Two Miles - Eighteen Bridges A walk along the Chicago River

7/23/2019 Two Miles - Eighteen Bridges A walk along the Chicago River

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/two-miles-eighteen-bridges-a-walk-along-the-chicago-river 1/172

[|h @gbet — Eglj{eea Csgklet[|h @gbet — Eglj{eea Csgklet F |fbm fbhal {je Djgdflh Sg~es F |fbm fbhal {je Djgdflh Sg~es

Cw CwOfèt T! Yjgbbgyt Ofèt T! Yjgbbgyt

§399: Ofèt T! Yjgbbgyt



3

Fdmah|beklèa{t Fdmah|beklèa{t

[jgt yshoed{ celfa hae tu`ès `hsagal ga 399> f{ {je Ysfgsge F~eaue Chhmtjhy ha

\fcftj F~eaue! [jfamt {h fa hnnjfak se`fsm cw {je dbesm" {je teek |ft ybfa{ek!

[usagal fa gkef ga{h f ngagtjek |sg{{ea yshkud{ gt ah{ eftw ft G,` tuse fawhae |jh jft

fddh`ybgtjek g{ mah|t! G{ sevugset tuyyhs{ fak eadhusfleèa{ nsh` nf`gbw" nsgeakt" fak

dhbbefluet!

Thè tyedgfb {jfamt fse ga hskes nhs {jhte hslfagzf{ghat |jh |ese mgak eahulj {h ysh~gke

gayu{ fak eadhusfleèa{! [je Djgdflh Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha" Ealgaeesgal Kg~gtgha

hyeaek uy {jegs fsdjg~et! Kf{f nsh` Csgkle Hyesf{ghat= {je Djgdflh Ngb` Dh``gttgha= fak {je

D[F |ft ettea{gfb {h {je ennhs{! [je lhhk af{use fak fttgt{fade hn {je yesthaaeb ga {je Djgdflh

Jgt{hsw @uteu` Setefsdj Dea{es |ese f lsef{ jeby ft |ebb!

@faw {jfamt {h Ogbb Lfatea fak Dfsb Cgdmnhsk |jh csf~ek {jshulj fa efsbw ksfn{! [jegs

dh`èa{t fak tullet{ghat |ese ga~fbufcbe" ft |ft Lesfbk \gbbgf`t, eadhusfleèa{ f{ mew

`hèa{t ga {je yshdett!

Fak ngafbbw {h `w |gne Yf{! Tje jft tes~ek ft ekg{hs" yshhnsefkes" dsg{gd" dhfdj" fak

thuakgal chfsk! \g{jhu{ jes tuyyhs{ fak eadhusfleèa{" {jgt |hubk t{gbb ce out{ fa gkef!



4

Dha{ea{tDha{ea{t

Ga{shkud{gha!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! >

F \hsk Fchu{ [husgal!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7

F Csgen Jgt{hsw!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !64

[je Celgaagalt!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!64

[je Efsbw Sg~es Dshttgalt 6:37-6:;9!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6>

@h~fcbe Csgklet G? 6:;9-6:5; Yha{hha T|gal Csgklet!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6:

@h~fcbe Csgklet GG? 6:5;-6:79 Dea{es Yges T|gal Csgklet!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!39

[je Tefsdj nhs f Ae| [wye Csgkle 6:79-6799!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !36

[je Ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je Djgdflh [wye Cftdube Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3<

[je Dussea{ Csgklet!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!49

E{de{esf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !46

Dhadbutgha!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !;>

Ealgaeesgal !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !;:

[je Cftgd Kengag{ghat fak Dhadey{t!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;7

Ketgla Tyedgngdf{ghat(Csgkle Dbfttgngdf{gha!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>9

Ngst{ Leaesf{gha Csgklet 6799-6769!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>6

Tedhak Leaesf{gha Csgklet 6769-6749!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>4

[jgsk Leaesf{gha Csgklet Keysettgha Esf-6749!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>7

Nhus{j Leaesf{gha Csgklet — Yht{ \\GG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<9



;

Dha{ea{tDha{ea{t

[je Csgklet!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! <3

Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:9

Ahs{j Dhbu`cut Ksg~e Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:5

Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!79

Ahs{j \fcftj F~eaue Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7:

Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!694

Ahs{j Kefschsa T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!69:

Ahs{j Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!663

Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!66<

Ahs{j \ebbt T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!636

Ahs{j Nsfambga-Hsbefat T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!63>

\et{ Bfme T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!649

\et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!64;

\et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!64<

\et{ @fkgtha T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6;4

\et{ @hashe T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6;<

\et{ Fkf`t T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!656

\et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!655

\et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{ Csgkle!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!657

Dhadbutgha!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !6>4



5

Dha{ea{tDha{ea{t

Cgcbghlsfyjw!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !6>;

Csgkle Kf{f!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6>;

Csgkle Jgt{hsw!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6>;

Csgkle Yf{ea{t!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6>:

Djgdflh Kf{f!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6>:

Djgdflh Jgt{hsw!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6>7

Ealgaeesgal Cghlsfyjgdfb Kf{f!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6<3



Ga{shkud{gha Ga{shkud{gha >

G hsglgafbbw dfè uy |g{j {je gkef nhs {jgt yshoed{ ga {je Tu`ès hn 399>! G jfk out{

ngagtjek f `hsagal |fbm uy \fdmes Ksg~e nsh` Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e" f{ {je `hu{j hn

{je Djgdflh Sg~es" {h \et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{ ha {je Thu{j Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es!

G{ |ft f cefu{gnub tu`ès `hsagal |g{j dsh|kt hn yehybe `fmgal {jegs |fw {h |hsm! G

nhuak `wtebn dfy{g~f{ek cw {je ~fsge{w hn t{wbet fak flet hn {je eglj{eea csgklet ha {jgt

shu{e! Ga fkkg{gha {h {je cefu{w G tf| ga {jete t{sud{uset" G dhubk neeb fa eaeslw nbh|gal

fdshtt {je` ga{h {je dg{w! F{ {je Ahs{j \ebbt fak \et{ Bfme t{see{ csgklet G tf| {je Eb"

yeket{sgfat" fak dfst nbh|gal! F{ {je Bwsgd Hyesf Csgkle *\et{ @fkgtha T{see{'" G

bhhmek thu{j fbhal {je sg~es fak tf| {je @hashe" Fkf`t" fak Ofdmtha csgklet {ee`gal|g{j dfst fak yeket{sgfat `fmgal {jegs |fw nsh` Uagha T{f{gha fak ebte|jese!

@w ealgaeesgal cfdmlshuak yshcfcbw ezybfgat `w ea{jutgft` nhs {je èdjfagdfb

af{use hn {jete t{sud{uset! Fb{jhulj {jese teeèk {h ce `hse lhgal ha {jgt yfs{gdubfs

`hsagal! G nhuak `wtebn `hse dusghut fchu{ {je jgt{hsw hn {jete csgklet fak {jegs

g`yfd{ ha {je dg{w!

