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TWO-DIMENSIONAL
DESIGN
Unit 3
Positive and Negative Space
Space is an Element of Art created simply by drawing an object on a page.
Positive space is filled by an object or element.Negative space surrounds the positive space.
Types of Space
Decorative or Shallow Space Decorative: has little to no
depth Shallow: Confined, limited
space in an artwork
Plastic or Deep/Infinite Space Plastic: has a 3D feel by
creating a sense of depth far beyond the picture frame
Deep/Infinite: feels limitless
The Gestalt Principles of Perception
Gestalt is a psychology term which means "unified whole.”
It refers to theories of visual perception developed by German psychologists in the 1920s that attempt to describe how people organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes when certain principles are applied. These principles are:
Figure/Ground Relationships Similarity Proximity Closure Continuity Area
Figure/Ground Relationships
The pictorial relationship between positive and negative spaces in an art work. Helps the viewer identify the figure (or foreground) from the background.
Similarity
Viewers tend to group together objects that share the same characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, and value An object can be
emphasized if it is dissimilar to the others. This is called anomaly (see example to the right)
Proximity
Occurs when elements are placed close together. They tend to be perceived as a group. The nine squares above are
placed without proximity. They are perceived as separate shapes.
When the squares are given close proximity, unity occurs. While they continue to be separate shapes, they are now perceived as one group.
Closure
The idea that the brain will fill in any extraneous information which is not present in the image.
Occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not completely enclosed
Continuity
The idea that the eye will continue to look in a direction in which it is pushed by the forms and shapes present.
Area
The smaller of 2 overlapping objects is seen as the foreground. The larger is seen as the background.
You likely see the smaller squares as the foreground in both cases.
Spatial Indicators
The following strategies allow an artist to manipulate the viewer’s perception of space in an artwork: Size Sharpness Location / Placement Overlapping Interpenetration Converging Parallels (linear perspective)
Size
As objects move back in space, they appear to get smaller
Sharpness
As objects move back in space, they appear to get softer, or blurry (out of focus) This effect is also commonly referred to as
atmospheric perspective
Location / Placement
As objects move up the picture plane they appear to recede, or, as objects move towards the horizon they appear to recede
Overlapping
Objects in front will block objects behind Overlap will trump (override) the other
indicators, so keep that in mind!
Interpenetration
When one object passes through another and emerges on the other side
Converging Parallels
Opposite edges will move towards each other; converging lines often indicate the angle of view This is really just linear perspective!!!
CONTEMPORARY ART
Unit 4
Abstract Expressionism Action Painting Color-field Painting
Optical ArtPopular ArtMinimalism
Performance ArtEarth ArtPhotorealismNeo-expressionismConceptual ArtPost-Modernism
DefinitionArt produced at the present period in time;
includes, and develops from, Postmodern art, which is itself a successor to Modern art.
Contemporary Art
Pre-1945Emphasis on
imitationalism; realism Documentation of
events, historical figures, or religion
Paris = center of art world
Post-1945Emphasis on
formalism; color and geometry Revolt against
previous movementsNYC = new center of
art world Europe in disarray
after WW2 Rise of Fascism in
Europe brought artists to the US
The History of Contemporary Art
Abstract Expressionism
Mid 40s – 50s: 1st new style to arrive
Emphasizes abstract elements of art instead of recognizable subjects; Stresses feelings and emotions
Major Artists: Hans Hofmann, Jackson Pollock, Josef Albers, Mark Rothko, Willem de Kooning
Abstract Expressionism
Action PaintingEmphasized the spontaneous,
physical act of painting (dripping, splattering, pouring, etc.)
Major Artists: Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning
Color Field PaintingColor for the pure sense of colorHas a calmer, almost spiritual
qualityMajor Artists: Mark Rothko and
Helen Frankenthaler
Shimmering Substance (1946), by Jackson Pollock
No. 61 (Rust and Blue) (1953),by Mark Rothko
Optical Art
Mid 50s – 70sUses scientific
knowledge of vision to create optical illusions of movement, relying on the careful manipulation of the elements and principles of design
Major Artists: Bridget Riley, Victor Vasarely, MC Escher
Movement in Squares (1961), by Bridget Riley
Pop Art
Late 50s – 60sArtists portrayed images in
pop culture and mass media.
Began in Great Britain and spread to the US as a reaction against Abstract Expressionism; it’s playful and iconic, not psychological and spiritual.
Major Artists: Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, and Claus Oldenburg
Campbell’s Soup I (1968), by Andy Warhol
Minimalism
Late 60s – PresentArtists sought
absolute simplicity, using a minimum of art elements: shape or color.
Hard-edge paintings: emphasis is on crisp, precise edges
Major Artists: Frank Stella, Donald Judd, Ronald Bladen, and Dan Flavin
Harran II (1967), by Frank Stella
Untitled (1967), by Lorser Feitelson