Is the Catholic Church Consistent? Drysdale vs. Vewneersch

January, 1929 Twenty Cents

BIRTH CONTROL REVIEW

I n the Creatzon of New Lzfe There Should be Snentzfic Knowledge and Deltberate Plamng

Birth Control for

Better Stock

and

Better Living

Awakded 3rd P r m m BIRTH CONTBOL REVIET Cartoon Contest

THE A M E R I C A N B I R T H C O N T R O L L E A G U E , I N C MARGARET SANGER, Fwnder

104 FIFTH AVENUE. NEW YORK CITY Telephones--Chelsea 8901-8902

O F F I C E R S MRS F ROBERTSON JONES Prsndant

XRS LEWIS L DELAFIELD Vsce-Prendent MR J NOAH H SLEE Troanwsr MRS ANNIE G PORRITT Becretary MRS WARREN THORPE Arhtant Trscurrer

B O A R D O F D I R E C T O R S

MRS FRANCES B ACKERMANN REV WILLIAM H GARTH MARGARET SANGER MRS ZACHARIAH BELCHER STUART MUDD, M D BENJAMIN T TILTON, M D MRS RICHARD BILLINGS MRS JULIET BARRETT RUBLEE MRS WALTER TIMME MRS DEXTER BLAGDEN IRA S WILE, M D

MRS ROBERT HUSE Ezectrtwo Sscrrtorg

C L I N I C A L R E S E A R C H B U R E A U MARGARET SANGER Dtrector

DR JAMES F COOPER Xedtcal Dtrector DR HANNAH M STONE Chief of Staff

N A T I O N A L C O U N C I L C L E R U Y X E N

Rev Ernest Caldsott, N Y Rabbi Sldney E Goldstein, N Y Rabbi Rudolph I Coffee, P h D , C d f Rev Oscar B Hawes, N J Rev Philip Prick, N Y Rabbl Lous Mann, Ill

S C I E N T I B T B Dean Thyrsa W Amos, Pa E C Lmdeman, PhD, h Y Leon J Cole, Ph D, Wiee C C Little, D Sc , MI& Edward M East, B S , Ph D , Mass W h m McDouuall. PhD. Mass Franklin H Giddings, P ~ D , N Y Samuel J Holmes, PhD, Calff Roswell H Johnson, M S, Pa

Joseph L Baer, Ill James F Cooper, N Y John Favdl, IU Ahce Harmlton, Mass Frederick C Hskel, N Y Donald R Hooker, Md

Alice Stone Blackwell, MQP. James E Bmoks, N J Jessie P Condlt, N J Herbert Croly, N Y Mrs BeUe De Rmera, N J Theodore Dreser. N Y

- . James G Needham, P h D , N Y Wm F Ogburn, P h D , Ill Walter B Pitkin, PhD, N Y

P H P E I C I A N S

Amelra R K d a r , Ind S Adolphus Knopf, N Y Lawrence Lothrop, N Y Earl Lothrop, N Y Elmbeth Lord Love, N J Adolph Meyer, Md

H E R P R O F E B S I O Ernest Gmening, N Y Florenee Bayard Hllles, Del Sinclalr Lewis, N Y Judge Ben Lindsey, Colo Owen Lovejoy. N Y Robert M Lovett, IU James M Maurer, Pa

L A P I I E X B E R B Mrs Ernest R Adee, N Y Mrs Oakes Ames, Mass Raymond H Arnold, Calif George Blumenthal, N Y Mrs Robert Perkins Bass, N H Mrs Walter L Benson, Ill Mrs John E Bewind, N Y Lowell Brentano. N Y

Mrs John Allen Doughcrty, D C Mrs Boyd Dudley, N Y Mrs Suneon Ford, N Y Mrs Kate Crane Garb, Calif Mrs Robert B Gregory, Ill Miss Florence Halsey, N J Mrs H G HUL. Call€ Mrs Fenley ~ u n t e r N Y

Mrs John Scott '~rownmn~, N Y Mrs Willlam Swam James, Calif Mrs W E Cannon, Mass Mm Helen Hartley Jenkins, Corm. Mr and Mrs Thomas L Chadbonrne, N Y M n Plerre Jay, N Y Wdiam Hamlln Chllds, N Y Mrs Otto Kahn, N Y Mrs Stephen Clark, N Y Mrs W W Knapp, N Y Mra Frank I Cobh, N Y Mrs James Lee Laidlaw, N Y Mrs John Dey, N J Mrs Arthur L Lawrence, N Y

Rev Karl Redand, N Y Rev Edgar S Wlers, N J Rev L Grswold Williams. Pa

Horatio M Pollock, PhD, N Y Lothmp Stoddard, W D , Mass J E W W d h , Ph D, Oluo John B Watson, Ph D , N Y Walter F Wlllmq PhD, N Y A B Wolfe, PhD, Ohio

Abraham Myerson, Md. Wm M e n h e y , Ill Raloh Rrrd Ohio ~ ~ - = ~ - - ~- , Aamn J Rosanoff, Calff John B Solley, J r , N Y Hannah M Stone, N Y Kenneth Taylor, N Y

Ellsabeth Severn, N Y Mary Shaw, N Y Florenee GuertIn Tuttle, N Y Ruth Vincent, Colo Mrs Albert Wdher, T w Mary Winsor, Pa

Mrs Frank I11 Leavitt, N Y Mrs Edward A Llnpnfeltcr, Iowa Mrs Stanley MeCormlck, N Y Mrs William A McGmw, Mieb Mrs L Newman, Utah Mrs Enoch Rauh, P a Mrs C C Rumaey, N Y Mrs W F Spangler, Iud Mrs T J Swanton, N Y Mrs Shelley Tolhurst, Callf Mrs J Blshop Vandever, N Y Mrs Norman deR Whitehouse, N Y Mrs Pope Yeatman, Pa

TEN GOOD REASONS forBIRTH CONTROL

WE HAVE GWEN NINE REASONLWoman s k g h t s Marned Love The Health of Mother and Chdd, the Welfare of Ch~ldren, the Abola~on of Poverty, the Rehef of Over-populat~on In ~ t s Domestlc and ~n ~ t s lnternatlonal Aspects, the Improvement of the Race and the Progress of Clv~lrzat~on for

Birth Control The Use of Hannlcrs and Efecttve Mechanical or Chemmal Methoda

of Preventwn Called Contraceptrvea

Another reason that demands thls reform, 1s

Reason X-The Abolition of Abortion and Infanticide

(Year by year, wz spdte of prohabstory k p l u t w n , the n u d e r of the unborn chid goes on, has gone on untd st constr tutes the scandal and tragedy of both Ewrope a d A m c a The Far East-e cylucal or less m m e r e - p e m t s

not only Abmtron bzlt InfomtuAe aa the ody meam tt knoma of lnnstrng p o p h t m )

Here are a few, among many, statements by experts on thls subject -

T o create a race o f

w e l l - b o r n

chtldren I t I s

essential that

the functron be

elevated to &

posrtron of drg-

nrry and thts 1s

lmposable as

long as concep-

m a t t e r o f

chance

Dcclarat~on of

Prmctplcs of

Amerlcan Blrth

Control League

There rs one thmg w h ~ c h poor mothers wrll all admlt-namely, that they have made repeated and frequently successful efforts to procure abartron I cannot help thlnklng that we llve In a world of sham Every now and then cases come before tbe Courts and some person 1s sent to ad for a long perlod of years for perforrnmg an rllegal oper atmn and yet thns 1s the commonest thmg you can thlnk of rn these places T h e women wrll all confes, ~t to you and wrll tell you that, a t the lmmmcnt rlsk of them hfe and health, they a re drlven to resort to t h u as the only means of escape from a state that they find mtolerahle

LORD BUCKMASTEE

Anyone who know, about Brrth Control knows that at would do away w ~ t h abortions, w h ~ c h occur In appall Ing numbers m Amerlea every year

MABGABET SANGEB

Not only has Blrth Control nothlng rn common wlth Abort~on but IS a weapon of the greatest value m fight~ng thts evrl W ~ t h lts help we may hope to h m ~ t and, I trust, eradicate t h ~ s crlrnlnal practrce I t IS not generally known autstde the medlcal profession and soc~al workers, how wldesprcad thrs practlce u I t amounts rn fact to a natlonal d~sgrace I say natlonal because the Unlted States leads all other countrtes In the number of abortran3 per formed yearly T h e laws enacted to suppress tt have had hut llttle deterrent effect T h e practrce IS most common among m a r r ~ e d women, partrcularly of the poorer prol~fic cla%ses who already have chrldren and cannot afford to add to them number These mothers on findrng themsclvcn pregnant agam after repeated pregnanc~es, renort In dcsperatlon to this mmora l and dangerous means of r e l~e f Some women seek thrs means not only once hut a dozen o r twenty t m e s Some women do not h e to seek ~t for the second tlme

Thoughtful people wbo have studred the sublect have pmnted out over and aver agam that mformatnon wrth regard to B ~ r t h Control, d~spensed by competent and hlgh mlndcd phys~clans would be the most powerful means of decreasmg the number of abortlow I n my own experience of many y e a n of practlce I have realrzed more and more what a great d u e n c e a phys~cxan can exert on women In deterring them such such practlce I have had many a woman come to me d~stracted and almost Insane, because of another pregnancy saylng that she rs ready to dte, r f need he, rather than have another chrld ~n her already depleted state of health Yet m many such cares I have been able to q u ~ e t these women and brtng them hack to t h e ~ r normal sense of responsrb~l~ty to themselves and to thetr famtlres In such cases rt IS nece,sary to pornt out emphatrcally the dangers of aborttons both to ltfe and health and then offer the women the eomfortlng assurance that, w ~ t h proper ~nformatton, t h t j need never have another chrld

Blrth Control IS carrtcd on In the tenements all the tme , but ~t 1s not prcventlon of conceptton that the women do not underrtand I t IS ln the form of abortton w h ~ c h every woman can learn about ~f she wwhes

BENJAMI~ T TTLTON, M D

VOL XI11 JANUARY, 1929 No 1 ( C q y n g h t , 1929, Amancan Bwth Control Lsagw, Inc )

C O N T E N T S PAOE

REASON X -The Abolrtlon of Abortlon 3

EDITORIAGRoman Catholics and Blrth Control-Need- lest Cnses-lhe lallmg Birthrate 5

WHERE SHOULD WE STAND? By J Whsfndgs R3- Itam, Y.D I A questlon for phyaclans to ask and answer

HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT, by P W Whsftng 8 An andysls of the mfluence of the two collaborators m character determlnahon

RELATION OF IQ TO SIZE OF FAMILY 10 An rnterest~ng vlndlcatlon of small farmlles

THE PROBATION IN LITERATURE, by Edgar Wood Pangbom 13 The p m m g of the Sclr Tabu and the c o m g of new freedom as illustrated by Vma Delmar's 'Bad Girl"

A YEAR OF T H E DENVER CLINIC, by Ruth Vtncent 14 More testunony to the value of B I M Control

SHIPWRECKED A Poem, by Ro6mndmdh Tagors 15

WANTED CHILDREN-Welfare of Mother and Chid de- pendent on Proper Spacmg 16 Letters showrng the benefits of B I M Control.

THE AMERICAN BIRTH CONTROL LEAGUE IN 1929 18 A Statement from the Pres~dent.

BOOK REVIEWS

Darw~n, by E Y E d 19 Revlew of four hooks on Charles Darwm, by Gam&d Bradford, George A Dorsey, Leonard H d e y and Hen- shaw Ward l h e hscape f-om the Prm~tlve, by Horace Carncrorr- Gertrude Dontgdr 20 Ga1110, by J W N Sdlwan and Lycurgus, by E 8 P H ~ # M # 21 Our Enemy the Chdd, by Agwr & h m a - l M h V m m l 21 The Pubhc Mmd, by Norman Angsll 21 Human Conduct and the Law, by Marg C Love 21 Sexual Apathy and Coldness in Women, by W d t s r III Qdluhan 21 Farnrly Life Today, Edtlad by Xargarst Btch 22

PERIODICAL NOTES

BOOKS RECEIVED

PAMPHLETS

ROMAN CATHOLICS AND BIRTH CONTROL 23 A reply from Prof Vermeersch of Rome, to Dr Drys- dale's artlde of last June, and a further reply from Dr C V Drysdale.

NEWS NOTFS-New York 25 Calrfornra--Ohlo 26 Pennsytvama-Chlna a?

CORRPSPONDENCE 28

CHILD LABOR DAY 29

L I l T L E VICTIMS OF OVERSTRAINED NERVES 30

OUR CONTRIBUTORS

J WHITRIDGE WILLIAMS, M D , w head of ob- s te tncd mork at Johm H o p h Hosptal, B d - tamore He w a former head of the Amencan Assocaatron for the Study and Preaenhon of In- fant Mortdrty, author of many books on gynoe- cology a d one of the most drrt~lgurshed g w - cdogMts an Amenca

P W WHITIiVE, brdogrst, formerly of Mame Unwermty, kr m a h g research m heredsty

RUTH VINCENT, former recretary of Judge L d s c f a court an Denner, w rn aetvoe a d ef- fectme worker for Birth Control

CHARLES V DRYSDALE, D Sc , hnng r e p - smtotmc of the Enghrh fcvnrily who v e m d for f a d y h t a t w n , w former pendndt of the Intcrnotunml Federatun, of Bsrth Control Leagues and of the Mdthunan LEV

A VERMEERSCH, professor of the Gregonom Unwermty at Rane w an authorsty on Roman Catholrc doctrine

BIRTH CONTROL REVIEW Pcm&mBW H.

The Amencan Bmth Control League, Inc 104 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK CITY

MARY SUMNEB BOYD, Managwag Edrtor

ns BIRTH CONTROL REVIEW p m ~ h c d on the 6rst of the month

Sanple C o p ~ ~ . - T n n - Cents T- D o h per Ycu b d . and F o r u p $2 25

Entered as Ssond Class Matter March 11, 1918, at the Post- &ee a t New York, N Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879

Subscnbers are urped to .end nottce of cbsnee of addre-. at least three weeks before tt taker .-fist

Birth Control Review VOL XI11 JANUARY, 1929 No 1

EDITORIAL W E ARE fortunate w belng able to lay be-

fore our readers two statements, one from Prof Vermeersch of Rome and the other from D r C V Drysdale, presentmg m the best posslble manner the Roman Cathollc case agalnst Blrth Control and the answer to thls case The lssue IS clear-cut Both sldes approve Birth Control The difference affects methods The Roman Cathohc case agamst contraception rests on a rel~glous bas= It 1s mystlcal m nature, and postulates a sm agalnst God and rehgon Other Chnstaan churches refuse to accept the rehgous pronouncements c o m g authoritatively from Rome, and the questlon IS

whether the Roman Cathohc Church has the nght to enact Into law their own dlstmct~vely rehgous obhgat~ons To do so 1s mtolerance worthy only of the mddle ages The Roman Cathohc authontles proclalm that they stand outslde of pohtlcs Wdl they keep hands off when our bllls come before the New York, the Connecticut, and other State Legs- latures' I f they do not, them outcry durlng the re- cent Presldentlal election about Protestant mtoler- ance m opposlng A1 S m t h IS sheerest hypocrisy

S I N C E we last went to press, the New York Tzmes has agaln lald ~ t s hundred needlest cases

before a generous Amencan pubhc, and a t the pres- ent moment g f t s are pourlng m to ald the sufferers who have been so fortunate as to have thelr needs presented Just one hundred cases! It would not have been dlfficult to find double or treble that num- ber And the fact that these one hundred famllies wlll be helped out of them Immediate d~stress wlll not make lt any more dlfficult to find one hundred cases next year-and the year after, and the year after that Such suffermg, as IS described m the Tzmes, must and should be relieved But a glft to any one, or to all of these cases does not end the responslblhty of soc~ety for the existence of the dls- tress I n many of the cases, the Umted States

Government and the Government of New York State are definitely responsible for the mlsery of f a m h s and the sufFermg of mothers and little chlldren Take for example, case 68, for wh~ch $1,500 1s asked to help the famlly over the next year or two Eleven chlldren, the baby only two months old, a slck father and an over-burdened mother are hvmg m four dark basement rooms The father was a constmctlon worker untll he was disabled by accldent But what poss~blllty 1s there m New York for a man, even m good well-pald work, to b m g u p eleven chddren and g v e them decent hous- mg, and some security agalnst just such ms- fortunes as have overtaken them? Can ~t be mag- med that the mother wanted all these chlldren, that she felt competent to care properly for them all? Yet what could she do, so long as the New York law forblds the g ~ v m g of contraceptive advlce by physmans m cases where there 1s no defimte pres- ence of danger of d~sease and so long as the Unlted States Government strlctly prohlblts the sendmg of such lnformatlon through the malls'