Ga faw e~ea{" G {hhm te~esfb ygd{uset hn efdj csgkle fak f{ {je dh`ybe{gha hn `w

|fbm" G kedgkek {h ~gtg{ {je Djgdflh Fsdjg{ed{use Nhuakf{gha T{hse ha @gdjglfa F~eaue

{h tee gn {jese |ese faw chhmt tu``fsggal cftgd nfd{t" jgt{hsw" thdgfb g`yfd{" e{d! hn {je

csgklet G jfk out{ teea! [jese |esea,{ faw! G |ft kgsed{ek {h {je Ysfgsge F~eaue

Chhmtjhy ha \fcftj F~eaue! Flfga" ah{jgal tyedgngdfbbw ha {je csgklet" {jhulj {je

dbesm {jhulj{ tje jfk teea thè{jgal |sg{{ea ga {je 67:9,t! Fak {jea" tje se`fsmek?

‒Whu aeek {h |sg{e hae!‐

[jf{ |ft {je leaetgt hn {jgt chhm! Ha {je |fw cfdm {h `w fyfs{èa{" G t{hyyek cw

{je Jfshbk \ftjgal{ha Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Yucbgd Bgcsfsw fak t{fs{ek `w setefsdj!

Tgade {jf{ {gè" G jf~e `fke te~esfb `hse ~gtg{t {h {je bgcsfsw fak {je Djgdflh Jgt{hsgdfb

Thdge{w Setefsdj Dea{es= tefsdjek {jshulj Djgdflh [sgcuae fs{gdbet tyfaagal {je wefst

nsh` 6:;7 ua{gb {hkfw= fak tyea{ dhua{bett jhust ha {je ga{esae{ lf{jesgal kf{f! Fak nhs



Ga{shkud{gha <

lhhk èftuse" G jf~e seyef{ek {je gag{gfb |fbm te~esfb {gèt" {fmea f au`ces hn

|f{es {fzg sgket" fak {fmea `faw `hse yjh{hlsfyjt!

G jf~e bg`g{ek {je tdhye hn {je yshoed{ {h {je eglj{eea csgklet G tf| ha `w

gag{gfb |fbm! [je tme{dj hn {je sg~es ga Gbbut{sf{gha 6 tjh|t {je bhdf{ghat hn {je

csgklet! @w setefsdj t{fs{ek |g{j f bhhm f{ 67{j Dea{usw Djgdflh ga {je dha{ez{ hn

{je sg~es dshttgalt! G |ft bhhmgal nhs {je |jea" |jw" |jf{" fak jh| hn {jete efsbw

dshttgalt! Djgdflh csgkle e~hbu{gha" gadbukgal {je djfalgal sevugseèa{t hn {je

dg{w" {je ealgaeesgal cftgdt" fak f cghlsfyjgdfb bhhm f{ thè mew ealgaeest |ft

fbth ezybhsek! [je ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je Djgdflh [wye cftdube csgkle fak {jetglagngdfade hn efdj csgkle |g{jga {jgt lshuy |ft t{ukgek! Fak" nhs bfdm hn f ce{{es

{es`" dub{usfb {sg~gf *ae|t t{hsget" `h~get" fs{" e{d!' sebf{ek {h {je dussea{ csgklet

|ft ah{ek ft |ebb!



Ga{shkud{gha :

G jf~e hslfagek {jgt `f{esgfb ga tudj f |fw ft {h `fme g{ fa eftw seneseade {h

ute ha f {hus hn {je csgklet" hs ft fa eaohwfcbe fak ganhs`f{g~e sefk f{ jhè! Gafkkg{gha" G jf~e dsef{ek f dh`ybeèa{fsw |ec tg{e ea{g{bek Djgdflh Bhhy Csgklet

*j{{y?((|||!djgdflhbhhycsgklet!dh ' |jgdj tuyybeèa{t {je {hus ganhs`f{gha

ysh~gkek ga {jgt chhm!

[je djfy{es ea{g{bek ‒ F Csgen Jgt{hsw"‐ tu``fsget {je efsbw ke~ebhyèa{ hn

Gbbut{sf{gha 6? [je Bhdf{gha hn {je Eglj{eea Csgklet Kgtduttek ga {jgt Chhm

63 4

;

5 > < : 769

66

63

64

6;

65

6>

6<

6:

6! A Bfme Tjhse Ks 3! A Dhbu`cut Ks 4! A @gdjglfa F~e;! A \fcftj F~e5! A T{f{e T{ >! A Kefschsa T{

<! A Dbfsm T{ :! A BfTfbbe T{ 7! A \ebbt T{ 69! A Nsfambga-Hsbefat T{ 66! \ Bfme T{ 63! \ Sfakhbyj T{

64! \ \ftjgal{ha Cb~k 6;! \ @fkgtha T{ 65! \ @hashe T{ 6>! \ Fkf`t T{ 6<! \ Ofdmtha Cb~k 6:! \ ^fa Cusea T{



Ga{shkud{gha 7

Djgdflh |g{j f tbfa{ {h|fsk sg~es dshttgalt! [jgt gadbuket {je e~hbu{gha hn {je

csgklet utek fak {je jgt{hsgdfb ke{fgbt cejgak {je ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je Djgdflh [wye

cftdube csgkle" ft |ebb ft thè ganhs`f{gha ha {je ealgaeest ga~hb~ek!

[je djfy{es ea{g{bek ‒Ealgaeesgal‐ ysetea{t f `hse {edjagdfb kgtduttgha hn {je

csgklet ga ybfde {hkfw! [je cftgd ealgaeesgal dhadey{t " ft |ebb ft {je e~hbu{gha hn

{je Djgdflh [wye cftdube csgkle nsh` 6799 {h 67:; gt kgtduttek!

[je ‒[je Csgklet‐ djfy{es hn {je chhm ezybhset {je eglj{eea sg~es dshttgalt

gakg~gkufbbw ga {je hskes tjh|a ha {je `fy ga Gbbut{sf{gha 6! G jf~e gadbukek f

tu``fsw hn {je dshttgal nsh` {je ngst{ dshttgal *nessw" {uaaeb" hs csgkle' {h {jedussea{ csgkle= |jese yhttgcbe" G jf~e gadbukek f ketdsgy{gha hn |jf{ G dhatgkesek

{h ce {je tglagngdfa{ e~ea{t ga {je jgt{hsw hn {je dussea{ csgkle= fak G jf~e ysh~gkek

ketdsgy{ghat fak yjh{hlsfyjt hn {je fsdjg{ed{usfb fak ealgaeesgal nef{uset

gadbukgal hyesf{gal evugyèa{ *ft f~fgbfcbe'!

@w thusdet fse bgt{ek ga {je ‒Cgcbghlsfyjw‐ ted{gha f{ {je eak hn {je chhm!

[jete seneseadet fse df{elhsgek ft Csgkle Kf{f= Csgkle Jgt{hsw= Csgkle Yf{ea{t=

Djgdflh Kf{f= Djgdflh Jgt{hsw= fak Ealgaeesgal Cghlsfyjgdfb Kf{f! Ga fkkg{gha

{h {je ahs`fb cgcbghlsfyjgd ganhs`f{gha" |ec fkksettet fse ysh~gkek" |jese

f~fgbfcbe(fyybgdfcbe!

F \hsk Fchu{ [husgal

[je ngst{ {husgal hy{gha gt {h |fbm fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e! \fdmes Ksg~e gt

ga{eset{gal cedfute g{ gt f ùb{gbe~eb t{see{ {jf{ suat ch{j Eft{-\et{ fak Ahs{j-

Thu{j! \g{j {je hae ezdey{gha ah{ek cebh|" t{fw ha {je uyyes be~eb hn {jgt t{see{ ft

whu |fbm!

