qveynebSi SedarebiT metad gavrcelebuli?

- kanoni ar kanonobs, albaT.

- ufro metad gavrcelebuli ar aris, me mgoni, sasomxeTSi an ruseTSi, magram

sadac marTlaa gavrcelebuli — indoeTSi, vTqvaT.

- moicavs im qveynebs, rasac hqvia “ganviTarebadi”.

- da xalxis donea ufro SeiZleba dabali.

- ara, TviTon saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebis procesi ar aris iq

dasrulebuli, aqedan gamomdinare, TviTon sazogadoebac da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

saxelmwifo moxeleebic ver acnobiereben, ras niSnavs saxelmwifoSi cxovreba.

meorec, TviTon korufciis sistemazec aris aq saubari, vTqvaT, nebismier

ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, rodesac atyoben, rom raRac sfero eqceva maqsimarulad

CrdilSi, da iq xdeba korufciuli garigeba, cdiloben es gadmoitanon sakanon-

mdeblo regulirebis sferoSi, da aq es kultura ar aris xSir SemTxvevaSi.

- imitom, rom, albaT, kanoni ar kanonobs.

- damokidebulia azrisa da sityvis TavisuflebasTan, rac CvenTanac iyo didi

problema.

kargiT. da romelia, Tqveni azriT, qveynebi, sadac korufcia ar aris, an

SedarebiT naklebad aris gavrcelebuli?

- naklebad.

- gacilebiT naklebad.

- evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyana.

- es aris civilizebuli qveynebi.

- amerika.

- me amerikas davasaxelebdi.

- korufcia aris yvela qveyanaSi.

- ara, naklebad.

da ra aris imis mizezi, rom am qveynebSi korufcia naklebadaa

gavrcelebuli?

- ganviTarebulia, kanoni kanonobs.

- iq aris sakanonmdeblo regulireba.

- Zalian did pativs scemen sazRvargareT saerTod, ginda amerikaSi, gind

evropaSi, kanonebs da eSiniaT, imitom rom ician, raRacas rom daaSaveben, ician,

rom marTla daisjebian.

- weRan damaviwyda meTqva, rom kriminogenuli situacia CvenTan da im qveynebSi

[sadac korufcia gavrcelebulia] Zalian dabal donezea, da iq, [sadac korufcia

ar aris gavrcelebuli,] me vfiqrob, ufro maRal donezea. ician, rom Tu es

moxdeba, daisjeba is adamiani, da CvenTan ukve aravis eSinia arafris gakeTebis.

- ho, igive momentia — raRacas Caiden, fuls miitan da morCa.

- eg cxadia, kanonis simkacre imdenad ar gansazRvravs kanonis dacvas,

ramdenadac TviTon sasjelis aucilebloba, anu prevencia am SemTxvevaSi.

- dausjeloba akeTebs amas.

- dausjelobis sindromia saqarTveloSi.

- isic ar dagvaviwydes, rom iseT qveynebSi arsebobs iseTi kanonebi, romlebic

uSualod xels uwyoben korufciis gaRvivebas.

- martiv magaliTs moviyvan — amerikis nebismier universitetSi ratom ar aris

korufciis didi masStabi? elementarulad, yvela gadasaxadi iq aris kanoni-

zirebuli, anu is ukanono imaSi ar eqceva. aq yvelaferi dauregulirebelia,

80

magaliTad, ganasaxieron sxvadasxva firmis mier warmoebuli analogiuri

saqoneli.

es sakmaod rTuli meTodikaa, romlis gamoyenebasac Zalian didi dro

sWirdeba da amasTan, is moiTxovs moderatoris gansakuTrebul ostatobas. is

saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavigoT, Tu ra adgils ikavebs esa Tu is saqoneli

respondentebis yofaSi.

8. naxatebi da “fsiqonaxatebi”

magaliTi: vTxovoT respondentebs, Tavad daxaton naxati raime

situaciasTan dakavSirebiT.

aseTi naxatebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevafasoT respondentebis mier ama Tu im

saqonlis aRqma, amitom isini Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba satelevizio sareklamo

rgolebis efeqturobisadmi miZRvnil fokus-jgufebSi. amasTan, aseTi naxatebis

meSveobiT SesaZlebloba gveZleva SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad daaxsovdaT

respondentebs ama Tu im saqonlis SefuTva, samarko niSani, da sxva.

ra Tqma unda, aseTi meTodikis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia,

ramdenadac bevri respondenti ukan daixevs im mizezis gamo, rom xatva ar icis,

Tumca aq xatvis xarixs ara aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. amitom es meTodika

yvelaze xSirad bavSvebTan muSaobisas gamoiyeneba.

9. kolaJi

magaliTi: Jurnalebidan gamoWrili suraTebis didi raodenobidan

respondentebs sTavazoben SearCion iseTebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, yvelaze

metad Seesabameba romelime saqonlis an adamianis imijs.

es meTodika saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis

damokidebuleba ama Tu im saqonlis mimarT, da mogvcems iseT informacias,

romlis verbalurad gamoxatvac repondentebs gauWirdebaT.

rogorc wesi, kolaJis Sedgena sakmaod Znelia, amitom iTvleba, rom Tu

respondentebma Tavi gaarTves am amocanas, e.i. isini xangrZlivi drois manZilze

Segnebulad moixmaren ama Tu im saqonels, da maT cnobierebaSi ukve

Camoyalibebulia myari warmodgena mis Sesaxeb.

amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom kolaJis teqnika mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs

Seicavs ara marto respondentebisTvis, aramed mkvlevarebisTvisac, romlebsac,

rogorc wesi, uWirT Sedegebis interpretacia. amitom am teqnikis gamoyenebisas

uaRresad mniSvnelovania, mivceT respondentebs saSualeba, Tavad agvixsnan

Tavisi arCevani da agviRweron is, rac “Seqmnes”.

10. kartografireba (Brand mapping) magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovoT, ramdenime jgufad dayon konkurenti

firmebis mier damzadebuli msgavsi saqoneli.

es meTodika sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba marketinguli xasiaTis fokus-

jgufebSi. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovacocxloT jgufis msvleloba. amasTan,

is gvaZlevs Zalze Rirebul informacias imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor xedavs

bazars TviTon momxmarebeli. am meTodikis daxmarebiT SeiZleba davinaxoT,

ramdenad “savsea” bazari Tu, piriqiT, jer kidev aris axali markis saqonlis

SemoRwevis SesaZlebloba. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, agreTve davinaxoT, icvleba

Tu ara momxmareblis warmodgena arsebuli saqonlebis Sesaxeb reklamis gavlenis

qveS.

am meTodikis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is sakmaod

did dros moiTxovs da misi CatarebisTvis saWiroa damxmare “TvalsaCino

masalis” gamoyeneba.

proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia Semdegi moTxovnebis

dacva:

33

3. SekiTxvebi “mesame pirSi”

magaliTebi: “ratomaa, rom zogi diasaxlisi iSviaTad wmends macivars?”

“rogorc fiqrobT, ratom ar uyvars xalxs zangebi?”

cnobilia, rom rodesac adamiani sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb laparakobs, is

imyofeba sakmaod Zlieri socialuri gavlenis qveS, romelic zRudavs mas Tavisi

azrebisa da Sefasebebis gamoxatvaSi da xels uSlis misi azrebis gulaxdil

gamoxatvas. magram rodesac Cven mas vTxovT sxvebis Sesaxeb (anu “mesame pirSi”)

ilaparakos, is gacilebiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba, da ufro gulwrfelad

gviziarebs Tavis mosazrebebs.

4. “Rrubliani” naxatebi

magaliTi: vuCvenoT respondentebs naxati an fotosuraTi, romelzec

aRbeWdilia raime socialuri situacia da erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi piris

gverdiT daxatulia carieli “Rrubeli”, romelic simbolurad misi azris

Casawer adgils warmoadgens. vTxovoT respondentebs, “RrubelSi” am adamianis

azri Caweron.

es meTodika SedarebiT ufro rTulia. misi meSveobiT Cven vigebT

respondentebis reaqcias suraTze asaxul socialur situaciasTan dakavSirebiT

ise, rom Cven mas ar vubiZgebT, raime tipis daskvna gaakeTos — Cven saerTod ar

aRvwerT arafers, ubralod naxats vuCvenebT. am naxatSi respondenti dainaxavs

mxolod imas, ris dasanaxadac is ukve momzadebulia Tavisi socialuri Tu

kulturuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, xolo respondentis mier “RrubelSi”

Cawerili azri naTlad gviCvenebs mis damokidebulebas im problemisadmi,

romelic gvainteresebs.

am meTodikis gamoyenebisas didi yuradRebiT unda movekidoT Sesabamisi

naxatebis SerCevas, da SeZlebisdagvarad karg mxatvrebs unda SevukveToT isini.

naxati unda iyos sada, naTeli da ubralo.

5. personifikacia

magaliTebi: “warmoidgineT, rom axali markis BMW-s avtomobili adamiania.

rogori adamiania is? SegiZliaT amiRweroT?”

“warmoidgineT, rom es organizacia raime cxovelia. konkretulad romel

cxovels gagonebT is?”

xdeba xolme, rom Tavidan respondentebs uWirT am meTodikis gamoyeneba,

magram, rogorc wesi, SemdgomSi isini gatacebiT umateben maT mier Seqmnil saxes

axal-axal detalebs.

sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi es meTodika Zalze mdidar informacias

mogvcems rogorc raime saqonlis imijis Sesaxeb, aseve misi “tipiuri

momxmareblis” warmomadgenlebis Taobaze; masTan dakavSirebul faseulobebze;

reklamis gavlenaze; da sxva.

6. stereotipebi

magaliTi: respondentebs sTavazoben produqtebis sias, romlebsac

yoveldRiurad moixmars romelime hipoTeturi ojaxi, da sTxoven, aRweron es

ojaxi.

am meTodikis gamoyeneba sapirispiro formiTac SeiZleba: aRvweroT ojaxis

tipi da vTxovoT respondentebs, Seadginon im produqtebis sia, romlebsac es

ojaxi yoveldRiurad moixmars.

es meTodika personifikaciis meTodikis Tavisebur gagrZelebadac SeiZleba

CaiTvalos. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovyoT momxmarebelTa jgufebi, romlebic,

respondentTa azriT, tipiuria.

7. rolebis gaTamaSeba

magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovT, rolebSi gaiTamaSon raime situacia,

32

kanons gareSea, vakuumia sakanonmdeblo.

- unda meTqva is, rom axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas efeqturad xels,

imitom rom ukve rom ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis

gareSe, da ukve rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris. im dRes erTma amerikelma

Tqva, rom qarTvelebis Cvevaao rom dawyebul saqmes bolomde ar amTavrebeno — da

daaxloebiT hgaqvs, rom dabrkolebas gana gadalaxavs, is fiqrobs, rom modi axla

ukve fuls mivcem, axla ukve daviRale...

- marcxena gzas gamonaxaven.

- Cvenc vuwyobT xels raRac momentSi, me vfiqrob.

- ra Tqma unda!

- da sazRvargareT aravin gadaixdis fuls uswavlelobisTvis, rogorc Cven

vakeTebT, mgoni, amas.

- rogorc yovelTvis, ukuRma varT niWierebi — nebismieri sxva SeiZleba

fiqrobdes problemis gadaWraze, qarTvelma SeiZleba oTxjer meti ifiqros

marcxena mxridan mogvarebaze, mainc moZebnis raRacas.

- da sabolood ver xvdebian, rom uswavleloba ufro Zviri ujdebaT da ufro

cudia qveynisTvis ekonomikuradac da saerTodac.

- cudi kidev is aris, rom adamiani, romelic profesias korufciuli xerxebiT

eufleba, anu romelic, vTqvaT, iqidanve ixdis ukanonod, mere, ra Tqma unda, isic

ukanonod gadaaxdevinebs, rodesac Tanamdebobas daikavebs, anu ukan amoiRebs.

- ho, xelisuflebaSi modis da...

- jaWviviT modis.

Cvens qveyanas davubrundeT. saqarTveloSi korufcia ramdenad aris

gavrcelebuli, Tqveni azriT?

- sakmaod.

- Zalian.

- Zalian gavrcelebulia.

sakmaod Tu Zalian?

- Zalian.

- Zalian.

- me vityodi, katastrofuli masStabiT.

- igives vityodi mec.

- faqtiurad sfero ar arsebobs, sadac korufcia ar aris.

SegiZliaT daasaxeloT sami sfero, sadac korufcia yvelaze Zalian aris

gavrcelebuli? an Tu TvliT, rom erTia aseTi sfero — ki, batono, erTi

daasaxeleT.

- ganaTleba.

- saganmanaTleblo.

- ganaTleba, samarTaldamcavi organoebi...

- saxelisuflo struqturebSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi, da mesame — damexmareT.

- samarTaldamcav organoebSi.

- es SeiZleba Sevides saxelmwifo struqturebSi.

- es im doneze, rom yvelas TvalSia.

Telavis raionSi igive sami sferoa, Tu aq raime specifikuri situaciaa?

- ara, me mgoni, igive sami gvaqvs.

- mgoni, gamonaklisebi iqneba, magram ZiriTadad igive.

- adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze Tu gadmovitanT xelisuflebis

situacias, maSin igive sami sferoa.

- igive.

- samarTaldamcavebi, saganmanaTleblo da...

saSualod saqarTvelos dones Tu SevadarebT, TelavSi korufcia metad

aris gavrcelebuli, naklebad Tu igivea?

- igivea.

81

- igivea.

- Cemi azriT, igivea.

- aranairad naklebad.

- SedarebiT naklebi SeiZleba iyos.

- iqidan gamomdinare, rom Telavi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT Zalian pataraa...

- ara, me vityodi piriqiT, TbilisSi ufro, Cemi azriT, naklebia, vidre aq —

patara qalaqia, magram Zalian [gavrcelebulia].

- procentulad Tu aiRebT, am SemTxvevaSi ...

- SeiZleba sadRac naklebi Tanxaa gadasaxdeli, magram Semosavalic naklebia.

- eg aris mTavari, Tu korufcia ra donezea? is aris mTavari, ramdens ixdi, Tu

ra donezea? is xom mainc iRebs am SemTxvevaSi? korufcia is aris, rom iman

SeiZleba — uxeSad ar gamigo — lari aiRos, magram iman xom mainc safasurad

gagikeTa! am wuTas korufciazea laparaki, samarTlebrivi is rom irRveva; aqac

sakmaod irRveva.

- ki, hoda Tanabrad aris procentulad Tu aviRebT.

- nu, Tanabrad.

piradad Tqven Tu gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan?

- albaT, yvelas hqonia met-naklebad.

- met-naklebad.

- me SemiZlia vTqva, rom ar mqonia. Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom arasodes ar

mqonia.

- ho, axla mec vfiqrob, ra vici, verafers ver vigoneb.

- qrTami ar mimicia, magram vici, rom...

Tqvens pirad gamocdilebas davubrundebiT magram manamde — ra aris

korufciis gavrcelebis mizezi saqarTveloSi, ra iwvevs korufcias?

,

- Cemi azriT, ucodinroba.

- kanonis ucodinroba.

- gaunaTlebloba.

- samarTlebrivi...

- arsebuli mdgomareoba, raSic Cven vcxovrobT, is saSinelebebi, ase vTqvaT,

rac dRes-dReobiT xdeba: ukanonoba...

- es SeiZleba iyos erTi kompleqsi, socialuri foni, zogadi socialuri foni,

rodesac igive dabali xelfasi aqvT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi da bunebrivia,

sajaro moxeles ar SeuZlia 16 larian xelfasze cxovreba. aqedanac gamom-

dinareobs, erTi faqtori SeiZleba es gamovyoT. meore faqtori, TviTon

moqalaqis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis zedmetad dabali done. mesame faqtoric

SeiZleba arsebobdes am SemTxvevaSi...

- mainc araferi ar Seicvleba.

- mesame faqtoria umTavresi, zogadad saxelmwifoSi ukve sakanonmdeblo

vakuumi, rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis

iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs es procesi. anu es procesi

rom SeCerdes, es vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad. igive universitetSi,

ganaTlebis sistemaSi, es vakuumebi Zalian bevria.

ganaTlebis sistemaSi konkretulad ra vakuumebia?

- vTqvaT, igive ar aris gansazRvruli studentis da universitetis

valdebulebebi. Cven praqtikulad aranair, rodesac SemovdivarT universitetSi,

formalurad Tu iuridiulad ar xdeba gamijvna, ra valdebulebebi aqvs

universitets Cvens mimarT.

- es valdebulebebi wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli.

- ho, wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli, magram sainteresoa, ramdeni icnobs am

wesdebas, xom?

- erTi procenti.

- erTic ara.

Tu aris es wesdeba da Tqven mas ar icnobT, maSin iqneb sxva problemasTan

82

jgufebis Catareba nakleb dros moiTxovs da damkveTs gacilebiT ufro iafi

ujdeba, vidre sxva tipis kvlevis Catareba.

proeqciuli teqnikebi

Tvisebriv meTodebSi da, kerZod, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba e.w.

proeqciuli teqnikebi46, romlebic wina leqciaSi ganxiluli zondirebis saSua-

lebebis ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgens. proeqciuli teqnikebis mizania adamia-

nis Sinagani samyaros ufro Rrma Seswavla. es meTodikebi mWidro kavSirSia fsi-

qologebis mier SemuSavebul testebTan, da fsiqologiis mraval miRwevas iye-

neben.

proeqciuli teqnikebis aucileblobas aqvs rogorc fsiqologiuri, aseve

lingvisturi gamarTleba. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianis qcevis

motivebi xSirad qvecnobierebaSi arsebuli mizezebiT da motivebiT aixsneba,

amitom zog SemTxvevaSi adamians ar SeuZlia sakuTari saqcielis an poziciis axsna

verbaluri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. amas emateba lingvisturi gamarTleba —

enis, anu Cveni verbaluri komunikaciis saSualebis arasrulyofili xasiaTi.

swored proeqciuli teqnikebi dagvexmareba am ori SezRudvis gadalaxvaSi.

mkvlevrebi gamoiyeneben proeqciuli teqnikebis mraval saxeobas. vidre

mkvlevari gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli teqnika

gamoiyenos ama Tu im gamokvlevis farglebSi, man sam kiTxvas unda gasces pasuxi:

1. romeli teqnika dagvexmareba yvelaze ukeT Cvens winaSe mdgari miznis

misaRwevad?

2. rogor unda gamoviyenoT SerCeuli teqnika?

3. rogor unda davamuSavoT miRebuli Sedegebi?

qvemoT moyvanilia aTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli proeqciuli teqnikis mokle

aRwera.47

1. sityvieri asociaciebi

magaliTi: “ra azri gebadebaT, rodesac gesmiT sityva “. . .”?”

es meTodika Zalze martivia. misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi respondentebs,

rogorc wesi, advilad esmiT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan. amasTan, aseTi “savarjiSo”, Tu

is fokus-jgufis an siRrmiseuli intervius dasawyisSi gamoiyeneba, saSualebas

gvaZlevs, SeviqmnaT warmodgena respondentebis “leqsikonis”, maTi sityvaTa

maragis Sesaxeb da agreTve, gaverkveT ama Tu im produqtis an socialuri

situaciis Sefasebis variaciebSi.

es teqnika SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi saxiT;

ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, mas aucileblad anonimuri xasiaTi unda hqondes. magram

mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri teqnikis werilobiTi gamoyeneba

dasaSvebia mxolod sakmaod maRali ganaTlebis donis mqone respondentebTan

muSaobisas.

2. winadadebebis damTavreba

magaliTebi: “isini, vinc mxolod xsnad yavas svams, arian . . .”

“idealuri qorwineba — esaa qorwineba, romelic . . .”

es meTodikac Zalze iolia, da amasTan — uaRresad efeqturi. misi gamoyeneba

saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis faseulobebi, cxovrebi-

seuli orientaciebi da interesebi. is gvexmareba, swrafad da mkafiod Camova-

yalibebinoT repondentebs maTi damokidebuleba CvenTvis mniSvnelovani

sakiTxebisadmi.

46 termini nawarmoebia sityvebisgan ~proeqcia~, ~proecireba~. 47 es proeqciuli teqnikebi gamoyofilia sruliad ruseTis sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis

centris (amJamad — levada-centris) Tvisebrivi kvlevebis ganyofilebis mier 1996-1998

wlebSi.

31

respondentebis moCvenebiTi Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, man mainc unda akontro-

los diskusiis msvleloba da unda miiRos pasuxebi dasmul kvleviT kiTxvebze.

fokus-jgufis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba isaa, rom es meTodi

saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT azrebis Camoyalibebis process, da amasTan,

SevecadoT davadginoT, Tu ratom fiqrobs xalxi ise, rogorc fiqrobs43. es xdeba

jgufis monawileebs Soris azrTa gacvlis dros. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is,

rom fokus-jgufis Catareba xSirad xels uwyobs ama Tu im sakiTxis axali TvaliT

danaxvas, misi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gamoyofas, romlebic, SesaZloa, ar

gamoaSkaravebuliyo formalizebuli intervius dros. amitom, rogorc devid

morgani Tvlis, fokus-jgufebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Rirsebas warmoadgens

am meTodis unari, aRmoaCinos axali Temebi da wamoWras axali hipoTezebi44.

amasTan, fokus-jgufi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar isaxavs miznad raime gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebas — misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, yvela respondents Tavisi azris

gamoTqmis saSualeba misces.

magram fokus-jgufis, iseve rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegad

mkvlevari mxolod respondentebis verbalur informaciaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs

daskvnebs, rac, ra Tqma unda, garkveulad amcirebs Sedegebis sandoobas, imitom

rom es informacia yovelTvis ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.45

fokus-jgufis Catareba seriozul momzadebas moiTxovs, rac gulisxmobs

Temis winaswar Seswavlas, gamokvlevis programis da sadiskusio gegmis Semu-

Savebas, agreTve, jgufis Catarebis teqnikuri mxareebis uzrunvelyofas.

Senoba, sadac fokus-jgufi tardeba, specialur moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes.

es unda iyos sada oTaxi, romelic daculia gare xmaurisagan. rogorc wesi,

fokus-jgufebi tardeba mkvlevaris ofisSi, specialur oTaxSi, romlis erTi

kedelzec calmxirivi sarkea, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarTa gunds an

damkveTebs Tvali adevnon diskusias ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon mis msvlelobas.

respondentebma ar ician am sarkis da meore oTaxis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

yovelTvis xdeba fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli saubris audio- da/an vide-

oCawera, ris Sesaxebac respondentebi winaswar unda iyvnen gafrTxilebulni. ra

Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes maTi konfidencialoba.

fokus-jgufis xangrZlivoba, rogorc wesi, saaTnaxevridan or saaTamdea;

Sesvenebis gakeTeba fokus-jgufis mimdinareobis dros ar aris mizanSewonili.

fokus-jgufis msvlelobisas respondentebs, rogorc wesi, umaspinZldebian

gamargilebeli sasmelebiT.

erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi, rogorc wesi, ramdenime fokus-jgufi

tardeba, romlebic xSirad gansxvavdeba monawileTa maCveneblebis mixedviT

(qalebi; mamakacebi; sxvadasxva asakobrivi an profesiuli jgufi); arc Tu iSviaTia

SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufebi sxvadasxva qalaqSi, an sulac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

tardeba. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari gacilebiT ufro mdidar informacias

iRebs, da Sedegebis Sedarebis SesaZlebloba eZleva asakobriv, sqesobriv,

teritorialur/regionalur WrilSi.

arcTu iSviaTad fokus-jgufebi gamoiyeneba kvlevis dazverviT etapze,

rogorc naklebad cnobili problemis Seswavlis pirveli nabiji, romelic

gvexmareba saerTo hipoTezebis formulirebaSi. garda amisa, fokus-jgufebis

msvlelobisas miRebuli informacia mdidar da sasargeblo masalas iZleva

masobrivi gamokiTxvis kiTxvaris Sesadgenad, kerZod, kiTxvebis Camoyalibebisa

da maTi “daxurvis” daxvewis mizniT, vinaidan fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi

kargad vlindeba respondentebis “leqsikoni”, maTi azrovnebis modelebi.

fokus-jgufebi kargad uTavsdeba kvlevis sxva meTodebs, amitom xSirad

gamoiyeneba farTomasStabian proeqtebSi sxva meTodebTan, maT Soris masobriv

gamokiTxvasTan erTad. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufebis Sedegad miRe-

buli Tvisebrivi informacia, rogorc wesi, amdidrebs raodenobriv Sedegebs.

aRsaniSnavia, agreTve isic, rom masobriv gamokiTxvebTan SedarebiT fokus-

43 Richard A. Kruger. 1994. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Second Edition. Thousand

Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 3. 44 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 21. 45 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 8.

30

gvaqvs saqme?

- ara, universitetSi rom Semodis studenti, iq unda xdebodes piradi

gasaubreba da uflebebis ganmarteba.

- ki, magram ar xdeba.

- magram me ras viZaxi — TviTon kanoni ukve ar avaldebulebs universitets,

rom [studentis] Semosvlis Tanave, Tavisive iniciativiT...

- anu Tu gainteresebs Seni uflebebi, is getyvis uxeSad: me unda gaswavlo, Sen

unda iswavlo; is arc imas getyvis, rom Tu ar iswavli, fuli gadamixadeo...

- gasagebia, vTqvaT, igive Cvens universitetze rom aviRoT, debulebaSi wlebis

ganmavlobaSi iyo Cadebuli, rom 40% vTqvaT fasiani seqtoridan Semosuli

Tanxebis unda moxmarebodaT studentebs, TviTon universitets, materialur-

teqikuri bazis saxiT, xolo 60% leqtorebs xelfasebis saxiT — ar xmardeboda,

martivad imitom, rom mxolod im adamianebs hqondaT es debuleba wakiTxuli, vinc

es miiRo. da sakmaod rTulad mosapovebeli dokumentia dRemde.

sxva mizezebi, sxva mosazrebebi?

- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba cota xmamaRali naTqvami iyos Cemi mxridan, magram

TelavSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea, me ase mgonia, rom Cveni mTavroba da xalxi

erTmaneTTan kavSirSi saerTod ar aris, anu Cven, adamiani laparakobs sul sxva

enaze, mTavroba laparakobs sul sxva enaze, Cvens problemebze ar laparakoben.

mTavrobas xalxi ar irCevs?

- irCevs, magram raRac momentSi isini ...

- formalurad irCevs.

- adamianebis azrs isini aRar aqceven yuradRebas imis Semdeg, rac isini

amorCeulebi arian.

- dabali politikuri kulturac aris amomrCevlisa, amas aucileblad unda

gavusvaT xazi, ZiriTadad populisti [politikosebi].

- me ise mgonia, rom xalxi arc cdilobs imis gamosworebas, rac xdeba.

- es yvelaferi modis, Cemi azriT, mainc saboloo jamSi imas vfiqrob, im

doneze midis ukve aqcenti, rom mTavroba, mTavroba — me vfiqrob, yvela

CvenTaganis bralic, imitom rom saganmanaTleblo sistema Zalian dabal donezea,

es SeiZleba imis bralic aris, amis bralic, magram Cven kargad viciT, rom Tu

adamians unda swavla da raRacis miRweva, gadalaxavs im raRac problemebs, magram

kidev viZaxi, rogorc weRan vTqvi, Cven vuwyobT amas xels da Cveni isic aris.

- ki.

- sxvaTaSoris, bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams

iRebs, Sen codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. da am SemTxvevaSi — me maqvs

micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved,

vidre imas, vinc aiRo es.