T HE need for Blrth Control 1s obvlous m many other of the Cases I n some the mothers m~ght

have been helped, even under the restrlctlve law of New York, had they known where to go for ald I n ease 26, ~t 1s hardly believable that five httle In- nocent chlldren would have been forced to suffer from seml-stamatlon for weeks and months, ~f M r and Mrs Perodo had known how to regulate them famlly W e are told the father had been "a truck drlver by day and a porter by mght," untd the m- evltable happened and he broke down under the double load The mother had Betty 3, and Leon- ard 2, draggmg a t her sklrts, httle 5-months old Johnny m her arms, and was soon to become a

Bzrth Control Revzere

mother again, whlle one tiny chlld of 7 was in school and another slck a t home with pneumonia "Help must be glven thls famlly", reads the appeal in the Tams "to budd them up for them struggle to survwe" Wd1 they also secure the help to enable them to control thew famlly and to g v e the mother a rest and tlme to care for the ch~ldren she already has? As one reads case after case, one asks oneself the question Must l~t t le children suffer that Amer- icans may enjoy the "boundless thrdl of gvmg" and the dehght of feelmg that they have helped to end the suffering? Will not Amencans glve as readlly for prevention? Last year nearly $286,000 poured in m answer to a s~rmlar appeal This year no doubt the glfts will be equally generous Next year they mll agam be repeated Over a milllon dollars m four years, and no end to the stream Slrnilar donations to the cause of Blrth Control would make a perceptible difference m the amount of mlsery to be relieved, and a few years of such active and gen- erous help would almost put an end to such cases as are caused by too many chlldren for the parents to care for Those who deslre to end suffering rather than to alleviate ~ t , will heed the plea of the Amerlcan Birth Control League

A CCOUNTS of the falllng birthrate through- out the western world rarely fall to mention

two tragic accompanying phenomena One of these is the persistence, on a greater scale than ever be- fore, of the practice of abortlon, especially m East- ern Europe The other IS a mde-spread psycho- log~cal d~sturbance, resembling the apathe~a of medieval days and rnanlfesting Itself in a growlng inertla and lnd~fference among the desperately poor m regons of permanent unemployment, such as the Britlsh coal-mi~mg areas, and m larger figures for insanity and suiclde m both Europe and Amer~ca "Human hfe", says one observer m southeastern Europe, "has become worthless to a great number of people " Here are the forms which a general denial and disgust with life takes -at one end abortlon, whlch IS the destruction of life, a t the other an averslon to such life as offers, reachlng ~ t s height in suiclde, whlch is self murder Crltlcs mcn- tlon these facts, but they stop at mere mention, and pass on to pour out thew wrath on the increasing practice of Birth Control, though famdy limitation is the only salvation from the doctrine and practlce of despair Yet here and there, m the countries suf- fermg most, a more rational pomt of mew is dis- cemble, here and there the destructwe attitude of

mlnd is belng replaced by a constructive effort to spread Blrth Control This 1s strlklngly the case in Austna, where the effort to legallze abort~on is be- mg replaced by a wide-spread estabhshment of B ~ r t h Control Cllnics It IS even more strikingly manifested m Germany, another country where a fight was belng made against anti-abortlon laws There the Berlm Blrth Control chnlc, established when Mrs Sanger was in Germany, is bemg taken over by the local authont~es, to be carried on m con- nection mth pubhc health work and wlth the mar- rlage advlce centers The German Government needed only one practical demonstration to teach ~t a practical way out of despalr and death which our Government as yet is unwilling to learn

C O R R E S P O N D E N C E on articles m the BIRTH CONTROL REVIEW has never showed a

hvelier mterest than m recent months Prepara- tory work for the leglslatlve campaigns m New York and other states IS under way and D r Drys- dale's restatement of the rnconsistent Cathollc po- sltlon on Blrth Control has therefore a special appropriateness m thls Issue I s any Amerlcan Catholic theologan equipped to answer D r Drys- dale in such a way as to satlsfy mtelllgent legls- lators? With D r Blssell's letter roundmg out the correspondence on the proposed amalgamation of the REVIEW with a eugenlcs magazine thls dlscus- sioa IS brought to an end HIS letter adds to the welght of oplruon agamst obscuring our alm by comblnlng it wlth any other The Amerlcan Blrth Control League IS nelther crltlc nor supporter of the Eugenlcs movement It welcomes the a ~ d of every good cause, but ~ t s position is fundamentally different from that of the Eugenlsts It stands rather for freedom than compulsion and ~t recog- nlzes a euthemc argument for famdy hmltat~on qulte as important as the eugenlc To restore the balance which the dlscussion of a combmed maga- zme has disturbed, D r Whiting, a genetxist not identified with Eugenlcs, this month contributes an artlcle on the relative importance of lnherltance and environment m creatlng character, health and well- bemg HIS dlscussion will be followed by a serles by soclal scientists showmg that Birth Control makes for better soc~al cond~tions as well as better stock

Interest m the anonymous artlcle "Just One Baby" has proved so keen that a symposium on this subject IS planned Our readers are urged to con- tribute I f you do not wlsh to use your name, ~nltials or a pen name wdl be acceptable

January, 1929

Where Should We Stand?

I T SHOULD be recognued that the established use of B ~ r t h Control m the Un~ted States has

come about m splte of state and nat~onal legdat~on, and that the central government forb~ds the use of the malls to lnformatlon concemng contraceptlon, forblds Interstate traffic m contracept~ve art~cles, and even prevents them mportatlon for mvestlga- t ~ v e or sclentlfic purposes The result 1s that a bootleg Eraflic has developed, wh~ch supplles the demand a t excesslve prxes, whlch agam demon- strates the mposs~b~hty of attemptmg to control non-cnmmal personal hab~ts by law Agam, the Roman Cathohc Church teaches that all forms of contraceptlon are smful, and In a llttle book on B r t h Control wrltten by John M Cooper, profes- sor m the Cathollc Un~verslty of Amenca, wh~ch bears the lmpr~matur of Archbishop Curley, ~t 1s stated that the only perm~sslble method of prevent- mg conception 1s sexual abstmence I shall not attempt to enter Into the rehg~ous aspect of the quest~on, but shall content myself wlth statmg that In my somewhat large experlence the only d~ffer- ence that I can note between Catholm and others In thls respect 1s a shght difference In degree

When to G~ve Admce

Where should we stand as medlcal men? T o my mmd there can only be one answer, and that 1s that we must gwe contraceptlve advlce whenever ~t 1s med~cally mndlcated, but that ~t must depend on our conscience as to what advlce should be glven under other cond~t~ons I hold that ~t 1s just as much our duty to gwe such adv~ce when medlcally md~cated as ~t 1s to advocate the employment of any other prophylactic measure

W e must advlse the multlparous woman suffer- mg from chromc nephr~tls not to become pregnant, and the same applles to tuberculosis and serlous heart dlsease Consequently, ~f we feel that such advlce 1s necessary we must glve d~rectlons as to how ~t can be made effectme, for ~f we do one with- out the other we are fahng In our duty as physl- clans and In great part are wastmg our tlme

I hkelvlse feel that slrnllar advlce IS md~cated when we see a patlent steadlly gomg down hlll as the result of pregnancies recurring at too close m- tervals, as well as m certaln neurot~c and malad- justed women whose entlre hfe IS disturbed by a constant dread of pregnancy Indeed, the llst of lnd~catlons m g h t be considerably Increased ~f tune and space p e m t t e d

I n my expenence, contracept~ve advlce wlll usu- ally accompl~sh ~ t s purpose among the so-called In- tell~gent classes, but ~t 1s almost useless among the ~gnorant, feeblemmded and brutal, and ~t 1s In the latter part~cularly that we must go stdl further and effect sterlllty by operatwe means when necessary Of course, ~t may be argued that even m the latter class contmence 1s the true solut~on, and that ~f ~t cannot be attamed the matter 1s out of our hands If men were angels, such adv~ce mgh t hold, but even among the most mtelllgent and well-meanlng I hesltate to recommend contmence for too long a tune, as I know from experlence what ~t means to glve advlce whlch may lead to a blasted marrlage

Bootleg Contracept~ves

For these reasons I glve contraceptlve advlce whenever I feel that ~t 1s medlcally needed, as I con- s~de r ~t far less serlous than to mduce a therapeutic abort~on or a premature labor, whlch so often be- comes necessary when a patlent 1s told not to be- come pregnant but 1s not mstmcted as to how to wold ~t Moreover, when I glve such advlce, I always regret that the means a t our dlsposal are not more efficient, and that ~t often must mply a certam feelmg of degradation on the part of the person securmg them from seml-bootleg sources I feel very strongly that our state and natlonal laws should be amended so as to make ~t posslble for phys~c~ans to prescribe contraceptlve means wlth the same freedom and decency as any other prophy- lact~c or med~cal devlce, and I resent very strongly the attempt of the government to mterfere In thls respect, as I regard ~t as an unwarrantable asper- slon agamst the mtegrlty and bona fides of the medlcal profession (Reprinted from The Jwmd of the Amencon Yedual Aaaocullwn )

A man, marned seven years, whose wlfe, a perfectly healthy, normal g d at marriage, became lnsane after the blrth of her first baby and was kept 1x1 an asylum for four years, wondered ~f B ~ r t h Control would help hlm He dreaded a repetltlon of the trouble, and fnends had advlsed hlm to dlvorce h ~ s mfe, so I referred hlm to our Cllnlcal Research Bureau KITTY MABION

Bwth Control Revrew

Heredity and Environment The Two Collaborators in Character Determination

Bg P W WHITING

W H I C H 1s more ~mportant, hered~ty or en- vnonrnent? Let us magme the poss~ble an-

swers to t h ~ s quest~ons ranged along a scale extend- Ing from zero to one-hundred percent for hered~ty, the remamder bemg left m each case for envu-on- ment The envlronmentahst, the zero percenter for hered~ty gves an answer a t the oppos~te extreme from the one-hundred percent champlon for hered- ~ t y A hberal mll answer fifty-fifty, placmg hls answer mdway, whde a soc~al reformer usually feels he makes an extreme concession if he grants twenty-five percent to hered~ty The quest~on is an excellent subject for debate smce no two people can ever qu~ te agree

But answers need not necessar~ly be ranged along t h ~ s stralght h e Some state that both hered~ty and env~ronment are one-hundred percent unpor- tant and that no plant or an~mal ex~sts w~thout an ancestry and no plant or ammalls capable of hvmg w~thout an env~ronment There 1s no creature or colony of creatures, organ, t~ssue or cell, tralt or trop~sm that 1s not one-hundred percent dependent both on heredlty an envlronment What posslble type of vanatlon caused by envlronment can ex~s t mthout the herehtary capac~ty so to vary, and what hered~tary d~fference can express Itself mthout a sultable envlronment? I n order to make the ques- tlon sclent~fic, to sult the b~ologst, dfferences m tralts must be understood rather than tralts as such The questlon may be put In t h s way,-mch IS

more ~mportant, heredty or envuonment m caus- mg thls or that particular hfference? Such a spe- c& questlon may often be answered very accurate- ly and ~t 1s also poss~ble m many cases to answer just what factor m hered~ty or envlronment 1s effec- t ~ v e m brmgmg about the varlat~on

The Bzologrst and Evolutcowt

For what sort of t r a~ t s do we w~sh to have the causes of var~a t~on explamed? What people are Interested m each sort of var~a t~on?

The experimental b~ologlst studles a certam va- rlat~on In form or color of h ~ s plants or anlmals H e w~shes to analyse the causes of thls vanatlon mto certaln genet~c factors, or env~ronment condlt~ons, such as temperature, llght, humld~ty or food The writer, has, for example, studled the causes pro- ducmg dark colorat~on m varlous meets I n a cer- tam wasp it 1s due to cool temperature, whle m a certam specles of moth temperature appears to have

no effect but dark and hght strams can be ~solated by select~on, showmg that the d~fference IS hered- ~ t a r y I n another species of moth, however, the same t r a~ t , dark color, 1s ~ncreased by cool tempera- ture, but d~fferent strams vary m t h ~ s respect The t r a ~ t 1s here subject to both envu-onment and hered- ltary mfluences It 1s thus very d~fficult to draw conclusions from one case to another even when the t r a ~ t ~s the same and m some cases when the specles 1s also the same

The quest~on mterests the evolut~orust I s the polar bear wh~te because ~t hves m an env~ronment of snow? HIS coat remams wh~te even ~f he 1s brought out of the arct~c and bred on brown earth The weasel, the ptarmgan and the varymg hare are whlte m wmter, colored m summer They have the hered~tary capacity, lackmg m most of the~r rela- t~ves, to vary mth the season Environment evl- dently determmes, probably by natural selection, what hered~tary t r a~ t s may pers~st and donunate In the specles

The Psychologlet a d Idealast The quest~on Interests the psychologst and van-

ous soc~al ldeal~sts mcludmg the eugen~ast, the preacher, the reformer and the revolut~on~st Among many of these enthus~asts, subjectwe fac- tors play the major role Some psychologuts as- sume the equalitarian pos~t~on, "all men are created equal", and ~t 1s only necessary to have the nght sort of educat~on to n d the world of morons and In- sane A t the other extreme are found certam eu- gemc~sts who are able to fit Into vanous schemes of hered~tary transmlsslon such t r a~ t s as cheerfulness, exc~tablllty, kleptoman~a and wanderlust Fortu- nately lncreaslng accuracy m defin~t~on of tralts on the part of the psycholog~st and mcreaslng knowl- edge of genetlcs on the part of the eugen~c~sts are tendmg toward greater objectmty and sc~ent~fic accuracy Retent~on of extreme news by certam members of both groups may be explamed In part by congen~tal mabhty to grasp new ~deas, In part by acqmred complexes agamst anythmg contrary to one's prepossessions A certam psychologist for example who demes heredlty altogether has been analysed by a psychlatrlst as a d~stmctly negatn - ~s t ic and sch~zophren~c type, wh~le a certam calam- ity howlmg eugen~clst, although w~dely quoted, 1s entwely Ignorant of modern genetlcs and would undoubtedly be altogether unable to pass an exam- na t~on m an elementary course

The case is even worse with the other types of social idealists who combine intense and often ad- mrably dynamc emotion with almost complete ignorance of science Their occupation inclines them toward equahtarianism They range from the most bigoted type to liberals who are mlling to admit the equahty m importance of heredity and environment These liberals tend decidedly toward Lamarckism, hoping to improve future generations by providing the best possible conditions for the present They refuse to a d m t that selection is the only way to mprove the human race biologcally The preacher hopes that hls sermon will not only benefit the souls m his congregation but that his words mll somehow affect future generations, mak- ing them children of God rather than offspnng of Satan The social reformer hates to thmk that a baby-savmg campaign may weaken the race The revolutionist also, however much he may despise democracy as a pretence in the present social order, is hmself inclined toward the democratic delusion that all men are created equal God makes us all alike All we lack is the wdl or the opportunity

Trazte That May Be Inherzted What differences in character interest the soclal

ideahst, what are mportant from the point of view of human welfare? Let us hst a few

Pigmentation of hair, skin and eyes This is im- portant as an adaptation to sunlight The darker types are better able to resist strong light, whether lt be the glare of the tropics or of northern snows Lighter types better conserve the beneficial effects of sunlight and are adapted to environments m which sunlight is a t a premium Pigmentation is largely controlled by heredity

Stature and weight A normal range of vari- ability in these traits is desirable and furnishes types adapted to various occupations Heredity plays an important role in determining variability, more so in stature than m weight

Mentality Feeble-mindedness is undoubtedly in most cases due to heredity Various types of in- sanity seem also to have a decided tendency to run in families Many special abilities are hereditary such as musical, mathematical, scientific and artistic

Emot~onal traits It is held that heredity plays a large part m various types of emotional instabil- ity Some people are constitutionally self-pos- sessed, some are excitable or irritable Cheerful- ness is said to be hereditary Epilepsy which is highly hereditary appears associated with crimes of bru- tahty and vlolence

Envzronment

The Par t of Enviroment Great diversity of traits may then be affected by genetic factors En-

vironmental influences may however cause varia- tion in many or all of these Stature and weight may be stunted by poor food or by unsuitable work or t ramng The mfluence of traimng on mental and emotional traits may be very great but is diffi- cult to estlmate for reasons set forth below

I n general the causes underlying determination of tralts in man are difficult to analyse because of certam of his special characteristics His life his- tory is a continuous process of development The new born infant shows few traits by which it may be distinguished from others,-genius and moron, mathematician and musician, saint and sinner are all much ahke The growmg child is subject to numerous d u e n c e s of care and training, so that as special mterests and abihties appear these may be ascribed to this or that experience The envnon- mentalist thus has an opportunity to argue that heredlty is of little or no significance