@w nf~hsg{e shu{e gt {h t{fs{ f{ {je @hauèa{ {h {je @gbbeaagu` f{ {je `hu{j hn

{je Djgdflh Sg~es fak {sf~eb |et{ fbhal {je thu{j cfam hn {je sg~es! [jgt gt {je



Ga{shkud{gha 69

celgaagal hn {je dg{w,t sg~es|fbm {sfgb {jf{ yfsfbbebt Bh|es \fdmes Ksg~e!

Dussea{bw {jgt {sfgb ez{eakt nsh` Bfme @gdjglfa {h {je T{f{e T{see{ csgkle! F{ {jgt

csgkle" ute {je t{fgs|fw {h fddett Uyyes \fdmes Ksg~e! Nsh` {jgt yhga{" whu dfa

|fbm |et{ fbhal Uyyes \fdmes" utgal t{fgs|fwt f{ `ht{ csgklet {h fddett sg~es

be~eb!

[je dg{w hn Djgdflh jft bhal-{es` ybfat nhs f dha{gauhut sg~es|fbm {sfgb fbhal

{je thu{j cfam hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es nsh` Bfme @gdjglfa {h {je csgkle f{ \et{

Bfme T{see{! [je ae|et{ ted{gha hn {jgt {sfgb uakes {je @gdjglfa F~eaue fak

\fcftj F~eaue csgklet |ft dh`ybe{ek ga Oubw 3997!Ft whu `fme {je {usa nsh` \et{ \fdmes {h Ahs{j \fdmes f{ Bfme T{see{" whu

|gbb ah{gde {jf{ {je sg~es gt ah bhales aez{ {h {je t{see{! Fn{es whu jf~e ezybhsek {je

\et{ Bfme T{see{ csgkle" dha{gaue thu{j ha \fdmes {h Sfakhbyj T{see{! \fbm |et{

ha Sfakhbyj" h~es {je csgkle! Nsh` {jgt yhga{" whu dfa {sf~eb thu{j fbhal {je sg~es

cfam {h {je \et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk csgkle! Ah{e {jf{ |jgbe {jese gt nsee

yeket{sgfa fddett fbhal {je t{se{dj hn sg~es" fbb hn {je yshyes{w ce{|eea t{see{t gt

ysg~f{ebw h|aek fak dha{shbbek! [fmgal yjh{hlsfyjt nsh` {jete ysg~f{e yshyes{w

fseft `fw ce vuet{ghaek cw cugbkgal tedusg{w yesthaaeb!

\fbmgal ysh~gket {je ‒{hy tgke‐ ~ge| nhs fbb {je csgklet" ft |ebb ft {je tjhse

~ge| hn `faw hn {je csgklet! [je ysg`fsw ceaeng{ hn {je |fbmgal {hus gt {je

nbezgcgbg{w {h ezybhse `faw kgnnesea{ dh`yhaea{t hn efdj csgkle cftek ha whus

ga{eset{ be~eb! \fbmgal |gbb fbth fbbh| nhs tgke {sgyt {h h{jes f{{sfd{ghat fbhal {je

sg~es! [je hc~ghut kgtfk~fa{fle hn |fbmgal gt {je f`hua{ hn {gè ga~hb~ek! Ybfa

nhs {jsee {h nhus jhust nhs {je hae-|fw {sgy!

[je tedhak {husgal hy{gha gt {h sgke f |f{es {fzg! Dussea{bw" {jese fse {|h |f{es

{fzg dh`yfaget? Tjhsebgae Dsugtet fak \eakebbf Chf{t! [je Tjhsebgae {fzg suat



Ga{shkud{gha 66

nsh` Af~w Yges {h \et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk! \eakebbf {fzgt sua nsh` Ahs{j

@gdjglfa F~eaue {h \et{ @fkgtha T{see{! Ch{j dh`yfaget hyesf{e kusgal {je

tu`ès {husgt{ teftha |g{j thè h~esbfy ga{h Nfbb fak Tysgal! [jegs tdjekubet

dfa ce nhuak ha {je |ec!

[je |f{es {fzg gt {je vugdmet{ fak beft{ yjwtgdfbbw ke`fakgal hn {je {|h

hy{ghat fak ysh~gket {je uagvue ~ge| hn {je csgklet nsh` {je |f{es! [je

kgtfk~fa{flet hn {je |f{es {fzg {hus fse {jf{ {je csgkle gt habw ~ge|ek nsh` hae

yestyed{g~e fak {jese gt bg{{be {gè {h fyysedgf{e {je tuc{be nef{uset hn efdj csgkle

*f hae-|fw |f{es {fzg sgke nsh` Af~w Yges {h \et{ Ofdmtha Cb~k gt fchu{ {|ea{w`gau{et'! Ybfa nhs hae {h {|h jhust nhs {jgt {hus hy{gha!

F {hus {jf{ dh`cgaet f |fbm fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e" |g{j f |f{es {fzg sgke cfdm {h

Af~w Yges hs @gdjglfa F~eaue" dh`cgaet {je cet{ hn ch{j {husgal è{jhkt!

Selfskbett hn {je {husgal hy{gha djhtea" {je @dDhs`gdm Csgklejhute fak Djgdflh

Sg~es ùteu` ga {je thu{j|et{ csgkle {eakes jhute f{ {je Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue

csgkle gt f ùt{ tee!

Gn whu fse ga{eset{ek ga |f{djgal {jete csgklet hyesf{e" {je Djgdflh

Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha *DKH[' `fga{fgat tdjekubek csgkle bgn{t nhs {je

`h~eèa{ hn tfgb chf{t {h *bf{e Fysgb {h Ouae' fak nsh` *Tey{e`ces {h efsbw

Ah~e`ces' Bfme @gdjglfa! [jgt tdjekube gt yht{ek ha {je DKH[ |ectg{e" fak

djgdflhbhhycsgklet!dh` kusgal {je bgn{ teftha!

G dfa tfw nsh` yesthafb ezyesgeade {jf{" |jf{e~es whus ga{eset{ be~eb" |f{djgal

hae hn {jete csgklet hyesf{e gt fa f`fgal tglj{! Nhs f bhhm f{ {je gaaes |hsmgalt

hn fa hyesf{gal csgkle" {je @dDhs`gdm Csgklejhute @uteu` fbbh|t yf{shat {h

|f{dj {je `fdjgaesw ft {je csgkle bgn{t! Ga fkkg{gha" f lsef{ ~ge| hn {je sfdm fak

ygagha kusgal csgkle hyesf{gha dfa ce jfk f{ {je |et{ eak hn {je Bfme T{see{



Ga{shkud{gha 63

csgkle!

G{ gt |ebb |hs{j {je ennhs{ {h ~gtg{ {je Djgdflh Sg~es kusgal hae hn {je DKH[

tdjekubek bgn{t! Gn" bgme è" whu neeb {je aeek {h tee {je` fbb hyesf{e" ybfa {h tyeak

fchu{ nhus jhust fak ce yseyfsek nhs f `gz{use hn gafd{g~g{w fak vugdm `h~eèa{

ce{|eea csgklet!