- erTi faqti SemiZlia — dResdReobiT imasac davoben, uxeSad rom SevadaroT,

qaTami ufro adre gaCnda Tu kvercxi; igive situaciaa, meqrTameoba ufro adre

gaCnda Tu TviTon meqrTame? imdenad gadajaWvulia es yvelaferi erTmaneTze,

igive Cvens dRevandel mdgomareobaSi, rom...

- eg marTalia; iyo periodi, roca arc codna, araferi marTla ar fasdeboda,

marTla gareT rCebodi, marTla katastrofa iyo.

axla laparakia am Senobaze, am qalaqze, am qveyanaze Tu ...?

- am Senobazec, am qalaqzec da am qveyanazec. elementarulad, ver Sexval,

gindac codna gqondes, ver Sexval, Tu raRac gadasaxadi ar Seitane

universitetSi; misaReb gamocdebze erTxel CaWra, orjer CaWra, samjer CaWra —

es ukve xdeboda raRac katastrofulad.

axla mase aRar aris?

- me vfiqrob, axla SeiZleba ase iyos, magram mcodnes xmis amoRebis unari da

saSualeba eqneba, odnav mainc rom gaitanos Tavisi simarTle.

- meti aqvs.

- ukve raRas sasikeTo Zvrebi iqneba, ukve raRac testireba, romelic unda

83

iyos misaReb gamocdebze... garkveulwilad aferxebs korufcias.

- meore momentic aris, TviTon saxelmwifoebriv doneze Tu vityviT,

saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi akisria

saxelmwifos winaSe...

- da ra uflebebi aqvs, arc is ar icis.

- ... da rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom rom misi uflebebi,

rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi.

- ki magram, Cemi azriT, mgoni umetesobas arc unda rom icodes...

- masas, zogadad, ver moTxov amas.

- arc aqvT moTxovnileba.

- gind icode, xom weria xolme, vTqvaT, “icode kanoni, iqnebi daculi” — vici

kanoni — rom, vTqvaT, ar unda gamCxrikon orderis gareSe, — vici, rom is ar aris

sabuTi imisa, rom im wuTas me damiWiron, magram dRes-dReobiTac sakmaod

efeqturad mimdinareobs es. kanoni icis im adamianma, magram ver icavs im kanons!

- verc daicavs, martivad vityvi: Sen rogorc ar unda icode kanoni, Sen ise ver

daicav kanons, rogorc iuristi dagicavs — maSin Cveni profesia saerTod ar

gaxdeboda saWiro.

- elementarul imeebze, yvelaferze advokati xom ar geyoleba, ara?

- ara, yvelaferze advokati ara, Tundac igive saproceso moqmedebebze roca

vsaubrobT, da gakaveben, mainc gWirdeba damcveli.

Tqven daiwyeT laparaki, rom xalxs arc undao arafris Secvla...

- ubralod, me ase mgonia, rom arc cdiloben im situaciis Secvlas, rac aris.

Tu ar cdiloben, maSin ise gamodis, rom moswonT is situacia, Tu ra xdeba?

- ar moswonT, me ubralod ise mgonia, rom mieCvivnen.

- rogor aris, iciT? yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvela-

feri iyos kanonierad; magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad

TviTon mis garda, xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiq-

robs, rom ki, ra Tqma unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos,

magram...

- Tan qarTvelebis fsiqologia ufro sxvanairia.

- ... magram am dros TviTonve fiqrobs, rom kargi iqneboda, rom yvela ase

iqceodes, magram me mainc privilegirebuli unda viyo. es momenti namdvilad aris.

- Cemi azriT kidev, eg ar aris imis dasabuTeba, rom ar unda qarTvel xalxs

raRac Secvalos, imitom rom igive es Cveni ori revolucia imis

damadasturebelia, rom xalxs raRac undoda da Secvales kidec.

- ara, Sen cudad gamige — gana ar unda Secvla, unda rom Secvalos, magram...

- revolucia moxda, magram jer imdeni araferi ar momxdara.

- survili rom ara yofiliyo raRacis Secvlisa da keTildReobisken, arc

moxdeboda revolucia.

- ki.

- me vityvi, rom is elodeba viRacisgan Svelas — ki unda, rom Seicvalos,

magram TviTon mainc ar akeTebs.

- eg marTalia.

- saerTod, qarTveli xalxis Cvevaa, da, mgoni, mTavrobac ukve ise mieCvia

sazRvargareTidan daxmarebas, miliardi, ori miliardi — rogora varT ici,

rogorc patara ToTo bavSvi, rom sul Wamaze da sul TxovniT TvaliT vuyurebT,

ukve gamogvimuSaves aseTi Tviseba.

- nu, axla martivad rom aviRoT: Tu universitetis biblioTekaSi ar aris

wigni, Sen SegiZlia moiTxovo es, anu daayeno aseTi moTxovna, imitom rom gaqvs

amis ufleba, da meore varianti, rasac realurad studentoba mimarTavs: elodeba

axal reqtors, romelic SeiZleba 10 wlis Semdeg movides. “iman gadawyvitos” — es

momenti Zalian aris.

ori ramis Sejereba minda. Tqven yvelam — TiTqmis yvelam — TqviT, rom

gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan. amave dros, Tqven axseneT revolucia. Tu

SevadarebT mdgomareobas revoluciamde da revoluciis Semdeg, situacia

84

savsebiT SesaZlebelia fokus-jgufebis warmatebiT Catareba.41

mizanSewonilia, rom jgufis Semadgenloba homogenuri iyos asakobrivi da

sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT; aseve, fokus-jgufSi erTi da imave socialuri mdgo-

mareobis mqone pirebi unda iRebdnen monawileobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

jgufis warmatebis perspeqtivebi mcirea, vinaidan mis msvlelobaSi Tavs iCens

daZabuloba, mTeli rigi emociuri aspeqtebi, romlebic respondentTa yurad-

Rebis gafantvas iwvevs.

fokus-jgufis warmatebas didwilad gansazRvravs jgufis wamyvanis, anu

moderatoris xelovneba.42 misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, gauZRves diskusias im

sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze, romelic sakiTxis winaswari Seswavlis da

gamokvlevis programis safuZvelze iqna SemuSavebuli. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom

siRrmiseuli intervius da fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmebs Soris raime

principuli gansxvavebebi iyos, Tumca fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegma, ra Tqma

unda, orientirebulia ramdenime respondentze.

moderatoris ostatoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man unda gamoiwvios jgufis

monawileebis gulaxdiloba, uzrunvelyos yvela respondentis monawileoba

diskusiaSi, maT Soris maTi, vinc ar aris aqtiuri, an Tavs gaubedavad grZnobs. Tu

jgufis msvlelobaSi raime mizezis gamo viTareba daiZabeba, an respondentebs

Soris raime gaugebroba moxdeba, moderatoris movaleobaa, ganmuxtos situacia.

moderatori kargi msmeneli unda iyos, didi yuradRebiT usminos gamarTul

saubars da rodesac saWirod CaTvlis, gaCumdes, raTa respondentebma Tavad war-

marTon diskusia. fsiqologebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom rodesac responden-

tebi xedaven, rom maT yuradRebiT usmenen, rom maTi azri ainteresebT, isini

iolad da siamovnebiT Tanxmdebian TanamSromlobaze. moderatorma unda

gauadvilos respondentebs diskusiaSi monawileoba; mis qcevaSi ar unda iyos

araferi, rac SeboWavs respondentebs. swored moderatorzea damokidebuli

jgufSi megobruli da Ria atmosferos Seqmna, rac ueWvelad Seuwyobs xels

diskusiis warmatebas. idealur SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi

Seqmnili atmosfero mis monawileebs siamovnebas unda aniWebdes, saintereso

unda iyos maTTvis.

fokus-jgufis Catarebisas aqtualobas kargavs masobrivi gamokiTxvebisTvis

Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad adekvaturad esmiT

respondentebs dasmuli kiTxvebi —moderatoris erT-erT movaloebas swored

imis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, rom respondentebma sworad gaigon dasmuli

kiTxvebi; zogjer moderatoris Careva arc aris xolme aucilebeli, vinaidan

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jgufis sxva wevrebi Tavad exmarebian im respondents,

romelmac ver gaigo kiTxva, azusteben ra kiTxvis Sinaarss. saerTod, jgufis

msvlelobaSi respondentebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan xSirad saSualebas

aZlevs moderators, CrdilSi darCes, Sesabamisad — naklebad moaxdinos gavlena

respondentebis azrebze Tavisi SekiTxvebiT da komentarebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda,

mniSnvelovnad amcirebs respondentebis pasuxebis reaqtiulobas. es garemoebac

fokus-jgufebis Zalze mniSvnelovan upiratesobad iTvleba. amasTan, es, ra Tqma

unda, ar niSnavs, rom moderatori nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs jgufis msvle-

lobisas gamarTul diskusias — piriqiT, misi CrdilSi gasvla, rodesac es saWiroa

da sasargebloa jgufis msvlelobisaTvis, mis maRal profesiul ostatobaze

mowmobs. rodesac is amis saWiroebas dainaxavs, moderatori kvlav CaerTveba

jgufis wayvanis procesSi, imdenad aqtiurad, ramdenadac es saWiro iqneba.

iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis nebismieri saxeoba, fokus-jgufebis

meTodi garkveul Tavisuflebas aniWebs mkvlevars am meTodis gamoyenebis

konkretul formebTan dakavSirebiT. moderatoris mier fokus-jgufis Cata-

rebis stili SeiZleba iyos rogorc mkacri, aseve liberaluri. ukanasknel

SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, saqme gvaqvs gamocdil moderatorTan, vinaidan

41 David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Publications. P. 19. 42 moderatori SeiZleba iyos rogorc kvleviTi gundis warmomadgeneli, romelic

uSualod muSaobs gamokvlevis Catarebaze da monacemTa damuSavebaze, aseve mowveuli

piri, romlis daniSnulebac mxolod fokus-jgufis Catarebaa.

29

kvlevebSi da maT sayovelTao aRiareba poves rogorc marketingSi, aseve

politikuri situaciebis da socialuri problemebis Seswavlisas, Teoriuli

TvalsazrisiT jerac ar aris Seswavlili Tu ra tipis gamokvlevebSia es meTodi

yvelaze ufro mizanSewonili. iTvleba, rom fokus-jgufebis gamoyeneba

saukeTeso Sedegebs sabazro situaciis, bazarze axali saqonlisaTvis Sesaferisi

adgilis Seswavlis mizniT Catarebul kvlevebSi iZleva. es meTodi yvelaze ukeT

gvexmareba gavigoT respondentebis azri ama Tu im saqonlis Sesaxeb, davadginoT

am saqonlis moxmarebis formebi da, rac ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, arCevanis

gakeTebis motivebi. es informacia SemdgomSi exmareba mwarmoeblebs, gaaumjo-

beson saqonlis xarisxi, Secvalon sareklamo strategia da sxv. aseve, fokus-

jgufebis gamoyeneba efeqturia momavali reklamis efeqturobis gansazRvis

mizniT. marketingis garda, es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur kvlevebSi,

politikuri partiebis an calkeuli politikosebis imijis da maTi saarCevno San-

sebis Sefasebisa da gaumjobesebis mizniT. fokus-jgufebi socialuri xasiaTis

kvlevebSic gamoiyeneba, xSirad — rogorc problemis winaswari Seswavlis

saSualeba an raime socialuri programis efeqturobis Sefasebis mizniT.

amasTan, aris Temebi, romelTa Seswavlisas mizanSewonili ar iqneba fokus-

jgufebis gamoyeneba. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, intimuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi,

maT Soris — piradi higiena, col-qmruli urTierTobebi, Ralati ojaxSi. fokus-

jgufis meTodi aseve naklebefeqturia respondentebis Semosavlis da saerTod,

maTi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kvlevis Catarebisas.

meTodis daxasiaTeba

rogorc mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, fokus-jgufebi saSualebas gvaZlevs,

ara mxolod Zalian Rrmad SeviswavloT esa Tu is rTuli sakiTxi, aramed

SeviqmnaT naTeli warmodgena am sakiTxis irgvliv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli azrTa

mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb. fokus-jgufis dros warmoqmnili diskusiebis Sede-

gad ukeT vlindeba respondentebis damokidebuleba garkveuli socialuri prob-

lemebisadmi, maTi fsiqologiuri ganwyobebi da emociuri Sefasebebi, romlebic

xSirad arc aris Segnebulad gaTviTcnobierebuli respondentebis mier.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufis monawileTa raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde

meryeobs, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi respondentTa minimaluri raodenoba SeiZleba

5-6 iyos, xolo maqsimaluri — 12.40 respondentTa raodenobis mkacri SezRudva

imitomaa aucilebeli, rom fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi mis yvela monawiles unda

mieces Tavisi azris Tavisuflad da srulad gamoTqmis saSualeba. Tu es piroba

ar sruleba, fokus-jgufi ver aRwevs Tavis mizans.

rogorc wesi, fokus-jgufis monawileebs specialuri kriteriumebis safuZ-

velze arCeven, es kriteriumebi ki gamokvlevis amocanebiTaa ganpirobebuli.

upirvelesi moTxovna monawileTa SerCevisadmi isaa, rom isini unda iyvnen gaT-

viTcnobierebulni im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac fokus-jgufi eZRvneba

(marketinguli kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi — unda iyvnen ama Tu im saqonlis momxma-

reblebi, an potenciuri momxmareblebi).

saerTo rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, fokus-jgufis monawileebi ar unda icob-

nden erTmaneTs da jgufis wamyvans. iTvleba, rom ucxo adamianebs Soris jgufis

msvlelobisas SeiZleba e.w. “Tanamgzavris efeqti” gaCndes, da respondentebi met

gulaxdilobas gamoiCenen im adamianebis gverdiT, romlebsac ar icnoben, visac

cxovrebaSi pirvelad da ukanasknelad xedaven. magram rig SemTxvevaSi (maga-

liTad, patara TemebSi muSaobisas) am moTxovnis dakmayofileba Zalze rTulia.

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac Cata-

rebuli iqna fokus-jgufebis seria, sadac yvela respondenti icnobda erTma-

neTs. am jgufebis araformaluri xasiaTis xazgasmis mizniT isini erT-erTi res-

pondentis binaSi Catarda. rogorc am eqsperimentma daadastura, aseT pirobebSi

40 aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac fokus-jgufis wevrebis raodenoba 15-s aRwevs, magram es ar

aris mizanSewonili.

28

Tqvens cxovrebaSi korufciasTan dakavSirebiT Seicvala Tu ar Seicvala?

- Cvens SemTxvevaSi ar Secvlila.

- jerjerobiT...

- araferi ar Secvlila, jerjerobiT mainc.

- magram me vfiqrob, imedi unda iyos, magram jerjerobiT...

niSnavs Tu ara es, rom axla korufcia isevea, rogorc iyo revoluciamde?

- ara, imis laparaki, rom ar Secvlila situacia, cota mgoni ararealuri

meCveneba, imitom rom situacia marTla Seicvala.

- ara, me rasTanac mqonda Sexeba, iq ar Secvlila situacia. igive

universitetis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, leqtorebTan mimarTebaSi.

- SeiZleba ufro gaCumda da ar ismis. ise aRar aris aSkarad.

- gamocdebTan dakavSirebiT.

- axla dameTanxmebiT, sami Tvea Tu oTxi Tvea, rac avirCieT Cveni prezidenti

— sam TveSi da oTx TveSi aseTi didi problemis mogvareba ar SeiZleba. SeiZleba

nela, magram situacia nel-nela win midis — gaumjobesebisaken, korufcias

vgulisxmob.

- imedi geqneba, magram jerjerobiT...

- centridan iwyeba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola da mere regionebSi cota

ufro sustdeba.

- erTi rame minda vTqva, Tu SeiZleba momismineT. Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom

korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba.

- ki.

- jerjerobiT me amas ver vxedav. universitetSi ixdidnen fuls, imitom rom

eswavlaT. marwyvs yididnen da ixdidnen. mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom ar eswavlaT.

mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom mowyobiliyvnen samsaxurSi da is fuli amoeRoT. axlac

asea. movida axali reqtori — rac Cemi TvaliT maqvs danaxuli, modiT konkretul

faqtebze davideT, mgoni, sjobia. saxelmwifo gamocdaze moikrifa isev fuli,

TiTqmis yvela jgufSi. midis reqtori da eubneba: “es fuli daabruneT ukan, azri

ara aqvs”. an: “mokrefili gaqvT? dekans mieciT?” — “ara, rogor gekadrebaT”,

studenti iZaxis. arada, dekani udga gverdze — konkretuli faqti vici, da “ara,

aravis ar miutanoT”, es dekanic iZaxis; arada, is fuli jibeSi udevs. kargi, im

students awyobs, rom gadaixados, ase vTqvaT, raRacnairad gaZvres.

- ki, veTanxmebi, es meqrTameoba universitetSi, pirvel rigSi, xels aZlevs

students. rom aviRoT, me roca vabarebdi aq universitetSi, da 100 kaci viyaviT

Tu ufro metni, vinc vabarebdiT erTad, iqidan codna hqonda erTi xuT-aT kacs.

gvqonda. danarCeni abarebda fuliT. gamocdebze axlac yvelani aZleven fuls,

imitom rom Cairicxnen fuliT, ar ainteresebT codna, mSoblebs aqvT aseTi is,

rom “Cems Svils aucileblad unda hqondes diplomi” da ar uyureben imas, rom

imaT Svils ar unda swavla.

- diplomiani siZe unda iyos, diplomiani rZali unda iyos...

- da Semdeg gamocdebzec leqtorebs aZleven fuls. leqtori aiRebs fuls,

imitom rom valdebuli ar aris, rom ucodinar bavSvs ise dauweros niSani.

axla, am bolo sesiaze aZleven fuls?

- ki.

- ki, kaco.

- ki, ai axla. ufro Cumad, magram ...

- arian leqtorebi, romlebic nebayoflobiT iZaxian uars, da es Zalian kargia,

SemiZlia davasaxelo kidec es leqtorebi, magram arian leqtorebi, romlebic,

piriqiT, moswrebaze arian, rom vTqvaT momavali wlidan [ar ician, ra moxdeba].

- gavaldebuleben, iseT situacias giqmnian, rom valdebuli xar...

- ki, im dRes erTma Tqva, fuli momikrifeT jgufmao.

- ara, bolos mase aSkarad aRar aris, magram mainc.

- da kidev ra situaciaa — rom CaTvlaSi 7 lari ar kmara da 10 lari unda

moitano da aseTi raRaceebi.

- “seilebi” ar aris.

- ubralo magaliTs moviyvan, rac me gadamxda. xom SeiZleba saxelebis da

85

gvarebis dasaxeleba, ara? ese igi, Cemi meuRle wayvanili myavda TbilisSi

samSobiarod da darCenili hqonda gamocda germanulSi, qalbaton m. g.-sTan.

mivedi am qalTan da veubnebi, rom iqneba an gadavavadoT, an raRaca, imitom rom ar

aris fizikurad da axla mSobiare qali rogor Camogiyvano Casabareblad? 25 lari

momecio, da yvelaferi kargad iqnebao. nu, vici es qali vinc aris, rac aris —

rasac metyoda vicodi. jibeSi midevs Cveulebrivi radio. me vuTxari, nakleb ar

iqneba-meTqi? arao, rogor, Tan xuTianio — mase ara xdebao. me vuTxari, vuxsni,

rom Tan gundSi mReris, aqtiuri studentebi varT, is gvikeTebia, es gvikeTebia da

iqneba gagviwioT angariSi... daicao, kaco, grantebi gikeTebiao da geqnebao fuli.

- da am SemTxvevaSi Sen sTxov gadavadebas, araTu niSnis daweras, ara?

- nu, iqneb ramiT mogvexmaroT, an raRaca — kargi, gadamivade, eg miTxari!

pirdapir 25 lars rom majaxeb, egre xom ara xdeba? kargi-meTqi maSin — amoviRe es

radio, davanaxe. ai-meTqi diqtofoni, hoda unda garbeino-meTqi magrad. es xdeba

reqtoris arCevnebamde. Camovedi, reqtorobis orive kandidats vuTxari me es

yvelaferi, am SemTxvevaSi vicrue, rom viTom diqtofonze mqonda es Cawerili,

rom cota seriozuloba Semateboda am faqts, da orive Cavayene saqmis kursSi.

mere iman etyoba gaikiTxa, gamoikiTxa, rom viRaca igre ar viyavi — Tavidan miTxra,

sadac ginda iq miCivle, rac ginda isa qenio da mere, rom, etyoba, mixvda, iq

viRacasTan mivida da Tqva, uTxres, rom cota saxumaro Tema ar aris egao, mere

daiwyo aqeT-iqiT sirbili, xan vin damireka, kaseta momecio, xan isa qenio, xan isa,

xan esa...

- mere ratom ar uTxari, 25 lari momeci da mogcem-Tqo?

da is 25 lari iqna gadaxdili Tu ara?

- ara. niSani ki Tavisi surviliT dawera, dawera oTxiani.

- iZulebiT.

studentis gamoCenis gareSe?

- ki.

- SantaJireba moaxdine.

- ara, SantaJi ar momixdenia, imitom rom me ara mqonia is kaseta. mere ukve

vTqvi, rom is ar iyo Cawerili. morCa.

- minda vTqva saxelmwifo gamocdebze. vfiqrob, rom is pirovnebebi, vinc

Tavidanve fuliT miiRes, mTeli oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi codna ar miuRiaT, ese

igi aZlevdnen leqtorebs fuls. imaT rom mosTxovo saxelmwifo gamocdebze

codna, cota, Cemi azriT, vfiqrob rom ararealuria, imitom rom axla Tu, vTqvaT,

mesame kursze xar, axla SeiZleba leqtorma, vTqvaT, fuli aRar aiRos da

saxelmwifo gamocdazec fuli aRar gTxovon, magram im moswavles, romelsac

oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi fuls arTmevdnen, axlac, Cemi azriT, isev fuliT unda

isa qnan...

- ki, veTanxmebi.

- imitom rom ...

- magram axla uyure — ver dageTanxmebi, universitets Tu unda ramis

pretenzia hqondes, anu Tu unda winsvlis pretenzia hqondes, man diplomi ar unda

gasces ucodinarze — da es daiwyeba dReidan Tu xvalidan...

- piradad CemTvis es didi xarji iqneba, marTali giTxraT, magram [mase] saqme

ar gakeTdeba.

- is pirovneba, romelic Tavisi swavlis periodSi ixdida da axla aRmoCnda am

situaciaSi, Cemi azriT, Rirsia da ar imsaxurebs...

- ki, ki, ki!

- ki.

- Rirsia ratom, kargi ra! yvelaferi misaRebi gamocdebidan iwyeba.

- maseTi arc unda miiRo.

- qrTams rom aZlev Sen, marto is ar aris, vinc aiRo, korumpirebuli, Senc xar

korumpirebuli.

- gasagebia, magram oTxi wliT ukan dros ver davabrunebT.

- kaco, sami weli rom fuli ixade, ar geyo im fulis gadaxda? dajeqi is erTi

weli, iswavle ra!

86

Tema 3.

fokus-jgufi

fokus-jgufi jgufuri intervius saxeobaa, romlis msvlelobac garkveul

wesebs emorCileba da romelsac specifikuri miznebi axasiaTebs. aseve

gansxvavebulia fokus-jgufis Catarebis procesSi gamoyenebuli meTodikebi,

moTxovnebi respondentTa SerCevisadmi da mkvlevarsa da respondentebs Soris

urTierTobis formebi.

zogierTi mkvlevari fokus-jgufs “jgufur siRrmiseul intervius” uwodebs,

vinaidan, rogorc wina leqciaSi aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufsa da siRrmiseul

intervius saerTo Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. magram am or meTods Soris aris seri-

ozuli gansxvavebebic, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom fokus-

jgufis dros erTdroulad ramdenime respondents vesaubrebiT (yvelze ufro

xSirad maTi raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde meryeobs), da Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT

maT Soris azrTa gacvlas (aqedan gamomdinareobs am meTodis kidev erTi

dasaxeleba — “jgufuri diskusia”).

siRrmiseul interviusTan SedarebiT, fokus-jgufs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom

ramdenime adamianisagan Semdgar jgufSi yovelTvis aRmoCndeba xolme adamiani,

romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro gulaxdilia, da misi gulaxdiloba, rogorc

wesi, jgufis sxva wevrebis gulaxdilobasac iwvevs.

garda amisa, siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis procesSi gansakuTrebiT

TvalSi sacemia interviuersa da respondents Soris arsebuli socialuri

distancia, romelmac, SesaZloa, damTrgunvelad imoqmedos respondentze.

fokus-jgufSi es socialuri distancia ar qreba, magram aq respondenti marto

aRar aris — mis gverdiT sxedan sxva respondentebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, imave

socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi arian da romlebic missave mdgomareobaSi

arian, rac respondentis met siTamames iwvevs da TviTdajerebulobas matebs mas.

empiriul socialur mecnierebebSi fokus-jgufebis Tanamedrove saxe

Camoyalibda jgufebTan eqsperimentaluri muSaobis gamocdilebis safuZvelze,

romelsac Tavidan fsiqologebi mimarTavdnen.

Tumca 1940-ian wlebSi socialuri kvlevebis sivrceSi raodenobirivi meTo-

debi dominirebda, am periodSi amerikul socialur mecnierebs Soris iyvnen

iseTebi, vinc skeptikur damokidebulebas gamoTqvamda struqturirebuli da

mkacrad formalizebuli meTodebis mimarT. am skepticizmis ZiriTadi mizezi is

iyo, rom formalizebuli meTodebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavdnen rogorc

respondentebis, aseve mkvlevrebis Tavisuflebas, mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevdnen

kvlevas, rac, zogis azriT, uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda miRebuli informaciis

sandoobaze. amitom TandaTanobiT sul ufro meti popularobiT sargeblobdnen

naklebad formalizebuli meTodebi, sadac Ria kiTxvebi da araformalizebuli

interviuebi dominirebda.

Tanamedrove fokus-jgufebis uSualo winamorbedad socialur mecniere-

bebSi amerikeli sociologis robert mertonis da misi kolegebis mier meore

msoflio omis dros SemuSavebuli “fokusirebuli intervius” meTodi iTvleba. am

meTodis meSveobiT isini ikvlevdnen faSisturi germaniis samxedro propagandis

gavlenas jariskacebze. magram mertonis fokusirebuli interviu SeiZleba

yofiliyo rogorc jgufuri, aseve individualuri. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1956

wels mertonma Tavis kolegebTan, m. fiskesa da p. kendalTan erTad gamosca am

meTodisadmi miZRvnili wigni “fokusirebuli interviu”,39 maT ar SeumuSavebiaT

am terminis mkacri ganmarteba. omis damTavrebis Semdeg mertonma Sewyvita

muSaoba am mimarTulebiT, da garkveuli drois manZilze es meTodi daviwyebas

mieca, sanam 1970-ian wlebSi mis Sesaxeb ar gaixsenes marketinguli kvlevebis

Catarebis mizniT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad fokus-jgufebi farTod gamoiyeneba empiriul

39 Robert K. Merton, Marjorie Fiske, and Patricia L. Kendall. 1956. The Focused Interview. A Manual of

Problems and Procedures. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.

27

eZebT Tu ara samsaxurs amJamad?

[ara:] ratom ara?

[diax:] rogor eZebT? rogor samsaxurs eZebT? [specialobiT Tu nebismiers;

rogori anazRaurebiT]

rogor fiqrobT, ra adgils daikavebs es samsaxuri Tqvens cxovrebaSi?

[Semosavlis wyaro; “saxlidan gasvla”, sayvareli saqmis keTeba da sxv.]

ratom ver moaxerxeT samsaxuris Sovna dRemde? [iyo Tu ara variantebi? iyo

Tu ara iseTi varianti, romelzec TviTon TqviT uari? ra mizeziT? rogori

variantebi iyo es?]