Our origin is in all cases genetically heterogene- ous Pure lines do not exist in man Our marriage custom of continuously outcrossmg keeps the hu- man stock mixed genetically so that no two people, m th the exception of identical twms, have the same heredity Brothers and sisters show the greatest dwersity in physical and mental traits due to segre- gation of genetic factors

Early post-natal environmental mfluences are probably of great importance m determinlng direc- tion of mterest and mental and emotional sets No two children have exactly sunilar surroundings and hence may have very different inclinations and in- terests impressed upon them a t an early age

Pre-natal conditions may vary and thus affect character Chance differences in embryologic de- velopment may give this 01 that gland or other structure a greater or less chance in growth and thus affect future traits of the mdividual How much is our intelhgence llmited by the growth of our cran- ium? These matters may be in part governed by hered~tary influences, but chance doubtless plays a considerable role, just as lt does in the particular positlon of spots in animals

Anzmal Breeding By way of contrast m th the confused condition

which we have in man we may cite the relatively simple situat~on In some animals Pure breeds ex- ist in many animals which show characterlstlc dif- ferences in form or color I n instinctive reactions also are to be dist~nguished the race horse and the work horse, the pointei and the setter, the coach dog and the bloodhound Hereditary differences are obvious here although trainmg likewise enters in as a factor In the development of the chzracteristic trait Variations among ind~viduals withln the

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breed may be due to mmor hereditary d~fferences, to chance cond~tlons of development, or to trainlng

I n forms whose growth and development take place purely as a passlve embryologic process w~th- out the mfluence of tralnmg or experlence, we have the greatest d~verslty not only In color and struc- ture but in instmcts as well Thus in the honey-bee the drone or male and the queen or female are each character~zed by their specla1 reproductive organs and mstmcts, but are lacking both In the organs and in the lnstlncts of the worker The latter is an m- sect endowed wlth spec~al apparatus for cariylng home honey and pollen in quantities truly remark- able for the sue of the creature I t s tongue, honey sac, and pollen baskets are developed in a measure that has no comparison with those of ~ t s parents I n addit~on ~t possesses a much higher degree of In- telligence, as calculated by braln area and by the range of ~ t s actlvltles Differences not only m color but m temperament ewst betwen d~fferent strams of bees A stock that is naturally vlclous and in- c h e d to stmg at every opportun~ty can be cured of the propensity by removlng the queen and substi- tuting one from another and more gentle colony On the other hand ~f we have a colony which IS not- able for its devotion to work, for its capacity to ex- tract honey from spec~ally inaccessible flowers or for the exceptlonal color of ~ t s wax, we take great pams to rear future queens from that colony, know- ing that then offsprmg w~l l assuredly possess the same qua l~ t~es I n the bee the facts indicate that t ramng or experience 1s of no significance in the format~on either of mental tralts or of phys~cal at- tributes The worker emerges from ~ t s cell, like Athene from the head of Zeus, fully armed and equ~pped for war or work and wlth a complete edu- cation acquired not by conscious effort but by the painless processes of embryology A difference In

food determmes the dlfference between worker and queen, a difference m hereditary endowment lies a t the bass of sex dlfference Hered~ty also de- termines the great diversity between races

May ~t not be In man as in the bee that un- conscious processes of development, acting not only pre-natally, but later in hfe concomitantly ulth con- sc~ous experlence and tralnmg, deternune more of our mental and emotional traits than we real~zel Are we not rather naive In assuming that our edu- cation is responsible for our character when our tralts may have developed at least in part spontane- ously?

The writer's experiments wlth wasps have shown that certain types of defectiveness depend upon various combinat~ons of hereditary endowment, chance conditions during development, food, tem- perature and age of mother Normal wasps may be obtained even m strains that are highly defec- tlve, dysgenic, by controllng food, regulating tem- perature and selecting offsprmg from mothers of a certaln age But In normal stocks, eugenic, the varlous environmental factors have little or no chance to produce defectives under any condit~on normally encountered

I n man, as in other forms, natural selection main- tains a certam minunum fitness sufficient for sur- vival under gwen environmental condltlons Wlth the introduction of euthenic measures we galn an improvement in the type of individual produced, we secure euthenlc types, but there IS to be expected after a tlme a certam amount of racial deterioration The program of eugenlcs endeavors to counteract this tendency and to go even farther, to produce in- dlv~duals who are not only fit to survlve, but who are superfit, doubly Insured by heredity against faults m environment or faults In tralnlng

Relation of IQ to Size of Family

T B A T the intelligence quot~ent, as roughly measured by any one of several tests of In-

telligence, has become an increasingly useful gulde in the busmess of ~nd~vldual train~ng appears to be pretty well accepted Wlthln certaln l ~ m ~ t s , most school people are wlllmg to admlt the va l~d~ ty of ~n lntelhgence test score for predlct~ng the amount of trainlng wh~ch an ~nd~vidual may find profitable and for ad~ust lng the curricula thereto

W h ~ l e the battle stdl rages as to the exact amount and nature of the possib~llt~es or l~rn~tatlons so pre- p

IExtracts from a paper In The Journal of Educational Psycholog# (Boston) October 192'7

dicted, little IS s a ~ d as to the trend of such posslbil- lties or lim~tatlons for the average child of succeed- ing generations The constancy of the I Q for the ind~v~dual has been estabhshed by several accept- able stud~es Th~s , however, glves us no warrant for assum~ng constancy of " I Q for the race or nat~on over a perlod of generat~ons, no reason to conclude that the average lntellgence of the Amer- ican people or of the human race wlll be the same a hundred years hence That nat~ve human intelli- gence is a fixed thmg, wholly ~rnrnune to the possl- billties allke of becomlng better or worse as the decades pass IS the generally accepted supposition

challenged m t h ~ s paper, whlch reports a study at- tempted for the purpose of throwmg some hght upon the trend of the population m respect to na- tive mtellectual ablllty Ascertainment of the trend of mtekgence of soclety as a whole 1s not necessary merely for the purpose of adjusting the curriculum to any changes whlch may take place, but rather for the purpose of controlling these posslble changes in the hope of achlevlng a hlgher quallty m the raw materlal whch the germ plasm has to offer

Durmg the past two years two-fold data have been gathered by the wrlter on cases now amount- mng to over 4,000, conslstmg smply of the mtelh- gence quotient as ascertamed by a slngle mtelh- gence test, and, m each case, the number of broth- ers and slsters as reported by the subject Thls data has been tabulated to show the average IQ of all "only" chddren as a group, all chlldren of one brother or slster, those of two, those of three, etc Transversely, the same data was arranged to show the average slze of f amly of ch~ldren m the varlous IQ level groups Tables I and I1 present br~efly the results of thls tabulation It wdl be noted from Table I that the average I Q of the different famdy slze groups decrease steadlly m t h one exception m pass- mg from the small to the large famly chddren The 415 chddren who reported no brothers or slsten have an average IQ of 107 9, whereas the 15 chll- dren who reported 12 or more brothers and slsters have an average IQ of 79 9

Table I1 presents the same data as Table I but is analyzed by IQ level groups Fo r example, there are 54 cases wlth IQ's above 150 These 54 cases had a total of 65 brothers and slsters, mak- Ing an average of 2 2 children per famly Here agaln we note the same general tendency as m Table I Increase m the sue of the famlly 1s to be noted m passlng from the groups of high I Q to the crroups of lower IQ

From both these tables, we gam the lmpresslon that there IS a marked tendency for the hrlghter or hlgher I Q chlldren to come from the smaller fam- hes

It may not be out of order to enter mto a possible mterpretabon of Tables I and I1 Before domg that however, it may be well to ralse and discuss br~efly, in the hght of additional data, the umversal question, "Is ~t nature, or IS it nurture?" Do the children from the smaller famihes recelve more at- tentlon-more stimulus to mental growth? And may it he possible that the so called test of mtelh- gence 1s m part measurmg the effect of environment so that these dlfferences between large and small famlies are not to be expla~ned on the bass of heredlty but by dlfferences in envlronrnental oppor- tumty? Or on the other hand 1s ~t possible that IQ conversely from measurmg envlronrnent 1s showmg only a fractlon of the lnnate ab~hty unrnodlfied by environmental mduence, the negatlve correlat~on coefficient would be much greater even than the one obtained m thls study'

Whde realmng ~ t s ~nsufficiency In setthng t h ~ s general question, data covenng a study of educa- tlonal and achievement quot~ents along wlth ~ntelh- gence quotlents made m one c ~ t y group (about 700 cases) may be of mterest m thls comectlon

These cases were tested with the Illmois General Examnat~on conslstmg of tests for mtelllgence and for readmg and arlthmetlc from which mtelbgence quotlents, educational quotlents and accomphsh- ment quotlents were computed The Pearson co- efficlents of correlation are as follows Number of brothers and slsters wlth IQ - 264 - 022 Number of brothers and slsters mth EQ - 183 - 024 Number of brothers and slsters mth AQ - 025 - 024

While the negatlve correlat~on of EQ wlth num- ber of brothers and slsters 1s sllghtly less than IS the

hu~sm or B w r ~ m a AND SI~PLPB

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 and up

Med~an 4 16

Nu- or CAW TESTED

415 865 772 689 516 398 242 181 126 67 25 19 15

Total 4330

IQ 150 and up 140 to 149 130 t o 139 120 to 129 110 t o 119 100 to 109 90 t o 99 80 to 89 70 t o 79 60 to 69 50 to 59 45 to 49

Med~an 97 9

A v ~ u a r . NUMBER or C H I L D ~ N IN PAXILIZS NUXBZB o r

R e s a ~ s e ~ ~ e D CISIS Rsrm 2 2 54 2 5 80 3 0 152 3 1 313 3 5 537 3 5 837 4 2 910 4 9 782 5 3 431 5 4 186 5 7 46 6 5 2

Total 4330

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correlat~on of I Q with number of brothers and sls- ters, ~t is still negat~ve and marked, while the AQ shows no relatlon at all w ~ t h size of famly The difference between the coeffic~ents of-264 and - 183 may be explained on the basls of the chance var~ation as lnd~cated by the probable error Un- less we assume that both the E Q and the I Q are en- hanced by superior home condition, the absence of any correlation between A Q and slze of fam~ly would seem to argue against the env~ronmental ex- planat~on of the phenomena presented in Tables I and I1

The Effect On lntelllgence

On the assumpt~on that Tables I and I1 are to be expla~ned on the bas~s of hered~ty, that is, that people who have the hlgher Innate mtell~gence to pass on to their offspring tend for varlous reasons to limit the size of their families, the follomng ques- tlon arises What will be the effect of such hm~ta- t~on , and of such select~on, upon the average mtelll- gence of the general population? To what degree ~ ~ 1 1 1 the average i ~ a t e mtelligence of one genera- tlon show decllne below the generat~on precedmg I n response to this auestion. Tables I11 and IV have b k n prepared They a re developments, re- spectlvely, of the data presented in Tables I and I1 Both tables proceed on the assumption that children tend to have the same lntelhgence as theu parents and that the parents d, m any large group where famdy sizes are equal, have the same average I Q as their offsprmg For example, the average I Q of the 415 fathers and 415 mothers of the "only" children In thls study, would be approxmately 108 T h ~ s polnt, taken wlth the relat~ve number of cases m these family slze groups furnishes the bas~s for the computat~on from which column 3 and 5 are develop- ed in Table I11 For every 415 fam~hes w ~ t h "only" chlldren m the community, there should be 432 fam- llies m th two children each, and 257 with three T h ~ s follows from the fact that the number of chil- dren in these groups ls respect~vely 415, 865 and 772, and from the statist~cal probab~l~ty that a two- ch~ld famdy is tmce as hkely and a three-ch~ld fam- ily three tunes as hkely, to find representat~on m our group of 4,330 cases, as a one-child f amly8 Therefore the number of chddren in each fam~ly

ZFor these tables see complete artlele m The J w r d of Educa- ttonal Psychology October, 1921

IConcewe, rf you wdl, of a community made up exclus~vely of 100 one-chdd famlhes and 100 ten<hdd famdms, mak~ng 1,100 chlldren m all Then, out of 110 chddren chosen at random (wlthout regard to S1r.e of famdy) by the law of chance, there would be 10 chddren from the one-chrld famhes and 100 from the ten-chdd famll~es By drv~d- mg the number of chlldren from each group by the number of chd- dren per family, the relat~ve frequency wlth whlch the famllles of the two s l w erst in the wmmun~ty would be found to be qua1

slze group has been dlvlded by the famlly size of the group to obtam the relative number of fam~hes In each group Thus, of all f aml~es (mth chlldren) m the community, 27 per cent (415 out of 1,520) would have one ch~ld, 28 per cent would have two, 17 per cent three, etc These 1,520 representative paws of parents would have an average I Q of 102 9 or 4 points h~gher than that of the children I n other words, the mdlcatlons are that ~f all parents had had the same number of chlldren, the raw materlal w ~ t h which the publ~c schools now work would be four pomts hlgher Reducmg it to men- tal age, we can say that the average eighth grader, mstead of havmg a mental age of 14-0, let us say, would have one of 14-7

The median I Q of these 1,097 parents IS 102 0, which is 4 1 points higher than medlan I Q of the 4,- 330 children tested This differs slightly from the var~atlon of 4 4 found in Table 111 The latter, however, is figured on the basis of the means, where- as Table I V shows differences between med~ans

A study of 4,330 cases shows a marked mverse relat~on between sue of family and IQ as deter- mmed by group tests of intelligence This negative correlat~on d~ffers with groups representmg d~ffer- ent cornmumties and tested mth different tests

I)lmm&ng Assets

The Inverse correlation between IQ and size of famdy is suflic~ent to mdicate a marked declme in average IQ from one generation to the next The amount of t h ~ s declme cannot be adequately meas- ured untd more stud~es of a s d a r nature on repre- sentative groups are made, and some account taken of the chddless persons A zero correlation between the number of brothers and sisters and achievement quotlent suggests but does not prove that home en- &ronment G o t responsible foi the superlor I Q of chlldren from the small famhes

I f , as these figures mdlcate (along m t h other m- dlcat~ons that may be noted), the sum total of our intellectual assets is d~mmishing, whither shall we look for the remedy' Certam no mcrease in mere number of chddren born can compensate for the decrease In br~ghtness A popular street advertise- ment once read "It's doing better than the average that keeps the average up " To whom shall we look to better the average of our IQ? There are, broad- ly speaking, two groups of people who can help Those above the medlan, and those below ~ t , the former by mcreaslng t he~ r fecundity, the latter by dun~nishmg ~t

The Probation in Literature

R EAL freedom bnngs to any part of human life a d~sturbmg m~xture of exuberant happi-

ness and a sense of grave respons~b~hty L~terature IS surely the vom of hfe-the major mstrument of creat~ve pubhc opmon And ~t IS the fore-runner of Me we preach today what we practise tomor- row, voluntary social changes are forecast by a few men and women ahead of them t ~ m e So when we find m modern hterature that combmation of joy m hfe and sense of social respons~blllty wh~ch IS

freedom's characteristic, does ~t not seem a fa~r ly certam mdication that humamty ~tself IS growmg mto a new freedom, much as the adolescent grows mto the new freedom of maturity?

It IS true that men have dreamed of freedom ever smce they first experiencd the exasperat~ons and compromses madent to becormng soc~al rtmmals But IS ~t not also true that so far we have only dreamed *-that except for a few lonely mdmduals, men have not yet experienced the reahty of free- dom a t all?