Jh|e~es whu djhhte {h ute {jgt chhm" G jhye whu eaohw sefkgal g{ ft ùdj ft G

jf~e eaohwek |sg{gal g{!



F Csgen Jgt{hsw F Csgen Jgt{hsw 64

Ga{shkud{gha

[je jgt{hsw ysh~gkek ga {jgt djfy{es gt ah{ fa fbb-gadbutg~e se{ebbgal hn Djgdflh

jgt{hsw! Gat{efk" g{ gt fa f{{e`y{ {h ysh~gke f jgt{hsgdfb dha{ez{ nhs {je eglj{eea sg~es

dshttgalt ce{|eea Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e fak \et{ fa Cusea T{see{! [je afssf{g~e

ygedek {hle{jes jese gt f ketdsgy{gha hn {je e~hbu{gha hn {jete sg~es dshttgalt nsh` nessget

{h {je cftdube csgklet ga ybfde {hkfw! G{ gt fbth f ketdsgy{gha hn {je e~hbu{gha hn {je dg{w

fak {je g`yfd{ {jf{ {jete csgklet jf~e jfk ha g{t ke~ebhyèa{ fak {jegs dha{gauek

g`yfd{! [je ganhs`f{gha |ft {fmea nsh` {je leaesfb jgt{hsget bgt{ek ga {je cgcbghlsfyjw

f{ {je eak hn {je chhm! \jf{ jft ceea gadbukek" fak h`g{{ek" ga {jgt afssf{g~e gt cftek

ha {je ga{eset{t fak hcoed{g~et hn {jgt fu{jhs! [je sefkes gt eadhusflek {h ezybhse

Djgdflh jgt{hsw ga `hse key{j cedfute g{ gt f nftdgaf{gal t{hsw!

[je Celgaagalt

Lhhk {sfatyhs{f{gha twt{e`t fse ettea{gfb {h nuad{ghagal thdge{get! [jew ysh~gke

dh`ùagdf{gha" edhah`gd" fak tedusg{w bgamt ce{|eea yhyubf{gha dea{est! Dh`ùag{get

ha mew {sfatyhs{f{gha shu{et hs f{ {je ouad{gha hn shu{et |gbb lsh| fak nbhusgtj! [jgt |ft

e~gkea{ ga {je jewkfw hn {je sfgbshfkt fak gt {sue hn {hkfw,t ga{est{f{e jglj|fwt ft |ebb!

Af~glfcbe |f{es|fwt |ese {je tuyesjglj|fwt hn te~ea{eea{j fak eglj{eea{j dea{usw

Ahs{j Fèsgdf! Djgdflh,t lehlsfyjw eatusek {jf{ g{ |hubk ybfw f mew shbe ga {jgt efsbw

{sfatyhs{f{gha twt{e`! Fak g{ gt Djgdflh,t shbe ga {jgt twt{e` {jf{ jebyek eatuse g{t ybfde

ga {je {sfatyhs{f{gha twt{e`t {jf{ nhbbh|ek!

[je Djgdflh fsef |ft f bfsle |e{bfak dsef{ek cw {je se{sef{ hn {je bft{ lbfdges ga {je

Bfme @gdjglfa cftga! Ft f setub{ hn thgb dhakg{ghat" {je bfaktdfye dhatgt{ek hn chlt"

t|f`yt" setgkufb bfmet" fak tbhuljt! [jgt thllw bfaktdfye ysh~gkek f sebf{g~ebw eftw

yhs{fle nsh` Bfme @gdjglfa ~gf {je Djgdflh Sg~es {h {je Ket Ybfgaet Sg~es! Hade ha

{je Ket Ybfgaet Sg~es" f chf{ dhubk {sf~eb {h {je @gttgttgyyg Sg~es ~gf {je Gbbgahgt Sg~es!

\jgbe Fèsgdfa Gakgfat jfk utek {jgt shu{e ez{eatg~ebw nhs {sfatyhs{f{gha fak

{sfkgal yusyhtet" Nseadj ezybhsest Yese @fsvue{{e fak Bhugt Ohbbge{ fse dsekg{ek |g{j g{t



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 6;

‒kgtdh~esw‐ ga 6><4! \g{jga {ea wefst hn {jgt kgtdh~esw" g{ cedfè {je ysg`fsw

shu{e nhs Eushyefa ezybhsest {h {sf~eb nsh` Bfme @gdjglfa {h {je @gttgttgyyg

Sg~es!

[je yhs{fle |ft f sebf{g~ebw tjhs{ kgt{fade hn fchu{ tgz `gbet! Ga ~esw |e{

|ef{jes" ah yhs{fle |ft aedettfsw ft {je kgt{fade ce{|eea {je Djgdflh fak Ket

Ybfgaet sg~est |ft dh~esek |g{j f tjfbbh| bfme! Eushyefa ezybhsest sedhlagek

efsbw ha {jf{ {jese |hubk ce lsef{ edhah`gd fak `gbg{fsw ceaeng{t hn f dfafb f{ {jgt

bhdf{gha!

[je Djgdflh fsef se`fgaek uate{{bek" {jhulj ah{ uautek" nhs {je aez{ haejuaksek wefst! [je fsef |ft ysg`fsgbw f {sfatg{ fak {e`yhsfsw {sfke hae!

Hddftghafbbw" lshuyt |hubk |ga{es h~es hs ute {je selgha ft f t{flgal fsef" cu{

`ht{ hn{ea {jew |hubk out{ yftt {jshulj! [je bf{e eglj{eea{j dea{usw tf| {je

celgaagalt hn te{{beèa{ |jea" ga 6<<7" Oefa Cfy{gt{e Yhga{ ku Tfcbe et{fcbgtjek f

{sfkgal yht{ ha {je ahs{j cfam hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es aefs {je ysetea{ kfw bhdf{gha

hn {je Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue csgkle!

Ga 6:94" Nhs{ Kefschsa |ft et{fcbgtjek ha {je thu{j cfam hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es

fdshtt {je sg~es nsh` ku Tfcbe,t te{{beèa{! [jgt nhs{ jebyek ysh~gke t{fcgbg{w fak

tedusg{w ga {je fsef! [jgt t{fcgbg{w |ft ga{essuy{ek ga 6:63 |jea {je nhs{ |ft

e~fduf{ek ft f setub{ hn {je |fs |g{j {je Csg{gtj! Te{{best" dhadesaek nhs {jegs

tfne{w" nbek {je fsef |g{j {je thbkgest! Kusgal {jgt e~fduf{gha" {je te{{best |ese

f`cutjek cw uansgeakbw Gakgfat fak fchu{ {|h-{jgskt hn {je` |ese mgbbek! [je

nhs{ |ft ket{shwek ft |ebb! [jgt e~ea{" mah|a ft {je Nhs{ Kefschsa @fttfdse" gt

keygd{ek ga f cft sebgen yfaeb ha {je thu{j|et{ csgkle {eakes jhute hn {je @gdjglfa

F~eaue csgkle!