Tqveni azriT, ra pirobebi Seuwyobs xels imas, rom Tqven amJamad samsaxuri

daiwyoT?

romeli specialobaa dRes yvelaze perspeqtiuli?

visTan gaqvT urTierToba yvelaze xSirad? [megobrebi — megobrebis dasaqmeba]

Tqvens megobrebs/axloblebs Soris, vis gaumarTla yvelaze metad samsaxuris

mxriv? [mogviyevs dawvrilebiT — rogori samsaxuri aqvs am adamians; sad; rogor

iSova es samsaxuri; ramdenad kmayofilia, da a.S.]

rogor gesaxebaT Tqveni cxovreba 10 wlis Semdeg? kerZod, dasaqmebis

sferoSi? risken iswrafviT, risi imedi gaqvT?

26

- erT welSi ver iswavlis is.

- ara, me vambob axlandel mdgomareobaze, meoTxe kurselebi, vinc amTavrebs

axla.

- bodiSs vixdi, magram axla saxelmwifo gamocdebze ici ra moxda?

exvewebodnen leqtorebi, sam-sami sakiTxi iswavleTo — aq ar iyo laparaki yvela

sakiTxis momzadebaze.

- sami ki ara, erTi sakiTxi.

- imdenad aqvT tvini gayinuli, rom ver iswavles is sami sakiTxi — ver iswavles

Tu ar iswavles, amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba. mainc iqidan cdiloben gaZvrenas.

- es ukve aris TviTon im pirovnebis brali, rogor, sami furceli ver unda

iswavlo?

- axlobels hqonda erTi gverdi saswavli — leqtorma uTxra, es erTi gverdi

iswavle da dagiwer ra niSans, samians dagiwer da wadi, ra — da es erTi gverdis

swavla ver moaxerxa, gadaixada 15 lari. kinaRam ara vceme, me vuTxari, dajeqi ra,

rom waikiTxo, viRaca rom mogiyves, imas daimaxsovreb amxela kaci!

- ho, magram elementarulad ar atokeben tvins.

- urCeviaT fuli gadaixadon da...

- CvenTan, magaliTad, agrarulSi96 xom vswavlob — aris aseTi pirovneba, g. C.,

romelic aris Tbiliseli profesori, Camodis CvenTan universitetSi, leqcias

atarebs, midis. magram am adamianis sagani xom maqvs me, vswavlob. imis magivrad

atarebs viRac qali — im sagans, leqcias ra. da es kaci Camodis — am semestrSi,

bolo semestrSi iyo erTxel Camosuli — da is leqcia ratomRac gavacdine me, ver

vnaxe, ise rom am semestrSi ar minaxia es pirovneba. Camovida, axla CaTvla-

gamocdebis periodi xom modis — es kaci Camodis erTi dRiT, da im erT dReSi

warmoidgine Sen rom vin Caabarebs, Tan aris saSineli mkacri, rom ra vici. hoda, es

iTxovs — darekavs, Tavis sagans vinc kiTxulobs, etyvis imas, rom amdeni

momikrifos jgufma, rom Camova, dro aRar dakargos, aiRos, Caidos jibeSi da

wavides — xels ki moawers.

- da aseTi kaci aris profesori? profesori aris Zalian bevri, rogorc aris

generali Zalian bevri.

- hoda aris profesori aseTi kaci da is kaci amayobs, rom profesoria da

sazogadoebaSi Cans, rom profesoria. me Tu mkiTxav, aseTi profesorebi ki ar

unda daiWiro, unda raRac...

- unda xarisxi CamoarTva da gauSva...

- aseTi momenti xom ar SeiZleba, ara? Camodis — iZulebuli xar rom misce

fuli, imitom rom...

- ho, aseTi situaciaa, zustad magas vambob, Sen xar imisi studenti,

iZulebuli xar misce, xom? oTxi weli es studenti iZulebulia misces leqtors

fuli, da is leqtoric — “ra kargi bavSvi xar, ai dagiwer Sen xuTians” da mere rom

saxelmwifo gamocdebze sTxov codnas...

- ara, am universitetSi97 xom ar aris aseTi situacia rom erTi profesori

Camodis da magitom, Torem aq xom ar aris ase, rom Tbilisidan...

- profesori ar aris, leqtoria, da leqtori gaiZulebs...

- ara, rogor ar aris, aq ufro metia, magram me minda isev TavSi davbrunde,

erTi wuTi — axla, nu davikavebT iseT pozicias, rom Cven yvelani ise movediT am

universitetSi da ai “sxvebi”, sxvebze fuls iReben da isa.

- ara, magas arc aravin ar ambobs.

- me marTla ar gadamixdia.

- arc me gadamixdia.

- me 15 larad Cavabare.

- me gadavixade.

- arc me gadamixdia, magram viRacam viRacas uTxra da movewye universitetSi.

eg aris Tu ara korufcia?

- ar vici.

96 saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis Telavis filiali. 97 Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi

87

- ki, ra Tqma unda.

- ra Tqma unda, aris.

- erTi wuTi, davamTavreb Tu SeiZleba. is viRacis Svilia, is viRacis naTesavia,

moewyo. nawili aris fuliT mowyobili, imitom rom imas ara hyavs naTesavi da unda

swavla — iyvnen, Cemi kurselebic iyvnen, brwyinvaled daamTavres, magram fuli

hqondaT gadaxdili. Cemma meuRlem 800 dolari gadaixada inglisurze rom

mowyobiliyo, magram oTxi weliwadi da saxelmwifo gamocdebze ise gavida, rom

arc erT imaSi kapiki ar gadauxdia.

- Zalian kargi!

- iZuleba ara yofila, magram survili radgan hqonda swavlisa, gadaixada,

imitom rom meti gza ara hqonda.

- aravin ar moawyobda.

- ki, ra Tqma unda, sabednierod maseTebic arian jer kidev.

Tu saidumlo ar aris, kidev vin Caabara aq ise, rom fuli ar gadauxdia?

- me.

- me Cavabare.

- mec.

- me — arc fuli, arc...

- me Cavabare, magram axla raSia saqme, viRacam viRacas uTxrao — me ubralod

ar damikarges Cemi codna, imitom rom ver damikargavdnen, amitom ar vTvli me amas

garigebad.

- bevrs daukarges. ai Cems dros bevrs daukarges.

- pirovnulad Cemze ver damikargavdnen, ra, imitom rom…

- bevri vici iseTi, rom hqondaT conda da daarekines ubralod, hyavdaT is

naTesavi an axlobeli, ise rom am bavSvs codna aqvs da ar daukargoT.

rom ar daerekinebinaT ra moxdeboda?

- daukargavdnen!

- ki, ar miiRebdnen!

- dakargavdnen, imitom rom — magaliTs moviyvan, Cemi meuRle rom

mowyobiliyo, erT-erT umaRles pirTan reqtoratSi rom mividnen da gasaubreba

iyo, Tu Tanxaze iyo laparaki, Tu rac iyo, maSin eubnebodnen, rom ai,

momzadebulia da raRaca — maSin uTxres, “Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs”.

- ki, eg...

- “Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs”. ar minda davasaxelo saxeli da

gvari.

- arc gWideba, yvela mixvda!

- gavagrZeleb. inglisuri icio, ekiTxeba — kio, kargad vicio. mere rad

gindao? inglisurze rad ginda rom iswavloo, aq mainc verafers ver iswavlio.

anu prestiJi aris nulze dacemuli. TiTqmis yvela fakultetze, garda

sociologiurisa, ar aris imis prestiJi dacemuli.

- ara, Cvenebi ki fiqrobdnen imas, rom, sityvaze, cudi momentia, rom Svilma

ver Caabaros, da iZulebuli gaxdebi mag SemTxvevaSi, rom gadaixado, xom? rom ar

darCes Svili gareT — magram me vuTxari, rom axla, sityvaze, viRacas daarekinoT

— iqneb vabareb, hoda ratom unda viyo imis madlieri, Tu SevZeli, rom me CemiT

Cavabaro. is fuli gadavixado — ar iyo is fuli gadasaxdeli da xom ar isesxebT-

meTqi? Tu raRaca, RmerTma daifaros, moxda ise, rom ver da raRaca — mere an

vinmes [daurekeT] an raRaca, magram gavedi Cveulebriv, uSpargalkod Sevedi,

Cveulebriv davjeqi, davwere, gamovedi, damiweres 7 qula.

- erTaderTi viyavi, vinc Tavisufali Tema dawera qarTulSi.

- mec Tavisufali Tema davwere.

- meore dRes [maTematikaSi] mqonda testireba, 10-quliani sistemiT iyo da

miviRe 7 damiweres, magram aRar vidave, imitom rom gasuli viyavi.

- magram Cems gverdze ra moxda, vTqvaT — Zalian kargad momzadebuli bavSvi,

romelic ar iyo Telaveli — brwyinvaled abarebda istorias, magram ar uwerdnen

am bavSvs im niSans! sanam aman mere panika ar daiwyo da viRac ar ipova.

- iyo “posleze” mowyoba.

88

magaliTi #1

axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema saqarTveloSi

sadiskusio gegma38

SeniSvnebi:

rogorc es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebis formulireba ar aris

mkacri, aramed SesaZlebelia gvqondes erTi da igive SekiTxvis ramdenime

versia. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes pasuxis mosalodnel

variantebs — aq yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba variantebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania

kvleviTi amocanebidan gamomdinare.

Tu interviueri amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos sadiskusio

gegmaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi, moniSnos, ra kiTxva miaCnia yvelaze

mizanSewonilad ama Tu im informaciis miRebis mizniT, rogor gaagrZelos

diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. savsebiT dasaSvebia da

mosalodnelic aris, rom sadiskusio gegmam cvlilebebi ganicados

interviuebis Catarebis Sedegad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra damatebiT codnas

miiRebs interviueri Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

[SesavalSi gaacaniT respondents intervius mizani, amocanebi, daarwmuneT

misi pasuxebis anonimurobaSi.]

vin brZandebiT? gTxovT mokled momiyveT Tqveni Tavis Sesaxeb. [asaki, ojaxi,

pirveladi identifikacia]

;

;

ras saqmianobdiT skolis damTavrebis Semdeg? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT

skolis damTavrebis Semdeg gasuli mTeli drois manZilze]

ra ganaTleba gaqvT miRebuli? sad swavlobdiT? rodis daamTavreT swavla?

[Tu respondenti ar swavlobs da arc uswavlia skolis Semdeg:] ratom ar

swavlobT? [abarebda, magram ver Caabara arc ucdia; sxva]

ratom airCieT es specialoba? [nanobs?] romelime sxva specialobaze Tu

fiqrobdiT?

dRes rom irCevdeT specialobas, ras airCevdiT? igives Tu sxvas? ratom?

ramdenad kmayofili xarT miRebuli ganaTlebiT? ratom?

rogor swavlobdiT? rogor daamTavreT umaRlesi saswavlebeli?

ras saqmianobT amJamad? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT]

ramdenad gadgebaT miRebuli ganaTleba?

visTan erTad cxovrobT amJamad? [ojaxuri mdgomareoba]

vin muSaobs ojaxSi? rogor SeafasebdiT Tqveni ojaxis materialur

mdgomareobas? vin arCens ojaxs ZiriTadad?

38 es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis me-2 kursis

studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna saswavlo siRrmiseuli intervius

Catarebisas.

25


1. С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М.

2. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220 (“Unstructured Interviewing”) and 449-488 (“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).

3. Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag.

4. James A. Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

5. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics of Reproduction in Everyday Life”).

6. John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 78-89.

7. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

8. Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Free Press.

24

- ki.

- [anu] moewyobi, da pirvel sesiamde Tu ar dafarav am gadasaxads, gagricxaven.

- me xom ar viyavi fuliT mowyobili da cxonebuli g. a. <...> — me xom ar viyavi

fuliT mowyobili, da es xom icoda iman, iyo proreqtori, da Tu vinme raRacas

akeTebda fuliT, midioda magasTan, da is mere reqtorTan iyofda. me rom ar

viyavi fuliT mowyobili, pirveli kvira araferi da meore kviras biWebma dalies

sasmeli da kursze viyaviT sami kaci fxizlebi, ra — atyda mTeli ambavi,

dagvibares xuTi kaci, ori CemTan erTad sxva, vinc ufulod moewyo da ori kidev

fuliT mowyobilebi, magram imaT Zalian cudi raRaceebi gaakeTes simTvraleSi.

me ise iZulebuli gamxades, rom meRiarebina, rom ar gavegde, rom mec davlie,

gesmis?

- eg ukve dabali donea raRac, sxva sakiTxze gadavdivarT. axla me minda

prestiJs Sevexo — ese igi, nulzea dacemuli universitetis prestiJi, azri ara

aqvs, wiTels aiReb, mwvanes aiReb, cisfers aiReb, mniSvneloba ara aqvs aranairi.

- da me mindoda gamemaxvelebina yuradReba TviTon leqtorebis doneze —

piradad me ucxo enebze vswavlob, magram me Tu ar movemzade da me Tu ar viswavle

kerZo maswavlebelTan...

- eg skolaSia eg problema da magazec vilaparakebT.

- ... kerZo maswavlebeli Tu ar meyoleba, me vinc maswavlis — nu movkvdebi, me

mgoni, namdvilad.

- is ver gaswavlis.

- xandaxan, magaliTad — jek londonis istoria movuyeviT, magram

sinamdvileSi sul sxva rame movuyeviT da ubralod saxelebi SevcvaleT da qali —

cota nela moyeviTo, rom cota SeesworebinasaviT; me ar movyevi, Cemma kurselma

gaakeTa, da Tavisi sakurso miutana TviTon, ese igi gadaaqseroqsa Cumad da

miutana, nu qali ver mixvda.

- anu kvalifikacia aris Zalian dabali.

- ki.

- bodiSi, erTi wami, Tundac CvenTan, iuristebTan rac xdeba — am

universitetSi romc gadawyvitos vinmem, rom iswavlos im programiT, rac aris

dRes — verasodes ver gaxdeba normaluri iuristi, Tu TviTon ar aris aqtiuri

pirovneba.

- eg mindoda [meTqva], TviTon aqtiuroba Zalian [mniSvnelovania].

- ki, jer marto masalebi — ganaTlebis sistemaSi marTla reforma unda

gatardes, imdenad moZvelebul raRaceebs vswavlobT, ubralod...

- SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos, vTqvaT, 60-ian wlebSi gamocemuli wignidan, magram

iuristisTvis es aris dauSvebeli.

- ki, zustad!

- davamateb, ra, Tu SeiZleba — ai is patiosani leqtorebic, romlebic Zalian

cotaa am universitetSi, isinic garkveulwilad xels uwyoben korufcias, da

ratom. magaliTad, sociologiurze mowyoba pirvel weliwads Rirda 400 dolari.

mere, rodesac prestiJi aiwia, ramodenime leqtorma daxvewa jgufi da Zalian

kargad gamoiyvana, igive konferenciebze waiyvana da raRacaSi CarTo — mere

gaZvirda es, faqtia ra, 800 dolaramde iyo SarSan, saSualod.

- ara, meti.

- SeiZleba. anu, ese igi, ginda Tu ar ginda, mainc xels uwyob korufcias, ra!

- korufciul sistemaSi yvelaferi...

- albaT, prestiJis xarjze Rirs raRac, albaT...

axla minda Sevecado Zalian mokled SevajamoT is, rac ukve vTqviT, da mere

gadavideT sxva Temaze. ese igi Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi yvelas gvxdebaT

raRac korufciuli faqtebi da yvelas erTxel mainc, Soridan mainc

daginaxavT is, rac xdeba arakanonierad. es exeba (a) universitetSi Cabarebas

(b) sesiebs da (g) saxelmwifo gamocdebs. amis garda, Tu aris kidev rame

korufciuli SemTxvevebi Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi?

,

,

- sxva raRa darCa?

Tu SegiZliaT damisaxeloT korufciis raime faqti, romelsac, Tqveni

89

azriT, aqvs raime gamarTleba?

- araviTari.

- gaaCnia visTvis?

- ara, gamarTleba aqvs. magaliTad, 16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da

mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos

fuli viRac debilisgan, visac aqvs fuli da sTavazobs. codoa.

- magram erTi ramea oRond — is bavSvi ar aris codo, rom niSans ar uwers?

- ar aris codo, is aris debili...

- mcodnesac rom ar ar uwers niSans, mainc awvalebs?

- ara, eg...

- ara, ki, aseTi faqtebi aris, rom gawvaleben.

- Cven erTi rame gamogvrCa. dRes, Cems kursels — dRes moxda es ambavi —

romelic pirvelia Tavis kursze da romelsac hyavs yvelgan “xuTi” — yvelaferi

icoda, mesamed daibara qalma da mainc “oTxi” dauwera, im imediT, rom

“xuTianisTvis” fuls miutanda. es ar aris gawameba?

- ara, me magaze ar viZaxi.

- “oTxi” damiwereo, Tqva am bavSvma, “xuTi” ar mindao. ukve itira kidec.

- ar aris ganaTleba. unda icodes, rom SeuZlia man moiwvios komisia...

- ukve ra aris, ici? is imedi da isa — yvela iseTi xom ver iqneba, ara?

- magas viZaxi — samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar aris kargad Camoyalibebuli,

brZolisunariani.

- me magaze ar viZaxi.

- axla sxva Temaze gadavediT, Cven xom...

- ara, sxva Tema ar aris, am qals uWirs am SemTxvevaSi, ityvi, rom 16 lari aqvs

xelfasi.

- ara, es aris ubralod gamamarTlebeli sabuTi.

- me raze vbrazdebi, iciT — Cemi azriT, dauSvebelia students aqvs stipendia

17 lari da leqtorebs, profesorebs aqvT sadRac 50 laramde, ra, dedaCems aqvs

sadRac 31 Tu raRaca, imdenad sasaciloa es yvelaferi!

- 45 lari dekans aqvs.

- erTi Zalian uxeSi Sedareba unda moviyvano, bodiSs vixdi winaswar. es aris

realoba. aiRebs qrTams, maS ras izavs! axla warmoidgineT: erTi leqciis Catareba

Rirda 15 TeTri. da samoqalaqo tualetSi rom Sexvide, Rirs 20 TeTri. ar aiRebs

qrTams? aiRebs!

- Zalian kargi Sedarebaa, magram...

- roca bavSvi Clungia da ar swavlobs, mag SemTxvevaSi ver gaamtyuneb.

- ukacravad, magram Cemi 3 Tvis disSvils Clungma eqimma dauniSna gentamicini

— sinamdvileSi araferze! axla, dedaCemi ki azrovnebs da ar gaukeTa, magram Sen

rom dauniSnav bavSvs da — imitom aris, dayruvdao da is mouvida da es mouvida —

Sen ase nu uyureb, rom Clungia da morCa, gavida [universitetidan] da arafers ar

gaakeTebs, imaze (vTqvaT, ucxo enebze ara) — aTi da aTasi adamianis sicocxlea

damokidebuli da aTi da aTasi adamianis ganaTlebaa damokidebuli.

- ra Tqma unda!

- cxadia.

axla warmovidginoT Telavis saxelmwifo universiteti korufciis

gareSe.

- sami studentiRa darCeba!

- ver warmomidgenia!

- me ver warmomidgenia.

- Zalian sasiamovno iqneba, magram Zalian mcire raodenobiT darCeba — me

gaviricxebi, magram mirCevia meored Caviricxo, magram axla gaviricxo, me amas

Tamamad vityvi.

- me Zalian gamixardeba!

- me, magaliTad, vityvi — mirCevia, am universitetSi sul 5 kaci dadiodes da

iyos iseTi, rogoric unda iyos wesiT, vidre aq iaros 3 aTasma...

- universiteti ver iarsebebs maSin, Tu xuTi kaci ivlis.

- maSin ar unda arsebobdes, es aris sircxvili amis arseboba!

90

axdens, agreTve interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis specifika. miuxe-

davad amisa, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi midgoma Tvisebrivi

teqsturi informaciis analizisadmi. esenia, magaliTad: naratiuli analizi,

hermenevtikuli analizi, diskursuli analizi, kontent-analizi; interpreta-

ciuli analizi; “dafuZnebuli Teoria” (grounded theory). yvela es analitikuri

strategia kargad aqvs ganxiluli h.r.bernards.36

teqstis Tvisebrivi analizis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba moiTxovs informaciis

kodirebas anu mniSvnelovani Tematuri blokebis an elementebis gamoyofas

respondentis monaTxrobSi. es analizis sawyisi etapia; swored kodirebis dros

xdeba, rogorc wesi, sawyisi Teoriuli konstruqtebis gamoyofa.

Tu adre kodireba “xeliT” xdeboda da mkvlevari yuradRebiT kiTxulobda

yvela intervius transkripts, raTa aRmoeCina mniSvnelovani Temebi, kategoriebi

an kanonzomierebebi, amJamad arsebobs ramdenime kompiuteruli programa,

romelsac SeuZlia intervius transkriptebis kodireba37; miuxedavad amisa, rigi

Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebisa mainc “xeliT” muSaobas amjobinebs, Tumca mkvlevrebis

axali Taoba xSirad kompiuterul programebs aniWebs upiratesobas.

yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tvisebrivi monacemebis

analizis saboloo mizania miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze Sesaswavli fenomenis,

an misi romelime aspeqtis tipologizacia, anu socialurad mniSvnelovani

tipebis garkveuli klasifikaciis Seqmna. es xdeba respondentTa naambobze

daydnobiT da, amave dros, mkvlevris analitikuri unaris gamoyenebiT,

ramdenadac gamoyofili tipebi, rogorc wesi, Teoriuli abstraqciis Sedegia.

bunebrivia, siRrmiseuli intervius, iseve rogorc yvela misi nairsaxeobis

gamoyenebiT Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegad Cven ver davTvliT Sedegebs

procentulad. am SemTxvevaSi Sedegebi gamoixateba ara ama Tu im maCveneblis

gavrcelebis an misi gamovlenis sixSiris SefasebaSi, aramed garkveuli

socialuri problemis Sefasebebis, mizezebis, kanonzomierebebis, gadalaxvis

gzebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebaSi.

siRrmiseuli intervius da misi analogiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis warmodgena xdeba angariSis saxiT, sadac Zalze

farTod gamoiyeneba citatebi Catarebuli interviuebidan, romlebic

adasturebs mkvlevris mier gakeTebul daskvnebs.

davalebebi:

1. SeadgineT siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis

saintereso Temaze.

2. CaatareT 3 siRrmiseuli interviu (SeZlebisdagvarad — sxvadasxva soci-

aluri da demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone respondentebTan) Tqvens mier

Sedgenili sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze. samive interviu CawereT audioka-

setaze. dawereT dawvrilebiTi angariSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warimarTa es

interviuebi (SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara intervius etapebis gamoyofa; ra

reaqcia hqonda respondents Tqvens SekiTxvebze; ra sirTuleebs grZnobdiT

intervius Catarebis procesSi da rogor gadalaxeT es sirTuleebi).

3. gaSifreT Tqvens mier Catarebuli erT-erTi intervius audioCanaweri,

romelic, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze warmatebulad warimarTa.

36 H. Russel Bernard. Op. cit. Pp. 449-488. 37 aseTi programebia, magaliTad, ATLAS.ti da NUD.IST.

23

luli” detalebis Sesaxeb. amis Sedegad respondents uCndeba grZnoba, rom

yvelaferi isedac cnobilia, am TemasTan dakavSirebiT aRaraferia dasamali, da

is ufro gulaxdili xdeba, mosalodnelia gacilebiT meti gviTxras, vidre sxva

SemTxvevaSi ityoda, vinaidan rac ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli miaCnia mkvlevari

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro uadvildeba laparaki. is gabedulad

grZnobs Tavs, vinaidan Tvlis, rom araviTari saidumlo ar gaucia — mkvlevarma

isedac icoda yvelaferi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es meTodika SeiZleba Zalze efeqturi iyos, misi

gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis unda vifiqroT respondentis interesebze da ar

davarRvioT eTikis elementaruli normebi. rac ufro gulaxdilia respondenti

CvenTan saubrisas, miT metia Cveni pasuxismgebloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

mogvianebiT man ar inanos, rom dagvTanxmda interviuze. swored Cven varT

pasuxismgeblebi, agreTve, imaze, Tu rogor iqneba gamoyenebuli intervius msvle-

lobaSi miRebuli informacia. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ukeTesic aris, SevaCeroT

respondenti da ar vaTqmevinoT is, ris Tqmasac is, SesaZloa, ukve apirebda.32

“zondireba” SeiZleba iyos arasruli an sruli. s.belanovskis mohyavs sruli

zondirebis aseTi magaliTi:

interviueri: Tavis tkivilis ra wamlebi iciT?

respondenti: aspirini, analgini, piramidoni. da citramoni.

interviueri: (siCume.)

respondenti: kidev, spazgani, da, Tu ar vcdebi, maqsigani. isini erTmaneTSi

meSleba xolme.

interviueri: kidev?

respondenti: Svils panadols vaZlev xolme, amboben, is usafrTxoao...

interviueri: hm.

respondenti: a, gamaxsenda — kidev baralgini.

interviueri: baralgini...

respondenti: kidev, reklamaa xolme televiziiT, magram saxeli ar maxsovs,

raRac wamali, romelsac ormagi moqmedeba aqvs.

interviueri: kidev?

respondenti: sxva araferi maxsendeba.

interviueri: aRaraferi?

respondenti: diax, veRarafers vixseneb.33

sruli zondireba mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac interviueri darwmundeba, rom

respondents aRaraferi aqvs saTqmeli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi

ar arsebobs unificirebuli midgoma Tvisebrivi Sedegebis damuSavebisadmi.

ramdenadac TviTon es meTodebi araa formalizebuli, maTi Sedegebis damu-

Savebis formalizaciac Zalian rTuli, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SeuZlebeli amocanaa.

avtorebis umravlesoba xazs usvams, rom iseve rogorc nebismieri Tvisebrivi

monacemebis SemTxvevaSi, siRrmiseuli intervius (da misi nebismieri nairsa-

xeobis) Sedegebis damuSaveba ar aris kvlevis izolirebuli safexuri, aramed

monacemTa analizi savele etapis dros, interviuebis Catarebis paralelurad

iwyeba. kerZod, jeims spradlis Tanaxmad, analizi pirveli intervius dasru-

lebisTanave unda daiwyos, ramdenadac Catarebuli intervius Sedegebis gaana-

lizeba dagvexmareba, ukeT SevarCioT kiTxvebi Semdeg interviuebisaTvis.34 amis

sapirispirod, robert vaisi miiCnevs, rom naadrevia analizis dawyeba savele

etapis damTavrebamde.35

ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT, rom Tvisebrivi analizi bevradaa damokidebuli

mkvlevris individualur midgomaze; zog SemTxvevaSi, masze garkveul gavlenas

32 damatebiT aseTi meTodikebis Sesaxeb ix. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in

Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pp. 210-217. 33 С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М. С. 26. 34 James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 92. 35 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 151.

22

- ki, marTalia, es aris — maSin ar unda arsebobdes.

- CamovTvaloT, ra SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba universitetSi korufcia. Cemi azriT

— SeiZleba srulad ver vTqva, magram SevavsoT. erTi is, rom xelfasi unda

moematos profesor-maswavleblebs. meore is, rom skolidanve bavSvi unda

wamovides codniT. mesame is, rom saerTod es kvalifikacia gadaisinjos

profesor-maswavleblebis.

- ki, aucileblad, eg aris pirveli.