Our era 1s one of staggermg changes from deeply grounded folkways Science and the mdustr~al revolut~on came over the world mthout warnmg, and a t first they were accepted helplessly Then men attempted to analyze them, mdex them, phd- osoph~ze over them But thew results did not be- come an mdLspensable part of the human equat~on untd mthm very recent years Now, humamty IS wakmg to find the old world gone, and a new world -dazzlmg, terr~fymg, but full of h t l e s s beautiful poss~b~l~tles-grown up m ~ t s place

And w ~ t h thls new world there IS a new spmt in humankmd It is a growmg, not a s ta t~c spirit a spmt thdt IS eager to accept the newness of modern hfe, and to bulld up that hfe In accordance w ~ t h the hlghest and bravest human desires, an impudent spmt, too brave for shame or modesty or vac~lla- t ~ o n It differs as much from the spmt of past cen- tunes as modern surgery hffers from Galen's lurid messes -

And present-day hterature IS preparmg ~tself to be the lrres~stible mstrument of that new sp~r i t

hterature mll drect an overwhelrmng amount of ~ t s effort toward sexual freedom of speech Cer- tamly no one can doubt that modern hterature 1s domg just that

The old world IS dead, but ~ t s corpse 1s s t~ l l with us, and hterature has no easy task Ant~quated, reactlonary wr~ tmg exists alongside of the young and hopeful thmgs Fash~onable novels, drenched w ~ t h a dehcate insistence on an outgrown moral code, coex~st with the work of Margaret Kennedy and Esther Forbes Hybnd-liberal t~ea t~se s on sex, m th hyster~cal appeals to formal Christ~anity, w ~ t h red-blooded pralse of jealousy and a general Y M C A attltude toward hfe, coex~st wlth the courageous work of such wr~ters as Schmalhausen and F H A Marshall But freedom will wm

Hardly a better example of the new hterary free- dom could be found than Vma Delmar's "Bad Glrl"

(How natural it 1s that so much of the best eman- c~pated work should come from women wnters! Women were the ch~ef sufferers under the old folk- ways they are eager now to be the leaders and dreamers and ~conoclasts Mrs Sanger, Margaret Kennedy, Vma Delmar, Fanme Hurst-to men- tion only a few And m a class by herself there is the advocate par excellence of the new freedom, Mrs Bertrand Russell )

MISS Delmar's novel is an mtense human drama, conceived mth eplc vlslon and earned through w ~ t h untrrmg sympathy for and understanding of hu- man t r a~ t s and des~res You may not feel yourself kindred to "commonplace" young marlled people l~ving in a three-room-and-bath m Harlem you will if you read "Bad G ~ r l " You may feel that your pecul~ar personality sets you quite as~de from the common surges of human hopes and fears and long- mgs you mll scrap that eas~est-way phdosophy ~f you read "Bad G~r l " It is not a comforting book -unless you love humanity, not a cheerful book- unless you love l ~ f e

RUE freedom brmgs a rmxture of exuberant happmess and deep responsib~lrty How far

does Vma Delmar's novel d~splay these things' Well, the author certamly loves her Dot and Ed-

d ~ e and the large group of human creatures they represent I s any sort of love possible if there 1s no "exuberant happmess" to balance ~ t s pam? Hardlv All through the book there IS a sense of

T HE NEW spi r~ t 1s makmg ~tself most strongly felt in the field of sex That IS natural The

darkest blindness and traged~es and rmstakes of the the old world have been m matters sexual, ever smce the am v~ctorv of Paulme Chrlstlan~tv, hence one could expect to find the greatest force bf the clarifymg new splrit dlrected toward sex I t follows, d l~terature 1s the volce of hfe, that modern the dearness of human quaht~es-even the dearness

Bzrth Control Revrecc

of much human silliness The humor m the book is warm and gemme--perhaps there ought to be a bit more of it

The "deep responsibility", m literature, IS hon- esty - nothing more Honesty m regard to the facts of existence as we know them And so far as hterature is concerned, honesty and free speech are practically synonymous Very well-

I n the matter of uncastrated language and ex- pression of honest convictions, "Bad G d ' is a mas- terpiece Vina Delmar evidently realizes that it is now psssible, with one restnctlon, to say just about anythmg that needs to he said, and "get away with it" (The one restriction, of course, is the obscene legal Comstockery which prohibits any statement of contraceptive measures) Realizing this, she has cleared away all hesitations-if she ever had any!-and the result is great hterature which wlll have the warmth of hfe when certam sexless novel- ists are as dead as Thomas A q u a s

T h s new freedom of literature is marufest not only m the field of sex, however Happiness, joy m life and strength, the f e e h g of fine visions to be seen and fine deeds to be done-these thmgs, I be- heve, reach out into all branches of wnting, short of prayer-books and other mad-order catalogues W e have writers who know that m order to love their work they must first love humanity, and who

know that m th a real love for humanity, defeat and compromise are no longer possible W e have Izvtng literature-from H G Wells to Judge Lmdsey and Schmalhausen, livlng literature - from the lovely freshness and vigor of Nathalia Crane's poetry, all the way down to the ultunate detective story It may at times be misconceived, hasty, m- patient, even mistaken-but lt is dru,e

(Perhaps it is far-fetched to put "mystery" fic- tion in this category But I do beheve that the modern writer of detective stories murders each millionaire uncle as though he loved h m , and noses the subsequent clues mth a wholly good-natured leer 1

But modern hterary freedom 1s a thmg of pro- bation and growth, for hterature is a tool, never an end in itself Writing was mvented to influence human minds, that purpose has not changed with the ages Literature is the voice of hfe-but a mas- tering, urgent voice, not an echo

The Open Conspiracy - remember that H G Wells is not so lonely a prophet of the Open Con- spiracy as he used to b e m u s t use hterature as its chief instrument I f hterature were unequal to thls task, the Open Conspiracy would fall and m t h it would fail all hope of clarity and good livmg

But hterature today is growmg-consciously and constantly growmg-to meet the needs of that Open Conspiracy for a finer way of life

A Year of the Denver Clinic

F OR the Denver Maternal H y ~ e n e Commit- tee, the year 1928 is endmg a successful period

of clmcal endeavor, and general advancement for the work of Birth Control throughout the West Havmg reached almost the three hundred mark in number of patients wlthout controversy or Inter- ference, the committee has allayed the fears of the most cautious and skeptical objectors Undoubt- edly one of the most Important contributions of the comrmttee's work for 1928 has been the firm root- mg m the consciousness of the community of its re- sponsibhty in conducting a cliruc for maternal health and welfare And through every new con- tact with social agency and individual the subject of Birth Control has gamed credence and respect- ability

A statistical study of several hundred women who have been under observation for a full year is planned Whlle the tune is yet too short for ac- curate and reliable tabulation of results, we are en-

couraged so far by an almost one hundred percent successful return m all but the lowest mental groups The carelessness and neglect among a few cases in this lowest group have demonstrated the necessity for either further simphfication of method or sterhzation m such cases This observation crested the opportmty for voluntary sterihzation of referred cases in connection mth the contraceptive work, thus completing the circle of ways and means of effectrve h i t a t i on , where it is most needed Hospitahzation and medcal service for voluntary sterdization, hke contraceptive advlce, is free to the patient who cannot pay Thus the state functions intelligently and wisely m its own behalf Whlle numerically speakmg this is not yet an mportant develovment. it does mdeed mdcate a most whole- some &lutioi of one of the real disturbmg problems of the clmcal worker Voluntam stenhzation serves excellently two types of cases" First, those harassed, worried mothers m whom the tragic fail-

ure of numerous methods has produced an uncon- trollable lack of coddence m any contraceptive and for whom sterhzat~on IS none too final And sec- ond, those women who "can't be bothered wlth any kind of a contraption and would like to get fixed up safe, once for all "

But any fallure of the careless mother (usually the older woman whose carelessness has its incep- tlon in her distrust of the efficacy of any method) is encouragingly counterbalanced by the eager, in- tell~gent response of the younger mother He r in~tlative m seeking advice, her careful check of in- structions, her orderly replenishment of material, and finally her gratitude for the success that is hers, all warm the hearts of the clinic promoters and fire their enthusiasm for more extensive work among these trapped child mothers Perhaps here is the real hope for the reahzation of the dreams of the bi- ologst and psychologist for the release of the m- dividual and soclety, via the family limitation route

Already thls first year's work has forced social agencies and welfare groups m Denver to admit the futlhty of some of theu work unless combmed wlth

a constructive Blrth Control program The inex- cusable neglect of the great problems of matermty has been recogmzed-an unthought of cons~dera- tion less than five years ago And so the future holds a hlghly attractive opportunity for research as well as dissemmatlon A chmc in a state hospital may well serve as a nucleus for the difficult study of sexual and marital problems I n fact such a c h i c mgh t offer the only opportunity for years to come for coordinated effort through study and re- search to unravel the comphcations of one of the most neglected yet important human relat~onsh~ps

No record of the advance of the Denver and Co- lorado work would be complete wlthout prominent mention of the contribution of the president of the committee, Mrs Imogene Daly Fisher Quietly but steadfastly, by virtue of her own ability and radiant personahty, she has forced upon certain otherwse umnformed groups the realizat~on of the Immediate necessity for creating and developing the work of the climc as such And to her belongs much of the credit for the present substantial qual- ~ t y of the work

SHIPWRECKED

S U N I Y ~ of thd Vestm tell of mothdrs bundlnq t h n r children u p sn all t b warm wrappmgs they could find and hold- - them s t d c h r p d m thew o m s a s the Zafe boats went down, as though they could protect them from the ocean Thw desperate p r o t e c t m ~ mother h e w poqnant ly descnbed m Rabsndramth Tagore's descnptaon of another shywreck

Lo, the mother leaps t o destruct~on, why to her breast does she clasp her chdd?

She runs to the face of death,--even there she will not surrender ~t

Whence she such strength ?

I n the cruel stream of dead Nature In the heart of man Whence came such love?

Such mother-love tha t never knows despa~r, t ha t w~l l not acknowledge terror

Eternally renewed, w ~ t h drafts of the nectar of l ~ f e H e who but for a moment has known ~t IU any corner

of the unwerse Could he be motherless

Into the heart of the storm, In the mother's weak bang, Love has come that conquers death,

What love has wakened thls love?

Btrth Control Revww

Wanted Children Welfare of Mother and Child Dependent on Proper Spacing

Ambat:our plan, formed by the h p p y m t b r and father of the first baby often come twmblrng down when a s e c d arnwal comes too qzuckly after the first A d when cMdren f& rn r a p d me-

cearwn nesther cMd nor mother h a f w r c h e Here are letters w h ~ h show the adwantage of usmg

~ud,gmmt and reason m the pLa1~ung of the f a d 9

Two Object Lessons New York

A fnend wntes of the benefits of Blrth Control as she has observed them m two famdies known to her

Mrs F was very ambitious for the chlldren she planned to have Her husband earned only $30 00 a week wlth no hope of more, so she decided to cut her coat according t o her cloth-to earn herself and t o hmlt her family to two She was able t o get effective Birth Control adnce after her second chlld was born She had been a dressmaker and after the birth of her second chlld she accepted as much work as she could do, wlthout help m her own home Boy and 'gml are both having a h ~ g h school education The boy 1s a chon boy and mth church influence he at- tends an excellent private school In New York The g r l mll follow hlgh school mth business college They are both very bnght intelhgent children, home Influence 1s ex- cellent, and the famdy happy The parents keep them healthy, both work hard and the mother, an Episcopahan, feels herself justified by results m thus regulating her hfe and her famlly

Mrs T also used conscious control of her famlly, for economlc reasons and to gwe her chddren a better chance The husband began as a walter ( h g h class) and later became owner of "Coffee Pot" They have two chrldren, a boy and a g ~ r l about two years apar t The mother is a healthy inteLgent woman from a well-to-do famly, who took motherhood very seriously She took traimng in beauty culture shortly after the chlldren came, to pre- pare herself to earn a hvehhood for them and herself in case of mdowhood Whlle the father's earnings were small she worked, but gave ~t up when her daughter a t fourteen needed the influence of hurur hfe after school hours Both the children had a high school educatlon The g~rl a t eighteen has a clencal posltion and attends mght school TO Improve her secretanal educatlon, she started In a busmess school after leaving high The boy hopes to be a civll engmeer He has a job surveying and attends Cooper Umon a t nrght T h e m 1s a very happy fam~ly hfe They llve in a two famlly house and mother

feels entlrely justified In the course she dehberately en- tered upon

In hoth these cases the mother was a c t ~ n g entirely for the good and benefit of her chlldren and not to make hfe easier for herself In both cases the mother worked a t gainful labor besldes doing all the housework for a famlly of four T

Health Saved From Wreckage Connecticut

I am only too glad to wnte to you of the benefit Blrth Control has been to us

Twelve years ago our first chlld was born In a hospital In thls clty Thls baby had been planned for and we en- thuslastlcally awaited ~ t s comng What we did not antic,- pate was a very mfficult bmth, hlgh forceps being neces- sary for dehvery I endured hours of torture before it became apparent that I would not give b ~ r t h to the baby mthout ass~stance After hours in the operatlng room when it seemed unhkely for a tlme that either the chld or I could stand the slege, we both came through ~t suc- cessfully but I was m such condition despite expert s u r g lcal attention a t the tlme, that I had to have very neces- sary repalr work done SIX months later T h ~ s was done by a skillful surgeon in a New York hospital

My baby was ten weeks old before I was able t o walk a square from home We walted untll I had regamed some strength before making the journey t o the New York hospltal

Doctors told me that if we were detemned to have another child ~t would be advisable to have it by Caesanan section I felt I would be able to have a baby m the nor- mal way Just a year and a day after my operation m Ncw York our llttle daughter was born The blrth was not so difficult as In the first case but both bables were large, each welghlng over nme pounds This tlme I had a baby rn the normal way but two hours on the operatlng table afterwards had to be devoted t o "repalr work"

After a slow recovery, my ardor for a family of five had drmmed consrderably My husband dreaded havlng me go through another such ordeal

January, 1929

My constltutlon IS such a splenhd one that m every case I made what the doctors called a speedy recovery, only operatlorn cannot be brought t o a successful chmax mthout careful attention and a good deal of rest after- ward

We were hvlng m a clty extensively engaged In manu- factunng munlt~ons and domestlc help was practically Im- possible t o obta~n. My first cluld was born ~ u s t a few months prevlous t o the Amencan par tmpa t~on m the World W a r I was obhged to worry along wlth two bables and greatly mpalred vltahty dunng the wmter of the "flu" epldemc Only occasionally could we obtaln help I used t o wonder what the sltuatlon would be, ~f I should become pregnant agam, desplte rather uncertain Blrth Control methods

That mnter brought an opportumty t o my husband and me t o hear Margaret Sanger speak and to meet her afterward Needless to say, we were wlth her heart and soul In her effort to make sclentlfic Blrth Control methods available t o all women

Later when a mucarnage revealed a necessity for pro- longed treatment and another operation, my surgeon, al- though not fsvorable to the cause of the Amencan Birth Control League, told us ~t was hlghly desirable that I should not become pregnant ~f hls surg~cal work was to be gwen ample tlme t o heal, but he dld not offer sugges- tlons as to successful Birth Control methods Fortunately Margaret Sanger's Chnlcal Research Bureau In New Pork was able to e v e me the necessary advlce and today I agam enjoy the best of health B

Information Not Available

My mamed hfe has not fumshed a perfect example of famlly hmtatlon But condhons might have been much worse' My husband had a shght knowledge of Blrth Control measures so that our first d ~ d not come before we were In a posltlon to e v e one chlld adequate support, though matters were made much harder for us by my hus- band's loslng hls ~ o b , through no fault of h~s , shortly after the birth

Wlthn three months I shall gwe my eleven months old daughter a httle brother or aster Many physrclans clalm that conceptron dunng the penod of nursmg 1s quite unhkely, but ~t happened In my case I dld not know I was pregnant untll In the fourth month, and several physi- clans whom I consulted d~smlssed the Idea If contracep- tlve chnlcs or hterature had been accessible, I should have reahzed the danger and should have prevented the com- ing of a second ch~ld wlthln so bnef a penod

As a professional woman, I am ternbly handicapped by the close proxlmty of my nursmg penods as well as confinements I have had to forego a senes of publlc ap- pearances a t a heavy loss t o both my career and the greatly taxed fam~ly purse I want a second child as I feel that no woman IS wholly complete wlthout bear~ng and

reanng ch~ldren-but I consider that to rear children properly is of ~ n h t e l y more ~mportance t o them and to the future than smply t o bear them And the p r o m - ity of my two bab~es m11 make it quite impossible for us to gwe e~ther of them the advantages we had planned

Where I am hvmg now I have access to a Blrth Control chic where the best sclentlfic methods are used and I feel much more secure about the future than I ever d ~ d before My expenence has taught me that Blrth Control IS the most pressing and fundamental fight that the modern woman faces today on behalf of emanc~pat~on and human happiness C

The Benefit of Spacing Cahfornla

I am a mother of mne chlldren, none were closer than 20 months, and once there were three years and once four years in between The method of Blrth Control we used was not absolutely dependable and when I found what a rest that four years gave me and what a chance to build up my health and my home, I felt the need of ~t through- out all the more I would not conslder an abortion, so I puzzled all those years whether there wasn't some meas- ure of prevention, not t o do away mth chlldbeanng-no, for as soon as I had had the rest I found myself earnestly wlshlng for another-but to get that rest In between the chlldren I wanted ~t not merely for myself, but In order to gve the ch~ldren a better chance, spmtually, mentally and physically, because I notlced a marked supenonty In the two we had after the longer rest I have a very considerate husband, as I reahzed good and plenty when I notlced other famlhes havlng an lncrease In them famlly every year, and such Blrth Control as we had has shown me what a boon a more perfect method would have been I am now 43 years of age and my baby IS nearly 5 years old G