[jsee ke~ebhyèa{t te{ {je t{fle nhs {je t{fs{ hn {je dg{w hn Djgdflh! [je ngst{



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 65

|ft {je secugbkgal hn Nhs{ Kefschsa ga 6:6> |jgdj jebyek {h set{hse tedusg{w {h {je

fsef! Tedhakbw" {je dh`ybe{gha hn {je Esge Dfafb ga 6:35 tglagngdfa{bw gadseftek

`fsg{gè {sfnngd {jshulj {je Djgdflh fsef! Ngafbbw" {je eak hn {je Cbfdm Jf|m \fs

ga 6:43 nhsdek {je se`fgagal uansgeakbw Gakgfa {sgcet |et{ fdshtt {je @gttgttgyyg

Sg~es!

[je dh`cgaf{gha hn tedusg{w fak {je gadsefte ga dh`èsde *ft `faw ft 699"999

yfttealest yfttek {jshulj {je fsef ga 6:44' fbbh|ek Djgdflh {h gadhsyhsf{e ft f

{h|a hn 459 ga 6:44! H~es {je aez{ nhus wefst Djgdflh,t yhyubf{gha lse| {|eb~e-

nhbk" nuebek cw dha{gauek {sfnngd nsh` {je eft{ ft |ebb ft |gbk bfak tyedubf{gha kue{h {je gag{gfb t{flet hn {je dhat{sud{gha hn {je Gbbgahgt-@gdjglfa dfafb *cugb{

ce{|eea 6:4> fak 6:;:'! Ga 6:4<" Djgdflh gadhsyhsf{ek ft f dg{w hn ;"6<9!

[jgt af~glfcbe bgam ce{|eea {je Lsef{ Bfmet fak {je @gttgttgyyg Sg~es |ft {je

seftha nhs Djgdflh,t cgs{j! F mew dh`yhaea{ hn {jgt bgam |ft {je Djgdflh Sg~es

fak g{t dfyfcgbg{w {h dfssw `fsg{gè {sfnngd uag`yekek ! Ft {je dg{w lse|" g{ |hubk

cedhè jfskes {h cfbfade {je aeek nhs dha{gauhut sg~es {sfnngd |g{j bfak cftek

{sfnngd fak {je aeek {h dshtt {je sg~es! [je ybf{ nsh` 6:49 *Gbbut{sf{gha 6' tjh|t {je

bfwhu{ hn efsbw Djgdflh fak {je ke~ebhygal aeek nhs sg~es dshttgalt! Nhs {je aez{

dea{usw" Djgdflh |hubk t{sg~e {h ngak {je cet{ ealgaeesgal thbu{gha {h {jete

dh`ye{gal ga{eset{t!



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 6>

[je Efsbw Sg~es Dshttgalt 6:37-6:;9

Djgdflh ga {je 6:39,t dhatgt{ek ysg`fsgbw hn {|h yhyubf{gha dea{est! [je ngst{"

aefs Nhs{ Kefschsa" dhatgt{ek hn fchu{ {ea dfcgat! @ht{ hn {jete |ese ha {je thu{j

tgke hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es! Te{{best `fke {jegs bg~gal cw {sfkgal fak ysh~gkgal

tes~gdet {h thbkgest f{ {je nhs{ fak {sf~ebest yfttgal {jshulj {je fsef!

[je tedhak yhyubf{gha lshuygal |ft dbhte {h |jese {je Djgdflh Sg~es

csfadjet f{ \hbn Yhga{ *ah| {je yfsmgal bh{ ha {je sg~es tgke hn {je Djgdflh Tua

[gèt cugbkgal'! Jese" dfcgat |ese bhdf{ek ha ch{j tgket hn {je Ahs{j Csfadj!

[je yht{ hnngde(leaesfb t{hse" fak {f~esat |ese bhdf{ek ha ch{j tgket hn {je Thu{j

Csfadj ga {jgt fsef ft |ebb!

Kusgal {je 6:49,t {jete {|h yhyubf{gha dea{est t{fs{ek {h tbh|bw lsh| ga{h hae!

Cw 6:43" `ht{ hn {je cugbkgalt |ese ha {je thu{j cfam hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es fbhal

Thu{j \f{es T{see{ *ah| \et{ \fdmes Ksg~e' ce{|eea T{f{e fak \ebbt! Ft {gè

|ea{ ha" `hse cugbkgalt fyyefsek ha Bfme T{see{! @ht{ ah{fcbe hn {jete |ese {je

Gbbut{sf{gha 6? [je 6:49 Ybf{ hn Djgdflh *Djgdflh Jgt{hsgdfb Thdge{w" GDJg-4;3:;'!

Efsbw dshttgalt fak ysg`fsw kgsed{gha hn sg~es {sfnngd tjh|a ga sek!

A

N

3 C

N C

6N



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 6<

Tfulfaftj Jh{eb *@fsme{ fak Bfme t{see{t' fak {je Lseea [see [f~esa *Bfme fak

Dfafb t{see{t'!

Fddhskgal {h ga{es~ge|t dhakud{ek ga {je 6::9,t |g{j efsbw setgkea{t" Bfme

T{see{ |ft {je ysg`fsw bfak shu{e {h {je |et{ fak Dbfsm T{see{ |ft {je ysgadgyfb

ahs{j-thu{j jglj|fw! Th g{ gt ah{ tusysgtgal {jf{ {je gag{gfb sg~es dshttgalt nhs

whual Djgdflh |hubk ce cugb{ aefs {jete shfkt!

[je ngst{ sg~es dshttgalt nhs Djgdflh |ese khae ga sh| chf{t hs dfahet! Cw

Ouae hn 6:37" f nessw dshttgal |ft et{fcbgtjek f{ \hbn Yhga{ *\et{ Bfme T{see{

dshttgal — ‒6N‐ ha Gbbut{sf{gha 6'! [jgt bhdf{gha fbbh|ek yfttealest {h dshtt nsh`{je thu{j tgke {h eg{jes {je ahs{j tgke hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es hs |et{ tgke hn {je

Thu{j Csfadj! Bf{es" ga {je 6:49,t" nessget celfa hyesf{gal f{ Ahs{j Dbfsm fak

Ahs{j T{f{e fdshtt {je Djgdflh Sg~es *fbth ah{ek ha Gbbut{sf{gha 6 - ‒N‐'!

Ft nfs ft efsbw csgklet fse dhadesaek" f ysg`g{g~e csgkle |ft seyhs{ekbw cugb{

fdshtt {je Thu{j Csfadj ga 6:43 aefs Sfakhbyj T{see{ *`fsmek ‒3C‐ ha

Gbbut{sf{gha 6'! Fddhskgal {h fddhua{t hn {je {gè" {je csgkle |ft cugb{ cw Fatha J

[fwbhs *|jh sfa f {fgbhs,t tjhy' fak jgt csh{jes Djfsbet *|jh |ft {je bfakbhsk f{

{je \hbn [f~esa' |g{j fttgt{fade hn {je `gbg{gf t{f{ghaek f{ Nhs{ Kefschsa! [je

seyhs{ek dht{ |ft +;:>!39 fak |ft yfgk nhs cw te{{best fak Yh{f|f{h`g Gakgfat ga

{je fsef! Seyhs{ekbw" {jgt |ft habw csgkle t{uskw eahulj {h dfssw {ef`t hn jhstet!