- SemCneulebi vinc arian ise ki ara, rom Tan “ar ginda” da Tan jibes uwevs,

iZulebiT rom arTmevs im fuls, [aramed] Zalian-Zalian rom aqvT am korufciaSi

gadgmuli fexebi, eseni unda moSordnen.

- ki.

- da ucodinroba, TviTon leqtorebis done unda iyos normaluri.

- da iseTi leqtorebi, romlebic bavSvebs ukiTxaven — vTqvaT, sagani uweria

“ekonomiqsi” magram es ver gaurCevia politikuri ekonomikisgan. aseTi

leqtorebic unda gavidnen.

- aris leqcia, rodesac erT-erTma leqtorma — aseTi faqti arsebobs, ra —

datova bavSvebi auditoriaSi da uTxra: Cumad iyaviTo, bazari daiketebao,

RanZili maqvs sayidelio. taqsiT gaiqca, RanZili iyida, da isev im leqciaSi

moaswro, amovida da gauSva is bavSvebi. isini Cumad isxdnen, iman RanZili iyida. an,

rZal-dedamTilis urTierTobebze midis saubari.

- bavSvebsac awyobdaT, xom, ese igi, Cumad jdoma?

- rogor ar awyobdaT! mageTi leqtoris Catarebul leqcias naRdad mirCevia,

rom siCumes vusmino!

- eg marTalia.

- ise marTali xar.

skolebSi korufcias aqvs adgili?

- ki.

- ra Tqma unda!

- adre ise ar iyo...

- skolidan modis, me Tu mkiTxavT.

sad ufro metia — skolaSi Tu universitetSi?

- universitetSi.

- universitetSi.

- skolaSi iafi, universitetSi Zviri.

- skolaSi gamoxatvis forma sxva aris.

- skolaSi iwyeba korufcia da mere grZeldeba universitetSi.

- ara, iq fuli ar aris, skolaSi.

- rogor ar aris! pirvel skolaSi vici maswavlebeli, rom 60 lars iRebs

niSanSi!

- Tavi daanebe pirvel skolas!

- ginda dagisaxelo?

- vin aris?

- n. T.

- ara.

- studenti modis skolidan, me vfiqrob, skolidan unda daiwyos maswavleb-

lebisa da sistemis gadaxaliseba, rom mere kadri wamovides normaluri.

- ar aris korufcia, rom Sen bavSvs Zalas atan, rom, ginda Tu ara, SenTan

moemzados, da Tu SenTan ar moemzadeba, niSans ar dauwer?

- da emzadebian?

- ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars

arTmev da maswavleblad iReb, rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere isev aq fu-

liT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase gagrZeldes mudmivad?

- Caketili wrea.

- eg modis skolidan. TavSi rom urtyav, rom eubnebi, rom Seni saqme ar aris,

Seni uflebebis dacva araferi ar aris — aq universitetSi rom amodis da is rom

fuls sZalavs — iman ar icis, rom komisia unda moiwvios da viRacasTan erTad

91

Caabaros, daCagrulia.

- ai, universitetSia eg faqtori, rom momzadebaze — skola maxsendeba xolme

magaze, erT leqtorTan vemzadebodi, da Semdeg ukve, rom davanebe am leqtorTan

momzadebas Tavi, imitom rom aranairi Sedegi vera vnaxe — ai veranairi, naxevari

saaTi vsaubrobdiT, meWoraveboda uxeSad rom vTqvaT, da siTamamec ar myofnida,

rom meTqva rom “ara” — Semdeg misi mSoblebis binis pirdapir daviwye momzadeba da

amis gamo ignorirebas mikeTebda kursze, maxsovs, maSin kargi aRmavlobis periodi

mqonda, da, rasac hqvia, Caaqro mTlianad CemSi eg, da axla ver viwyeb isev Tavidan,

imitom rom is Zalian Zlieri survili mqonda. da rom vuyvebodi seminars,

yovelTvis ukmayofilebis SegrZneba hqonda da Suaze mawyvetinebda an roca xels

viwevdi, ignorirebas mikeTebda — es imitom, rom masTan aRar vemzadebodi.

- aseTi faqtebi skolaSi xSiria xolme.

- amaSi geTanxmebi, magram meore momentic aris. rodesac aq adamiani modis, da

elementaruli, minimaluri azrovnebis donec ara aqvs. magaliTad, Cven visxediT

CaTvlaze, Sexvda qristianoba, da naxevari saaTi mekiTxeboda, saidan daviwyo

qristianobao. bolos leqtorma mohkra yuri da eubneba — saidan unda daiwyo

qristianoba, axla ar gamagiJoo!

- mkalaviSvilidan-Tqo.

- miT umetes, rom faqtebi dazepirebuli ki hqonda, magram veRar moaxerxa imis

“gadaxarSva”.

- TviTon skolaSi maswavleblebis done aris Zalian dabali. erTi statia

davwere erTi sami Tvis win — ese igi, 90% maswavleblebisa ori xeliT mwyevlida.

statia exeboda skolis problemebs, arc saxelebi damisaxelebia, arc gvarebi —

modiodnen da, “Sen is ratom dawere?”. iq wamZRvarebuli maqvs ilia WavWavaZis

“kacia-adamianSi” romaa, “vinc luarsabis saxeSi Tavis Tavs icnobs” da a.S.

vekiTxebi: “icani Seni Tavi?” — “ara, kaco!” — “Sen gagikeTebia aseTi rame?” — “ara!”

- “maS ra ginda?” — “ara, es xom skolis prestiJia!” ra skolis prestiJia, es rom

xdeba, ar aris prestiJis dacema?

- ai, goka gabaSvilma rom Tqva, erTi gadacema gavakeTeo da sul nacvalsa-

xelebiT vlaparakobdio — da yvelam damirekao, “ratom Tqvi, goka, Cemze?” yvela

kargad xvdeboda, vin ra gaakeTa.

- yofili ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge mibarebs — axla mibarebs, warmoid-

gine — meo suliT pedagogi varo, da rogor unda makadros adamianmao, rom

skolaSi fuliT awyoben xalxso? saxeli da gvari miTxari, vino? axla, me unda

vuTxra, gaigeT? mere is wavides, ciliswamebaze miCivlos da marbeninos giJiviT.

- axla, skolis wesdebaSi weria, rom is bavSvebi, vinc cxovroben Telavs gareT,

skolas unda hqondes erTi avtobusi, rogorc sazRvargareT aris, da Turme es

bavSvebi — me ar vicodi, axla gavige — skola valdebulia es bavSvebi waiyvanos

saxlSi da Semdeg diliT wamoiyvanos. imis gamo, rom skolas ara aqvs, igive pirvel

skolas, amis saSualeba, hqondes avtobusi, hqondes yoveldRiurad benzini...

- ra sisulelea!

- ... direqtori ar iRebs saerTod soflidan bavSvebs, dameTanxmebiT, albaT,

imitom, rom pirvel skolaSi iSviaTia...

- eg aris diskriminacia sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

- ... an Tu iRebs, maSin im bavSvs saxlSi manqana unda hyavdes, da im SemTxvevaSi

iRebs.

- an fuli unda hqondes da gadaixados.

- ra Tqma unda, esec korufciaa, xom?

- ara, ara, es ukve diskriminaciaa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

- ai ra informacias vflob: 2003 welSi skolebSi, Tu ar vcdebi, 355 aTasi lari

iyo gamoyofili xelfasebisa da socanaricxebis garda, rom unda daxarjuliyo.

ese igi, rom gadagvexeda, rogor iyo gamoyofili: yvela skolaSi saxuravi unda

iyos gakeTebuli, fasadi unda iyos gakeTebuli, merxebi unda iyos, skamebi unda

iyos, dafebi, sul yvelaferi unda iyos — ar aris arsad! midixar buRalteriaSi,

xom? am saqmes edga a. g., proeqtis farglebSi. mivida buRalterTan, ekiTxeba: es

fuli Camogividao? — Camomividao. <...> mere mivida sxva skolebSi, wamoiReTo? —

arao. is midis isev buRalterTan, romelic eubneba, waRebuli aqvTo [fuli]. aba

maCveneo qviTrebio, miReba-Cabarebis raRaca — eg kontrolis palatis saqmeao,

92

“cxovrebis istoriis” analogiurad, biografiul-naratiuli interviuc

respondentis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad; esec

arastruqturirebuli interviua, romlis msvlelobaSic interviueri minimalu-

rad ereva saubarSi, vinaidan am tipis intervius erT-erTi mTavari mizani

Txrobis spontanurobis uzrunvelyofaa. am intervius ZiriTadi gansxvaveba

“cxovrebis istoriisagan” imaSi gamoixateba, rom biografiul-naratiul inter-

viuSi ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba Tavad respondentis Sefasebebis Seswavlas

mis cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT, rac, rogorc am meTodis

Teoretikosebi varaudoben, saSualebas gvaZlevs gansakuTrebulad Rrmad

SeviswavloT am procesebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi.31

respondentTa gulaxdilobis gamomwvevi meTodikebi

siRrmiseuli intervius warmatebis upirveles sawindars warmoadgens

interviuersa da respondents Soris iseTi urTierTobis damyareba, romelic

respondentis gulwrfelobas gamoiwvevs. aseTi urTierTobis winapirobaa

mkvlevris WeSmariti interesi respondentis cxovrebisadmi, araSefasebiTi

damokidebuleba misi gamocdilebis an misi azrebisadmi da misi unari daarwmunos

respondenti, rom intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia mxolod kvleviTi

amocanebisTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli.

amasTan, arsebobs specialuri profesiuli meTodikebi, romlebic gvexmareba,

gamoviwvioT respondentis meti gulwrfeloba da miviRoT misgan meti informacia,

vidre is Tavidan apirebda gaemJRavnebina CvenTvis. es meTodikebi xSirad moixsenieba

rogorc “zondirebis” saSualebebi (“probing”); maTi meSveobiT Cven vubiZgebT respon-

dents, daasrulos azri, romelic bolomde ar ganumartavs, an agvixsnas is, rasac

mxolod gakvriT Seexo. zondireba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT SemTxvevebSi,

rodesac respondentebi aRiqvamen gamokvlevis Temas rogorc Zalze rTuls an

saTuTs, da amis gamo SeiZleba Tavi Seikavon detaluri da gulwrfeli pasuxebisagan.

qvemoT ganvixilavT respondentebis gulaxdilobis gamomwvev ramdenime

meTodikas — “siCumes”, “eqos” da “ganacxads”; mniSvnelovania, rom maTi gamoye-

nebis dros interviueri ar ereva saubarSi, Sesabamisad, ar axdens gavlenas

respondentebis pasuxebze.

1) siCume. imis magivrad, rom saubris dros warmoqmnili pauzis dros

mkvlevarma morigi kiTxva dasvas, is agrZelebs Cumad jdomas. xSirad xdeba, rom

aseT situaciaSi respondenti Tavs uxerxulad grZnobs, amitom gadawyvets, Tavad

Seavsos siCume, agrZelebs saubars, Tan ambobs mets, vidre Tavidan apirebda.

es meTodika Zalian misasalmebelia im TvalsazrisiTac, rom is neitraluria,

mkvlevari arafers ambobs, ar svams damatebiT kiTxvebs, Sesabamisad, gamoricxu-

lia, raime gavlena iqonios respondentis pasuxze.

amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am meTodikis warmatebiT gamoyeneba Zalze rTulia,

vinaidan aq ar SeiZleba gadaWarbeba — SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom respondenti

aRar apirebs arafris Tqmas; aseT SemTxvevaSi Camovardnili siCume SeiZleba uxe-

rxuli gaxdes. mkvlevars unda Seswevdes unari, droulad auRos alRo situacias

da gadawyvitos, gaagrZelos siCume Tu droulad gadavides morig kiTxvaze.

2) eqo Zalze neitraluri da nakleb sarisko meTodikaa, romelic ar iwvevs

intervius mimarTulebis Secvlas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac respondentma daas-

rula pasuxi raime kiTxvaze, magram mkvlevari ar aris maincdamainc kmayofili

miRebuli pasuxiT, mas SeuZlia ubralod nela gaimeoros respondentis mier

naTqvami bolo sityva an fraza. didia imis albaToba, rom respondenti

daubrundeba Sewyvetil Temas da ufro srul informacias mogvawvdis.

3) ganacxadi. es meTodika gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare, daxurul Temebze

saubrisas gamoiyeneba, rodesac respondentebs euxerxulebaT saubari an ar

undaT, raime jgufuri saidumlo “gascen”. ganacxadis teqnikis gamoyenebisas

mkvlevari iqceva ise, TiTqos man ukve icis yvelaferi, rac am sakiTxTanaa

dakavSirebuli, da Tavisuflad saubrobs respondentTan “daxuruli” an “akrZa-

31 Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle

società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag.

21

rogorc fokus-jgufi, romlis Sesaxebac Semdeg leqciaze visaubrebT, SeiZleba

ganvixiloT rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeobebi — Tumca maT sakmaod

specifikuri Tvisebebi gaaCnia, samive es meTodi Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeble-

biT siRrmiseuli intervius analogiuria.

“cxovrebis istoria” iTvaliswinebs respondentis cxovrebis dawvrilebiT

aRweras. siRrmiseuli interviusagan gansxvavebiT, es aris arastruqturirebuli

interviu, romelic ar moiTxovs sadiskusio gegmis SemuSavebas da romlis

Catarebis procesSic mkvlevris roli xSirad mxolod msmenelis rols utoldeba

— is sTxovs respondents, mouyves mas Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, da misi Semdgomi

Careva Txrobis procesSi Zalian umniSvneloa, rogorc wesi, mxolod Txrobis

fokusirebis an qronologiis dacvis mizniT xdeba.

“cxovrebis istoriis” meSveobiT SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes, magaliTad, mig-

raciis gavlena adamianis cxovrebaze da axal kulturul garemoSi adaptaciis

sirTuleebi. intervius msvlelobaSi miRebuli informaciis gamdidrebis mizniT

mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiyenos piradi dokumentebi, rogorebicaa werilebi,

dRiurebi, fotosuraTebi da sxv.

Tumca misi saxeliT Tu vimsjelebT, es meTodi TiTqos respondentis mTeli

cxovrebis momcvelia, es ase ar aris. cxovrebis periodi, romelsac kvlevis

procesSi SeviswavliT, Zalauneburad SerCeviTia; aseT SemTxvevaSic ki interviu

Zalian xangrZlivia da SeiZleba ramenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes (aseT

SemTxvevebSi, ra Tqma unda, saubari mTeli dRe ar mimdinareobs, magram ramdenime

dRis manZilze mkvlevari da interviueri ramdenime saaTs saubroben).

“cxovrebis istoriis” meTodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi upiratesoba

gamoixateba sxvadasxva pirovnebebis istoriebis Sedarebis da garkveuli soci-

aluri kanonzomierebebis Ziebis SesaZleblobaSi. amitom es meTodi farTod

gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, kriminalistikaSi.

socialur mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneba “cxovrebis istoriis” ramdenime saxe-

oba, kerZod, amerikuri kvleviTi tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “cxovrebis is-

toria” da biografiul-naratiuli interviu, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba evro-

peli (upirveles yovlisa, germaneli) mkvlevrebis mier. amerikul sociologiaSi

es meTodi saTaves iRebs Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebis uiliam Tomasis da

florian znaneckis klasikuri gamokvlevidan “poloneli glexi evropasa da ame-

rikaSi” (1918) da kliford r. Sous “jek roleris” cxovrebis aRweraSi (1930). 1930-

iani wlebidan interesi am meTodisadmi Sesustda, magram 1960-anebSi kvlav

gaZlierda.

“cxovrebis istoriis” gamoyenebisadmi ori midgoma gamoirCeva:

tradiciuli, romelic miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis obieqtur

aRweras da gamoirCeva interesiT imisadmi, Tu ra asaxva pova mis cxovrebaSi

farTo socialurma procesebma, ra gavlena iqonies maT Cveulebrivi adamianis

cxovrebaze. aseTi midgoma gvexmareba, SeviswavloT socialuri procesebis

subieqturi Sefasebebi, gavamaxviloT yuradReba socialur procesebsa da

individualur cxovrebas Soris arsebul kavSirze, SevafasoT socialuri

cvlilebebis mniSvneloba, da sxv. am konteqstSi es meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneba

axali socialuri fenomenebis Seswavlis mizniT, raTa Sevsebuli da

gamdidrebuli iqnes mkvlevrebis xelT arsebuli statistikuri masala.

SedarebiT axali midgoma miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebiseuli gzis

interpretacias da/an aseTi interpretaciis SesaZlo gzebis Seswavlas, ris

Sedegadac es midgoma fsiqologias uaxlovdeba.

amerikelma sociologma geil kligmanma (Gail Kligman) “cxovrebis istoriis”

gamoyenebiT Seiswavla rumineli qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTelobis prob-

lemebi CauSeskus reJimis dros, rodesac eris gamavlebis iZulebiTi politika

tardeboda. am politikas tragikuli Sedegebi hqonda qalebis janmrTelobisa da

TviT sicocxlisTvisac ki, vinaidan rTuli ekonomikuri pirobebi qalebs xSirad

ubiZgebda aralegaluri abortebi gaekeTebinaT, romlebic arakvalificiurad

keTdeboda, ris gamoc maT mravali qalis sicocxle Seewira.30

30 ix. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania.

Berkley: University of California Press.

20

Sen vina gkiTxavs, wadio — ar iZleva! azri ara aqvs, xalxo!

- iq sxva situaciaa.

- magedan modis.

- ra doneze qreboda fuli, kacma ver miagno.

- ara, dawyeba eg aris, skolidan, magram dRes-dReobiT universitetis

korufcia ufro damRupvelia.

- ara, gamomdinarea skolidan.

- me vfiqrob, universitetidan gadaiRo skolis struqturam, imitom rom adre

ar iyo.

- ara, ra aris — erTi rame, ra. studenti rom modis universitetSi, is modis

skolidan da is skolaSi Tu mieCvia meqrTameobas, fulis micemas, raRaceebs, xom —

igives gaagrZelebs aq da aravis ar unda gaukvirdes es.

- amis mizezi ra aris, iciT? weRan rom viZaxdiT, im avtobusebze, im fasadis

SekeTebaze da a.S. — skolas ara aqvs fuli da iZulebuli xdeba, xom?

- ki, iZulebuli xdeba.

- anu saxelmwifom dRes, samwuxarod, qarTulma saxelmwifom yvelanairi mora-

luri ufleba dakarga, vinmes rame mosTxovos; Tundac im adamians, romelsac Sia

da raRacas iparavs, da martivad vityvi, ratomac. saqarTvelos parlamentma

rodesac daadgina, rom saarsebo minimumi unda iyos 115 lari, da igive parlamenti

adgens, rom minimaluri xelfasi qveyanaSi unda iyos 14 lari, xom — amiT igive Seni

xelisufleba geubneba, rom sasikvdilod xar ganwiruli da Seni Tavis gadasar-

Cenad rac ginda is qenio. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelanair moralur valdebulebas

mosamarTle kargavs, rom miusajos...

- ese igi, raRac momentSi saxelmwifo gvibiZgebs korufciisken.

- raRac momentSi ki ara, gibiZgebs Sen!

- eg yvelaferi maRlidan modis, aba...

- isic sakiTxavia, minimumi aris marTla is 115 lari, Tu ufro meti sWirdeba

adamians, magram rodesac Sen amas akeTeb, da plius...

- yvelas ara aqvs imis saSualeba, kerZo biznesi wamoiwyos, yvelas ara aqvs imis

saSualeba, arian adamianebi, mcodneebi...

- ver dadgeba da papiross ver gayidis quCaSi!

- profesoria!

- viRa iyidis, yvelam rom papirosi gayidos?

- rogor ara, gaiyideba! oRond, erTi rame kidev da skolasTan dakavSirebiT

xmas aRar amoviReb. Zalian aris axla yuradReba misaqcevi da dasafiqrebeli —

rogorc viciT, reformiT SeiZleba iseTi rame moxdes, umaRles saswavlebelSi

saerTod gauqmdes gamocdebi da skolaSi miRebuli raRac Sefasebebis mixedviT

ganawildes. es aris absurdi — aq ixsneba korufcia da midis skolaSi, Tu direq-

tori ar Seicvala, Tu sistema ar Seicvala, Tu monitoringi an sazogadoebrivi, an

saxelmwifo, an raRacnairi monitoringi ar ganxorcielda.

- nu, praqtikebze rom viyaviT [skolebSi] — bavSvebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, swavla ar

undaT! es aris kidev yvelaze didi, da maswavlebels rom eubnebian, “ki-Wa!” mere

vubnebi, Sen swavla ar ginda-meTqi? da — “me rad minda swavla, me rad minda!”,

marto rom ipranWebian da bolos veRar Sevikave Tavi, me rom Seni maswavlebeli

viyo, kedelze gartymevinebdi-Tqo Tavs. aris usaSinlesi mdgomareoba. ara, ar

vartymevinebdi, magram im wuTas...

- meoTxe skolaSi maswavlebelma marilze daayena muxlebiT bavSvi.

- eg adre iyo, axla piriqiT xdeba.

- adre ara, erTi wlis winandeli faqti.

- Sevedi skolaSi da guli gamiskda — telefonze TamaSobs naxevari klasi, ra!

meoTxeklaseli lawirakebi!

- Cems periodSic iyo, magram verc erTi maswavlebeli ver bedavda xeli daedo

CemTvis.

- maswavlebeli rom yviris, maswavlebeli rom wivis, wixliT rom Semodis, rom

Semodis da ar icis, rom Sesavali unda gaakeTos, bavSvi unda moamzados, da im

gagiJebul bavSvs rom dadgeba da wivil-kivils dauwyebs: “modi gakveTili

Camabare!”, JurnalSi yofaqcevis magivrad saganSi “erTians” rom dauwers — ar

iswavlis da ver gaamtyuneb. ai eg maswavlebeli unda miartya kedelze!

93

axla skolis Tema davxuroT. erTi Zalian mokle SekiTxva universitetTan

dakavSirebiT — rogor fiqrobT, axali reqtori ras Secvlis? ramdenad

TvliT, rom reqtoris Secvla moitans sasurvel cvlilebebs korufciis

dargSi? sxva dargebs jerjerobiT nu SevexebiT.

- axali reqtori ecdeba, me vfiqrob, rom mcdeloba iqneba, magram ramdenad

ganaxorcielebs, eg ar vici. imitom rom me vici erTi magaliTi, rom moatyues

reqtori. sinamdvileSi fuli iqna aRebuli, erT-erTi bavSvis SeyvaniT, aiRo sxvam

is fuli, 300 dolarzea aq saubari, aiRo sxvam, erT-erTma moxelem es fuli da

Seiyvana reqtorTan rogorc uniWieresi bavSvi, rogorc es-es-es.

- me SemiZlia faqtebiT vilaparako. 12 maisidan aris reqtori, damtkicda 1

ivniss, Tu ar vcdebi. ukve aris raRac sasikeTo Zvrebi, me, magaliTad, Cems Tavze

gamovcade, davinaxe.

- ki.

- axali cocxis faqtori mgonia jerjerobiT.

- ara, me ara mgonia axali cocxis faqtori. axla raSia saqme — saxelmwifo

gamocdebze am kacma Semoiara absoluturad yvela auditoria da uTxra, rom ar

gadaixadoT araferi, ar mokrifoT, dekans ar misceT, aravis ar misceT, vinc

ginda mogTxovoT, imitom rom azri ar eqneba. da marTla CaiWrnen is

fulgadaxdilebi.

- ukan daubrunes fuli?

- ar vici, ra gaakeTes.

- eg dekanebis da studentebis [saqmea].

- mere mirbodnen saCivlelad, ai, maS fuli raRas gamogvarTveso? karg dros

mirbodnen! es erTi. meore, sanam reqtoris arCevnebi iqneboda, studentebis

garkveulma nawilma movagroveT 600 xelmowera [erT-erTi kandidatis] mxardasa-

Werad — magram es ar iyo raRaca Tavis moqonvis principi, Cven mas warvudgineT

Cveni programa, ra unda Seesrulebina mas studnetebisTvis. da amaze dagvTan-

xmda. iq iyo: biujetis gamWvirvaloba, misaRebi gamocdebis gamWvirvaloba, rac

ukve faqtia da me piradad Cemi arasamTavrobo organizaciis saxeliT mivmarTav

da me davakvirdebi misaReb gamocdebs Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi axla.

da iq iyo sxvadasxva sakiTxebi, romlebzec es kaci dagvTanxmda, romlebzec visa-

ubreT, romlebic gvjera, rom gakeTdeba, da jerjerobiT midis sworad yve-

laferi.

- ho, imedi aris.

- is fuli, mosawyobi fuli, ojaxidan mainc xom gamodioda, ara? da midioda

marcxena jibeSi. axla me vnaxe, rom fasian seqtorze gazrdilia gadasaxadebi.

- ho.

- da es aris marTali. imitom rom mainc gamodis is fuli, da [sjobs] wavides

ise, rom leqtorebs gauzardo xelfasi, vidre is “marcxniv” wavides.

- ar SeiZleba, Seni arasamTavrobo organizacia ara marto misaRebze

daeswroT, aramed, vTqvaT, saxelmwifo gamocdebze da aseve sesiaze?

- ki.

- kargi iqneba!

danarCenebis azri mainteresebs — kidev ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom

universitetSi situacia gamoswordes korufciis TvalsazrisiT?

- Cemi azriT, pirvel rigSi leqtorebs xelfasi unda gaezardoT.

- unda gaezardoT.

- [fasiani seqtoris gadasaxadebis gamoyenebiT ufro kargia maTi xelfasebis

gazrda.]

- ki, Torem saxelmwifo ar gazrdis Tavisi iniciativiT.

- da Semdeg leqtorebis atestacia unda moxdes.

- unda akontrolon misaRebi gamocdebi, TviTon universitetis xelmZRva-

nelobam. anu, me viZaxi, kargi mxriv unda akontrolon.

- a. erT wels iyo mimReb komisiaSi Tavmjdomared. movida viRac qistio, imas,

ra Tqma unda, Tavidanve ise hqonda saqme, rom imas unda Caebarebina. dedaCemma

[Tqva], Tavidanve momceso sia, ai amaT unda Caabarono, da danarCenebma ar unda

94

zedmeti an usargebloa am konkretuli gamokvlevis problemis Seswavlis

TvalsazrisiT, da iswavlos respondentis Tavazianad gaCumeba da saubris

msvlelobis Secvla saWiro mimarTulebiT.

iTvleba, rom siRrmiseuli intervius meTodiT ganxorcielebuli erTi gamo-

kvlevis farglebSi sakmarisia 20-30-dan 50-60-mde siRrmiseuli intervius

Catareba27, raTa miRebuli iqnes sakmarisi da sando empiriuli monacemebi. saerTo

rCeva interviuebis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT aseTia: interviuebis Catareba

unda Sewydes maSin, rodesac axali interviuebis msvlelobaSi miRebuli

informacia meordeba, axali informacia umniSvnelo da periferiuli xasiaTisaa

da aRar amdidrebs Cvens codnas Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad,

damatebiTi interviuebis Catareba aRar aris gamarTlebuli28. masobrivi gamo-

kiTxvis dros gamokiTxul aTasobiT respondentTan SedarebiT es ricxvi

SeiZleba Zalian mcired mogveCvenos, magram nu daviviwyebT, rom yoveli aseTi

intervius dros Cawerili saubris qaRaldze gadatanas (“gaSifvras”) sul cota 6-

8 saaTi dasWirdeba, ris Sedegadac miviRebT 20-ze meti gverdis moculobis

teqsts (“transkripts”); yvela interviu damuSavebuli da gaanalizebuli unda

iqnes. es Zalze Sromatevadi samuSaoa.