A California Comrade Cahfornla

You may be Interested to know that I recently vlslted and asked advlce of a local Blrth Control clinlc They were lovely t o me and were glad to help me They also said they would be glad to have me wnte you regarding my v ~ t They charged me a small fee but I understand the servlce 1s free if the patlent cannot afford to pay

K

Appreciation of the Letters Pennsyh anla

I tlilnk that the new senes of letters In the REVIEW are extremely valuable and wlsh that I mght contribute one, but unfortunately we have never been In need of Blrth Control mformat~on We have wlshed for chlldren ever slnce our marriage and our enthusiasm 1s therefore due to the need for ~t that we see all about us rather thnn to any personal reasons

W

Birth Control in 1929

Bzrth Control Revzm

NTELLIGENT public opinion is now so generally in favor of Birth Control that the American Birth Con- I trol League expects t o make substantial progress dunng the coming year in both legislation and organization

0 U R new York State blll, permitting physicians to g v e contraceptive advice to married persons has been endorsed by forty-five civlc and soclal organizations includmg the State League of Women Voters and

the Clty Federation of Women s Clubs, whlch has two hundred thousand members This bill will also have the active support of twenty-one Birth Control committees, organized during the past year in different parts of the state, and including in their membership many prominent doctors clergymen and social workers whose championship of the bill should certainly have influence with the legislators If the latter realize how widespread the support of the measure is among their constituency, they will vote for it , and victory for Birth Control legislation in any one state, especially such an important one as New York would groe Impetus to Blrth Control legrslatron all over the country

S T A T E legislative campaigns will also be conducted by the Pennsylvania Birth Control Federation, founded by the League, and by the Connecticut branch of the League

C ONNECTICUT is giving all its energies to secure the passage of a bill repealing the present law Con- necticut stands alone in penalizing severely, by fine and unpnsonment, the personal use of contracep-

tives When thls law is repealed, there will be no legal obstacle to the glvlng of Birth Control information Fourteen town and city committees have been formed and these and individual fnends in unorganized towns are pressing the bill on the attention of the State Senators and Representatives Mrs Katharine Houghton Hepburn is a t the head of the legislative committee of the Connecticut Branch of the League

T H E New Jersey Committee is planning to concentrate during 1929 on the development of the Newark clinic, which 1s already open for three sessions a week, and is receiving patients from a constantly grow-

ing list of social agencles

T H E Federal Law needs amendment Besides worlung for the amendment of the state laws the Ameri- can Blrth Control League will cooperate with other Birth Control organizahons in a campaign for the

amendment of the Federal Law We are glad to announce that Mrs Sanger has accepted the temporary chairmanship of a joint committee for this federal work

A NOTHER important part of our work dunng I gzg will be conducted by D r James F Cooper Medical Director, who, durlng the autumn has been in charge of the Clinical Research Bureau, but wlll start into

the field agaln early in January to address medical bodles in various parts of the country on the subject of the technique of contraception He will concentrate in I 929 on the states where the law permits physlclans to glve contraceptive information After he has described the work of the Clinical Research Bureau to the doc- tors of a state we plan to send there an organizer who will form a local committee of laymen as well as doc- tors for the establishment of a Birth Control clinlc in that state When Birth Control clinics are operating in the states where they are legal, i t will be easy to demonstrate thew value to the people of adjacent states whose laws prohibit the giving of contraceptive information, and to arouse their Interest in getting these laws amended, so that they, too may have Birth Control cllnics

I F only we could afford to have several organizers in the field it would not be long before there would be a Birth Control committee at work in every state in the Union and then the adverse laws could quickly

be amended, clinics opened in every center of population, and Birth Control information brought within reach of all who need it ' Thls would mean such a great gain in health and general welfare for the nation that it is hard not to be impatient at our inabtlity to double our staff and go "full speed ahead " However, we are not discouraged our staff though small 19 experienced devoted and effictent we have a larger number of volunteer workers than ever before, and the ranks of our opponents are gradually thinning

1929 SHOULD BE A YEAR O F UNPRECEDENTED PROGRESS

HELP US T O MAKE I T SO1

ELEANOR DWIGHT JONES, Presrdent

January, 1929

Book Reviews Darwin

I F T H E present generation does not learn somethmg of the man who shifted the course of human thought from

a baas of tramtion t o one of reason, by demonstrating how the orgamc world came into bemg, it m11 not be be- cause of lack of opportumty Four hves of Darwin have appeared m t h the last two years,--one by Leonard Huxley, the son of Thomas Huxley, the other three by the Amencan wnters, Bradford, Dorsey, and Henshaw Ward One might perhaps have thought that fresh b~o- graphles of D a m n were unnecessary after the four- volume "Life and Letters" which appeared some years ago, d t e d by Francis D a m n , one of the great biolog~st's scholarly sons The reader, f amhar mth the Damruan correspondence and mth the Collected Works, could form his own picture of the man, wlth hghts and shadows ap- propnately toned to the receptiveness of hls own mind But, after all, the great majonty of people are not even amateur photographers They are content to press the button, and t o let the skilled professional do the rest Perhaps it is just as well, therefore, to have ready-made portraits Even those who get the greatest joy out of their own artistlc efforts, find considerable satisfaction In the factory-built article, and the host of others who, through lack of time or inchnation, make no dehneations of their own, can obtain the production of a senous student

T H E R E is very httle overlapping in these four books Huxley has written a charming httle volume in the

classical biographical style Those who must have the quips, the irony, and the invective of the Infenonty-Com- plex School mll find it dull Those who are famihar mth Damn ' s wntmgs a t first hand, and who slmply want t o see ins~de the workshop, mll find it dehghtful It is, on the surface, a slrnple, direct account of the inception and pro- gress of Damn ' s scientific work, but in some miraculous way, the man stands out m bold rehef What one remem- bers is not the voyage of the Beagle, o r the demonstration of the ongm of specles by natural selection, or the geolog- ical work, or the generahzations concerning domestic ani- mals and plants, or any one of the other thousand and one tasks accomplished It 1s the tender father, the generous fnend, the kindly gentleman One comes t o apprec~ate almost casually t'le efficiency of Damn ' s method of work, hls precision, his mental alertness, his erudition, the objec- tiveness of hls declslons One almost takes these things for

Darwln. by Garnahel Bradford Boston, Honghton, MIBlmn, 1926 . . PP 316

The Evolution of Charles Darwln, by George A Dorsey Garden C~ty, Doubelday Page, 1927 pp 300

The Life of Darwin, by Leonard Huxley, New York, Greenberg, 1927 pp 146

Charles Darw~n the Man and his Warfare, by Henshaw Ward Ind~anapols, Bobbs-Mernll pp 472

granted I t is the humbleness of spint, the magnanimity mth uncomprehendmg critlcs, the whole-hearted benevol- ence of the man that make us pause

Our &stinguished psychographer, Gamahel Bradford, has achieved quite another sort of tome He is not con- cerned pnmanly mth the content of the man's work, or why or how he d ~ d ~t He 1s interested rather in the causes which produced the man, and m the effects which the man produced on the world a t large He gwes his considera- tions and his conclusions mth the fehcity of phrase that characterizes all of Bradford's work The chapter head- mgs g v e a f a r idea of the book though only a smgle word is used for each D a m n 1s depicted as the observer, the thinker, the hscoverer, the loser, the lover, and the de- stroyer In addhon, there 1s a short essay on the "sc~en- t~fic spint" wntten mth a hterary skdl which reminds one of Havelock E k s and wlth an msight hardly to have been expected of one who 18 not a member of the guild

RADFORD'S work should have a great appeal to the B hterary man There is a pleasant humor in the care- fully rubbed and pohshed sentences The similes are apt and the allusions show an enormous capacity for cata- loguing the results of reading The result is a refreshing book, a book which will gwe to many readers a new Idea of geruus They m11 see ~t not as something abnormal or blzarre, but as a mnd cntlcally observant and objectively rational, whlch functions precisely and harmoniously

One likes the Bradford Darwin The author has dis- cnmination He can put two and two together as well as old Archimedes himself Yet one could wish that the auth- or had had more of a background of scientific expenence in hls life Had this been the case, the book would have been more of an analysis of Darwin's soul and less of a descnpt~on of the effect of Damnism upon Bradford's soul The chapter on D a m n the Loser would have dif- ferent The author would not have made the mistake of thinkmg that D a m n lost his artlstic sense, the apprecia- tion of beauty in hterature and music which he showed in such h ~ g h development when he was young He would have seen that there was artistic growth, that Darmn passed beyond the stage where most men stop He was concerned mth the highest beauty, the discovery of really great truth His sentences may seem uncouth, as to some Rodin's unfinished marbles seem uncouth Their beauty is the concept, not ~ t s framework Moreover, the wiplng out of old legends would have appeared less calamtous, the new faith would have stood out more glonously Poss- ibly these are not the points to be stressed He was "the emancipator" not "the destroyed " The pitiful selfish- ness of the narrow rehgionist, who was content t o see mankmd suffer the torments of hell on earth if only he

Bzrth Control Revcew

could save h ~ s mean httle soul, became nd~culous Never- theless, Darwm led the way to a new eth~cs, a decent eth~cs, sc~ent~fic~ally conce~ved There should have been another chapter, Darmn the Budder

ORSEY has put together a t h ~ r d type of hook It 1s D not very penetratmg or profound, but 11 has a wealth of anecdote, and runs along mth a swmg that 1s often very pleasmg D r Dorsey 1s t o be congratulated on havmg changed h ~ s style matenally from that wh~ch he used m "Why We Behave hke Human Be~ngs " He has proved that he really knows how an Enghsh sentence 1s constructed The earher book was apparently made after a novel reclpe One suspects that Dorsey purchased SIX recent textbooks on different phases of b~ology, ab- stracted them mth specla1 care t o avoid the ~mportant th~ngs and to emphas~ze the banaht~es, and then blue- penc~lled half of the words In the manner In wh~ch one plays the game of puttmg the tad on the donkey The resultmg groups of words, In part mthout subjects, in par t w~thout verbs, made a great hit The author became the Harold Bell Wnght of sclence The present volume m11 not fatten the bank account t o the same degree, for many former cl~ents m11 return to the tablo~ds from whence they came, but ~t undoubtedly m11 r a m the author somewhat In the es t~mat~on of the sc~ent~sts of the country

In many respect the book IS good One gets no scholar- ly conclus~ons, but the materm1 1s well selected, there 1s an occas~onal flash of humor, and the p~ctures drawn are mv~d I t has all of the elements of good joumal~sm but one As In the first book, the author fads to keep to h ~ s reportmg He ~nserts ~deas, oplnlons and conclus~ons of h ~ s own upon teehmcal phases of b~ology m wh~ch he has no specla1 knowledge, and makes these statements mth a dogmat~sm worthy of theology

F OR T H E general reader perhaps the best L ~ f e IS that of Henshaw Ward It is a httle too long and

too bespnnkled mth quotat~ons, but ~t IS a sound and thorough job The author 1s a lwely and entertam- mng wnter He loves and admmes the man about whom he 1s w n t ~ n g And he makes h ~ s hero stand out as the great character he was

The value of the book IS enhanced by httle sketches of Darw~n'a supporters, Huxley, Hooker, Lyell, and Gray, and of h ~ s adversaries, Owen and the Blshop of Oxford The battle wh~ch waged around "The Ongm" 1s descr~bed mth dramat~c sk~ll Darmn as observer, as un~fier, as class~fier 1s brought out by ep~sode after ep~sode The reader IS not left In doubt as t o the difference between the contnbut~on made by the Squ~re of Down and by the ph~losoph~cal chaw-warmers who came before h ~ m

Mr Ward deserves much cred~t for the uncomproms- Ing way In w h ~ h he ma~nta~ns the lastmg value of the theory of Natural Select~on No one mth an open mmd can &ad t h ~ s book and belleve any of the glaring headhnes

planted Naturally, the author 1s not famrhar mth all of the modern evolut~onary blology wh~ch 1s appeanng a t the rate of some thousand or more papers per year, and hence 1s not In a p o s ~ t ~ o n to judge the techn~cal status of evolut~on problems, but for all that, I cannot see that he ever leads the reader seriously astray

E M EAST

T H E ESCAPE PROM T H E PRIMITIVE, by Horace Carncross, M D Charles Scr~bner's Sons, New York Pnce $2 50

I T H the current ~nterest in psychology, the terms w " h e r d , "Oedipus Complex", "unconsc~ous" have come mto frequent use by persons other than sc~ent~sts and profess~onal psyeholog~sts The ordmary layman has begun t o take a rather hsely mterest In h ~ s ongm as a human bemg and In the mechanisms that und6rhe or mo- t~va te h ~ s phys~cal and mental a c t ~ v ~ t ~ e s D r Carncross In h ~ s book, "The Escape From the P n m ~ t ~ v e " contmues the explanat~on and &scuss~on It 1s not a source book of anthropology o r b~ology but he follows the sc~ent~fic ap- proach and has completed a book that could be enjoyed by persons who have turned them attent~on t o the soc~al sclences

In the past, psychology dealt only mth the "Con- sc~ous", the expenences of the present and had l~t t le t ~ m e for an mvest~gat~on of the 'TJnconsc~ous" or "Pnm~twe" as D r Carncross terms ~t But m the l ~ g h t of the newer psychology the unconsclous has taken a much more Im- portant place In the hfe of man, for mthm the bounds of the pnm~twe are found expenences covenng a per~od of thousands and thousands of years Fortunately these ex- perlences for the most par t never come to the surface as ugly remmders of an uncouth past The gentleman a t a d~nner party 1s not jarred by the thought of how hls ancestors procured food or ate ~ t , he fits Into the new s o c d order The soph~st~cated hfe of to-day developed and grew naturally out of the rough spots of the past But the pnm~twe mstmcts remam w ~ t h us, msgu~sed and mo&fied so that the escape from the prumt~ve 1s not a complete one We procure food, seek a mate, protect the offsprmg and fear many of the th~ngs that pnmit~ve man feared By a u t ~ l ~ z a t ~ o n of h ~ s envlronment man ac- qu~red power over h ~ s surroundmgs Where t h ~ s accumu- la t~on of power mll lead to IS not a closed quest~on

D r Carncross po~nts out how man has been forced to make new adjustments to an ever-changmg envlronment Some people are not able to make t h ~ s adjustment to real- ~ t y They feel vaguely that, m an undefined way, they have been kept out of somethmg that 1s by nght t h e m As D r Carncross puts ~ t , "they cry for the moon " These are the unhappy souls who find comfort m perpetual day- dreams and fl~ghts from reahty

Some of us st111 feel that ~t IS not the concern of man wh~ch purport to show that D a m n ~ s m has been sup- to probe mto h ~ s unconsclous, and that we would be hap-

pler w~thout know~ng the tntricacles of ~ t s mechan~sm But ~t 1s only by recogn~zlug the exlstence of these p r ~ m ~ t l v e urges and knowlng what they are tha t man can hope t o master them and mould them t o h ~ s needs

GALL10 OR T H E TYRANNY O F SCIENCE B y J W N Sullwan, The World Tomorrow Ser~es h P Dutton, New York

LYCURGUS OR T H E F U T U R E O F LAW By E S P Haynes The World Tomorrow Serles E P Dutton, New York

LIKE most of the httle volumes whlch compose the To- day and Tomorrow Series, both of these books are

suggestme and interesting I n "Galllo", M r Sullwan IS

Intent on show~ng tha t the tyranny of sclcnce 1s a thmg of the pa s t and tha t the sclence of the future 1s something vastly d~fferent and more full of beauty and moral value I n "Lycurgus", M r Haynes does not show so hopeful a s p m t After dw=ussmg some of the complexltlrs, the uncertamties and the d~fficul t~es lncrcasmgly abundant In the legal system of England-and equally ohv~ous In the systems of the Unlted States-he ends on a note of dls- couragement and asks "Ques custodwt c ~ t o d e s p "

OUR E N E M Y T H E CHILD, by Agnes de Lima New Repubhc Publ~shlng Company, New York $1 00

CRES O F DIAMONDS-that 1s Agnes de Llma's A book, "Our Enemy the Ch~ld", gems of education for parents, for those who would understand "the newer edu- cat~on", for those who would see The Century of the Chdd a t work educat~onally

Assertmg m t h Bertrand Russell t h a t pubhc schools have long demonstrated the p o s s ~ b ~ l ~ t y of g m n g ~ns t ruc- tlon w~thout educatlon, that, ~n fact, any schoolmaster who was caught educatmg was qulckly "gwen the sack," she demonstrates thls fact w ~ t h a v ~ v ~ d portrayal of the old fash~oned t rad l t~onal publlc school from wh~ch she reports the cramped actlvlt~es of those young hves doomed by law t o accept the accustomed reglme