[je ngst{ `h~fcbe csgkle ga Djgdflh |ft cugb{ h~es {je Djgdflh Sg~es f{

Kefschsa T{see{ ga 6:4; *‒C‐ ha Gbbut{sf{gha 6'! [je csgkle |ft cugb{ cw

tjgy|sglj{ Aebtha S! Ahs{ha! G{ |ft f tg`ybe khucbe-befn dft{be {wye ksf| csgkle

bgn{ek cw djfgat" ysh~gkgal f tgz{w nhh{ yfttfle nhs `fsgae {sfnngd! \jgbe {jgt

csgkle |ft f jfscgales hn {je {wye hn `h~fcbe csgkle Djgdflh |hubk ub{g`f{ebw

djhhte" bg`g{f{ghat ga {edjahbhlw hn {je {gèt fak yhhs ezedu{gha `fke g{



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 6:

uasebgfcbe fak uayhyubfs!

Nsh` fchu{ 6:45 ua{gb 6:;9" {je Ahs{j fak Thu{j tgket hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es

|flek f ‒csgkle |fs‐ dhadesagal f ae| csgkle fdshtt {je sg~es! [je af{use hn {je

kgtyu{e |ft sebf{ek {h {je bfsle au`cest hn |flhat csgalgal yshkude nsh` {je

\fcftj dhua{sw hn Gakgfaf ga{h Djgdflh! Ha {je se{usa {sgy" {jete tfè |flhat

dfssgek tuyybget yusdjftek ga Djgdflh! @ht{ |fsejhutet |jese nfsèst thbk {jegs

dshyt |ese bhdf{ek ha {je ahs{j tgke hn {je sg~es! @esdjfa{t ha {je thu{j tgke

|fa{ek {h meey {jete nfsèst fak {jegs cutgaett ha {je thu{j tgke hn {je sg~es!

\jea {je Kefschsa T{see{ csgkle |ft ke`hbgtjek" fak habw nessget |ese f~fgbfcbe{h dshtt {je sg~es" f `fohs {sfnngd of` f{ {je nessw {es`gafbt |ft yshkudek! [jgt

ksft{gdfbbw sekudek cutgaett nhs {je ahs{j tgke èsdjfa{t!

[jete ahs{j tgke èsdjfa{t celfa f `fohs yutj {h cugbk f ae| csgkle f{ Dbfsm

T{see{! Thu{j tgke èsdjfa{t |ese hyyhtek {h {je csgkle fak {je dg{w dhuadgb |ft

e~eabw tybg{! F dh`ysh`gte |ft sefdjek |jea {|h ysh`gaea{ ahs{j tgke

cutgaettèa" \gbbgf` Hlkea fak \fb{es Ae|cessw" khaf{ek {je bfak nhs {je Jhbw

Afè Df{jeksfb ha {je ahs{j tgke! [jgt khaf{gha nf~hsfcbw ganbueadek Djgdflh

Df{jhbgdt fak {jegs ganbueade jebyek `h~e {je dg{w dhuadgb {h ~h{e ga nf~hs hn {je

csgkle! [jgt dh`ysh`gte enned{g~ebw eakek {je ‒csgkle |fs‐ ce{|eea {je ahs{j fak

thu{j tgket fak jebyek {h ke~ebhy f nf~hsfcbe dbg`f{e nhs {je dhat{sud{gha hn

csgklet fdshtt {je Djgdflh Sg~es ga {jgt fsef!

@h~fcbe Csgklet G? 6:;9-6:5; Yha{hha T|gal Csgklet

Ft f setub{ hn {je te{{beèa{ hn {je ‒csgkle |fs"‐ {je aez{ kedfke tf| f au`ces

hn csgklet cugb{ fdshtt {je sg~es! [je ngst{ csgkle f{ Ahs{j Dbfsm t{see{ |ft cugb{ ga

6:;9! [jgt csgkle |ft f |hhkea nbhf{gal yha{hha t|gal csgkle! Cedfute {jgt {wye

hn csgkle nbhf{t" g{ dfa ce `h~ek ga{h fak hu{ hn yhtg{gha" fbbh|gal sg~es {sfnngd {h



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 67

yftt!

Ce{|eea 6:;9 fak 6:;5 yhyubf{gha |g{jga {je Bhhy gadseftek cw 6>7%!

Kusgal {jgt tfè {gè yesghk" yhyubf{gha ga {je aefs ahs{j tgke gadseftek cw 64<%!

@hse g`yhs{fa{bw" ysh`gaea{ nf`gbget |ese celgaagal {h cugbk jhèt ha {je aefs

ahs{j tgke! Dhuybek |g{j {je gadsefte ga yhyubf{gha |ft fa gadsefte hn cutgaett

et{fcbgtjèa{t ha {je Djgdflh Sg~es ft |ebb! Ch{j hn {jete nfd{hst bek {h fa

fkkg{ghafb |hhkea nbhf{gal yha{hha csgkle" hn {je Dbfsm T{see{ ketgla" fdshtt {je

sg~es f{ Ahs{j \ebbt T{see{!

[je yha{hha ketgla utek ha {jete efsbges csgklet |ft g`ysh~ek ga 6:;< cwutgal chgbes-gsha ksu`t ft yha{hhat gat{efk hn bhlt! [jete gsha ksu`t ysh~gkek

`hse cuhwfadw fak kgk ah{ cedhè |f{esbhllek bgme {je |hhkea yha{hhat kgk!

[jgt ketgla |ft utek ha f seybfdeèa{ csgkle f{ Ahs{j \ebbt T{see{!

Ga fkkg{gha {h {je gadseftgal yhyubf{gha {jshuljhu{ {je fsef" `faunfd{usgal

*bu`ces" t{eeb" nusag{use" ef{yfdmgal" flsgdub{use fdjgaesw" |jhbetfbe {sfke" e{d!'

|ft fbth cedh`gal g`yhs{fa{ nhs Djgdflh! Thè hn {jete `faunfd{usgal

et{fcbgtjèa{t |ese celgaagal {h dhalself{e fbhal {je Thu{j Csfadj hn {je sg~es!

Gsha cfsseb yha{hha csgklet f{ \et{ @fkgtha fak \et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{t |ese ga

ybfde cw {je eak hn 6:;<!

Fah{jes `fohs ke~ebhyèa{ kusgal {jgt esf |ft {je dh`ybe{gha hn {je Gbbgahgt

fak @gdjglfa Dfafb ga 6:;:! [jgt dfafb dsef{ek f ae| {sfatyhs{f{gha dhssgkhs {jf{

{hhm {sf~ebest nsh` {je eft{ dhft{ {jshulj {je Esge Dfafb {h Cunnfbh" {jea ha {je

Lsef{ Bfmet {h Djgdflh fak cewhak! [je setub{gal bfsle ~hbuè hn {sfnngd

gadseftek {je ysettuse ha {je dg{w {h `fga{fga fak g`ysh~e {je af~glfcgbg{w hn {je

Djgdflh Sg~es!