Znelia CamovayaliboT zusti wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac xdeba responden-

tebis SerCeva siRrmiseuli interviusaTvis. iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebrivi

meTodebiT muSaobisas, aq arasodes ara gvaqvs saqme reprezentatul SerCevasTan.

respondentebis SerCeva xdeba gamokvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, im moTxovnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebsac mkvlevars gamokvlevis amocana karnaxobs. Cveu-

lebriv saqme gvaqvs erTi da igive socialuri jgufis warmomadgenlebTan, an

xalxTan, romlebsac miRebuli aqvs garkveuli gamocdileba — magaliTad, Tu

SeviswavliT warmatebul biznes-karieras, unda davukavSirdeT warmatebul

biznesmenebs; Tu gamokvlevis Temaa bavSvebis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli saerTo

problemebi, maSin kvlevaSi monawileoba axalgazrda mSoblebma unda miiRon; Tu

gamokvlevis Temaa migracia, unda CavataroT interviu migrantebTan; Tu gamo-

kvleva umaRlesi saswavleblebis problemebs exeba, unda moviwvioT studentebi

da/an profesor-maswavleblebi, da a.S.29

siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba yovelTvis winaswar SeTanxmebulia respon-

dentTan da tardeba aseve winaswar SeTanxmebul adgilas — es SeiZleba iyos

respondentis saxli, misi samsaxuri an mkvlevris ofisi. aseTi interviu arasodes

ar tardeba quCaSi an sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi, rogorebicaa kafe,

biblioTeka da sxv. siRrmiseuli interviu tardeba pirispir mkvlevarsa da

respondents Soris; sxva pirTa daswreba akrZalulia. vinaidan amis miRweva

sakmaod Znelia respondentis ojaxSi, siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba ufro

mizanSewonilia mkvlevris ofisSi, sadac daculi iqneba simSvide da intervius

CatarebisaTvis xelsayreli sxva pirobebi.

siRrmiseuli intervius diqtofonze Cawera aucilebelia misi Semdgomi ana-

lizis mizniT. es moTxovna damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mkvlevars

rogorc teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT (teqnikuri aRWurvilobis momzadeba, misi

gamarTulad muSaobis uzrunvelyofa), aseve eTikuri TvalsazrisiTac (respon-

dentebis konfidencialobis dacva).

siRrmiseuli intervius specipikuri saxeobebi

siRrmiseuli interviu Tvisebrivi kvlevis Zalze gavrcelebuli meTodia, da

gasakviri ar aris, rom misi gamoyenebis manZilze SemuSavebuli iqna misi ramdenime

nairsaxeoba. biografiul-naratiuli interviu da “cxovrebis istoria”, iseve

27 SesaZloa, yvela am intervius damuSaveba ver moxerxdes, vinaidan respondentebs Soris

SeiZleba Segvxvdes adamianebi, romlebic ver moaxerxeben Tavisi azris sakmaod

vrclad Camoyalibebas. Tumca, siRrmiseuli interviuebis Catarebis dros aseTi ram

SedarebiT iSviaTad xdeba, vinaidan yvela respondenti, rogorc wesi, individualurad

aris xolme SerCeuli, da SerCevis erT-erTi moTxovna swored maTi lingvistikuri

komunikaciis maRali donea. 28 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 21. 29 ix. Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit.

19

siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis mizniT, mkvlevari ar amzadebs struqtu-

rirebul kiTxvars — magram mas yovelTvis aqvs Sedgenili savaraudo kiTxvebis da

maTi sasurveli Tanamimdevrobis werilobiTi monaxazi, romelic emyareba

intervius procesSi gansaxilveli Temebisa da sakiTxebis winaswar Seswavlas. am

monaxazs sadiskusio gegma ewodeba. sadiskusio gegma mkvlevris samuSao instru-

mentia, romelic gvexmareba vakontroloT intervius procesi, ar gamovtovoT

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi da maqsimaluri informacia miviRoT respondentisgan

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.25

sadiskusio gegmis momzadeba aucilebelia, Tu gvinda miviRoT sando

Tvisebrivi monacemebi, rac SemdgomSi saSualebas mogvcems, SevadaroT sxvada-

sxva intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia. amave mizniT, gansaxilveli Temebis

Tanamimdevroba intervius dros sasurvelia ucvleli iyos, Tumca dasaSvebia

garkveuli variaciebi. mainc, ar aris sasurveli, rom winaswar SemuSavebuli geg-

misagan gadaxveva, kiTxvebis formulirebisa da Tanamimdevrobis Secvla Zalian

xSiri da/an radikaluri iyos.

siRrmiseuli intervius mTavari Rirseba isaa, rom is saSualebas gvaZlevs

rogorc Cven, mkvlevrebs, aseve respondentebs uSualod intervius msvlelo-

bisas wamovwioT an ganvaviTaroT axali Temebi, romlebic aqtualuria gamo-

kvlevisaTvis, magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ar iqna winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli

kvlevis dagegmvis etapze. uSualod intervius procesSi wamoWrili axali

Temebis ganviTareba SesaZlebeli xdeba, ramdenadac sadiskusio gegma ar

moiTxovs, zedmiwevniT zustad davicvaT iq dasmuli kiTxvebis formulireba da

Tanamimdevroba, aramed garkveul Tavisuflebas gvaniWebs. swored es garemoeba

ganapirobebs imas, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, siRrmiseuli interviu

nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba.

siRrmiseuli interviu ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba,

anu iseT kiTxvebze, romlebic ar sTavazoben respondentebs pasuxis SesaZlo

variantebs. aseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas respondentebs sruli Tavisufleba

eniWebaT sakuTari azris gamoxatvisas, mkvlevari aranairad ar “ubiZgebs” maT

garkveuli kategoriis pasuxebisaken, amitom iTvleba, rom aseTi kiTxvebi gansa-

kuTrebiT mizanSewonilia iseTi Temebis Seswavlis mizniT, romlebic SedarebiT

naklebadaa Seswavlili, da am Temebisa da sakiTxebis ufro Rrmad Seswavlis

saSualebas gvaZlevs. “daxuruli” kiTxvebi, romlebic Zalian gavrcelebulia

raodenobriv kvlevebSi, TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba siRrmiseul interviuSi.

sirRmiseuli interviu warmatebulia maSin, rodesac mkvlevarma miiRo

mdidari da detaluri informacia sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi

inforamciis miRebaSi mas xSirad exmareba moTxovna, daakonkretebinos respon-

dents misi pasuxebi. Tu respondenti yveba Tavisi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, magram

Zalian zogadad ganixilavs mas, interviueri aucileblad unda Caeros saubarSi

da sTxovos mas, daakonkretos esa Tu is detali. magaliTad, SeiZleba dausvas

aseTi kiTxva: “rogor ganviTarda bolo aseTi SemTxveva?” an “rodis moxda es

ambavi bolos?”26 rac ufro vrcel informacias viRebT respondentis gamoc-

dilebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro meti masala gveqneba dasamuSaveblad da miT ufro

metia imis albaToba, rom kvleva warmatebuli iqneba.

siRrmiseuli intervius dros mizanSewonilia, interviuerma Zalian cota

ilaparakos; rogorc wesi, rac ufro uwyvetia respondentis Txroba, miT ufro

warmatebulia interviu.

siRrmiseuli intervius xangrZlivoba damokidebulia gamokvlevis tipze

da/an Temaze, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi is sul cota 1 — 1,5 saaTs grZeldeba da

iSviaTad grZeldeba 3 saaTze mets. ra Tqma unda, intervius mizania respon-

dentisgan informaciis miReba da, Teoriulad, rac met informacias miviRebT

misgan, miT ukeTesi iqneba, magram praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia, saubari usasrulod

gagrZeldes. amitom mkvlevris profesionalizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

maCvenebelia, droulad “gamoicnos” is pasuxebi da gadaxvevebi, romlebic

25 am leqciis Semdeg (magaliTi #1) moyvanilia siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegmis

magaliTi. 26 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. Pp. 74-76.

18

Caabarono.

- maraa, kaco, me rom gamocdebi mqonda, mubnebodnen, mwvane ginTia, risi

geSiniao.

- movidao viRac qisti, romelmac ar icoda qarTuli. axla me veubnebio, me ar

vici qisturio da rusuli me ki vicio, magram ruseTSi ar varT da ratom unda

gamogcado rusulad? am dros is unda mieRoT.

- Cems win gogo gadioda, istorias rom vabarebdi — ra Tqma unda, ar icoda, da

erT-erTi sakiTxi hqonda [erekle]. [gamomcdeli] eubneba axla, rac ici is moyevio

da — araferi ar vicio. gagiJda, moixsna saTvale — ras hqvia araferi ar vicio,

uxerxul mdgomareobaSi nu magdebo, iq 70 kacze meti zis auditoriaSi, Tan icis,

rom viRaca magis mere unda CaWras — moyevio rame! araferi ar vicio.

sanam movrCebiT universitetis Sesaxeb saubars, vinmes rame xom ar darCa

saTqmeli?

- am yvela problemis mogvarebasTan erTad unda aiwios universitetis pres-

tiJi, anu, raSi gamoixateba: unda daematos iseTi sagnebi, iseTi fakultetebi,

romlebic kaxeTs sWirdeba, ra. amdeni pedagogi weliwadSi kaxeTs ara sWirdeba,

Cemi azriT, da es aucileblad unda gakeTdes da es reqtoris Zalian didi

survilia da, albaT, momavali wlidan gakeTdeba, unda gakeTdes mevenaxeoba-

meRvineobis fakulteti, razec aris moTxovna kaxeTSi, oRond es unda iyos Zalian

prestiJuli fakulteti, Tundac weliwadSi uSvebdes xuTs, magram profesional

kadrs. da imas garantirebuli eqneba samsaxuri. axla Cven rom mivdivarT, ar viciT

sad mivdivarT — diploms ki viRebT, magram sul sxvagan vfiqrob vimuSavo, imitom,

rom maRali xelfasia.

- kidev erTs davamatebdi. me vfiqrob, leqtorebis kadri unda gadaxalisdes,

anu gadamzaddessaviT...

- rame treningebisaviT...

- ... da literaturac unda gaZlierdes, Torem is literatura, romliTac

swavlobdnen 10 wlis win, ukve CvenTvis moZvelebulia.

- anu, Taobebia gaWedili. erTi qalia kaxeTSi, 75 wlis, vinc akeTebs miwis

analizs.

- marto erTi qali?

- is qali rom mokvdes, ver gaigeb, kaxeTSi ra miwaSi ra Cayaro. SeiZleba vazis

miwaSi miwis Txili Cayaro, qvebSi Cayaro RanZili, anu ra unda gaakeTo, ar ici.

- me vfirqob, mTavari problemebi ukve Tqves: is, rom leqtorebma unda

atestacia, Tu rac aris [gaiaron], rom leqtoris done iyos maRali, da rac

mTavaria, da mec amis msxverpli var, rom TviTon ara var mondomebuli, magram

vapireb — Cemi azriT, bavSvebis mondomeba swavlisadmi, es iqneba, me mgoni,

gadamwyveti, imtom rom Tu is bavSvi swavlobs, da Semdeg Tu is Tavis uflebebs

gaecnoba, da Semdeg, Tu is Tavisi uflebebisaTvis daiwyebs brZolas, ukve

daanaxebs Tavis saxes reqtoratsac da leqtorebsac da ukve esec erT-erTi is

iqneba, rom korufcia aRmoifxvras mTlianad. imitom, rom am revoluciazec,

igive, xalxma daanaxa, da ara vinmes yvirilma, ukacravad, xalxma daanaxa, aqvs

xalxs amis saSualeba, energia da CveniT unda gavakeToT es, me mgoni.

- Cemi azriT, sanam saxelmwifoSi ar Seicvleba situacia, universitetSic ar

Seicvleba; roca saxelmwifoSi Seicvleba, me vfiqrob, rom avtomaturad aqac

sxvanairi situacia Seiqmneba.

- araswori midgomaa.

- ho.

- saerTod es aris Zalian daStampuli, yovelTvis ase iyo, zevidan qveviT.

modiT, piriqiT, qvevidan SevcvaloT, da ava is nel-nela zeviT.

- saxlis Senebas iwyeben, me rogorc vici, saZirkvlidan.

- weRanac vTqvi me es azri da axlac gavimeoreb, rom igive saxelmwifo

gamocdebze is, rodesac 4 weli aZlev fuls, axla, saxelmwifo gamocdebze, aRar

unda aiRon fuli da pirdapir gauSvan isini, arc CaWran, araferi — Cemi azriT.

gauSvan is studentebi, da igive samsaxurSi roca miva is, mixvdebian, rom mas ara

aqvs codna, da morCa. is, rom is studentebi CaWran, romlebic 4 wlis

ganmavlobaSi fuls aZlevdnen universitets...

95

- unda CaWran!

- ar SeiZleba!

- ara, ar unda CaWran!

- unda CaWran! axla ratom —

- Cemi azria! unda gauSvan, wavidnen.

- wavidnen da adamians wamali dauniSnon, romelic mas ar sWirdeba?

- ara, imas ar miiReben samsaxurSi, roca ar eqneba codna.

- e-e, fuls miscems da miiReben.

- Tu maSin, me vlaparakob, roca gamoswordeba situacia.

- jerjerobiT xom... Tu Sen igives gaakeTeb, ar gamowordeba!

- meti raRa pativi unda ecaT [saxelmwifo gamocdebze], ver gavige —

geubnebian, wigni Semoitane, konspeqti Semoitane, mTeli biblioTeka amoitane,

dade da waikiTxe — erT saaTs gaZleven, ori sityva gviTxari! oTxians giwerT, Tu

oTx sityvas gvetyvi, or sityvaze samians giwerT. ver iZaxian! maS ar unda CaWra

egeTebi?

- hoda unda gauSva, isini arc arasdros ar iswavlian, unda gauSva eseTebi,

wavidnen ra!

- unda sacerSi gatardes yvela.

- ver garicxav, imitom rom roca fuliT gyavs miRebuli, imas...

- kargi, is wava da giCivlebs.

- sad giCivlebs?

- getyvis, rom vabarebdi, ras gamomarTvio fuli?

- ras giCivlebs, ras ambob?

- raRaca sistemis cvlas mohyveba xolme viRacis...

- ZiriTadi yvelaferi iTqva, da, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovania, rom

Seicvalos saswavlo programebi, romlebic aris Zalian moZvelebuli, Tundac

Cems fakultetze, ucxo enebze, aranairad ara varT kmayofili im swavliT

meTodebiT, rasac gavdivarT, da me ara var darwmunebuli, rom rodesac

davamTavreb, viqnebi srulyofili da kargi specialisti da isev bavSvi fiqrobs,

rom sxva gzebiT miiRos, Seivsos is codna — roca man es codna unda miiRos

universitetSi, da yvelanairad unda iyos dakmayofilebuli. Cemi azriT, es unda

Seicvalos.

- Cemi azriT, aucileblad unda gadaxalisdes saswavlo programebi, ukve

iTqva da veTanxmebi, absoluturad gawelili, gaberili da xSir SemTxvevaSi,

uazro sagnebis swavleba, anu, rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro, vTqvaT, akademiur

doneze icode saqarTvelos istoria, Cemi azriT.

- Tu ar abareb istoriulze.

- sjobia profesiuls daeTmos meti dro da ara piriqiT, profesiuli sagnebis

xarjze farTovdeba is sagnebi, romlebic... elementarulad, saqarTvelos

istoria igulisxmeba, rom iswavleba skolaSi. igive qarTuli ena. marTalia,

qarTuli ena aucilebelia, imitom rom aCvena gamokiTxvebma, rom TiTqmis aravin

ar icis normalurad aq, magram mainc es ar unda aRematebodes, vTqvaT, erT wels

da ar unda gadadiodes sam welze.

- ubralod normalurad unda iswavlebodes.

- da testi unda iyos. es aucilebelia, Cemi azriT.

- me minda kidev erTi davamato, Cemi azriT, CaTvla-gamocdebis arsebuli

sistema unda Seicvalos testirebiT, imitom rom, Cemi azriT, jer erTi CaTvla-

gamocdebs miaqvs uazrod didi dro, meorec, aseTi erTi erTze Secvla

leqtorTan yovelTvis iwvevs korufciul moments, da sjobia testi, jer erTi, is

dokumentic aris.

- davamateb — testebi iyos ara marto, vTqvaT, pirveli semestris bolos,

meore semestris bolos, aramed, vTqvaT, erTi Tvis Semdeg...

- ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, da gaadvildeba studentis saqme.

- ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, imitom rom ici, rogor aris? rom ar gTxoven,

adamiani xar da gimuSavdeba erTi momenti. yovelTviuri an yovelkvireuli

gamokiTxva rodesac ar aris, Sen ar swavlob, da gamocdebis [win] amxela wignebs

ixli TavSi da ra Zali medga...

- ho, ra!

96

videofirze.

kerZod interviu warmoadgens kiTxva-pasuxis gacvlis process interviuersa

da respondents Soris, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari iRebs misTvis saWiro

informacias. qvemoT detalurad visaubrebT interivus am nawilis Sesaxeb.

da bolos, postinterviu respondentisa da interviueris damSvidobebis

procesia, magram amasTan rig damatebiT funqciasac asrulebs. swored

postintervius dros SeiZleba molaparakebuli iqnes Semdgomi Sexvedris

SesaZlebloba, Tu gamokvlevis programa aseT Sexvedras iTvaliswinebs; gadaeces

respondents saCuqari an fuladi anazRaureba gamokvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis,

Tu es winaswar iyo molaparakebuli, da sxv.

meTodis daxasiaTeba

Tumca, erTi SexedviT, siRrmiseuli interviu waagavs Tavisufal saubars

mkvlevarsa da respondents Soris, es ase ar aris, da warmatebuli intervius

Catarebas mTeli rigi profesiuli unar-Cvevebis daufleba da sakmaod mdidari

praqtikuli gamocdileba ganapirobebs — es aris meTodi, romelSi daxelovnebac

mxolod misi gamoyenebis procesSia SesaZlebeli.

siRrmiseuli intervius mizania, gavigoT respondentebis maqsimalurad deta-

luri mosazrebebi Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; amitom “rogor?” da "ra-

tom?" kiTxvebi yvelaze xSiri da sasargebloa am tipis interviuSi. ara nakleb xSi-

rad aqvs adgili Txovnas respondentisadmi, dawvrilebiT agviRweros esa Tu is

SemTxveva Tavisi cxovrebidan da misi STabeWdilebebi, misi reaqcia am Sem-

TxvevasTan dakavSirebiT; misi damokidebuleba garkveuli xalxis an movlenebi-

sadmi, mis mier CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis Sefaseba.

robert vaisi ganixilavs siRrmiseul intervius rogorc interviuersa da

respondents Soris TanamSromlobis process, romlic drosac orive monawiles

erTi mizani amoZravebs — esaa axali informaciis warmoeba kvlevis TemasTan

dakavSirebiT. metic, misi TqmiT, am TanamSromlobaSi interviueri “is instru-

mentia, romlis saSualebiTac respondenti mogviTxrobs Tavis ambavs”21. amitom

interviueri arasodes ar unda Seecados, srulad akontrolos intervius

msvlelobis procesi — piriqiT, man unda misces respondents saSualeba, rac

SeiZleba meti ilaparakos Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, ra Tqma unda,

valdebulia uzrunvelyos, rom saubarma ar gadauxvios kvlevis Temas; mxolod

ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia interviuers, gamoiyenos Tavisi Zalaufleba da

Seitanos cvlileba intervius msvlelobaSi, Tumca man es rbilad unda gaakeTos.

rogorc h.r.bernardi aRniSnavs, “Tqven agebT pasuxs imaze, rom saubari

fokusirebuli iyos [kvlevis Temaze], magram saSualebas aZlevT respondents,

gansazRvros saubris Sinaarsi. mieciT mas ufleba, mogawodoT informacia,

romelic, misi azriT, mniSvnelovania”22.

mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom siRrmiseul intervius, rogorc wesi, atarebs

ara daqiravebuli interviueri, romelsac ara aqvs miRebuli monawileoba

kvlevis dagegmvis procesSi, aramed Tavad mkvlevari, romelic muSaobda

gamokvlevis programis Sedgenaze, winaswar Seiswavla socialuri problema,

romelsac interviu exeba.23 “iyo kargi interviueri, niSnavs icode, Tu ra saxis

informaciaa saWiro kvlevisaTvis da Segwevdes unari, daexmaro respondents

mogvces es inforamcia”24, — aRniSnavs robert vaisi.

21 Ibid. P. 65. 22 H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third

edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. P. 209. 23 es yovelTvis ase ar aris dasavleTis qveynebis Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi, sadac

miRebulia interviuerebis daqiraveba ara mxolod raodenobrivi, aramed, agreTve

Tvisebrivi interviuebis Catarebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, am saleqcio kursSis far-

glebSi Cven ufro mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom siRrmiseuli interviu Tavad

mkvlevarma Caataros, da am leqciaSi terminebi “mkvlevari” da “interviueri” ixmareba

rogorc sinonimebi. 24 Robert S. Weiss. Op cit. P. 66.

17

Tema 2.

siRrmiseuli interviu

rogorc cnobilia, interviu informaciis Segrovebis erT-erTi yvelaze

farTod gavrcelebuli saSualebaa, da es mxolod socialur mecnierebebTan

dakavSirebiT rodia swori. Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebas rigi mkvlev-

rebisa “intervius sazogadoebas” uwodebs17 — mosaxleobis interviuirebis sxva-

dasxva forma imdenadaa gavrcelebuli, rom interviu yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

nawilad iqca. arsebobs intervius mravali saxeoba; maT Soris gvxvdeba iseTebi,

romlebic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. sayovelTao aRwerac da

Jurnalisturi preskonferenciac intervius nairsaxeobebia.

interviuersa da respondents Soris urTierTobis formis safuZvelze gamo-

iyofa pirispiri, satelefono da safosto interviu. intervius xangrZlivoba

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogori tipis interviusTan gvaqvs

saqme: satelefono intervius xangrZlivoba SeiZleba 5 wuTs ar aRematebodes,

xolo e.w. “cxovrebis istoria” SeiZleba ramdenime dRes gagrZeldes.

Tavisi struqturisa da kiTxvebis tipidan gamomdinare, interviu SeiZleba

iyos struqturirebuli; nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebu-

li. masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gamoiyeneba struqturirebuli interviu,

romelic kiTxvarze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba da saSualebas gvaZlevs, maqsima-

lurad formalizebulad warvmarToT ramdenime aTasi interviu. eTnografiuli

kvlevis Catarebisas, gansakuTrebiT, kvlevis sawyis etapze, gamoiyeneba ara-

struqturirebuli interviuebi, romlebic exmareba mkvlevars, Seiqmnas saerTo

warmodgena kvlevis obieqtebis Sesaxeb. intervius orive am saxeobasTan Seda-

rebiT, siRrmiseuli interviu, romelic Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi “savizito

baraTia”, Zalze gansxvavebul tips warmoadgens da e.w. nawilobriv struqtu-

rirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba, anu ikavebs Sualedur pozicias

struqturirebul da arastruqturirebul interviuebs Soris. rogorc am meTo-

dis erT-erTi wamyvani specialisti robert vaisi aRniSnavs, siRrmiseul inter-

vius mravali saxeliT moixsenieben, romelTa Sorisaa: “Tavisufali interviu”,

“naratiuli interviu”, “fokusirebuli interviu”, “biografiuli interviu” da

sxv.18 Tavad vaisi am meTods “Tvisebriv intervius” uwodebs. misi azriT, Tumca

Tvisebrivi interviu sxvaTa azris Seswavlis “bunebrivi saSualebaa, is jer kidev

ar aris saTanadod damkvidrebuli socialuri kvlevebis samyaroSi, rom erTi

saxeliT moixseniebodes”19.

siRrmiseuli interviu da misi nairsaxeobebi gamoiyeneba ara mxolod socia-

lur mecnierebebSi, aramed, agreTve, mraval monaTesave dargSi: JurnalistikaSi,

kriminalistikaSi, boigrafiul mecnierebaSi, marketingSi da sxv. gansxvavebuli

midgomebis miuxedavad, yvela am SemTxvevaSi am meTods aerTianebs is garemoeba,

rom is miznad isaxavs respondentebisagan detaluri, Rrma da Tanamimdevruli

informaciis miRebas maTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis

safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba garkveuli sazogadoebrivi kanonzomierebebis

dadgena, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — saerTo xasiaTis daskvnebis gakeTeba.20

xSirad gamoiyofa siRrmiseuli intervius Semdegi fazebi: preinterviu,

kerZod interviu da postinterviu. yovel maTgans Tavisi funqcia aqvs.

preintervius mTavari mizania kontaqtis damyareba respondentTan. swored

preintervius dros unda avuxsnaT mas gamokvlevis mizani da is, Tu rogor iqna

arCeuli respondentad konkretulad es pirovneba; davarwmunoT igi intervius

anonimurobaSi da aucileblad vTxovoT nebarTva, CaviweroT interviu audio- an

17 ix., magaliTad: Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein. 2002. “From Individual Interview to the

Interview Society,” pp. 3-32 in: Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Ed. by Jaber F. Gubrium. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

18 zogi qarTveli mkvlevari am meTods “CaRrmavebul intervius” uwodebs. 19 Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New

York: Free Press. P. 208. 20 Ibid. P. 210.

16

- movaleobas ixdi, ver gaxsovdeba.

- axla iseTi gadaRlili var gamocdebis mere, ver vazrovneb.

- me Tu mkiTxavT, pirvel rigSi, unda gamoicvalon leqtorebi, arian ukve

Zalian bebrebi bevrni.

- marTalia!

- marTalia!

- sapensio asaki...

- axali kadri unda movides.

- ara, erTi-ori xanSi Sesuli namdvilad kargia oRond, ver ityvi, rom

axalgazrdebi unda Semoiyvano...

- ara, me ar viZaxi, axalgazrdebi unda SemoviyvanoT — unda SemoviyvanoT

iseTebi, vinc ufro...

- Semoyvanaze, umjobesi xom ar iqneba, rom weRan rogorc vTqvi — rom

gadaxalisdes.

- asaksac gaaCnia, mikiTxavda kaci, SeiZleba, Zalian brwyinvaledac icoda,

[magram] misi xmis tembri iyo CurCuli, da auditoriis damorCilebis done — nuli.

- da, sxvaTaSoris, eg iwvevs ukve... xuTianze damTavrebuli studenti, marTla

kargi studenti, Cemi axlobeli movida SarSan, undoda rom leqtorad imuSavos,

magram... am dros me mikiTxavs qali leqcias, romelsac kbilebi daaviwyda saxlSi

da meubneba, “wadi Svilo, kbilebi momitaneo”. amasTan is axalgazrda gogo,

romelmac marTla xuTebze daamTavra — “me xuTosnebi ar mainteresebso”, maSin

reqtoratSi uTxres.

- erTi momentic aris, arian aq moxucebi, xanSi Sesuli kadri, romelsac

SeiZleba sapensio asaki aqvs, magram imas ver Secvli, imitom rom brwinvalea.

- egeTi SemTxvevebi...

- skolaSic da universitetSic asaks ratomRac abaven Rvawlmosilebas — es ase

aRar aris.

- marTalia.

universitetis situacia, mgoni, safuZvlianad ganvixileT. Tqveni azriT,

SeiZleba Tu ara axla vilaparakoT warmatebuli brZolis Sesaxeb korufciis

winaaRmdeg zogadad saqarTveloSi?

- araviTar SemTxvevaSi.

- jer ara.

- jerjerobiT ar SegviZlia.