Sk~llfully contrastmg thls t rapped exlstence of both teacher and chlld, drlven relentlessly by a t~me-table through a prescr~bed curriculum, wlth the exper~mental work of pnvate schools, she unleashes the reader's imaa - n a t ~ o n m settlng forth the efforts and returns of those courageous souls who have dared t o tamper w ~ t h "that most sacred of all 6chool tra&tlons-the course of study " She creates the long~ng tha t every ch~ ld be glven a n op- portunlty for freedom, fo r a n educat~onal world where his "feelmg o r emot~onal hfe may be ~nfimtely educated", thereby emphaslzmg one of the major values of her book

"pedagogues of the old school and thew represswe, dreary formal~sm "

Through the nursery schools, where she emphasmes the now accepted Importance of the early ch~ldhood years- on through mental testmg, where a h ~ g h note of warmng 1s glven t o those who would make of these mtelhgence tests 6‘ merely another accessory t o the educational machmeW-

through a d~scus s~on of the Dalton, Winnetka, and W ~ r t plans, into a f a s c ~ n a t ~ n g desc r~p t~on of the development of creatwe power of children, as w~tnessed In demonstrat~on schools-her theme of ntn~sterang t o the adamduul cnstead of standards 1s developed, and the reader 1s ennched by the wealth of ~ d e a s and the s k ~ l l of her presentation

Rcward beyond a n t m p a t ~ o n a w a ~ t s the rcadmg of "Our Enemy the Chdd " He who forfelts t h ~ s ~nsplr lng experl- ence mlsses much-be he educator, parent or plam layman

T H E PUBLIC MIND By Norman Angell, E P Dut- ton and Co New York

who have not forgotten Norman Angell's "The Tzat Illus~on" wrrtten before the great war, and beanng a message wh~ch the world neglected t o ~ t s great loss and suffenng, wdl welcome "The P u b l ~ c Mmd" I n this new volume Norman Angell utters another warulng He polnts out where the danger of future wars really hes Unless peace can take ~ t s root In the mmds of men no pacts or t rea t~es , no Leagues of Nat~ons , and no World Courts mll avad It 1s now, whde the war mmd 1s 1x1 abey- ance, tha t we must learn t o a v o ~ d panlc when the crlsls comes agam upon the world Can we learn the lesson 7

HUMAN CONDUCT AND THE LAW By Mary C Love George Banta Pubbshmg Co Menasha, W~sconsm

H I S study, whlch 1s pubhshed under the ausplces of T Chi Omega, represents a n effort t o probe the mam- sprlngs of human a c t ~ o n by an lnvest~gatlon Into the de- velopment of law The t h e m 1s ~l lustratcd by a select~on of cases old and new, whch show human a c t ~ o n under the motlvcs of fear, acquls~tlveness and other prlmal emot~ons The book may be of use a s mater~a l t o later wnters As ~t stands, ~t is somewhat undrgested i f not lnd~gest~ble

SEXUAL A P A T H Y A N D COLDYESS I N WOMEN By Walter M Gall~chan, T Warner L a u r ~ e L t d London

A VERY valuable volume In whch a r e lald bare some of the vast scnes of evd results t ha t spnng from lack

of educat~on and m~seducat~on In reeard t o sex D r - Gall~chan nghtly cons~ders sexual apa thy In women a symptom and seeks ~ t s causes A careful study of thls - -

-the protect~on i f the chdd from the superv~s~on of book m ~ g h t prove effect~ve in removmg the cause of much

Bzrth Control Revww

of t h ~ s fnqdity, which 1s so severely scored by those who see In i t merely a decadence of women's reproductrve powers

FAMILY L I F E TODAY Papers Presented at a Con- ference In Celebrat~on of the Flftieth Anmversary of Fam~ly Soaal Work in Amenca Held a t Buf- falo, Oct 2-5, 1927 Ehted by Margaret E Rich Houghton MiWin Co New York

ERHAPS the most interestmg of these excellent papers is that by Mary E Rlchmond In it she com-

pares the present movement for the study of marriage and the famly mth the health movement whlch has revolu- tiomzed our hves, elunlnated the worst enemies t o health, lowered the death rates and gwen us an outlook towards health and physlcal welfare, Instead of a meek acceptance of disease and f ra~ l ty If the study of marnage can suc- ceed In onenting our thoughts about marnage mth any- thing hke equal effectiveness, our fight for sex educat~on and for the knowledge and practice of Birth Control m11 be won, for ~t is generally dgreed that the haphazard method of beanng ch~ldren 1s incons~stent with their own welfare, mth the welfare of their parents and w ~ t h the wel- fare of soc~ety

Periodical Notes Modern Quarterly (Balt~more) - In its November-

February number Harry Elmer Barnes of Smith College In "The Bankruptcy of Sex Taboo," takes a b~rd's eye vlew of recent books on mamage by the younger genera- tlon He believes that such wnters as the rad~cals who contribute to the Quarterly "have presented a fine clin~cal plcture of the present-day sexual scene We may con- tlnue to evade, and thus encourage the further develop- ment of sexual chaos, or we can bnng the facts of science and the dxtates of a r t t o bear upon the question and subst~tute ratlonal controls for the older taboos, conven- tions, fears and evasions whlch are, indeed, bankrupt "

N a t d Medrcal ColIage Magaxme (Bombay) - T h ~ s semi-annual pubhcatlon of an In&an Medlcal College In its last number (September) announces its edltonal In- terest m Blrth Control and publishes an article on the subject by D r N A A~inkya, professor of midwifery and gynaecology D r A~inkya 1s lukewarm and not very well informed, but editonally the magazine expresses ~ t s keen appreciation of the m d c a l aspect of family hmita- tion for "often too many pregnancies destroy half the energy and vitahty of women and victlnuze them to other ailments"

Cnttc and W e (New York) - In the December num- ber D r S Adolphus Knopf, a med~cal pioneer: for Birth Control almost as long In the field as D r W~lham J Rob- Inson hlmself. wntes on Birth Control as "The Only Effec-

Books Received WHITHEB MANKIND, A Panorama of Modern Civihza-

tlon, Emted by Charles A Beard. Longmans, Green & Co , New York $3 00

T ~ E ANTISTERILITY VITAMINE FAT SOLUBLE E by Her- bert McLean Evans and George 0 Burr Umversity of Cahfornia Press, Berkeley, Cahf

SUSAN B ANTHONY, THE WOMAN WHO CHANGED THE

MIND OF A NATION, by Rheta Childe Dorr Fredenck A Stokes & Co New York $6 00

T ~ E TERRIBLE SIREN, by Emame Sachs, Harper Brothers, New York $4 00

CHILDBI~TH, by W~lham G Lee Umverslty of Chicago Press, Ch~cago, Ilhno~s $3 00

TAKING THE DOCTOR'S PULSE, by J F Montague, M D J B Llppincott Co , Philadelph~a, P a $1 00

GROWING INTO LIFE, A Magna Charta of Youth, by Davld Seabury Bonl and Livenght, New York $5 00

SOCML PROBLEMS, by John Lems Gdlin, Ph D , Clar- ence G Dittmer, Ph D , Roy J Colbert, M A The Cen- tury Co New York

~ N D E R G B A D ~ A T E ~ , by R H Edwards, J M Artman, Galen M Fisher Doubleday, Doran & Co , New York $4 00

ANTHROPOLOGY AND MODERN LIFE, by Franz Boas, Ph D W W Norton & Co , Inc , New York $3 00

THE BALANCE O F BIBTHS AND DEATHS, V d I , by Robert R Kuczynsk~ The Macmlllan Company, New York $2 00

THE BUILDING OF CULTURES, by Roland B Dixon Charles Scnbners Sons, New York $4 00

WASTE NOT-WANT NOT, by Scovil Hamlin Dorrance & Co , Philadelphia $2 00

COMING OF AGE IN SAMOA, by Margaret Mead Wilham Morrow and Co , New York $3 00

PARENTS AND CHILDREN, by E R Groves and G Hoag- land Groves J B L~ppmcott, Ph~ladelph~a $2 00

YOUTH, by Ehabe th Sloan Chesser, M D E P Dut- ton & Co , New York $1 00

P A M P H L E T S THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ASCETICISM, by Arnold H

Kamiat k repnnt from the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (July-Sept 1928) New York

Part of the substance of t h ~ s article appeared in BIRTH con no^ R m w for Junc, 1921

%E EUGENIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WORK OF THE

ENGLISH BIRTH CONTROL CLINICS, by Norman E Himes In thrs short paper, read at the Annual Meeting of the Eugen~es

Reaearch Assmatlon, Xlr H1me.s presents no very slgnlficant eUgeNC data but shows, on the eutheruc slde, that one-thlrd of the women rlsltmg ten selected Engllsh dmics (up to August, 1927), were wives of unskilled laborers

QUALITY NOT QUANTITY, by John Hammond Brad- shaw, M D -Reprint from the Journal of the Med~cal Socletv of New Jersev

t ~ v e Eanune Rehef" Blrtb Control as race hyglene

January, 1929

Roman Catholics and Birth Control The ar t& under the above t t tk, by Dr C V Drysdale, appeared m the June, 1928, zssw of the REVIEW

The f d l m n g letter from Prof Vermersch, from Rome, whwh reached us some weeks later, was sent t o England, t o D r Drysdale for comment We are pleased t o p a n t the correspondence whtch shows clearly the posltton of both swiedes t o the controue~sy

Unlvers~ta Gregonana, Roma E d r t w

A copy of your June number was sent me the other day, m t h an artlcle marked, In wh~ch one of my books 1s quoted (p 177) As the ~nterpretat lon there read mto the pass- age 1s q u ~ t e unwarranted, I beg you t o p r m t the followmg rectlficat~ons

1) I t 1s not at all t rue t ha t "We may take ~t tha t t h ~ s pronouncement has o5c1al approval, o r its publ~catlon would not have been sanct~oned" The meanmg of ecclesl- astlcal permlsslon t o pubhsh 1s negative,-that there is no obstacle It may very well turn out later on t ha t an opinlon expressed ~n such a book should have t o be abandoned

2) I n such del~cate matters as moral problems, one has a n g h t toexpect tha t one's statements be carefully welghed 1x1 the light of them general context Your contnbutor is able t o make out the semblance of a case a g a ~ n s t the Church only by g l anng neglect of t h ~ s elementary pnncl- ple I f hls only purpose had been t o b n n g out the truth, he could hardly have failed t o note the Immense difference wh~ch separates the hberty he 1s t rylng t o justlfy, from the n g h t recognized by the Catholic moral& t o restram the use of marriage t o certam days In wh~ch there 1s less chance of concept~on The lat ter a d m ~ t s only the natural use of the sacrament, your contnbutor champions un- natural abuses T h e lat ter prescnbes contmence durmg all the remalnmg tlme for those who would avotd procrea- t ~ o n , your contnbutor doesn't urge ~t a t all The Cathollc morahst holds tha t ~mpregnatlon can never be a r t~f ic~al ly mterfered m t h , your contnbutor says t ha t "any method not ln~mlcal. to health may be used"

3) I n mtrrpretmg my text, surely he should have recogn~zed the obv~ous d l s t~nc t~on between encouragement t o fo rn~ca t~on , and takmg prccautlons t o avoid contaglous dlseases whlch result from sms wh~ch a r e none-the-less energetically condemned, also the d~fference between thc spreading of venereal d~seases, and the spreading of abuses of marnage

4) Thls w r ~ t e r speaks of "steps already taken" by the Church towards countenancing B ~ r t h Control, of wh~ch steps the goarded opmon expressed by me on a quite dif- ferent quest~on 1s proclaimed t o be "the crownmg touch " These steps are all equally non-exlstent H e 1s simply m~srepresent~ng Moreover, he professes t o be amused a t the spectacle of the Cathohc Church tardlly annlng it- self agamst the ewl, af ter the prlsoner has already es- caped" and "the matter 1s out of them hands o r ours" T h e Catholic Church has opposed such abuses a t all tlmes,

wherever she has met them, and wlll contlnue t o do so And ~f the movement 1s already so completely out of every- body's hands, why all t h ~ s n o s y propaganda, t o mh~ch your contnbutor thmks ~t worth hls whlle t o devote h ~ m - self m t h such "continual personal sacrifice"?

A VERDIEERSCH, Prof Greg Untv

Edrtor When I sent you my a r t ~ c l e on "Roman Catholm and

Blrth Control" I had no ~ d e a tha t ~t would have the fortu- nate result of elmting a reply from such a dist~ngu~shed authority on Roman Catholic doctnne as Professor Ver- meersch, and I cannot sufictently express my pleasure tha t ~t has done so

Before deallng m t h Professor Vermeersch's c r l t~c~sms I cannot reslst thls excellent opportunity of asklng hlm for rppLes t o some defin~te questions, which may help us t o understand the Roman Cathollc attltude towards Birth Control

1 I s ~t t rue tha t prlor t o 1841 the Roman Cathollc pnesthood In France was In the h a b ~ t of interrogatmg marned men and women In the confess~onal concerning

thew manta1 relations, and that, on the representation of B~shop Bouvler, the Holy Cler~cal H ~ g h Court of Doc- t n n e a t Rome 1x1 1842, perm~t ted the dlscontlnuance of lnterrogatmg men on t h ~ s polnt ?

2 If , so, does he not cons~der this as a concession t o Blrth Control In the sense of realmng tha t the custom had become too strong t o res~s t mthout estrangmg men from the Church and tha t i t was therefore pol~t lc t o ap- pear blind t o ~ t ? And does ~t not also mean men must have been granted absolut~on In spite of havmg committed thls "grave s ~ n "

3 Does he adinit tha t prlor t o 1915, the doctnne of the Roman Catholic Church was tha t "all Interference n t h the prlmaly end of marrlage 1s g r a l e l j smful" and tha t "no wrong 1s done t o the State by the begettmg of s~ckly or ~mbec~ le ch~ldren unless the parents can do nothmg to support them Nor 1s wrong done t o such chd- dren thelnselves, because, In vlew of the eternal happiness normally w ~ t h m them reach, ~t is better t o have been born malmed o r talnted than never t o ha le been born a t all" These aords a re taken from the pamphlet "Mod- e m Problems and Cathollc Principles" by F r J Keat- mg, S J , wluch was exposcd for sale u p t o t ha t year m Westmmster Cathedral (Roman CathoLc) but d ~ s a p - peared a f t e r the statement of Mgr Brown next referred t o

Btrth Control Revieto

4 W a s Mgr Brown correctly s ta tmg the doctrlne of the Roman Cathohc Church m h ~ s evldence before the Na t~ona l B ~ r t h Rate Commlss~on In J a n 20, 1915, when he s a ~ d tha t marned couples may lawfully l~ml t t hen fam~hes by mutual consent by abstention from ~ntercourse, and by h m t m g mtercourse t o the md-menstrual penod o r t e m p agenedeorp 5 I f so, IS not tha t equwalent t o saylng tha t ~ n t e r -

course may lawfully be mdulged In wh~le seek~ng t o evade the consequence of conception? And does not t h ~ s , com- bmed m t h the lmrnehate mthdrawal of Fr Keatlng's pamphlet, mdlcate a defimte concesslon t o Blr th Control from the attltude shown m tha t pamphlet?

6 Does he a d m ~ t t ha t m h ~ s own work "De Castltate" published In May 1921, he stated t ha t ~t was permlsslble t o recommend men, mtendmg t o have ~ lhc l t mtercourse, t o employ chemcal prophylactic omtments before such mtercourse, In order t o protect themselves from venereal mfectlon, t ha t such means were "morally mdlfferent In themselves" and tha t "nothmg stands m the way of your ~ n d ~ c a t m g t o anyone who declares hls ~ n t e n t ~ o n t o sm, how he may sln m t h the least Injury t o h ~ s body"? 7 If so, 1s ~t not equally perm~ss~ble for a woman to

use such an o~ntment t o preserve herself from ~nfec t~on , and ~f not, why not?

8 Remembenng the concesslon t h a t b ~ r t h s may be re- s tncted w~thln marnage, why may not a woman use a chem~cal contracept~ve olntment t o prevent havmg a &s- eased child? Why 1s ~t "morally ~nd~fferent" In the first and not In the second case? 9 B e a r ~ n g In m n d tha t e ~ t h e r abstent~on or success-

ful recourse t o the "safe penod" means t ha t the germ cells a re formed but pass away and pensh, why 1s ~t a grave sm to prevent them from bemg fert~hzed by employ- mg a mechan~cal contracept~ve, o r t o destroy them by a chem~cal one?