Ha @fsdj 63" 6:;7" f `fohs nbhhk t|ey{ {jshulj Djgdflh |ftjgal hu{ fbb hn



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 39

{je csgklet" |sedmgal tjgyt f{ fadjhs fak kf`flgal |jfs~et! Ga {wygdfb Djgdflh

nftjgha" {jete csgklet |ese vugdmbw seybfdek |g{j {e`yhsfsw nessget f{ \et{

Sfakhbyj" \et{ Bfme" fak Ahs{j Dbfsm t{see{t tuyybeèa{gal {je ezgt{gal nessw f{

Ahs{j T{f{e t{see{! Cw {je eak hn 6:;7" csgklet |ese flfga hyea f{ \et{ @fkgtha"

Ahs{j Dbfsm" Ahs{j \ebbt" fak \et{ Sfakhbyj! Ga fkkg{gha" f ae| csgkle |ft

hyeaek f{ \et{ fa Cusea t{see{! Ga 6:54" f ae| csgkle f{ \et{ Bfme T{see{ |ft

fkkek " `fmgal f {h{fb hn tgz csgklet fak hae nessw dshttgal nsh` Ahs{j T{f{e {h

\et{ ^fa Cusea t{see{t cw {je eak hn {jgt esf!

@h~fcbe Csgklet GG? 6:5;-6:79 Dea{es Yges T|gal Csgklet

Tjgyygal fak `fsgae ga{eset{t |ese f bfsle yfs{ hn Djgdflh,t edhah`w fak jfk

f tglagngdfa{ ganbueade ha dg{w csgkle kedgtghat! [jete ga{eset{t |ese uajfyyw |g{j

faw hct{sud{ghat {h sg~es {sfnngd" cu{ {jew |ese yfs{gdubfsbw dhadesaek fchu{ {je

nbhf{gal csgklet! [jew |ese tbh| {h hyea" {hhm uy ~fbufcbe sg~es tyfde" fak ft

teea ga {je nbhhk hn 6:;7" dhubk ce f augtfade kusgal nbhhkgal! Ga {je efsbw 6:59,t"

ealgaeest |ese dh``gttghaek cw {je tjgyygal fak `fsgae ga{eset{t {h ke~ebhy fa

g`ysh~ek ketgla!

[je ae| csgkle ketgla djhtea |ft {je dea{es yges t|gal csgkle! [jgt {wye hn

csgkle set{t ha f yges ga {je `gkkbe hn {je sg~es! \jea hyea" {je dea{esbgae hn {je

csgkle gt yfsfbbeb |g{j {je sg~es" bef~gal tyfde ha eg{jes tgke hn {je yges(csgkle nhs

sg~es {sfnngd {h yftt! [je `ht{ tglagngdfa{ g`ysh~eèa{ h~es {je nbhf{gal t|gal

csgkle gt nft{es tyeek |g{j |jgdj {je csgkle dfa ce hyeaek!

[je ngst{ |hhkea dea{es yges t|gal csgkle ga Djgdflh |ft cugb{ f{ Ahs{j Dbfsm

T{see{ ga 6:5;! Ga fchu{ f wefs ch{j eakt hn {je csgkle tfllek! [jgt |efmaett |ft

seyfgsek cw seganhsdgal {je |hhkea csgkle {suttet |g{j gsha! Cw 6:5>" gsha

seganhsdek dea{es yges t|gal csgklet jfk ceea cugb{ f{ \et{ @fkgtha" Ahs{j \ebbt"



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 36

fak \et{ Sfakhbyj t{see{t!

Cw 6:<9" dea{es yges t|gal csgklet |ese f{ agae bhdf{ghat nsh` \et{ ^fa Cusea

{h Ahs{j T{f{e t{see{t! [jete csgklet |ese cugb{ hn f dh`cgaf{gha hn |hhkea

csfdet fak gsha djhskt! Nhus hn {jete dshttgalt |ese ha {je Djgdflh Sg~es *Ahs{j

T{f{e" Ahs{j Dbfsm" Ahs{j \ebbt" fak Ahs{j Sutj t{see{t'! [je h{jes ng~e dshttgalt

|ese ha {je Thu{j Csfadj *\et{ @fkgtha" \et{ Bfme" \et{ Sfakhbyj" \et{

Fkf`t" fak \et{ ^fa Cusea t{see{t'!

[je Lsef{ Ngse hn 6:<6 ket{shwek {je dea{sfb yhs{gha hn Djgdflh gadbukgal fbb

{je csgklet ha {je Djgdflh Sg~es" fak csgklet f{ \et{ ^fa Cusea fak \et{ Fkf`tT{see{t ha {je Thu{j Csfadj! Se`fsmfcbw" fbb hn {jete csgklet |ese secugb{ cw {je

eak hn 6:<3! [jete ae| dea{es yges t|gal csgklet |ese hn `hse tuct{fa{gfb

dhat{sud{gha fak dhatgkesek ngse-yshhn!

[je Tefsdj nhs F Ae| [wye hn Csgkle 6:79-6799

\jgbe {je dea{es yges t|gal csgklet |ese fa g`ysh~eèa{ h~es {je nbhf{gal

csgklet {jew seybfdek" {je dea{es yges |ft t{gbb fa hct{sud{gha {h af~glf{gha! [jgt

|ft etyedgfbbw {sue cedfute {je ~ettebt |ese lsh|gal ga tge! Sebf{g~ebw t`fbb

tfgbgal tjgyt |ese cegal seybfdek cw bfsles t{ef` yh|esek nseglj{est |jgdj

sevugsek lsef{es djfaaeb |gk{jt! [jete bfsles ~ettebt fbth jfk lsef{es kgnngdub{w

af~glf{gal {je sebf{g~ebw tjfsy ceak ga {je Djgdflh Sg~es |jea {usagal ha{h {je

Thu{j Csfadj! [je aeek nhs `hse shh` ga {je sg~es djfaaeb `fke {je tjgyygal fak

`fsgae ga{eset{t yutj Djgdflh fak g{t ealgaeest {h ke~ebhy f `hse af~glf{gha-

nsgeakbw csgkle!

Ga {je efsbw 6:79,t" {je U!T! Dhalsett lf~e {je \fs Keyfs{èa{" {jshulj {je

U!T! Fs w Dhsyt hn Ealgaeest" {je fu{jhsg{w {h fyysh~e ae| dhat{sud{gha fak teem

fb{esf{gha {h faw csgkle keeèk {h ga{esnese |g{j af~glf{gha! Ga 6:73" {je Dhsyt



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 33

ezesdgtek {jgt fu{jhsg{w fak hskesek {je se`h~fb hn {je dea{es yges t|gal csgkle f{

{je Dfafb T{see{ dshttgal ha {je Ahs{j Csfadj!

Fa{gdgyf{gal fa h~esfbb cfa ha dea{es yges t|gal tyfa csgklet" Djgdflh

ealgaeest celfa f tefsdj nhs f `h~fcbe csgkle {jf{ |hubk tf{gtnw {je ysg`fsw

sevugseèa{t - vugdm hyesf{gha nhs `gag`fb ga{esneseade |g{j bfak cftek {sfnngd" fa

uahct{sud{ek djfaaeb |g{j fkevuf{e |gk{j nhs |f{es chsae {sfnngd" fak edhah`w ga

dhat{sud{gha" hyesf{gha fak `fga{eafade! [jsee csgkle ketglat ysh~gkek fkevuf{e

djfaaeb |gk{j" |g{j ~fswgal kelseet hn tuddett ha {je h{jes dsg{esgf! [jete |ese

{je nhbkgal-bgn{ csgkle" {je ~es{gdfb bgn{ tyfa" fak {je shbbgal bgn{ cftdube csgkle!Efdj hn {jete ketglat |ft yf{ea{ek cw {jegs setyed{g~e ketglaest? {je nhbkgal-bgn{

cw Dfy{fga \gbbgf` Jfs`fa= {je ~es{gdfb bgn{ tyfa cw O! F! B! \fkkebb= fak {je

shbbgal bgn{ cftdube cw \gbbgf` fak Fbces{ Tdjeses!