- Cemi azriT, igive revoluciam erTi Zalian cudi raRac moaxdina — xalxi

adre xom iZaxda, Cven verafers ver SevcliT, unda movides kargi mTavrobao. axla

xalxi uaresad gazarmacda da iZaxis, Cven kargi mTavroba gvyavs da axla isini

gviSvelian. anu, ratom aqvs am xalxs aseTi...

- ar gamigia maseTi naTqvami.

- ra? yvela mase iZaxis!

- marTalia, revoluciam erTi ra SeiZleba cudi moitanos — xalxs amdeni wlis

dagrovili energia im ramdenime kviraSi daaxarjvina da axla aRar ainteresebs im

xalxs jer-jerobiT, ai mere ukve daiwyebs isev, albaT.

- ara, ki ar ainteresebs, ukve imedi aqvT, albaT, rom raRacas gamocvlian.

- ara, imedi SeiZleba gqondes, magram Senc unda iyo aqtiuri.

- es aqsiomaa: Sen xar moqalaqe, Sen gaqvs uflebebi, romlebic pirvel rigSi Sen

unda daicva. xelisuflebas — aravis ar hqondes iluzia, rogorc ginda kargi

xelisufleba iyos, is yovelTvis Tavxeddeba xelisuflebiT, es ase xdeba

gamonaklisebis gareSe.

- Sen xom axla amas iZaxi — Sen rom moxvide xelisuflebaSi, analogiurad

iqneba.

- aucileblad! adamiani var da ase iqneba!

- Tu ar Segawuxe, raRaca Tu ar gaiZule, ar gaakeTeb. keTili nebiT es ar

iqneba.

- aqedan gamomdinare, Sen rogorc ki xuWav Tvalebs...

- iTxove da mogecemao — raRac unda iTxovo da...

97

maS axla aravin ar unda ifiqros imaze, rom rame seriozuli brZola

daiwyos korufciis winaaRmdeg?

- ara, rogor ara.

- seriozuli brZola da seriozuli cvlilebebi moitana am revoluciam.

- aba ra aris seriozuli cvlileba?

- Zalian bevri!

- me davinaxe cvlileba, dRes-dReobiT myavs axalgazrda axloblebi TbilisSi,

romlebic samsaxurs eZebdnen da sakmaod kargi codna aqvT, erTma gogom sami ena

icis, yvela Tavis profesiaSi, ase vTqvaT, karg donezea. aqamde Zalian wva-

lobdnen, da sxvaTaSoris oTxidan samma ukve samsaxuri naxa. me vfiqrob, ukve

iciT, rogori done Semovida da rogori azrovneba? rom Tu ar geyoleba

samsaxurSi profesionali, ukve rom midixar, TbilisSi elementarulad: “ingli-

suri ici? kompiuteri ici?” atestacias gadixar da giReben samsaxurSi.

- eg kerZo struqturebSi.

- ki, kerZoSia, magram am SemTxvevaSi TviTon Cveni codniT, Cemi azriT, raRac

patara wvlils SevitanT korufciis winaaRmdeg.

- ki!

- imitom, rom sul rom gvqondes magis imedi, weRan rogorc vTqvi, Tu qvevidan

ar wamovida, is zemodan namdvilad ar iqneba.

- Cemi azriT, kidev, unda Seiqmnas (da mgoni ukve Seqmnilic aris) anti-

korufciuli komisiasaviT raRaca, sadac iqnebian arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

wevrebi, ucxoeTidan moyvanili eqspertebi... unda gaakontrolon.

- oRond, es ar unda iyos... [formalurad.]

- da unda Sedges es antikorufciuli sabWo da unda gaakontrolon igive Cveni

universiteti da ase mivaRwevT Sedegs.

kidev ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?

- Zalian kargia, precedentebi iqmneba, rom korumpirebulebs iWeren, vinc

ixlarTeba raRaceebSi, iWeren, magram Cumad mainc xdeba, ra.

- Cumad ki ar xdeba, yvelaze didi Secdoma ra aris — iWeren, magram ar iWeren

Tavisebs. axla saCvenebel daWerebze nu damiwyebT laparaks, ra!

- wavidnen, daiWiron anzor burjanaZe da davijereb rom asea, ra!

vin unda ibrZodes, Tqveni azriT, axla saqarTveloSi korufciis wina-

aRmdeg?

- yvela.

- xalxi.

- yvela absoluturad.

- yvelam, magram mTavrobisgan unda modiodes keTili neba. me rac ginda viy-

viro...

- ra Tqma unda!

ra SemTvevaSi iqneba brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg dRevandel

saqarTveloSi warmatebuli?

- Tu kanoni ikanonebs.

- Tu ara marto sityviT, aramed Cveni saqmiTac... sinamdvileSi ai gamodian

revoluciis dros, da sinamdvileSi saqme saqmeze rom midges, saqmiT verafers ver

gaakeTeben.

- kanoni ikanonebs da xelfasebi gaizrdeba. magram erTi SemTxveva moxda —

sagadasaxados TanamSromlebs hqondaT 400 lari xelfasi. axla daaWres da 30

lari dautoves.

- ara, 40 lari — nuli mouWres.

- ara, vici rom 30 — Zmakacis deda 400 lars iRebda, atestacia gavlilebi,

samjer gamocdebi Caabarebines, axla meoTxed Caabarebines da 30 larze dasves.

adre iRebda 400 lars. axla wadi da nu moaparineb imas!

- jerjerobiT mainc Zalian Znelad moxdeba es, magram imedi ar unda

daikargos.

98

anu generaluri erTobliobis yvela warmomadgenlis Seswavla.

magaliTad, Tu Cveni gamokvlevis generalur erTobliobas kaxeTis glexebi

warmoadgenen, kaxeTSi mcxovreb yvela glexs, anu ramdenime aTeul aTas adamians,

mkvlevarTa jgufi ver gaesaubreba SezRuduli droisa da finansuri resursebis

gamo. es arc aris saWiro. aucilebelia mxolod glexebis nawilis Seswavla, rome-

lic sworad unda iyos SerCeuli. generaluri erTobliobis am nawils SerCeviTi

erToblioba hqvia, da misi amorCeva gansakuTrebul kanonzomierebebs eyrdnoba.

Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobrivi da

Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, raodenobrivi

meTodebiT muSaoba moiTxovs SerCevis reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofas,

maSin rodesac Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas aseTi moTxovna ar arsebobs.

2. informaciis Segrovebis meTodebi aRwerili unda iyos programis daskvniT

nawilSi. aq aRiniSneba, kvlevis romel meTodebs aniWeben upiratesobas

gamokvlevis organizatorebi, da ratom. garda amisa, mizanSewonilia specialur

danarTSi moyvanili iqnes yvela is kvleviTi instrumenti (kiTxvebi,

instruqciebi da sxva), romlebic gamoyenebuli iqneba gamokvlevis Catarebisas.

davalebebi:

1. moifiqreT 5 socialuri problema, romelTa Seswavlac mizanSewonilad

migaCniaT Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT.

2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa TqvenTvis saintereso socialuri

fenomenis empiriulad Seswavlis mizniT; dagegmeT am fenomenis Seswavla

romelime Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT.


1. iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”


gamomcemloba. gv. 22-44.

2. В. Ядов. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы. Изд-во «Самарский университет», 1995. С. 42-80.

3. Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 281-311 (Chapter 10. “Qualitative Filed Research”).

4. Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in: Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Second Edition. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.

5. Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 1-60.

6. Michael Burawoy. 1991. “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of California Press.

7. W. Lawrence Neuman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-401 (Chapter 13. “Field Research”).

8. Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-26.

9. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 3-16 (Chapter 1. “Ethnography and Culture”).

10. Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research. Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Pp. 3-14 (Chapter 1. “Introduction”).

15

kveTilia socialuri problemis is aspeqtebi, romelTa uSualo Seswavlacaa

dagegmili. rogorc wesi, socialuri problemebi Zalian rTulia; gamokvlevis

Temis gamoyofa aucilebelia imisTvis, rom kvleva mimarTuli iyos problemis

swored im mxareebze, romelTa Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens. gamokvle-

vis Temis gamoyofa problemis gansazRvris Semdeg xdeba da mis yvelaze mniS-

vnelovan maxasiaTeblebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, gvalvis gavlenis Seswavlisas

gamokvlevis uSualo Tema SeiZleba iyos (a) zaralis odenoba, romelic gvalvam

mosaxleobas miayena; (b) resursebi, romelic aqvs mosaxleobas, raTa gaumklavdes

zarals; (g) sxvadasxva saxis saxelmwifo an saerTaSoriso daxmarebis efeqtu-

robis Sefaseba da sxv.

gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvra advilia gamomdinare im Temidan, romlis

Seswavlacaa dagegmili. gamokvlevis obieqti Seswavlis uSualo sagania.

socialur gamokvlevebSi, rogorc wesi, esaa mosaxleoba (an misi romelime nawili)

an sabuTebi. magaliTad, Tu SeviswavliT kaxeTSi gvalvis gamo warmoqmnil

problemebs, ara aqvs azri, gamovkiTxoT Tbilisis mosaxleoba, romelsac

araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs soflis meurneobasTan an glexebi, romlebic imereTSi

an aWaraSi cxovroben. gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvris Sedegad Cven vayalibebT

generalur erTobliobas, anu yvela im adamianis erTobliobas, romlebic im

specifikuri socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebis matareblebi arian, romelTa

Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens.

sxva magaliTebi: Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis azris Seswavla

umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT, generalur erToblioba iqneba

saqarTvelos yvela srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis

damokidebulebas ama Tu im problemisadmi, generalur erToblioba

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela qalia; Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis

studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT miznad, generalur erToblioba iqneba am

universitetis yvela studentebi.

3. gamokvlevis miznisa da amocanebis dasaxva. gamokvleva SeiZleba atarebdes

sufTa mecnierul xasiaTs. am SemTxvevaSi mas mxolod SemecnebiTi mizani eqneba —

garkveuli problemis an sazogadoebrivi jgufis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba,

codnis gaRrmaveba an Teoriuli mosazrebebis Semowmeba. arsebobs, agreTve e.w.

gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi, romlebic raime praqtikuli miznis misaRwevad tardeba.

es SeiZleba iyos romelime azris gavrcelebis an sareklamo kampaniis

efeqturobis Sefaseba; xalxis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba; ama Tu im sferoSi

arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis dasaxva da a.S.

Tu gamokvlevis mizani mkvlevris farTo interess gamoxatavs, amocanebi am

miznis dakonkretebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Tu gamokvlevis mizani kaxeTSi gvalvis

Sedegebis Sefasebaa, misi amocanebi SeiZleba iyos gvalvis gamo yvelaze metad

dazaralebuli glexebisaTvis daxmarebis SesaZlo gzebis SemuSaveba.

4. gamokvlevis hipoTezis Camoyalibeba. hipoTeza mecnierulad dasabuTebuli

varaudia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevaris mier dasmul

kiTxvebze, rogor SeiZleba aixsnas Sesaswavli procesebi. nebismieri socialuri

gamokvlevis Catarebas win uswrebs met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ra bunebis problemasTan gvaqvs saqme, raa misi warmoSobis mizezebi da

rogori SeiZleba iyos misi gadaWris gzebi. gamokvlevis Catarebis Sedegad

hipoTeza an dadasturdeba, an uaryofili iqneba.

kargi hipoTeza iseT hipoTezas ar niSnavs, romelic aucileblad

dadasturdeba. uaryofili hopiTezac SeiZleba kargi kvleviTi

kiTxvebis dasmaSi dagvexmaros da swori mimarTuleba misces

gamokvlevas.

programis proceduruli nawili

1. Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofa eyrdnoba gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvras,

romlis Sedegadac gamoiyofa im mosaxleobis Tu sabuTebis raodenoba da

konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic uSualod unda iqnes Seswavlili.

socialur gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia Sesaswavli erTeulebis SerCeva, radgan

praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gamokvlevis obieqtSi gansazRvruli yvela erTeulis

14

konkretulad ra SeiZleba gavakeToT Cven?

- me, magaliTad, Zalian cud mdgomareobaSi var, imitom rom me bevrad

mirCevia, rom mivce fuli leqtors da raRac CavTvalo, imitom rom namdvilad

problemebiT var savse, magram dRes-dReobiT me amas ar gavakeTeb, miT umetes,

maqvs saSualeba. me sami gamocda gadavitane da vapireb swavlas. me vfiqrob, es iyo

Cemi erT-erTi Setanili wvlili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

- marTali xar.

- albaT marTla, rom aRar gadavixadoT gamocdebSi da CaTvlebSi fuli.

- Cveni cxovreba xom marto gamocdebi da CaTvlebi ar aris?

- ara.

- arc arsad.

- me vfiqrob, zogadad interesi unda gaviRviZoT imisa, rom ar CavdgaT fexi

iq, sadac...

- Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs.

- erTi, pirveli — Seni piradi magaliTiT misce magaliTi sxvas, meores; es aris

erTi momenti, da meore momenti — is, rac Sen ici da iman ar icis (Tundac

uflebebi, Tundac Sen ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is) — Sen daexmaro im adamians im

resursiT, rac Sen gaqvs. bunebrivia, Tu raime organizaciis wevri xar, meti

saSualeba SeiZleba gqondes, TavisTavad, magram Tu xar rigiTi pirovneba, es ar

niSnavs, rom ar SegiZlia — Tundac kerZo saubarSi Sens megobars uTxra,

elementarulad is informacia, romelic SeiZleba ver moipova, SeiZleba ar

undoda, ar gaigo; anda qmediTi daxmareba aRmouCino, gahyve imas, igive

informaciis gamoTxovebis momentSi, yvelam xom ar icis? egec Setanili wvlilia.

bevri rame SeiZleba!

- Tundac, ukanono gadasaxads — magaliTad, pasportis aReba mindoda,

Sevitane gancxadeba. 6 lari Tu 12 lari momTxoves. me vuTxari: “damiwere qviTari

da vixdi”. ar dagiwero. ratom ar damiwer, veubnebi — sxvaTaSoris, maSin vicrue da

Tavisuflebis institutis saxeli gamoviyene...

- ar aris eg korufcia?

- pasporti, Tu piradobis mowmoba?

- pasporti.

- 6 lari Zalian iafia pasportisTvis.

- ara, ubralod gancxadebis Setana.

- veubnebi, damiwere [qviTari] da 24 lari unda mogce. analogiurad, diplomis

fuli minda, rom bankSi Sevitano — ar aris aranairi gza!

- angariSis nomeri ici, rom Seitano?

- Tundac, bavSvi myavs, da ramdenime dRis win aRricxvaze aviyvane bavSvTa

poliklinikaSi. maqvs polisi, dedisac da bavSvisac. TbilisSi samSobiaroSi 100

dolari moaWra polisma. aq mivitane — rveuli xom mivitane, kargi, istoriebi ara

aqvT; 10 lari xom gadavixade, risTvis — eg RmerTma icis. da 5 lari kidev wamlebi

mogvces raRac da imaSi gadagvaxdevines.

- da is sadazRvevo polisi raRa iyo?

- hoda, polisis funqcia ver gavige. Zlivs vikavebdi Tavs, magram aqeT sidedri

medga, iqiT dedaCemi — “kargi, gaCumdi! eqimebia, dagvWirdeba”. gavCumdi. mere

gamovdivar da yvirian, intriganiao. intrigani var?

- eg aris kidev — mSoblebis faqtori Zalian is aris. Cems das Sehqonda

pasportze 10 lari rom mosTxoves, me vuTxari, ar gadavixdiT-meTqi, da

deidaCemma: “sircxvilia, gadavixadoT, ra moxdao”.

- jer skolidanve, Ramis skolaSi vswavlobdi, 9 Tve xom vswavlob, TveSi 10

lari unda gadamexada, ese igi 90 lari, ara? fasianze vswavlobdi. kaco, 120

lariani gadasaxadi momitanes. me vuTxari, damiwereT-meTqi qviTari — damiweres,

Senaxuli maqvs dRemde. rom moviTxove es qviTari — ratom moiTxoveo, direqtori

iZaxis, eg giJiao, rom dadis, TavisTvis laparakobso. anu igive, ra!

didi madloba!

99

danarTi #2.

Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis


analitikuri gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze rTuli saxeoba,

romelic miznad isaxavs ara marto socialuri problemis aRweras, aramed,

agreTve misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis gamoaSkaravebas. ix. agreTve:

dazverviTi gamokvleva da aRweriTi gamokvleva.

anketireba — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT

warimarTeba. anketirebis dros respondenti TviTon kiTxulobs kiTxvaris

kiTxvebs da Tavadve aRniSnavs pasuxebs, romlebic mis azrs Seesabameba. ix.

agreTve: interviu.

aqtori (Tvisebriv kvlevaSi) — pirovneba, romlis moqmedebac mkvlevris

dakvirvebis da Seswavlis sagania. termini gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad CarTuli

dakvirvebis Sesaxeb saubrisas.

biografiuli interviu — siRmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic

miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis (biografiis) qronologiur rekonstruq-

cias, raTa Seswavlil iqnes ama Tu im socialuri problemis gavlena individis

cxovrebaze, mis mier ama Tu im movlenebis gaazreba da Sefaseba, da sxv.

biografiul interviusa da “cxovrebis istorias” Soris bevria saerTo, Tumca

pirveli gansakuTrebiT farTod gamoiyeneba evropaSi, kerZod — germaniaSi, xolo

meore — aSS-Si. ix. agreTve: cxovrebis istoria.

aRweriTi gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvleva, romelic tardeba ama Tu im

socialuri problemis SeZlebisdagvarad sruli aRweris mizniT, xSirad — raTa

gamovlenili iqnes, arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri am problemis Semadgenel elementebs

Soris. ix. agreTve: dazverviTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.

gamokvlevis programa — sabuTi, romelic aucilebelia empiriuli

socialuri gamokvlevis Casatareblad. gamokvlevis programa kvlevis dawyebamde

unda SemuSavdes. aq Camoyalibebulia gamokvlevis strategia, dasabuTebulia

gamokvlevis problemis mniSvneloba da aqtualuroba da mis Sesaswavlad

SerCeuli gzebis (meTodebis) gamoyenebis marTebuloba. gamokvlevis programis

safuZvliani damuSaveba xels uwyobs xarisxiani gamokvlevis Catarebas da sando

Sedegebis miRebas, Tumca wminda gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis SemTxvevaSi misi

SemuSaveba SeiZleba ar moxdes.

generaluri erToblioba — yvela im adamianTa erToblioba, visac axasiaTebs

is socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebi, romelTa Seswavlac mkvlevris mizans

warmoadgens. gamokvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare, generaluri erToblioba

SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos. magaliTad, Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

azris Seswavla, generalur erTobliobas warmoadgens saqarTvelos yvela

srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis damokidebulebas ama

Tu im problemisadmi, generaluri erTobliobaa saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qalebi;

Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT

miznad, Cveni generaluri erToblioba am universitetis studentebi iqnebian.

generaluri erTobliobis gansazRvra SerCevis Sedgenis safuZvelia.

dazverviTi gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze ubralo tipi,

romlis mizanicaa ama Tu im problemis winaswari Seswavla, misi mdgomareobis

“dazverva”. ix. agreTve: aRweriTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.

dakvirveba — informaciis Segrovebis meTodi (ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba

eTnografiaSi, antropologiaSi da sociologiaSi), romlis drosac mkvlevari

akvirdeba aqtor(eb)is moqmedebas. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben e.w. “ubralo” da

“CarTul” (“monawile”) dakvirvebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevari aranairad ar

ereva im movlenebSi, romlebsac akvirdeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi is xSirad

100

nebismieri kvleva programis SedgeniT iwyeba. Tu am dokumentis Sedgenas

saTanado yuradRebis gareSe movepyrobiT, SeiZleba mTeli gamokvleva CaiSalos.

maSinac ki, rodesac yvelaze martivi, dazverviTi gamokvlevis programis Sesaxeb

vsaubrobT, aucilebelia misi Sedgenis dros maqsimalurad davasabuToT Cveni

miznebi da amocanebi.

gamokvlevis programis mTavari mizania gamokvlevis problemis gansazRvra,

misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba da am problemis SeswavlisaTvis SerCeuli gzebis

marTebulobis damtkiceba. programa unda pasuxobdes kvleviTi kiTxvebis

logikur Tanamimdevrobas:

o ra unda SeviswavloT?

o ra miznebis misaRwevad unda SeviswavloT?

o sad da ra pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT?

o kvlevis ra saSualebebis gamoyenebiT unda SeviswavloT?

am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba gamokvlevis ukeT momzadebasa da

CatarebaSi gvexmareba.

gamokvlevis programa, romelic, agreTve “gamokvlevis koncefciis”

saxeliTaa cnobili, rogorc wesi, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: meTodologiuri da

proceduruli.

programis meTodologiur nawilSi, romelic Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, xdeba (1)

socialuri problemis Camoyalibeba da misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba; (2) gamo-

kvlevis obieqtisa da Temis gansazRvra; (3) dasmuli problemidan gamomdinare,

gamokvlevis miznis (an miznebis) da amocanebis dasaxva da (4) gamokvlevis

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba.

programis procedurul (meTodur) nawilSi saWiroa (1) Sesaswavli erTeulis

(jgufis) gamoyofa da (2) informaciis Segrovebis meTodebis aRwera da daxa-

siaTeba.

ganvixiloT moTxovnebi gamokvlevis programis orive nawilisadmi.16

programis meTodologiuri nawili

1. problemis Camoyalibeba. SeuZlebelia socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba

“saerTod” — mas aucileblad unda hqondes fokusi, unda gamoiyos konkretuli

sakiTxebis jgufi, romelic mkvlevris ZiriTadi interesia. yvela kvleva tardeba

ama Tu im socialuri problemis Seswavlis mizniT. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli so-

cialuri problemebi SeiZleba exebodes cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos, magram isi-

ni yovelTvis xalxis erToblivi cxovrebiT, urTierTqmedebiT da/an maTi socia-

lur institutebTan urTierTobiTaa gamowveuli, asaxaven interesebis sxvada-

sxvaobas da mosaxleobis farTo fenebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. ra Tqma unda,

gamokvleva am problemebs ver gadaWris, magram mas SeuZlia, gaamdidros Cveni

codna maT Sesaxeb da daexmaros sazogadoebas arsebuli problemebis gadaWraSi.

ar aris mizanSewonili erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ramdenime socialuri

problemis Seswavla — aseTi kvlevis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba Zalian Znelia,

xSirad ki SeuZlebelic.

gamokvlevis problemis ukeT Camoyalibebisa da misi aqtualobis dasabuTebis

mizniT aucilebelia Seswavlili iqnes arsebuli literatura am problemasTan

dakavSirebiT. agreTve mniSvnelovania am problemisadmi miZRvnili wina kvlevebis

Sedegebis moZieba. literaturis mimoxilvaSi xdeba moZiebuli literaturis

ganxilva da dagegmili kvlevis adgilis gansazRvra arsebul samecniero wyaroebs

Soris.

gamokvlevis programis es nawili mizanSewonilia davasruloT Cveni uSualo

kvleviTi kiTxvis CamoyalibebiT.

2. gamokvlevis Temisa da obieqtis gansazRvra. gamokvlevis TemaSi gamo-

16 qvemoT moyvanili moTxovnebi ar aris SemuSavebuli specifikurad Tvisebrivi kvlevi-

saTvis. ramdenadac, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamokvlevis programa yvela tipis

gamokvlevisTvis unda iqnes SemuSavebuli, es moTxovnebi SeiZleba wavuyenoT rogorc

Tvisebriv, aseve raodenobriv kvlevas.

13

sapirispirod, laparakoben maT Soris arsebuli “interaqtiuli kontiniumis”

Sesaxeb, romelsac, maTi rwmeniT, ara aqvs gamokveTili sawyisi da bolo wertili —

kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare, mkvlevarma SeiZleba daiwyos muSaoba am

“kontiniumis” nebismier wertilSi, rac kvlevis sworad warmarTvis pirobebSi ar

Seamcirebs am kvlevis xarisxsa da mecnierul faseulobas15.

Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis “kontimuumze” laparaki socialuri

kvlevis mimarT axlebur midgomas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove etapze mkvlevari ar

unda Semoifarglos meTodebis mxolod erTi jgufiT, miT umetes — romelime

erTi meTodiT. piriqiT, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebi unda ganixile-

bodes rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli da urTierTgamamdidrebeli. rac ufro

mravali kuTxidan SevecdebiT Cvens winaSe mdgari amocanis Seswavlas, miT ufro

mniSvnelovan da faseul Sedegebs miviRebT.

gamokvlevis programa

empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba arasodes ar aris TviTmizani — is

miznad isaxavs axali codnis miRebas socialuri sinamdvilis ama Tu im aspeqtis

Sesaxeb, emsaxureba akademiuri samyaros, mTavrobis, kerZo biznesis, Tu farTo

sazogadoebis interesebs. kvlevis daniSnuleba da is interesebi, romlebsac is

emsaxureba, gamoxatulia gamokvlevis programaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva naklebad formalizebulia, misi

Catarebisas, iseve rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi,

aucilebelia, rom Sedgenili iqnes gamokvlevis programa. programis Sedgena

aucilebelia gamokvlevis miznebis, amocanebisa da problemebis Camoyalibebis

mizniT. amasTan, am dokumentSi Camoyalibebuli iqneba SerCeuli meTodis

gamoyenebis marTebuloba.

gamokvlevis programebi gansxvavdeba kvlevis tipidan gamomdinare. socia-

luri gamokvlevis sami ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs: dazverviTi, aRweriTi da

analitikuri. gamokvlevis tipis SerCeva damokidebulia imazec, Tu ramdenad iqna

Seswavlili esa Tu is problema adrindeli gamokvlevebis Sedegad.

dazverviTi gamokvleva kvlevis yvelaze martivi tipia — misi mizania,

Seagrovos pirveladi monacemebi ama Tu im problemis irgvliv, “dazveros” misi

mdgomareoba. aseT gamokvlevas, rogorc wesi, Zalian martiv programaze

dayrdnobiT da mxolod erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT atareben. yvelze xSirad

dazverviTi gamokvleva ama Tu im problemis Seswavlis pirveli etapia.

aRweriTi gamokvleva ufro rTulia, misi mizania garkveuli problemis an

adamianTa jgufis Sesaxeb vrceli informaciis miReba, romelic SemdegSi

saSualebas miscems mkvlvrebs daadginon, arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri am

problemis sxvadasxva elements Soris. aRweriTi gamokvleva sruli kvleviTi

programis SemuSavebas moiTxovs.

analitikuri gamokvleva yvelaze ufro rTulia. socialuri problemis

aRwerasTan erTad is miznad isaxavs misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis

gamoaSkaravebas. sworad Catarebuli analitikuri gamokvleva movlenebis ganvi-

Tarebis prognozirebis saSualebasac iZleva. analitikur gamokvlevaSi, rogorc

wesi, paralelurad gamoiyeneba informaciis Segrovebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli

meTodi.

yvela tipis kvleva ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc wesi,

Tanamimdevrulad xorcieldeba. esenia:

gamokvlevis programis SemuSaveba;

savele etapi, romlis drosac xdeba informaciis Segroveba;

informaciis damuSaveba;

miRebuli Sedegebis analizi;

kvlevis angariSis momzadeba da publikacia.

15 ix. Isadore Newman, and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology.

Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

12

srulad iziarebs dakvirvebis obieqtTa yofas, monawileobas iRebs maT

saqmianobaSi, esaubreba maT, raTa ukeT Seiswavlos maTi cxovreba.

daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi, romlebsac

Tan axlavs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia.

demografia — mosaxleobis struqturis mecnieruli Seswavla, romelic

awarmoebs mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdisa da Semcirebis, Sobadobis, sikvdi-

lianobis, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis, migraciis analizs; agreTve, ganixilavs mis

asakobriv, sqesobriv Tanafardobas da am maCveneblebis cvlilebebs. demogra-

fiuli informaciis Segrovebis umTavresi wyaroa regularuli aRwera, romelic

yvela saxelmwifoSi saSualod 10 weliwadSi erTxel tardeba.

eTnografia — gansxvavebuli kulturis Seswavla da aRwera, romelic

ZiriTadad Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT xdeba. eTnografiis ZiriTadi mi-

zania cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi am kulturis

warmomadgenlebs esmiT.

eTika — profesiuli saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli principebis da normebis

erToblioba, romelic ama Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs.

eTikuri normebi Tavmoyrilia eTikis kodeqsebSi.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi — socialuri kvlevis meTodebis jgufi, romelic

aerTianebs iseT meTodebs, rogorebicaa siRrmiseuli interviu, “cxovrebis is-

toria”, fokus-jgufi, dakvirveba, monografiuli gamokvleva, da sxv. es meTodebi

cnobilia rogorc “moqnili” meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebisagan gan-

sxvavebiT miznad isaxavs ara Sesaswavli fenomenis raodenobrivi gavrcelebis

suraTis dadgenas, aramed mis siRrmiseul Seswavlas.

interviu — respondentis gamokiTxvis, misgan informaciis miRebis procesi.

interviu verbaluri informaciis miRebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli

saSualebaa socialur kvlevebSi. misi ramdenime ZiriTadi tipi gamoirCeva,

gamomdinare iqidan, ramdenad struqturirebulia interviu: struqturirebuli,

nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli.

interviueri — kvleviTi jgufis wevri, romelic uSualod esaubreba

respondents, mimarTavs mas kiTxvaris kiTxvebiT da iniSnavs miRebul pasuxebs.

interviueri ZiriTadad masobrivi gamokiTxvis procesSi gamoiyeneba.

informanti — CarTuli dakvirvebis dros mkvlevaris informaciis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi wyaro; Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic exmareba

mkvlevars am kulturis SeswavlaSi.

kiTxvari — specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad Sedgenili kiTxvebis erToblioba,

romelTac respondentebi pasuxoben masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros. gamokiTxvis

tipidan gamomdinare, kiTxvari SeiZleba miZRvnili iyos mxolod erTi Temisadmi,

an sxvadasxva Tematuri blokisagan Sedgebodes.

kontent-analizi — sociologiuri kvlevis meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac

Seiswavleba sxvadasxva tipis dokumentebi maTSi ama Tu im maCveneblebis gamov-

lenis sixSiris dafiqsirebis mizniT. termini iTargmneba qarTul enaze rogorc

“Sinaarsis analizi”; is SeiZleba iyos rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisebrivi.

masobrivi gamokiTxva — sociologiuri kvlevis yvelaze farTod gavrce-

lebuli raodenobrivi meTodi, mosaxleobis azris Seswavla ama Tu im prob-

lemasTan dakavSirebiT misi reprezentatuli nawilis (SerCevis) gamokiTxvis

safuZvelze. gamokiTxva xdeba formalizebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze,

specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad SerCeul respondentebTan.

meTodi — ama Tu im saqmianobis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis konkretuli

xerxi. socialur kvlevaSi — pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis saSualeba. ix.

agreTve: Tvisebrivi meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebi.

socialuri kvlevis meTodika — pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis,

101

damuSavebis da gamoyenebis meTodebis erToblioba.

socialuri kvlevis meTodologia — samecniero kvlevis logika, romelic

erTian sistemaSi aerTianebs mis principebs, wesebsa da meTodebs. socialur

kvlevaSi meTodologia ganixileba rogorc kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli,

ukavSirdeba mis problemur monaxazs da Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs

gamokvlevis programaSi.

moderatori — fokus-jgufis wamyvani, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc Tavad

mkvlevari, aseve mowveuli piri.

monografiuli gamokvleva — kvleviTi midgoma socialur mecnierebebSi,

romelic ramdenime meTods aerTianebs; cnobilia, agreTve “SemTxvevis Seswavlis”

saxeliT. es midgoma upirveles yovlisa gamoirCeva imiT, rom mis farglebSi

mravali meTodi gamoiyeneba (upirveles yovlisa — CarTuli dakvirveba), savele

samuSaoebi ki Zalian didi xnis manZilze grZeldeba. Tumca yvelaze xSirad

monografiuli gamokvleva Tvisebriv meTodebTan asocideba, mis farglebSi

raodenobrivi meTodebic gamoiyeneba.

naxevrad daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi,

romlebsac Tan erTvis pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia, magram, agreTve

mocemulia damatebiTi varianti “sxva”, sadac respondentebs saSualeba eZlevaT,

daafiqsiron gansxvavebuli azri, romelic ar iqna (an ver iqna) gaTvaliswinebuli

gamokiTxvis organizatorebis mier.

pirispir interviu — intervius yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba, romlis

drosac interviueri pirispir esaubreba respondents da kiTxvarSi iniSnavs mis

mier gacemul pasuxebs. pirispir interviu, rogorc wesi, respondentis binaze

tardeba; misi xanrgZlivoba SeiZleba meryeobdes 20 wuTidan 60 wuTamde.

intervius sxva saxeobebia satelefono da safosto interviu.

raodenobrivi meTodebi — socialuri kvlevis formalizebuli meTodebi,

romelTa gamoyenebac statistikur kanonzomierebebs emyareba da romlebic miz-

nad isaxavs gamoavlinos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gavrceleba, misi gamov-

lenis sixSire. es iseTi meTodebia, rogorc masobrivi gamokiTxva, kontent-ana-

lizi.

reaqtiuloba — mkvlevris an kvleviTi situaciis gavlena aqtorebis

saqcielsa da naTqvamze, kvlevis obieqtebis reaqcia im garemoebaze, rom

mkvlevari Seiswavlis maT; gansakuTrebiT vlindeba CarTuli dakvirvebis

warmoebis procesSi. ician ra, rom maT moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian

sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi

aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara, isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba

adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram dakvirvebis warmoebisas es Zalze

seriozuli problemaa, vinaidan amaxinjebs miRebul Sedegebs.

reprezentatuloba — mTavari moTxovna respondentTa SerCevisadmi

masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros. reprezentatuloba gulisxmobs, rom

SerCeva proporciulad asaxavs generaluri erTobliobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs,

warmoadgens ra mis “mikromodels”.

respondenti — adamiani, romelic kvlevis Catarebis dros informaciis

uSualo wyaroa, romlisganac mkvlevrebi iReben maTTvis saWiro informacias;

gamokiTxuli.

sadiskusio gegma — kvlevis instrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba siRrmiseuli

intervius da fokus-jgufebis struqturirebis mizniT. esaa intervius sava-

raudo kiTxvebis sia. sadiskusio gegma ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebisgan Sedgeba.

savele samuSaoebi — termini, romliTac moixsenieba kvlevis Catrebisas

pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis procesi.

satelefono gamokiTxva — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic tele-

102

furclebze ver gamoinaxa adgili verc Tvisebrivi meTodebisaTvis da verc

Cikagos sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. magram es gamarjveba ar

iyo xangrZlivi — meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganaxlda da Semdgom TandaTan

gaizarda mkvlevrebis interesi Tvisebrivi meTodebis mimarT, romlebic dRes

sul ufro da ufro myar adgils ikaveben socialur gamokvlevebSi.

“meTodebis konfliqti” dRes

Tumca raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan, ar arsebobs erTazrovani pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu romelia am

meTodebidan “ukeTesi” da romeli — “uaresi”, an romels unda mivaniWoT

upiratesoba. yvela meTods aqvs Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi, yvela SeiZleba

kargi da saWiro iyos Tavis adgilas, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ra sakiTxis

Seswavlas vapirebT da ra kvleviT kiTxvebze veZebT pasuxs. kvlevis meTodis

SerCeva konkretuli kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare unda moxdes — aris

amocanebi da kiTxvebi, romelTa gadaWrasac ukeT SeZlebs raodenobrivi

meTodebi, iseve rogorc aris amocanebi, romelTa gadawyvetac Tvisebrivi

meTodebis meSveobiTaa yvelaze mizanSewonili.12 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoiyeneba ama Tu im problemis, socialuri situaciis

siRrmiseulad Seswavlis mizniT. am meTodebis meSveobiT Seswavlili problemebi

moicavs, magaliTad, migracias da emigrantebis cxovrebas axal garemoSi;

damnaSaveTa samyaros Sida struqturas da/an damnaSaveTa pirovnul Tvisebebs;

Zalauflebis ganawilebas mcire socialur jgufebSi; gansxvavebuli yofis mqone

adamianTa (mag., musikosebis, mocekvaveebis) cxovrebis aRweras da sxv. sxva mxriv,

raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu SeviswavliT

sazogadoebaSi arsebul stratifikaciul sistemas; ama Tu im politikuri

partiis mxardaWeris perspeqtivebs; romelime masobrivi informaciis saSualebis

auditoris demografiul Tvisebebs, da sxv.

amasTan, socialuri sinamdvile imdenad rTulia, rom warmoudgenelia misi

Seswavla mxolod erTi meTodis saSualebiT. Cven yovelTvis gvaqvs arCevani

mraval midgomas Soris, xolo saukeTeso Sedegs, rogorc wesi, Tvisebrivi da

raodenobrivi meTodebis gaerTianebisas, maTi paraleluri gamoyenebisas

miviRebT.

sociologiis istoriaSi cnobilia ramdenime kvleva, romlebic am ori jgufis

meTodebis Serwymis TvalsazrisiTaa gansakuTrebiT saintereso. maT Soris erT-

erTi yvelaze adrindelia 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria

iahodas, pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva,

romlis Temac umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.13 ukanasknel

wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia ielis universitetis mier 2000-2001

wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvleva aRmosavleT evropis 7 qveyanaSi, romelic

Seiswavlida e.w. “eTnikuri siRaribis” problemas.14 aseTi kvlevebi adasturebs,

rom “meTodebis konfliqtis” gadaWris yvelaze mizanSewonili gza iqneba

raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis erToblivi gamoyeneba, rac saSualebas

mogvcems, ufro srulad davinaxoT is problema an sakiTxi, romelsac

SeviswavliT.

amerikeli mkvlevrebi isador niumani da kerolain benci, romlebmac Tavisi

wigni Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis Tanaarsebobisa da TanamSromlobis

gzebs miuZRvnes, xazs usvamen am meTodebis dapirispirebis xelovnurobas da, amis

12 raTa miviRoT gadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli meTodis gamoyeneba

mogvcems ukeTes Sedegs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlisas, aucileblad unda

gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, Tu ramdeni dro gvaqvs gamokvlevis Casatareblad da

ramdeni Tanxaa gamoyofili amisaTvis. 13 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed

Community. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton. 14 am kvlevis Sedegebi jer ar gamoqveynebula. aseTi kompleqsuri gamokvlevebi SedarebiT

iSviaTad tardeba, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom maTi Catareba Zalze rTulia, da

amasTan — Zalian ZviradRirebuli.

11

iqnes is mniSvneloba, romelsac moqmedi pirebi Tavad ukavSireben ama Tu im

moqmedebas, da ara — daadginon ama Tu im azris gavrcelebis sixSire.

istoriuli mimoxilva

Tvisebrivi meTodebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes

evropelma anTropologebma, romlebmac ganaviTares “CarTuli dakvirvebis”

meTodi afrikisa da aziis primitiuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT. Cikagos

sociologiuri skolis pirveli yvelaze cnobili gamokvleva, uiliam Tomasisa da

florian znaneckis “poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi” (1918 w.) srulad

emyareba Tvisebriv meTodebs, kerZod, amerikaSi gadasaxlebuli poloneli

glexebis mier gamogzavnili werilebis, maTi Canawerebis (piradi dRiurebi da

sxv.) da e.w. “cxovrebis istoriebis” Seswavlas. raodenobrivi meTodebi da,

upirveles yovlisa, masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodi mxolod XX saukunis 30-ani

wlebis dasawyisidan damkvidrda aSS-Si adgilobrivi gazeTebisa da politikuri

partiebis iniciativiT da materialuri mxardaWeriT.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-s socialur mecnierebebSi da, kerZod, sociolo-

giaSi ganviTarda “meTodebis konfliqti”, romelic raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi

meTodebis momxre mecnierTa dapirispirebaSi gamoixata. am dapirispirebaSi

sufTa meToduri kamaTis garda igrZnoboda, agreTve im droisaTvis wamyvani

amerikuli universitetebis ori meToduri skolis, kolumbiis da Cikagos

skolebis dapirispireba. Tu Cikagos skolis waromadgenlebi did yuradRebas

uTmobdnen Tvisebriv meTodebs da mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes maT ganviTa-

rebaSi, kolumbiis universitetis mecnierebi raodenobrivi meTodebis momxreni

iyvnen da miiCnevdnen, rom sociologia ar unda acxadebdes Tavs namdvil

mecnierebad, Tu mas ar SeuZlia miRebuli empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis

dasabuTeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis analogiurad. swored sabunebis-

metyvelo mecnierebebi iyo, kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT,

“WeSmariti” mecnierebebi; isini miiCnevdnen, rom sociologiaSi da, zogadad,

socialur mecnierebebSi empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis dasabuTeba mxolod

maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac kvleva raodenobrivi meTodebiT, upirveles

yovlisa — respondentTa reprezentatuli SerCevis safuZvelze tardeba.

Tvisebriv meTodebs kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenlebi aramecnierulad

miiCnevdnen da maTi damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.

amis sapirispirod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi xazs usvamdnen im

garemoebas, rom am meTodebiT SesaZlebelia rTuli da naklebad gavrcelebuli

fenomenebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla, rom es meTodebi dagvexmareba iq, sadac yvela

raodenobrivi meTodi uZluria; Tvisebrivi meTodebi aseve sasargebloa

adamianTa Sinagani samyaros, Sidajgufuri urTierTobebis Seswavlis dros. maTi

meSveobiT, rogorc wesi, xdeba problemuri situaciis sruli da yovelmxrivi

Seswavla, da ara misi calkeuli gamovlinebebis dafiqsireba.

ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli iyo imis uaryofa, rom arc erTi Tvisebrivi meTodi

ar pasuxobda statistikuri reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs, arc Tvisebrivi

kvlevis Sedegebis generalizacia iyo SesaZlebeli. garkveul sirTuleebs war-

moadgenda Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis analizis strategiac, romelic, agreTve

minimalurad iyo formalizebuli da Zalze mwvaved svamda mkvlevaris obieq-

turobis sakiTxs. aRiarebdnen ra am sirTuleebs, Tvisebrivi meTodebis

mxardamWerni xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom aseT kvlevebs ZaluZT mniS-

vnelovnad gaamdidron Cveni codna socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. amisaTvis ki

saWiroa, rom es meTodebi maTTvis Sesaferis adgilas iyos gamoyenebuli da ar

iqnes Sefasebuli raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT.

1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis “meTodebis konfliqtSi” droebiTi gamar-

jveba moipoves kolumbiis universitetis warmomadgenlebma. 1935 wels maT mier

daarsebuli iqna axali mecnieruli Jurnali American Sociological Review.11 Review-s

11 manamde, jer kidev 1895 wels, pirveli sociologiuri Jurnali, American Journal of

Sociology, Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetze iqna daarsebuli albion

smolis mier.

10

fonis meSveobiT tardeba. satelefono interviuebi, rogorc wesi, 10-15 wuTze

met xans ar grZeldeba. satelefono gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gansakuTrebiT

Znelia reprezentatulobis dacva.

siRrmiseuli interviu — intervius saxeoba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba

Tvisebriv meTodebSi. esaa nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviu, romelic

sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze warimarTeba da miznad isaxavs, Seityos

respondentis ara mxolod damokidebuleba da pozicia, aramed motivaciebi.

transkripti — intervius an fokus-jgufis audio-Canaweris qaRaldze

gadatanis (“gaSifvris”) Sedegad miRebuli teqsti. Tvisebriv kvlevaSi xSirad

swored transkriptis saxiT viRebT pirvelad (“nedl”) monacemebs, romelTa

damuSavebac xdeba kvlevis Sedegebis analizis mizniT.

fokus-jgufi — Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli meTodi,

romelic aseve cnobilia “jgufuri diskusiis” saxeliT. rogorc wesi, fokus-

jgufSi 6-dan 12-mde respondenti iRebs monawileobas; is warimarTeba

sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze specialuri kvalifikaciis mqone wamyvanis,

moderatoris mier.

“Ria” kiTxva — kiTxvis saxeoba, romelic ar sTavazobs respondentebs pasuxis

SesaZlo variantebs. am tipis kiTxvebi Zalian mizanSewonilia imdenad,

ramdenadac isini minimalur gavlenas axdens respondnetTa pasuxebze, magram

maTi statistikuri damuSaveba Zalian Sromatevadia, amitom Ria kiTxvebi ufro

farTodaa gavrcelebuli, da ufro damaxasiaTebelia Tvisebrivi kvlevisTvis.

SerCeva — wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac unda moxdes respondentTa SerCeva

generaluri erTobliobis wevrebisagan. am process gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

aqvs masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros, sadac SerCeva reprezentatuli unda

iyos; Tvisebriv kvlevaSi SerCevis SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT naklebi moTxovna

arsebobs.

SerCeviTi erToblioba — respondentTa jgufi, romelsac Cven viRebT

SerCevis Sedegad da romlebsac uSualod gamovkiTxavT. Tu SerCeva sworad

ganxorcielda, SerCeviTi erToblioba generaluri erTobliobis

reprezentatuli iqneba.

“cxovrebis istoria” — siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic miznad

isaxavs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlas respondentis cxovrebaSi am problemis

adgilis, misi gavlenis dadgenis meSveobiT. ix. agreTve: biografiuli interviu.

hipoTeza — mecnierulad dasabuTebuli varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori

pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevris mier dasaxul kvleviT kiTxvebze. hipoTeza

gamokvlevis programis aucilebeli nawilia.

103

Tinatin Zurabishvili


Course outline As stated in the course syllabus, the main objectives of this 8-week course are two-fold:

as a result of attending this course, the students will: (a) get familiar with the theory and history of qualitative research methods in social sciences; and (b) learn how to conduct various types of qualitative research which are most frequently used in the contemporary social research practice.

Main topics covered in the course are outlined below.

Week 1. Qualitative Methods in Social Research: Introduction and Historical Overview. Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour

The first lecture offers introduction to qualitative research methods in social sciences.

We start with discussion of the nature and distinctive features of qualitative research methods, which are compared with quantitative methods, such as surveys. We stress that, unlike quantitative research method results, qualitative data are not representative, which, however, does not mean that they are less scientific; they provide deeper understanding of the social world than the quantitative methods do, although they can not be generalized and claimed that their results are representative for the population under study.

Qualitative research methods offer more flexibility to the researcher while doing field work. On the other hand, this leads to higher responsibility of the researcher, and poses specific ethnical issues, which will be covered more in detail later on.

Major issues in the discussion of the nature of qualitative and quantitative research methods are connected with the idea that qualitative and quantitative methods of social research are of different, but not of opposite nature; they should be used appropriately in order to achieve reliable results. The model of “qualitative – quantitative interactive continuum” developed by Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz (1998) is introduced, which stresses the idea that the two groups of methods can mutually enrich the research.

First lecture also offers a historical analysis of development of qualitative research methods, and a discussion of theoretical paradigms that lay behind qualitative and quantitative research methods

At the end of the lecture, we discuss research design and the ways to develop it. Detailed analyses of components of research design are presented, in order to make the students familiar with the ways of thinking about new research projects and getting prepared to start one.

At the end of the class, we will have discussion and/or Q&A session.

Required readings for this week are: Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:

Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 288-298 (“Some Qualitative Filed Research Paradigms”). Michael Burawoy. 1991 “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al.

1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of California Press.

Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research

Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-12 (“Qualitative-Quantitative Research: A False Dichotomy”).

104

mkvlevris “informantebis” rols kisruloben da exmarebian mas “SeaRwios”

Sesaswavl jgufSi. Sesabamisad, raodenobriv meTodebTan SedarebiT, Tvisebrivi

meTodebis gamoyenebisas ufro mwvaved dgeba kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli eTikuri

normebis dacvis sakiTxi, kerZod: gvaqvs Tu ra moraluri ufleba, Cveni kvleviTi

miznebis misaRwevad gamoviyenoT adamianis Cvendami ndoba da gulaxdiloba,

saaSkaraoze gamovitanoT misi piradi cxovreba? Tvisebriv mkvlevars gansa-

kuTrebuli eTikuri pasuxismgebloba akisria; mniSvnelovania, rom masa da

kvlevis obieqtebs Soris arsebuli ndoba kvlevis damTavrebis da Sedegebis

gamoqveynebis Semdegac iqnes SenarCunebuli.

rogorc wesi, Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli gamokvlevis savele etapi,

iseve rogorc monacemTa damuSaveba, ufro met dros moiTxovs, vidre

raodenobrivi kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi sruliad

gansxvavebul kvleviT instrumentebze dayrdnobiT muSaoben. Tumca arsebobs

kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic specialurad Tvisebrivi meTodebiT

miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebisTvisaa Seqmnili, Tvisebrivi Sedegebis analizis

sakvanZo etapebi dRemde kompiuteris gareSe xorcieldeba. rogorc wesi,

Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegad yvelaze xSirad viRebT sakvlevi obieqtis Sida

struqturis analizs da/an kvlevis sakiTxis adekvatur tipologias.

Teoriuli winamZRvrebi

Tu raodenobrivi meTodebis ganviTareba socialuri kvlevis praqtikaSi

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs ukavSirdeba, Tvisebrivi meTodebi

humanitarul sferosa da xelovnebasTanaa kavSirSi; maT damkvidrebaSi

garkveuli roli iTamaSa, agreTve samedicino praqtikam, romelic yvela

pacientisadmi individualur midgomas da calkeuli samedicino SemTxvevebis,

daavadebebis Rrma da safuZvlian Seswavlas moiTxovs. Tvisebrivi meTodebi

calkeuli pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa patara jgufis gamocdilebis, grZnobebis,

Sefasebebis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli, amitom am midgomas xSirad “subieqturi

sociologiis”, an mikrosociologiis farglebSi ganixilaven. Tu raodenobrivi

meTodebis farglebSi respondenti ganixileba, rogorc ama Tu im socialuri

jgufis warmomadgeneli, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi yoveli respondenti sainteresoa

rogorc pirovneba. adamianebisadmi gamovlenili Rrma interesis gamo mkvlevrebi

Tvisebrivi meTodebis rolis gazrdas XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sociologiis

da, ufro farTod, socialuri mecnierebebis humanizaciis periods ukavSireben. Tvisebriv da raodenobriv meTodebs sxvadaxva “filosofia” udevs safuZ-

vlad. Tu raodenobrivi meTodebi pozitivistur ideebs emyareba da gulisxmobs,

rom xalxi srulad acnobierebs Tavis grZnobebs, saqciels da Sexedulebebs,

Tvisebrivi meTodologia simboluri interaqcionizmis principebs iziarebs.

simboluri interaqcionizmis mizania SevecadoT gavigoT adamianis saqcieli ise,

rogorc es Tavad moqmed pirs, anu aqtors esmis. am Teoriis fuZemdeblis,

herbert blumeris Tanaxmad, simboluri interaqcionizmis oTxi ZiriTadi

principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:10

1) adamianebis qceva ganpirobebulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac adamianebi

ukavSireben sagnebs, romelic maTi samyaros nawilia; e.i. adamianebi moqmedeben

ara sagnebis, aramed im mniSvnelobis mimarT, romelsac isini am sagnebSi xedaven;

2) sagnebis mniSvneloba yalibdeba socialuri interaqciis procesSi, Sesa-

bamisad, kultura adamianebs Soris sagnebis damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobebis

urTierTgaziarebaa;

3) rogorc individualuri, aseve koleqtiuri socialuri moqmedeba damoki-

debulia aqtorebis mier socialuri situaciis interpretaciis form(eb)ze;

4) sagnebis mniSvneloba icvleba aqtorebis mier samyaros interpretaciis

procesSi.

es sami principi Tvisebrivi kvlevis principebadac SegviZlia miviCnioT. ro-

gorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis mizania, gamovlenili da aRwerili

10 Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:

Prentice-Hall. P. 50.

9

mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed ingli-

surenovan qveynebSic, sadac warmoiSva socialuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi,

dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebuli uni-

ficirebuli terminologia. Zalze xSirad terminebs “Tvisebrivi meTodebi”,

“eTnografia”, “CarTuli dakvirveba”, “SemTxvevis Seswavla” xmaroben rogorc

sinonimebs, Tumca zog naSromSi isini ganixileba, rogorc gansxvavebuli me-

Todebi. yvelaze ufro xSirad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi gaigivebulia eTnogra-

fiasTan,6 Tumca, Cveni azriT, eTnografia ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre nebismieri

Tvisebrivi meTodi; rogorc j.spradli aRniSnavs, eTnografia niSnavs

[gansxvavebuli] kulturis aRweras, da misi ZiriTadi mizania cxovrebis gan-

sxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi Tavad am kulturis

warmomadgenlebs esmiT7; amgvari eTnografiuli Seswavla ki SeiZleba ramdenime

Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT moxdes.8

Tvisebrivi meTodebi naklebadaa formalizebuli, amitom maT “rbil”, “moq-

nil” meTodebsac uwodeben. iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebobs konkretuli

instruqciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moiqces mkvlevari ama Tu im

situaciaSi — rogorc wesi, mas uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba Seqmnili viTa-

rebidan gamomdinare, is TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs kvlevis obieqtebis

individualur Tvisebebs. “gadawyvetilebis miRebisas Tqven unda ixel-

mZRvaneloT meTodologiuri da eTikuri mosazrebebiT. vinaidan isini xSirad

upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, gadawyvetilebis miReba Zalze rTuli iqneba”, —

afrTxilebs momaval mkvlevrebs e. babi9.

ramdenadac Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze mcirea im

aucilebel moTxovnaTa sia, romelTac kvleva unda akmayofilebdes, aseTi

kvlevis warmateba didadaa damokidebuli iseT subieqtur faqtorze, rogoricaa

mkvlevris gamocdileba da ostatoba. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba indi-

vidualuria, isini did Tavisuflebas aniWeben mkvlevars, romelic, rogorc wesi,

gamodis ara mxolod gamokvlevis ideis avtoris, misi Teoriuli nawilisa da

problematikis SemmuSaveblis, aramed aseve empiriuli informaciis Semgroveb-

lis, interviueris da/an damkvirveblis rolSic.

is garemoeba, rom Tvisebrivi mkvlevari ar unda emorCilebodes mkacr

instruqciebs, ar niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi kvlevis Catareba iolia — piriqiT, es

Zalian rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmea, romelic araCveulebriv koncentrirebas

da Sromisunarianobas moiTxovs, iseve rogorc mTel rig specialur unar-

Cvevebs, romelTa umravlesobac mxolod kvlevis Catarebis procesSi SeiZleba

iqnes Camoyalibebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tvisebrivi mkvlevris individualuri

pasuxismgebloba kvlevis msvlelobazec da miRebul Sedegebzec ufro didia,

vidre raodenobrivi mkvlevrisa.

Tvisebrivi mkvlevris profesionalizmi unda gamoixatebodes, agreTve im

garemoebis gacnobierebaSi, rom gamokvlevis procesSi mkvlevari Zalauneburad

axdens gavlenas Sesaswavl socialur jgufebze da urTierTobebze; Tumca

garkveulwilad SesaZleblia am gavlenis minimizacia, misi srulad gamoricxva

SeuZlebelia.