I smcerely hope tha t Prof Vermeersch w ~ l l enl~ghten us on these pomts, slnce, a s the matter now stands, ~t seems lmposs~ble for the uninstructed layman to apprecl- a t e the fine h e whlch now appears t o exlst between the Church and the acceptance of contracept~on Had ~t ad- hered t o the n a d doctrme of "all mterference w ~ t h the pnmary end of marnage 1s gnevously slnful" we could a t least have understood ~ t , but when we are told tha t b ~ r t h s may be restncted m marrlage by what 1s a t least a n "artifice" based on medlcal ev~dence a s t o the ex~stence of a safe penod, and t ha t a chem~cal ointment may be app l~ed by a man to his generatwe organs (and thereby lnc~dentally mtroduced mto the woman) for the purpose of prutectiug h~mself a g a ~ n s t the results of sm, nhile hls vlrtuous w ~ f e m a j not use a chemlcal omtment t o prevent conce~v~ng a d~seased c h ~ l d ~f he has become ~nfected, no ordmary mtellect can stand the straln

T h e only two scriptural statements upon wh~ch the Church has rehed t o uphold t h ~ s p r o h ~ b ~ t ~ o n , are the m- j unc t~on to "mcrease and multlply and replen~sh the earth" wh~ch may be cons~dered t o have been sulliclently

fulfilled, and the story of Onan, whlch 1s ambiguous, slnce we are not told whether Onan's sln lay In hls p r ac t~ce of cottzla t n t e r m p t w or m hls refusal to r a s e seed t o h ~ s dead brother's w~fe, whlch was apparently a sacred duty among the Jews If the Roman Cathohc church 1s so anxlous t o preserve Old Testament morahty, why does she not enjoln t h ~ s duty also? And ~f Onan was slam be- cause hls ac t was en1 In the s ~ g h t of the Lord, why 1s lt tha t those who p rac t~se contraceptlon In our own days lwe longer hves than our ancestors who &d not?

Comng to Prof Vermeersch's c r l t~c~sms, h ~ s first p o ~ n t 1s tha t hls statement re the jus t~f ica t~on of venereal gratl- f icat~on 16 not t o be regarded a s authontatwe All I can say IS tha t ~t was certainly regarded a s of the h~ghes t Im- portance by Mgr Brown In h ~ s a r t ~ c l e In the Dublln R m w , and tha t Prof Vermeersch h~mself d w s not say tha t the Church has yet repud~ated ~ t , although ~t ap- peared a s f a r back a s May 1921 I s 1s not a httle too much to ask us t o belleve tha t such a we~ghty pronounce- ment on a senous moral Issue could have been promul- gated, almost a t the gates of the Vatwan, wlthout officlal approval?

Secondly, I am accused of seekmg t o confound "natural use" w ~ t h unnatural abuses" or "ar t~f ic~al mterference" I t IS a f avo r~ t e dev~ce wlth reactlonary mora l~s ts t o stlg- ma t~ze anythmg they d~sl lke a s "art~fic~al" o r "unnat- ural" If "natural" means "pnmltlve" or "unrestrained by prudence", then the only "natural" man~festatlon of our deslre would be t o g r a t ~ f y ~t whenever poss~ble, and the r e s t r~c t~ons of Church and Sta te a re a rhf ic~al If, on the other hand, such restrtct~ons a re regarded a s moral, why are we t o regard any other methods of restnc- tton as ~mmoral, unless they can be shown to ha \e harm- ful consequences t o the mdwldual o r soc~e ty? Venereal prophylax~s by chem~cal omtments 1s cer ta~nly a s "un- natural" o r "art~fic~al" a s contracept~on, yet Prof Ver- meersch speaks of such measures a s "morally ~nd~fferent In themselves"

Thirdly, he c la~ms tha t I have falled t o recognize the difference between encouragement t o f o r n ~ c a t ~ o n and the de s~ re t o a v o ~ d ~ t s evll consequences ~f ~t cannot be pre- vented Surely I have a t least allowed t h ~ s t o be ev~dent In quotmg h ~ s words "the ~ n t e n t ~ o n of comm~tting fornlca- tlon 1s evil, smce ~t 1s always evll t o sin or t o wrsh t o s~n" I do not for one moment accuse hlm or h ~ s church of w~sh- Ing t o condone, much less encourage " fomcat~on" , hut I must respectfully pomt out tha t the p r ac t~ca l result of the church's attltude must mev~tably be In t h ~ s dlrect~on I n the judgment of the Holy Clerical H ~ g h Court of Doc- t n n c of 1842 In reply t o B~shop Bouv~er, ~t enjomed on the w ~ f e t o make "becom~ng remonstrance" t o her hus- band ~f he ~nsists on employmg contraceptlve means, and only t o submlt af ter such remonstrance I t 1s the w ~ f e always who 1s expected t o carry out and bear the burden of the Church's moral teachmgs, and ~t 1s also the mfe who suffers most by repeated pregnancies and the bear- mg of chddren I n the great ma jon ty of cases, ~t 1s the

January, 1929

News

New Yo* HE blll of the Amencan Blrth Control League 1s now Ton the active hst of the New York League of Women

Voters Mra Rwhurd Bdznga, member of thc Board of the

Amencan Bwth Control Leagw, sends thu story of thc actson of the League of Women Voter'r Conventwn, held 1% Buffalo, November 22-24, mn regard to Bzrth Control I t wil.l be recdled thot we recorded thu act- or "Laat Mmrte News" tn the December REVIEW She wrates

The State Legdative Committee of the League, of whch Mrs Leshe J Tompkins is now Chairman and of whlch I am a member, is In the hablt of presenting two hsts of leg~slat~ve measures to the Conventlon One of these 1s called "Endorsed", the other "Active" The Blrth Control Amendment has been for two years on the endorsed program The Legdatlve Commlttee, of which Miss Dorothy Kenyon was the former Chairman, placed it thls year on its active program and presented i t to the Conventlon for ratlficatlon

As Chairman of the State Social Hygiene Commlttee, I spoke t o the Conventlon on its second day on the subject of Btrth Control as it related to the work of the League of Women Voters That afternoon the Conventlon rat]-

mfe who 1s most a w o u s to avoid conception and ~t 1s she therefore who must try to keep her husband to the stern path of abstention o r restraint t o the "safe penod" by “becoming remonstrance" Among a considerable sectlon of men t h ~ s sunply means a ternptatlon to "go elsewhere", but the fear of contracting venereal dlsease has certainly been a deterrent to many Now comes Prof Vermeersch's pronouncement that if they msh to "go elsewhere" they may do so mthout fear, by recourse to prophylactic oint- ments Is there any doubt as to the result?

Of course; few, i f any, Blrth-Controllers would for one moment object to the Church's concession t o prophylactics "per se" On the contrary, most of them would heartlly agree But to grant thls concession, whde stlll upholding the ban on contraception puts the virtuous religious woman In the most cruel poslhon possible She must deny her husband what she mould wlsh to gwe him, and see every obstacle to hls gettmg it from other women removed He may use a chemical prophylactic omtment, whlch Prof Vermeersch says "is nora ally indifferent" to avold the re- sults of "sln", she may not use a chemical contraceptwe omtment for the perfectly nrtuous purpose of retaming his love, whde mshmg to avoid launching another helpless poverty-stricken or dlseased baby ~ n t o a hfe of suffermg And all for what? Merely t o satlsfy a hair-drawn dls- t~nction which no intelligent person can hear of wlthout contempt, based on Scriptural injunctions which have

Notes STATES fied the action of the Leglslatlve Commlttee, movlng the amendment t o its actlve program There were some op- posing remarks made by the Cathohc members of the League hvlng in Buffalo Mrs Davld Porter and Mrs Chauncey Hamhn of Buffalo, spoke forcefully in favor of ~t as dld many prominent women throughout the state

I feel that this action of the League of Women Voters is an occaslon for congratulation among the fnends of Birth Control The League is a conservative body, known to be slow In endorsing new legslatlon, only dolng so after careful dehberation.

The Leg~slators a t Albany, know well the difference be- tween the actlve and endorsed program, and this actlon mll help the passage of our amendment tremendously

I am also glad that the League of Women Voters has placed itself thus defimtely in the ranks of courageous and hberal orgamzations

At the annual breakfast of the New York Cathollc Clrcle of the International Federat~on of Cathohc Alumnae held on December 3rd a t the Hotel Plaza, New York, M ~ I John P Chldmck, pastor of S t Agnes Church attacked the League of Women Voters for them action He sald that the women had "broken through every law of de-

been distorted a t the wlll of a Church which has constantly opposed Science and been ignomimously worsted in every encounter I have sald and repeat that the Roman Cath- ohc Church has already made these definite steps In the dlrectlon of countenancmg Birth Control however skill- fully ~t has sought t o &sgulse them, and I am qulte cer- tain ~f the women now make the same stand that the French men did in 1841, the Church wlll find some method of reconcihng ~ t s faith mth Blrth Control That the ultl- mate result 1s certam should be a warnlng to ~t to avold estrangmg its supporters, but, In the meanwhile, i t is no reason why we Birth-Controllers should not accelerate ~t

Prof Vermeersch 1s a distinguished member of the So- clety of Jesuits, of which it has been sald that ~ t s great pnnclple 1s that "the end justifies the means" Neo- Malthusians have claimed that the lim~tatlon of blrths mthin marrl@ge 1s imperat~ve In order to avold the evlls of over-population, poverty, famme, the propagation of heredttary d~seases and defects, sexual irregularities, and war, and this clam has been admitted openly by certam eminent Roman Cathollc wnters, and tacltly by the Church in ~ t s permlsslon to attempt limltatlon of b~r ths mthln marnage Does not such a great and noble end justify any means that will secure ~t wlthout gIving rue to any other evlls which can be observed as yet

C V DEYSDALE, D Sc , F R S F Rschmond, Surrey

Bzrth Control Revzew

cency" and called on Cathollc women to organlze and fight the b ~ l l

At Ut~ca , the B ~ r t h Control Comrnlttee of whlch Mrs Mane Sweet Smlth IS cha~rman called a luncheon confer- ence of about 50 leaders, a t the Hotel Martln on Decem- ber 6th The speakers were Mrs F Robertson Jones, Pres~dent of the Amencan Blrth Control League, Rabbl Isador B Hoffman, of Temple Beth-El and Mr Percy Clark of Cornell Mr Paul B Wlhams, Secretary of the Assoc~atlon Chanties, mtroduced Mrs Jones and the newspaper publlclty, of whlch Mrs Heck was In charge, was excellent

Among those attcndmg the meetmg were Mrs Mane Sweet Smlth, U t ~ c a , Mrs Constance Heck, New York, field secretary, and these committee cha~rmen Syracuse, Mrs C A Duvall, Onelda, D r Hdda Noyes, Rome, Mrs Charles Gllman, Llttle Falls, D r H W Vlckers, Herk- uner, Mrs C S Thompson, Camden, Mrs M W Van Tassel1

On December 7th Mrs Jones spoke before a meetmg of 35 persons Interested In the bill, a t the home of Mrs Frank M Leavltt a t Scarsdale

In the last days of November and the erst week m De- cember Guy I m n g Burch of Columbla Unlverslty who has been maklng a very thorough study of the lnternatlonal and the socml aspects of the problem of population lec- tured before groups of students a t Brotherhood House and a t the Labor Temple, under the ausplces of the Re- conclllatlon T n p s The auhence a t the Labor Temple was Professor Bowman's class from Columb~a Mr Burch has lectured on B ~ r t h Control to groups of college stu- dents before and 1s excellently equlpped for thls kmd of work

An excellent Blrth Control talk was even a t the Inger- sol1 Forum, 119 East 14th Street, on November 18th by D r Paul Bauerberg, an obstetnc~an of New York HIS argument was based on three grounds the progress of clvlhzat~on as the struggle for the control of nature, the nght of the ~ndwldual to reallze hls own conception of happmess, and the duty of the present generation to Im- prove the quahty of the race

In hls account of the wastefulness of nature uncon- trolled D r Bauerberg mtroduced the following story of a case from hls expenence "I have myself officiated", sald he, "at the confinement of a woman who had her thlrty- second attempted chddbeanng She had ten mlscarnages, SIX abortions and slxteen children, of whom elght dled In

mfancy" "Thls," he added "1s a pretty fa11 lllustratlon of blmd obedience to nature's anlmatlon "

Mrs Wdter Tamme, member of the Board of Darectora of thc Amencan Barth Contrd League m t e s (December 4th)

I had a mothers' meetlng a t my home here In Cold Spnne last week - ten present All enthus~astlc and

the dehvery of a dead chdd a few years ago, a t a hos- pltal In a Connecticut town It was necessary to st seven - - doctors to slgn that operation was necessary before the chlld was taken from her Her suffenng was homble because of the delay We have on our Cold Spnngs Comrnlttee a leadlng doctor and a clergyman of the town All w~ll help when we go to Albany

The New York blll was discussed a t a luncheon of the East New York Blrth Control Commlttees (Albany, Troy, Saratoga Spnngs, Ballston Spa and Amsterdam) a t Schenectady, on January 13th D r Ernest Caldecott, Chalrman of the Schenectady Comrnlttee, presrded, and Mrs F Robertson Jones, President of the Amencan Blrth Control League and Mrs Rlchard Bllllngs, Mem- ber of the Board of D~rectors of the League were the speakers Slxty representatives of local Blrth Control Commlttees and other co-operatmg organlzatlons were present, among them Mr W W Peck of Albanv, the Reverend and Mrs John C Ames of Saratoga Spnngs, Mrs Annette Remlngton of Ballston Spa and Mrs G H Durston of Amterdam Great Interest was shown and many valuable suggest~ons were made

R S SANGER opened her lecture tour m Callforma at Los Angeles where she spoke tmce under the

ausplces of the Paclfic F o h m On December 2, a luncheon was gwen In her honor by D r C L Conrad of the Forum and on the evemng of December 5 she lectured a t a large pubhc meetmg under the ausplces of the Forum On De- cember 8 she addressed the State Board of the Federa- tlon of Women's Clubs Mrs W W Green, state presl- dent, preslded

From Los Angeles she went to San Franclsco, where on December 12 she was the guest of honor, wlth Mrs Ruth Bryant Owen and Judge Lmdsey, a t a press group dmner The follomng day she was gmen a luncheon by the Penn Women of San Jose She spoke a t a luncheon of the San Francslco Women's Club on December 14. lectuled a t San Jose and a t San Franclsco, December 15 and 16, before the Commonwealth Club of Cahfornm a t San Franc~sco, December 17 , spoke a t a luncheon of the Women's Club of Oakland on the 19th, and before the Oakland Open Forum on the 20th Everywhere great interest was s h o w In her plea for Blrth Control Cllnlcs Mrs Sanger's Cah- fonua tour was managed by Ahce Seckles of San Franclsco

u NDER sensational headlines wh~ch misrepresent the facts, the press throughout the country has re-

ported 8 statement about Blrth Control made by Judge Harnson W Emng of the Court of Common Pleas of Cleveland On December 4th, Otto and Helen Kounm hnth nnnlled for dlvorce after thev had been llvlne apart

- ... want large meetlng called here, soon One mother told of ---.. -rr---- ~ -- ~ ~ - -

f o r a g h t months, the woman supportmg herself On l e a m n g tha t the couple had been marned when the woman was 1 7 and the man 24, t h a t they already had three ch~ldren, t ha t the man was earnmg only $24 00 a week and tha t hls work was ~rregular , Judge E m n g denled the appl~catlon for d~vorce He ordered tha t the separa t~on be cont~nued f o r three years so t ha t no more ch~ldren should be born H e added In comment on h ~ s d e c ~ s ~ o n tha t when the woman appealed t o the Juven~le Court on the ground of non-support when her first chdd was a year old, the court should have been authonzed t o refer her t o sources of contraceptwe adv~ce

Smce t h ~ s 1s the first tlme tha t the ~mportance of B ~ r t h Control m cases t ha t come t o domest~c relat~ons courts has rece~ved official recognit~on from the bench In the U n ~ t e d States, we r e p r ~ n t 1x1 full Judge Edw~n's own state- ment, as publ~shed In the New York Wol-ld, December 8 th H e says

The Arst storles on the Kourun dlvorce case were wholly mls- leading and msquoted me I drd not direct nor advlse them to praet~ce Blrth Control They have been separated eight months and they appear to be permanently estranged Each sought to obtaln a dlvorce and the custody of three chddren w d one, two and four, years

I merely refused both drvorce pleas although the evldence was sutselent to justify a dlvome m an ordlnary case, holdlng that publlc Interest forbade their bung set free to marry agam when they cannot support and educate these chlldreu decently Then, on the assumption that they would continue to llve apart, I awarded custodv of the baby to the wlfe and the other two ehll- dren t o the hus6and

My reference to Blrth Control was a casual comment on the em- dence whwh msclosed that, when the wlfe was about to he con- Aued wlth the second ehdd, she had brought her husband before the Juvende Court, seelung money for the expenses of the con- Anement, the bnsband belng employed only part tune and unable to Pay

I sa~d ~t was lamentable that In such an extreme case the Juve- nde Court had no legal rlght to order that Blrth Control inform* tron be Oven to prevent recurrence of a slmdar pmblem, whwh was intensl6ed when the thlrd chlld came after an eleven months' Interval I am unwlllmg to become involved In a general dlscussron of Blrth Contml Advocacr of such hmhlv controversial chanaes m statutory law IS, In my oiln~on, not w&m the legltlmate scope of J U & C ~ ~ adlvlty Blr th Control 1s not forb~dden under the Ohlo law and

a B ~ r t h Control C h n ~ c 1s a t present In opera t~on In Cleve- land

A few da f s before t h ~ s case In Judge Ewing's court, J a s J D a m , Secretary of the U n ~ t e d States Department of Labor, speakmg on the labor problem a t Hyde Pa rh Commun~ty Methodist Ep~scopallan Church, stated, ac- cording t o the C+nctnmtr Comnerc~al T r d w tha t

There were 1,874,000 persons out of work In the Un~ted States, (1927) Industry IS no longer able to absorb the men thrown out of work by labor savmg machmery and the natural mcrease of workers among the farmlles now here Yet people urge thnt we wont lmmlaratlan so that the mereased population will make us a great nailon

"My answer rs that ~f low wages, dhteracy and huge popula- tlon make eountrlrs great, Chma should rank as the greatest na- hon m the world And on that ratlnx lnd~a would be second

Pennsylvama

F ROM Ph~ladelph~a Mrs Alle,ne C Martln, the execu- twe d~ rec to r of the State B ~ r t h Control Federat~on,

wr~ te s Our Southeastern Pennsylvama Bmth Control

League held ~ t s annual meetmg a t the Fnends' Ins t~ tu te , 2 0 South 12th Street, Ph~lade lph~a , on November 14th The followmg officers were elected

President, Joseph Stokes, Jr , M D , Phda Vlce-Presidents, Kate W Baldwm, M D , Phda Mrs George A Dunnmg, F'hda , Floyd E Keene, M D , Phlla Stuart Mudd, M D , Vllla Nova, Mrs Imogen Oakley, Phda , Henry K Pancoast, M D , Ardmore, Mm Anna M W Pennypacker, Phda., Frances R Sprague, M D , Phlla , Mrs Pope Yeatman, Phlla The treasurer 1s Mrs S F Sharpless, Phlla , the Secretary, Mrs H W~lson Moorhouse, Ardmore

It w ~ l l be very mterestmg for the other States t o see the perfectly splend~d doctors we have on thls Comm~ttee D r Stokes 1s the fourth generation of doctors from tha t f a m l y In Phdadelph~a and 1s one of the leadmg pedlatnc physmans In the S ta te You w111 note tha t D r Pancoast 1s also one of our V~ce-Presidents, and he IS outstandmg nationally a s an ex-ray spec~ahst

Officers elected a t the last annual meetmg of the S ta te Federat~on, held November 22, are

Presdent, A Lovett Dewees, M D, Haverford Vlcc-Pres~dents, Roswell H Johnson, M S , Plttsburgh, Mrs Stanley Bnght, Read- mg, Floyd E Keane, M D , Phdadephla, Lawrence Litchfleld, M D , Rttsburgh, Mrs Chas N Loveland, Wilkes-Barro, Stuart Mudd,MD, Vllla Nova, Henry K Pancoast, M D , Ardmore, Joseph Stokes, J r , MD, Philadelphra, Norrls W Vaux, M.D, Phrladelphia, H C Westervelt, M D , Plttsburgh Secretary, Mrs George A Dunmng, Phdadelphia. Treasurer, Samuel Emlen, Germantown, Phdadelphia

W e feel tha t our o rgan~za t~on has both as officers and counc~l, the most outstandmg people of the %ate lend~ng thew names t o s t , and we are very proud of the progress we are makmg along these lmes

W e are plannmg to mtroduce a b ~ l l In the 1929 sesslon of the Lepslature, and Mrs Regmald Jacobs of Ardmore, Cha~rman of the Comm~ttee on Meet~ngs, IS p l ann~ng a b ~ g program fo r the comlng year

T h ~ s 1s a httle morsel of news tha t mlght well be of In- terest t o other States M r Samuel Emlen, who was Rep- resentatme In Harnsburg, representmg the 16th D ~ s t r ~ c t of Phdadelph~a In 1927, and who champ~oned our brll when In Comm~ttee, has not only jomed ou r o rgan~za t~on but has taken the treasurersh~p of our S ta te Federat~on and 1s heading our Leps l a t~ve Comm~ttee for the next sesslon H e 1s not bemg returned t o Harrisburg, a s he d ~ d not run f o r office M r Emlen 1s from a very old Quaker fam~ly , wh~ch has hved In Ph~ lade lph~a for many generat~ons

CHINA ROM D r Dryden L~nsley Phelps of the West Chma

Unwers~ty (M ~ s s ~ o n a r y ) a t Chengtu, Szechwau. comes a n extremely mformatne and encouraging letter about the poss~b~l l ty of spreadmg B r t h Control a s p a r t of the Ch~nese Mass Educatron Moxement D r Phelps a rltes

Among the students all over Chma B ~ r t h Control IS

Lnown and dmussed, and thcre are translatlons of nlrs Sanger's pamphlets (very poor translatlons, I am told) These are for sale, even In West Chma Generally speak- Ing, the students are In favor of B ~ r t h Control The older class of Chmese would not be, hut t hen mews are count~ng less and less A t a meet~ng of the "first term" mlsslonary teachers a t the West Chma U n ~ o n Un~verslty, about

28 Bzrth Control Revzew

thlrty of us, men and women, graduates In medlcme, bac- tenology, dentistry, theology, etc , there was unammous agreement that Blrth Control was one of the very funda- mental solutions for Chlna's sheaf of problems Ignorance, poverty, mllltansm, etc, etc The group represented graduates from unlversltles In Canada, Unlted States, England and Austraha

The ways t o work, ~t seems to me, are 1 By conversations mth young Chrnese leaders, 2 By artlcles In the Chmese magazines and papers,

shomng that Blrth Control w d not destroy the Chlnese famlly system, but wlll ~nsure ~t better chlldren

3 By convlnclng the leaders of the Mass Education Movement (Dr Yen IS now in the East, New York, I be- Leve) that Blrth Control propaganda and lnformatlon should be spread slde by slde m t h the propaganda of educatlon, by the Government

Once the Chrnese get an ~dea, they move with amazing speed The thmg 1s to convlnce the young Chlnese lead- ers I shall bend every energy m this direction upon my return to Chma next fall

The real d15culty m Chlna 1s not so much objections to Blrth Control These can be met, and are being met, once people there become convmced that ~t is Quabty rather than Quantlty of Llfe which counts hfe In terms of per- sons rather than hfe in terms of nce But the real need

I B i r t h C o n t r o l and contraceptwe mforniatlon recewed nat~on- m d e publlcrty recently because of the reported mllng of Judge Harr~son Emng of Cleveland Read about at m

I J A N U A R Y 1 5 I S S U E

of

I T H E SURVEY 1 Arttcle. camng In The Survey t w ~ c e a month arc

FACING DNORCE, by Ira S Wde, M D NIGHT CLUB GIRLS, by George C Worthlugton THE NEW GERMANY, a specla1 number by John Palmer

Gavlt

The Survey for 1 year (24 cop~es) $5 00 Tnal Offer 3 months (6 cop~es) 100

( THE SURVEY

112 E 19th S t , New York Clty

Enter me for 3 mop of The Survey, for whlch I attach $1 00

Name

B C R

and difficulty 1s How t o dxscover the best and cheapest, slmplest and most hygemc methods of actual Blrth Con- trol If we could solve that, the rest would not be Im- possible

The chlef objection t o Blrth Control In Chlna will be that ~t "will declmate the upper classes " But that can be obvlated by mass educatlon, a t wh~ch the Chmese are genluses Once the common people over there are con- vlnced that Blrth Control wdl mean greater health, pros- penty, freedom, and greater safeguardmg of the health of the chldren whom they do have, the rest 1s easy But the methods available' There 1s the problem

Correspondence CONGRATULATIONS FOR DR DRYSDALE

Ibnols Edrtor

I would hke to congratulate C V Drysdale on hls artlcle about Roman Cathohcs In last month's lssue I t h n k every Cathohc ought t o read ~t So many of the poorer class have a very famt conception of what thelr reupon really stands for They seem to understand only the "need" for confession, prayer, observance of fast days and absolute obedience to the pnest My grandparents on both slden were peasants under Nlcolas of Russla and d any one told the;that between the Czar and the Church thew bread never reached them mouths he'd be called crazy or worse E W

[Tlus Correspondelat d udoubtedly roekome D r DryahIda new letter rn thra r s w Ed 1

Letter to Raymond A d of Sun Franorco

I am interested In Blrth Control, especially as ~t relates t o the cnme problem The notonously unfit should m my oplmon, be s t enbed and thus be prevented from beget- ting thelr kmd AUGUST VOLL~~EB,

(Chtef of Polrre of Berkeley. Caltfornta, and reoptrnt of the Harmon Award for 1928)

Emtor I am afrald my contnbutlon to your sympos~um 1s a

httle late, but I am glad the proposal t o combme the "REVIEW" mth a eugenlcs magazine fell through Birth Control work would suffer by the combmatlon. Most of the eugenlcs enthuslasts are only half-baked, and a lot of the stuff they publlsh 1s very unsound

MALCOLM H BISSELL

(Wsth thra kt ter we close the correspondence concern- mg the proposal to ccnnbmne the BIBTH CONTROL REVIEW mth a Eugewa m g a x w -Ed )

Child Labor ON SUNDAY, JANUARY 27, AT TRE REQUEST OF THE NATIONAL CHILD LABOR COMMITTEE, 215 FOURTH

AVENUE, NEW YORK, &'~INISTERS WILL PREACH 4ND PRAYERS WILL BE SAID FOR

LITTLE CHILD LABORERS OF AMERICA

Owen Lovejoy, one of the founder8 and for many years to gwe up Several eloquent letters of t h ~ s type are in- Execatwe S e c r d a q of the Commttee saga of the root and cluded In the present group fowadotwm of child Wor A quality of almost ~rres~stlble appeal 1s revealed In cer-

If I were asked on the basis of my experience mth child labor t o gwe the one cause wh~ch In my opuuon 1s more potent than any other m bnngmg about ch~ld la- bor, I would unhes~tatingly say that large farmhes beyond capac- ity of one person to support, he nearest the cause of the problem

Margaret Sanger rays of the burdad children

Let us hsten now to the voices of the chldren-to those daugh- ters who have been born In the mds t of large and gromng fam- ~hes, who a t the tenderest age have been brought ~ n t o m m d a t e con- tact mth the &re realit~es of hfe

A certam number of the letters are from that large class of women who have been "ch~ld mothers " The chld mother 1s an eas~ly r e c o p a b l e type Often the eld- est daughter m a large brood of chldren, she 1s called upon by the death of the mother to take over heavy household dut~es, to bring up younger s~sters and brothers Not drequently a helpless infant a few days, a few weeks, or a few months old, rs left for the ch~ld mother t o tend. Young enough t o feel keenly the depnvat~on of the 3098 of chddho~d, this @rl IS t o face pmoc~ously the harsh b~olog- lcal reaht~es of hfe She grows lnto early womanhood dlsillus~on- ed of all ~deas of romance o r of any poss~ble happmess In marnage

Beforehand she knows what to expect of matnmony Ahead of her she sees only the meanmgless repetition of the slavery of her mother's hfe T h ~ s she seeks to avoid a t any cost, no matter how expensive, o r what temporary happ~ness she may be called upon

T H E N E W S B O Y

street 1s home for you You eat and T H s E e p

W ~ t h b~gger boys and hark to what they say,

And thmk them m~ghty men and, shamefaced,

keep Your baby fears and thoughts all h ~ d

away You're starved for food and sleep and love,

though you Would scoff a t t h ~ s and call ~t all untrue

And oh, you're just a httle lad, a httle lad, a httle lad,

Who ought to think the world's a place for havmg fun and bemg glad,

Who ought to be good fr~ends w ~ t h trees and chumm w ~ t h the sky and breeze,

And who's to blame, I wonder, ~f you grow up queer and gross and bad?

-(From NEWSIE-BOY, b~y d f t ~ r n Tswhmr)

- - tam leters from your g d s stand- mg a t the threshold of marnage, g d s who hes~tate before t ak~ng that fatal step wh~ch would inen- tably plunge them ~ n t o a needless repetrt~on of them mothers' hves

Another set 1s from mothers who real~ze that if they bnng more chddren into the world, they w~ll perforce swell the ranks of chdd- labor, mfants predest~ned to the factory a t an early age Such mothers are conscious of the mn- justice done t o the chldren of the second generation and the cost t o them own homes and souls

Perhaps the most eloquent let- ter In the present group IS the briefest "I am golng to be mar- ned soon and I don't want any ch~ldren for awhde My mother d ~ e d a t ch~ldb~rth and I had to take care of them She had fifteen children I don't want any for awhrle" There 1s another letter of great & p t y from an unmar- ned woman of ~ 1 s t ~ - t w o , who has been forced to work for her hvlng slnce the age of eleven She had been one of many children born Into a poor fam~ly

Cheated as most of these math- ers have been of the roseate ro- mances of adolescence, one finds In them sobnety a d ~ g n ~ t y and a Spartan recogn~t~on of the harsh realities of fam~ly hfe In then case, concealment of b~ologcal laws had been futde

We may lmagine the warnlngs whispered by the mother to the eldest daughter - beseech~ng her a t any cost to avold entermg that destructwe maze of maternity wh~ch has enslaved them all

-From Chapter VIII of "Motherhood In Bondage -Vower of Ths Chlldrsn

Bzrth Control Reznew

Little Victims of Overstrained Nerves

w H A T 1s a work~ng-class mother to do? In many cases she 1s hvmg In two rooms mth a large famdy,

wresthng mth almost constant ch~ld-bear~ng and conse- quent illness The older ch~ldren get out of hand because she has not the knowledge, the t~me, or the energy to tram them properly

Last week a woman asked me what she could do with her boy of eight He fought and struck her, he stole money whenever she left any about, he destroyed h ~ s clothes and those of the other chddren, and h ~ s example was teachmg the others to be just as bad "I have e~ght ch~ldren and another commg," s a ~ d the mother, "and after the last two I was m the hosp~tal for three months each tlme with com- phcat~ons They are not bad chldren. If ever I cry and say I am worn out, httle Jacky's arms are around my neck In a mmute and he 1s sorry But he's just as bad an hour later "

The father 1s earmng only 35s a week T h ~ s httle story bnngs to hght so many problems the problem of B ~ r t h Control, the problem of housmg, the problem of m- adequate pay Frankly, I see no way of helplng that chlld, or, mdeed, any in the farndy HIS mother 1s too ttred to do much If she were energet~c and healthy, lack of money would make the home so wretched that the clul- dren would always be in that condlt~on of nervous unrest that produces these so-called dehnquencies If there were more money it 1s very doubtful whether a family of ten would get accommodation m a decent house, there are s t ~ l l so few avadable and landlords cannot be blamed for not wanting them houses spo~led by these httle hoohgans

I was astomshed a few weeks ago, havlng wntten an ar t~cle on tyranmcal chddren for a working-class paper, t o get upwards of a hundred letters from mothers telhng me of chldren rangmg from three to fifteen years old who were, as they put it, "turmng us out of house and home " These chlldren are the nctlms of nerve-wrack~ng sur- roundmgs, of financ~al ~nsecunty, wh~ch plays havoc mth them nerves when they hear then parents dwcussmg, m a panlc, the problem of finding work and bread, they are the v ~ c t ~ m s of harassed, overdnven parents Even In the hands of experienced psycholog~sts they would be a dlffi- cult proposltlon As ~t IS, they have to be n t h the harassed people who have mnocently made them as they are In school, where they are a t peace and kept occup~ed most of these chddren have excellent characters, when they leave school and, as IS the ~ l e In these days, run about the streets for months a t a t ~ m e they become what are called delmquents Magistrates hke Mr Clarke Hall are always s t r~kmg a warnlng note "We are making a class of hopeless dehnquents," they say These are the children who, when they marry, w~ll bnng mto the world a further generation of dehnquents

LEONORA EYLES, In the Mancheater Guardwn (England)

BIRTH CONTROL AND THE DOCTORS

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Some More Medlcal V~ews on Blrth Control

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