Tvisebrivi kvlevis procesSi mkvlevari, rogorc wesi, axlo da xangrZliv

urTierTobebs amyarebs im xalxTan, vis cxovrebasac Seiswavlis, sargeblobs maTi

ndobiT. Tvisebrivi meTodebis umravlesobis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia

respondentebis aqtiuri daxmarebis gareSe, romlebic savele muSaobis dros

6 ix., magaliTad: James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston;

Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press.

7 Spradley, James P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 3. 8 am saleqcio kursis farglebSi yoveli meTodis ganxilvisas moyvanili iqneba

qarTulenovan literaturaSi gamoyenebuli yvela Sesabamisi termini da moSveliebuli

iqneba misi inglisurenovani Sesatyvis(eb)i. 9 Earl Babbie. Op. cit. P. 285.

8

John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative

Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 101-122 (“Thinking Topics”). iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”


gamomcemloba, 1998. gv. 22-44.



Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 282-268 (“Qualitative Filed Research”). Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in:

Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.


Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-381 (“Field Research”). В. Ядов. 1995. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы.

Изд-во «Самарский университет». С. 42-80 («Методология»). After the first lecture, students are required to prepare two assignments to be submitted

two days prior the next class: a) Think of and bring a list of 5 issues which are suitable for qualitative research; and b) Come up with a research design of their own, where both theoretical and practical

aspects of the proposed research will be considered; research proposals submitted by the students will be discussed during the next seminar.

Week 2. In-Depth Interview Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours

The first method that is covered in detail in terms of this course is in-depth interview.

While introducing this method, we first distinguish between structured, semi-structured and non-structured interviews. In-depth interview is an example of semi-structured interviews which are conducted based on a discussion guide as a major research instrument, which, however, is not directive, and allows both researcher/interviewer and respondent to develop new issues not mentioned in the guide, provided that they are of interest to the study.

After Robert S. Weiss, we consider in-depth interviewing as a process of collaboration between researcher and respondent. Use of open-ended questions stimulates development of the respondent’s narrative, which can be directed by the questions of the interviewer. We also discuss several probing techniques (silence, echo, baiting) that can help us get more information, often – without interviewer’s injection in respondent’s narrative.

We also discuss technical aspects of conducting in-depth interviews, such as selection and preparation of the setting; recording equipment; selection of respondents.

In addition to general discussion about in-depth interview as qualitative research method in the social sciences, we consider two variations of in-depth interviewing, namely, life histories and biographic narrative interviews (Gail Kligman’s and Gabriele Cappai’s works are used to get better understanding of these types of in-depth interview).

The lection finishes with the discussion of possibilities of analyzing in-depth interviews. In the end, we offer an example of how a Discussion Guide of an in-depth interview can

look like, with a short review which emphasizes its major features. Homework assignments for this week are: 1) to prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of in-depth

105

interviews. An example of a discussion guide is presented in the appendix, which can help students to work on their own guide;

2) to conduct 3 in-depth interviews based on this guide, and to discuss the process of conducting these, specifically focusing on the difficulties they encounter;

3) the students are also required to transcribe one of these interviews – the one they think was the most successful.

The most important and/or typical experiences reported by the students will be discussed during next meeting.



Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 121-150 (“Issues in Interviewing”). H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and

Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220 (“Unstructured Interviewing”).

gabriele kapai. 2000. “biografiul-naratiuli interviu: Teoriuli

winamZRvrebi da gamoyenebis xerxebi.” (Targmani wignidan: Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag).



Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 61-120 (“Interviewing”). H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and

Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 449-488 (“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).

Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s

Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics of Reproduction in Everyday Life”).

С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М., 2000.

Week 3. Focus Groups Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours

We discuss focus group as a “group in-depth interview,” which, however, has several

specific features, which are determined, first of all, by the fact that up to a dozen of respondents participate in a single focus group discussion. The greatest advantage of focus groups as a qualitative research method is that it gives the researchers the possibility to observe the process of forming group judgments and/or decisions.

A short review of the historical development of the focus groups in the social sciences focuses on Robert K. Merton’s and his colleagues’ work in this field. Major areas of use of focus groups in contemporary research practice are reviewed, namely, marketing research, social and political research; these are the areas where focus groups proved to be most effective, while there are some areas where it is not usually recommended to use focus groups – e.g., personal relationships; income.

In the section devoted to the main features of this method, we discuss distinctiveness of focus groups, technical aspects of their preparation, selection of participants, and advises regarding how to conduct them, specifically focusing on the role and functions of the

106

vafiqsirebT maT mier gamoTqmul azrebs azrebs, aramed, agreTve saSualebas

vaZlevT, axsnan Tavisi pozicia, Tqvan, Tu ratom fiqroben ise, rogorc fiqroben;

ra faqtorebma iqonia gavlena maT cxovrebaze da rogor afaseben yoveli am

faqtoris rols Tavis cxovrebaSi. kvlevis mxolod es meTodebi gvaZlevs

saSualebas, SeviswavloT ama Tu im movlenis mizezebi; vupasuxoT ara kiTxvebs

“ra?”, “ramdeni?” (am or kiTxvas raodenobrivi meTodebis meSveobiT vupasuxebT),

aramed kiTxvebs “ratom?”, “rogor?”

Tvisebrivi meTodebis erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom es meTodebi

saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT da aRvweroT samyaro kvlevis obieqtebis Tva-

liT. vinaidan Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas mkvlevris mizania individua-

luri saqcielis gageba, es meTodebi xSirad “interpretaciuli sociologiis”

farglebSi ganixileba. magram Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebiT erTi serio-

zuli sirTule arsebobs: gamokvlevis Sedegebis damuSavebisas problemuri xdeba

individualuri donidan saerTo kanonzomierebebze gadasvla, ris gamoc

socialur mecnierTa nawils eWvi Seaqvs am meTodebis mecnierulobaSi (am sityvis

pozitivisturi gagebiT) anu imaSi, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia sando

monacemebis miReba socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamo-

yenebisas Cven, rogorc wesi, gagviWirdeba imis mecnierulad damtkiceba, rom

srulad SeviswavleT esa Tu is fenomeni, da rom Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi

obieqturi da sandoa, miT umetes — rom Catarebuli kvleva pasuxobs repre-

zentatulobis moTxovnebs. Tvisebrivi Sedegebi arasodes ar aris reprezen-

tatuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi meTodebiT warmarTuli kvlevis Se-

degebi ar SeiZleba ganvazogadoT da movaxdinoT maTi eqstrapolacia generalur

erTobliobaze. magram mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom es arc aris Tvisebrivi

kvlevis mizani — Tvisebrivi meTodebi Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor xsnis adamiani

socialur samyaros da Tavis adgils masSi.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi intensiurad iyenebs informaciis Segrovebis iseT sa-

Sualebebs, rogorebicaa araformaluri interviu da dakvirveba, amitom pirveli

SexedviT Tvisebrivi mkvlevris muSaoba Zalian hgavs Cveulebrivi adamianis

yoveldRiur saqmianobas. Tumca, am saleqcio kursis farglebSi Cven davrwmun-

debiT, rom es msgavseba zedapiruli da moCvenebiTia.5

Tvisebrivi meTodebi mraval kvleviT teqnikas aerTianebs. esenia, magaliTad:

• siRrmiseuli interviu;

• “cxovrebis istoria”;

• biografiuli interviu;

• zepiri istoria;

• werilebis, piradi dRiurebis da sxva werilobiTi dokumentebis Tviseb-

rivi Seswavla;

• fokus-jgufi da jgufuri interviu;

• dakvirveba;

• monografiuli gamokvleva (“SemTxvevis Seswavla”).

xSirad Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli kvleva moiTxovs erTdroulad

ramdenime kvleviTi teqnikis gamoyenebas, rac mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs,

sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seiswavlos misTvis saintereso fenomeni. Tvisebrivi meTo-

debis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba yvelaze xSirad monografiuli gamokvlevis

(“SemTxvevis Seswavlis”) farglebSi xdeba.

5 Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis, sasurve-

lia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis raode-

nobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar zurabi-

Svili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika. raodenobrivi

meTodebi. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.

7

da miznad isaxavs daadginos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gamovlenis sixSire.

meTodebis es jgufi uaRresad formalizebulia, ris gamoc isini “mkacri”

meTodebis saxeliTaa cnobili.

raodenobrivi meTodebis mecnierulobas da am meTodebis meSveobiT

miRebuli Sedegebis sandoobas statistikuri kanonzomierebebi uzrunvelyofs.

raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis erT-erT umTavres Rirsebas am Sedegebis

reprezentatuloba warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs, rom kvlevis procesSi

gamokiTxuli adamianebi (respondentebi) proporciulad warmoadgenen mTel

mosaxleobas, an mosaxleobis im nawils, romlis Seswavlac dagegmilia kvlevis

procesSi (anu generalur erTobliobas, romelic ganisazRvreba yoveli kon-

kretuli kvlevis amocanebidan gamomdinare). respondentebis reprezentatuli

SerCeva mecnierulad amarTlebs gamokiTxvis Sedegebis gavrcobas generalur

erTobliobaze, ris Sedegadac saSualeba gveZleva, respondentTa mier gamoT-

qmuli azri generaluri erTobliobis warmomadgenlebis azrad CavTvaloT.

raodenobriv meTodebs Soris msoflio praqtikaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia

masobrivi gamokiTxva — xalxis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemasTan

dakavSirebiT. am meTods safuZvlad udevs ori daSveba: (1) rom mosaxleobis mier

socialuri movlenebis Sefasebebis gavrceleba garkveul statistikur kanonebs

emorCileba, da (2) rom msgavsi socialuri mdgomareobis mqone pirovnebebi,

rogorc wesi, analogiurad afaseben movlenebs. masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros

yoveli respondenti ganixileba ara rogorc unikaluri pirovneba mdidari da

ganumeorebeli Sida samyaroTi, aramed rogorc ama Tu im socialuri erTobis

(jgufis) nawili, romelic warmoadgens misi msgavsi pirovnebebis azrs da gvawv-

dis informacias CvenTvis saintereso socialuri fenomenis an misi Sefasebis

Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomidan gamomdinare iTvleba, rom analogiuri socialuri

mdgomareobis mqone individebi kvlevis procesSi “urTierTSemcvlelni” arian. 3

Tumca raodenobrivi meTodebis farglebSi intensiurad Seiswavleba respon-

dentebis mier dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebi da/an Sefasebebi mniSnvelovan socia-

lur problemebTan dakavSirebiT, es meTodebi, rogorc wesi, ver dagvexmareba

respondenTa mier gamoTqmuli azrebis motivaciis SeswavlaSi; respondentebs ar

eZlevaT saSualeba, axsnan, Tu ratom fiqroben ase, da ara sxvagvarad.

socialuri kvlevis meTodebis meore jgufi, Tvisebrivi meTodebi siRr-

miseulad Seiswavlis socialur cxovrebas; xSir SemTxvevaSi es Seswavla xdeba

ara mkvlevris ofisSi an sxva xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi, aramed “bunebriv”

pirobebSi, iq, sadac realurad viTardeba urTierToba adamianebs Soris — iqneba

es saklaso oTaxi, soflis maRazia, gazeTis redaqcia Tu sxva.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi interdisciplinarulia da farTod gamoiyeneba TiTqmis

yvela socialur mecnierebaSi: sociologiaSi, eTnografiaSi, anTropologiaSi,

fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, biografiul mecnierebaSi, istoriaSi, da sxv.

zogadad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc meTodebi,

romelTa meSveobiT mopovebuli monacemebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver

daeqvemdebareba raodenobriv analizs (es mizezebi SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebaTa

mcire ricxvi; iSviaTi an sulac unikaluri movlenebis Seswavla; arafor-

malizebuli midgoma calkeuli SemTxvevebis Seswavlisadmi, da sxva). am meTodebs

aklia maTematikuri sizuste; maTi meSveobiT Cven ver miviRebT informacias imis

Sesaxeb, Tu procentulad rogoraa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi esa Tu is azri.

samagierod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs eZlevaT

saSualeba, SeniSnon, daafiqsiron da axsnan adamianebis qcevis iseTi niuansebi,

romlebic SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas.4

Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT Cven ufro Rrma codnas viRebT im xalxis

Sesaxeb, vis cxovrebas an vis mosazrebebsac SeviswavliT; Cven ara mxolod

3 Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis,

sasurvelia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis

raodenobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar

zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika.

raodenobrivi meTodebi. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”. 4 ix. Earl Babbie. 2002. The Basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. P. 281.

6

moderator. Next section is devoted to the 10 most frequently used projective techniques that

facilitate focus group discussions. These techniques are: verbal associations, finishing sentences, personification, stereotypes, collages, brand mapping, etc.

Last section discusses the possibilities of analysis of the data obtained through focus group discussions. Analysis of focus group results is quite similar to the analysis of in-depth interview data, although there are several specific considerations, first of all – the level of analysis should be determined; although both individual and group level can be justified, our advise is to base analysis on the interplay of the two levels of analysis (Morgan 1997: 60).

Two examples are offered in the end of this lecture, one of which is a possible discussion guide, and the other – a descriptive report of a research project based exclusively on focus groups. In addition, Appendix 1 offers a transcript of a focus group conducted with students of one of Georgian universities, where the causes of corruption in Georgian higher education are discussed.


1. To find out which projective techniques are used in the Discussion Guide presented in the Example 2.

2. To write a Project Proposal on a given topic (“Causes of Corruption in the Georgian Higher Educational Institutions”); the project should be conducted using focus groups.

3. To prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of focus-group discussions, where the students are required to use projective techniques they find suitable for the topic they choose.

Our discussion classes will be based on the analysis of the students’ homework

assignments; besides, we’ll watch a tape of a focus-group discussion and evaluate how it was conducted. If possible, I’ll try to arrange a visit to a research center where the students will have an opportunity to see a room designed for focus group discussions, with all necessary equipment.


David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition.

Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 31-65. Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third

edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 39-68; 97-124. maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba

axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da

perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.

Recommended readings: С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М.

Week 4. Participant Observation Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour

As we move towards non-verbal techniques of data collection, observation is obviously

the first method to be introduced. In contrast with the interview techniques discussed during the previous weeks, observation takes place in the natural environment, which presents additional challenges to the researcher. Although a distinction will be made between non-participant and participant observation, we will focus on the latter, which is one of the most popular qualitative research methods.

107

Historically, participant observation was first developed by anthropologists and ethnographers, and was considered as a means to learn about distinctive culture. Contemporary participant observation as it is practiced by most social sciences, can be applied in modern as well as in non-modern societies; its major aim as well as its major advantage is the possibility to study a distinctive (sub)culture and explain its meanings as they are understood and interpreted by its members. Paradoxically, it is considered that studying unfamiliar cultures is usually more effective than researchers’ own culture, because in the latter case the researcher can not approach his/her own culture as a complete stranger.

Participant observation is always a long-time commitment and usually takes years to collect the data. It starts with entering the field, establishing contact with the actors, finding informants. Characteristics of good informants are also discussed during the lecture.

During the fieldwork, the researcher defines the exact focus of observations, starting with descriptive stage of observation and eventually arriving to selective observation.

Fieldnotes are discussed in detail, as a way to document how the fieldwork proceeds. As an example of possible analytic strategy used by participant observers, W.F.White’s

classical analysis of group structure in the Street Corner Society will be presented, to be further discussed during next week’s class.

There is only one homework assignments for this week: The students are required to go to a public library in pairs, take different seats and

observe what’s going on in the library for 3 hours. They are required to take notes during the observation, but not to share any observations with each other. Immediately after the observation, they have to write (again, separately) fieldnotes based on what they’ve observed, and submit them.


James P. Spradley. 1997. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and

Winston. Pp. 53-62; 73-84; 100-111; 122-129. William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian

Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 3-51; 94-110; 279-373.

Recommended readings: H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and

Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant Observation”).

Week 5. Participant Observation (continued) Lecture, 1 hour; discussion, 3 hours

During our fifth week, we continue to learn participant observation, in particular – how to

write fieldnotes during the fieldwork, and how to transform them into the research report. Relatively little new material will be delivered during this week; instead, we will focus of detailed discussion of (a) fieldnotes submitted by the students as a result of observations they made, and (b) readings from White’s Street Corner Society.

By next week, the students have to make final decisions regarding their course projects, so these discussions will be particularly helpful at this stage.

108

Tema 1.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi:


socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mWidro kavSiri Teoriasa da

empiriul kvlevebs Soris. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im aspeqtis

Seswavlis mizniT, mecnierebi regularulad atareben empiriul kvlevebs, raTa

Seamowmon esa Tu is Teoriuli mosazreba; am kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad iwvevs

arsebuli Teoriebis gadasinjvas da daxvewas, zogjer ki — Zveli Teoriis

uaryofas da axali Teoriis warmoSobas. magaliTad, socialuri mkvlevrebi jer

kidev XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Seiswavlidnen siRaribes da mis gamomwvev

mizezebs; am kvlevebis Sedegad Seiqmna siRaribis klasikuri Teoriebi. magram XX

saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si siRaribis specifikuri formebis empiriuli

Seswavlis Sedegad moxda am Teoriebis gadasinjva da Seiqmna “qveklasis” Teoria.1

siRaribis es forma klasikuri Teoriebis yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili.

empiriuli socialuri kvlevebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara mxolod

Teoriuli codnis gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed praqtikul donezec,

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis

gaRrmavebasa da saxelmwifo marTvis optimizaciaSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi saubaria

e.w. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi cxov-

rebis iseT aspeqtebs rogorebicaa, magaliTad, araformaluri urTierTobebi

formalur organizaciebSi; korufciis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi faqtorebi;

siRaribis mizezebi; da sxva. gamoyenebiTi socialuri kvlevebis Sedegebi SeiZ-

leba gaxdes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZveli saxelmwifo marTvis an

arasamTavrobo TviTmmarTvelobis doneze.

aranaklebi roli eniWeba empiriul kvlevebs samomxmareblo bazris Seswav-

laSi — e.w. marketinguli (sabazro) kvlevebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs momxmare-

belTa motivaciis, ama Tu im produqtis SeZenis survilis, reklamis efeqturobis

detaluri Seswavla. swored sabazro kvlevebis damsaxurebaa, rom wamyvani kom-

paniebis mier warmoebuli produqcia maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs momxma-

rebelTa moTxovnebs da survilebs, xolo reklama sul ufro efeqturi xdeba.

socialuri sinamdvilis sul ufro da ufro meti mxare Seiswavleba

empiriuli kvlevebis meSveobiT, xolo Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom

es kvlevebi kompetenturad iyos Catarebuli da miRebuli iqnes sando Sedegebi.

socialuri kvlevis meTodika2 Seiswavlis empiriuli socialuri kvlevis

ganxorcielebis konkretul gzebs, ganixilavs informaciis Segrovebis mecni-

eruli saSualebebis, anu meTodebis erTobliobas da im eTikur principebs,

romelTa dacviTac unda Catardes socialuri kvleva. empiriuli socialuri

kvlevis meTodika, rogorc sistematuri codnis dargi, socialur TeoriasTan

SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda da Tumca ufro praqtikul xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad

gamoiyeneba Teoriuli problemebis Semowmebis, hipoTezebis damtkicebis an

uaryofis mizniT.

socialuri kvlevis meTodebi or did jgufad iyofa: raodenobriv da Tvi-

sebriv meTodebad. Tumca am ori jgufis meTodebs Soris aris mniSvnelovani

gansxvavebebi, maT erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba aerTianebs: maTi

mTavari da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi mizania Cveni codnis gamdidreba

socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb.

kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebi (rogorebicaa masobrivi gamokiTxva,

kontent-analizi) iSveliebs raodenobriv maCveneblebs — qulebs, procentebs —

1 ix. Michael B. Katz, ed. 1993. The “Underclass” Debate: Views from History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press; TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2002. “‘qveklasis’ Teoria da misi gamoyenebis

SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi.” epoqa 2: 76-84. 2 sityvebi “meTodi”, “meTodika” warmoiSva berZnuli sityvisgan methodos, rac SeiZleba

iTargmnos rogorc “Seswavlis gzebi”.

5

winaTqma

winamdebare saleqcio kursze muSaoba daviwye Telavis saxelmwifo univers-

itetSi. Tavdapirvelad is warmoadgenda saleqcio kursis “sociologiuri

kvlevis meTodebi” erT-erT nawils, romelic Tamar zurabiSvilTan erTad

SevimuSave. socialur mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis farglebSi

saSualeba momeca, gamefarTovebina da magistraturis studentebisTvis gada-

memuSavebina am saleqcio kursis is nawili, romelic kerZod Tvisebriv meTodebis

eZRvneba. kursze muSaoba davasrule kaliforniis universitetSi los-

anjelesSi, sadac Ria sazogadoebis institutis FDFP programis farglebSi

vimyofebodi.

samwuxarod, am saleqcio kursSi ver moxerxda socialuri kvlevis yvela

Tvisebrivi meTodis ganxilva, amitom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im meTodebze,

romlebic yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove praqtikaSi da romlebic,

Cemi azriT, yvelaze metad daexmareba studentebs sakuTari kvlevebis Cata-

rebaSi. TiTqmis yvela meTodTan dakavSirebiT saleqcio kursSi moyvanilia

Sesabamisi kvleviTi instrumentebis magaliTebi; garda amisa, yoveli Temis bo-

los moyvanilia Sesabamisi meTodisadmi miZRvnili sakvanZo literaturis sia.

ramdenadac kvlevis meTodebis Seswavla warmoudgenelia mxolod literaturis

Seswavlis meSveobiT, yvela Temis dasasruls moyvanilia praqtikuli davalebebi.

minda didi madloba gadavuxado Cems kolegebs moskovis levada-centridan

da, upirveles yovlisa, aleqsei levinsons; swored am kvleviT centrSi muSaobis

periodSi davinteresdi kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebiT da ramdenime Zalze

saintereso kvlevaSi miviRe monawileoba; aseve didi madloba Ria sazogadoebis

institutis FDFP programas, romlis farglebSic saSualeba momeca davswrebodi

wamyvani Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebis kursebs kaliforniis universitetSi los-anje-

lesSi (UCLA); socialur mecnierebaTa centrs da akademiuri stipendiebis prog-

ramas (AFP), romlis farglebSic vaswavlidi am kurss socialur mecnierebaTa

centrSi; da Cems studentebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes am

saleqcio kursis SeqmnaSi.

4

Week 6. Case Study Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour

Case study is the final method considered in terms of this course. As in the case of

participant observation, we will discuss this method during two week. First we will focus on the history of this method, which was introduced in the social

sciences based on the experience of anthropologists. Experience of the Chicago School and their role in establishing this method are also discussed.

Case studies are a lot in common with participant observation, but we consider the former as an even broader research approach, rather than a single method of collecting the data. As a multi-method approach, case studies employ a number of research techniques that help the researchers to collect the data; what is particularly specific with case studies, the methods used can be both qualitative and quantitative (e.g., surveys).

As an example of early case study research, we will discuss a study of the 1930s conducted by Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues in the Austrian village of Marienthal. This study is very interesting for us mainly from the methodological perspective, use of many various techniques of data collection which are discussed in detail by the authors.

Since there is no single way to conduct case study research, and there are no clear guidelines regarding site selection and data analysis, one of the best ways to learn about this method is to introduce more examples. So, the second study we will discuss in detail in this class is Mitchel Dunier’s Sidewalk, which is distinctive in a number of ways. We discuss several aspects of this study: the research question and how it was formulated; its theoretical context and how Dunier fit his study into the particular one; methodology used by Dunier and, specifically, his relationships with the informants; use of photography in presenting the findings.


Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. Pp. 17-42, 231-

289. James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and

Winston. Pp. 25-39 (“Informants”).

Recommended readings: Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage

Publications. James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and

Winston. Pp. 55-68 (“Interviewing an Informant”).

Week 7. Case Study (continued) Discussion, 2 hours; students’ presentations, 2 hours

This week is focused on discussions. During the class, we will first discuss readings

from the Sidewalk, focusing on the specific ways of conducting fieldwork and building relationships with informants.

In the second part of the class, the students will present their research projects focusing on (a) their research questions; (b) sites; and (c) methodology they use to conduct the fieldwork. This will be our final discussion of students’ research projects before they finish and submit them.

109

Week 8. Ethics of Qualitative Research Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours

It’s hard to overestimate significance of ethical issues while doing fieldwork. During our

last class, we will focus on the responsibility of the researcher while doing fieldwork and the requirements of professional communities towards their members.

Codes of ethics have been elaborated in a systematic way after the Second World War by professional associations of the social scientists in Europe and North America; other countries joined them later. Nowadays, most of the professional association are international, which leads to unification of ethical standards of the respective professional activity over the state boarders.

Codes of ethics should be distinguished from the legal requirements, and from mutual responsibilities outlined in the contracts signed between the researchers and clients; during the class, we discuss the specific character of ethical norms.

Two Codes of Ethics we are focusing on in this class are ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice (ICC/ESOMAR, 1995) and Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics (American Sociological Association, 1999). We focus on: (a) Rights of the respondents; (b) Rights of the clients who commission research; and (c) responsibility towards the society in general.

Sanctions against those who violate ethical norms are discussed based on the hierarchy of sanctions in the ASA Code of Ethics.

We will also discuss special rules that try to regulate publications of research results in the media, in order to avoid misinformation and deception of public.

Two case studies are presented during the class, to be discussed during the seminar; one is a CNN publication where survey results are presented, and the second is a paper where an ethnographer (Eric J. Arnould) discusses ethical dilemmas he faced while doing fieldwork in Chad.


1. the students are required to find on the web codes of ethics of several professional organizations whose members are involved in social research, and to compare these Codes;

2. Assess the quality of presentation of the finding in the CNN publication distributed in class.

3. Discuss the case study concerning ethical dilemmas that Eric J. Arnould faced during his fieldwork and provide their own assessment of the situation and best ways to deal with it.



Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 396-398 (“Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research”).


Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 306-307 (“Research Ethics in Qualitative Field Research”). Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in

Advances in Consumer Research 25: 72-74. ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice.

http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961 American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics.

http://www.asanet.org/members/ecoderev.html American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies

and Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html

110

s a r C e v i

winaTqma

4

Tema 1. Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi:


5

Tema 2. siRrmiseuli interviu 16

magaliTi #1. axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema


25

Tema 3. fokus-jgufi 27

magaliTi #2. Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove


37

magaliTi #3. korufcia saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba

sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis

warmomadgenlebis mier.


39

Tema 4. dakvirveba 48

Tema 5. monografiuli gamokvleva 61

Tema 6. socialuri kvlevis eTika 71

magaliTi #4. gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis

mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili

76

danarTi #1. korufcia saqarTveloSi.


77

danarTi #2. Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis


100


104

3


mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 9 - 3

In the Appendix 1, a transcript of a focus group interview is presented. In the Appendix 2, a Short Glossary of the terms used in qualitative research practice is

presented. This is a concise reference for the students, where only terms covered in terms of this particular course are explained. Nevertheless, I hope this will be helpful for the students, given that some of them may not be familiar with any vocabulary connected with research practice, and few of the terms used in this course are already established in Georgian (some are not fully established even in English).

Over 40 terms are defined in this glossary, e.g.: actor; respondent; in-depth interview; biographic interview; life history; research design; observation; close-ended questions; open-ended questions; ethnography; ethics; qualitative methods; quantitative methods; content analysis; focus group; moderator; case-study; fieldwork; discussion guide, transcript; hypothesis, et al. The terms and in (Georgian) alphabetical sequence.

This Glossary, however, is not the only one the students will be using; they will be encouraged to consult academic social science dictionaries.

111

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Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi - ucss.ge Tvisebrivi Metodebi... · Tema 1. Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi: Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva 5 Tema 2. siRrmiseuli interviu