[je nhbkgal-bgn{ csgkle jfk f kufb fd{gha! G{ bgn{ek ~es{gdfbbw {jea nhbkek `gk-

befn {h fbbh| nhs f nfgsbw |gke dbefs tyfa *tee Gbbut{sf{gha 3'! [jgt yfs{gdubfs

dhadey{ ysh~ek {hh dh`ybez fak {shucbethè {h hyesf{e fak `fga{fga! Habw {|h

hn {jete csgklet |ese cugb{ ga {je 6:79,t! [jew |ese f{ Dfafb fak \eek T{see{t!

[je Dfafb T{see{ csgkle |ft seybfdek |g{j f shbbgal bgn{ csgkle ga 6794 fak {je

\eek T{see{ csgkle |ft se`h~ek ga 6795!

[je ~es{gdfb bgn{ tyfa csgkle jfk fbb hs f yhs{gha hn {je sg~es tyfa bgn{ uy ~gf

jhgt{t fak dfcbet" tg`gbfs {h fa ebe~f{hs dfs! [jgt csgkle" |jgbe enned{g~e" |ft

ezyeatg~e {h cugbk fak `fga{fga fak g{ |ft dhatgkesek {h ce bett {jfa f{{sfd{g~e cw

thè! Gbbut{sf{gha 4 tjh|t {je ksf|gal hn {jgt {wye hn csgkle ft tjh|a ga {je 6:74

yf{ea{! Ah ~es{gdfb bgn{ csgklet |ese cugb{ ce{|eea Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e fak

\et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{! *[hkfw" f ~es{gdfb bgn{ sfgbshfk csgkle dfa ce teea dshttgal

{je Thu{j Csfadj aefs Dfafb T{see{!'



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 34

Hn {jete {jsee dhadey{t" {je `ht{ ysh`gtgal |ft {je shbbgal bgn{ cftdube csgkle!

[jgt dhadey{ cet{ è{ fbb hn {je ketgla dsg{esgf - sebf{g~ebw tg`ybe hyesf{gha"

sebf{g~e efte {h cugbk" fak bh| dhat{sud{gha dht{! [je shbbgal bgn{ csgkle hyeat cw

sh{f{gal ~es{gdfbbw ha {je sg~es cfam! F bfsle dhua{es|eglj{ ha {je tjhse eak hn {je

csgkle fgkt {je bgn{gal yshdett ft {je csgkle befn sh{f{et uy|fsk! [je csgkle gt ah{

{gek {h f tgalbe sh{f{gha yhga{" th {je dea{es hn lsf~g{w hn {je befn shbbt cfdm h~es f

kgt{fade hn {|ea{w {h {jgs{w nee{ ha {sfdm lgskest *tee Gbbut{sf{gha ;'! [jgt f`hua{

hn `h~eèa{ èfat {jf{ {je nhuakf{gha jft {h ce ketglaek h~es fa fsef bfsle

eahulj {h jfakbe {je |eglj{ hn {je sh{f{gal befn!Hn {je csgklet fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e" shbbgal bgn{ csgklet |ese dhat{sud{ek f{

\et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{ *6:7;'" Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{ *6793'" fak Ahs{j Kefschsa

T{see{ *679<'! Efdj hn {jete csgklet se`fgaek ga tes~gde nhs f{ beft{ 59 wefst

cenhse {jew |ese seybfdek |g{j {je dussea{ csgklet! *[hkfw" f shbbgal bgn{ csgkle dfa

ce teea |jese Des`fm Shfk dshttet {je Thu{j Csfadj'!



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 3;

Gbbut{sf{gha 3? [je Jfs`fa Nhbkgal Bgn{ Csgkle *ksf|gal {fmea nsh` {je hsglgafb 6::: yf{ea{'

Fchu{ {je Csgkle fak G{t Ketglaes

[je nhbkgal bgn{ csgkle jfk f kufb fd{gha! G{ bgn{ek ~es{gdfbbw" {jea nhbkek `gk-befn {h

fbbh| nhs f sebf{g~ebw |gke hyeagal! [|h hn {jete csgklet |ese cugb{ f{ Dfafb fak \eek

t{see{t ga {je 6:79,t!

[je ketglaes hn {jgt csgkle |ft \gbbgf` Jfs fa! Je |ft chsa ga Ae| Whsm ga 6:44 fak

kgek ga Djgdflh ha Fulut{ <" 676<!

Kusgal {je bf{e 6::9,t fak efsbw 6:79,t" @s! Jfs`fa |ft {je tuyesga{eakea{ hn {je

Djgdflh [h|gal Dh`yfaw! Je |ft dhadesaek fchu{ af~glf{gha gttuet ha {je Djgdflh

Sg~es fak jgt thbu{gha {h {je lsh|gal dhanbgd{ hn |f{eschsae fak bfak {sfnngd |ft {je

Jfs`fa Nhbkgal Csgkle!

Uabgme {je h{jes gakg~gkufbt tefsdjgal nhs {je ce{{es csgkle" @s! Jfs`fa |ft ah{ {sfgaek

ft fa ealgaees! Je fyyshfdjek {je yshcbe` nsh` {jf{ ft f utes hn {je sg~es!

Csgkle uyBefn nhbkek f{ jgale Csgkle Kh|a

Tyfa jgale



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 35

Gbbut{sf{gha 4? [je \fkkebb ês{gdfb Bgn{ Csgkle *ksf|gal {fmea nsh` {je hsglgafb 6:74 yf{ea{'

Fchu{ {je Csgkle fak G{t Ketglaes

[je ~es{gdfb bgn{ csgkle jft fbb hs f yhs{gha hn {je sg~es tyfa bgn{ ~gf jhgt{t fak dfcbet" tg`gbfs {h fa

ebe~f{hs dfs! Te~esfb hn {jete csgklet |ese cugb{ fshuak {je |hsbk! [je fet{je{gdt hn {jgt csgkle {wye

|ft dhatgkesek {h ce gadh`yf{gcbe |g{j {je hcoed{g~et hn {je Dg{w Cefu{gnub @h~e ea{ " th ahae |ese

cugb{ ga {je Bhhy fsef hn Djgdflh!

[je ketglaes hn {jgt csgkle |ft O! F! B! \fkkebb ! @s! \fkkebb |ft chsa ga Yhs{ Jhye Ha{fsgh" Dfafkf

ga 6:5;! Je cedfè f seah|aek dg~gb ealgaees |g{j kelseet nsh` Seattebfes Yhbw{edjagd Gat{g{u{e fak

@dLgbb Uag~estg{w! Je {fulj{ f{ Seattfbfes fak {je Uag~estg{w hn [hmwh fak |ft f nhuakgal è ces

hn {je \fkkebb fak Jfsket{w ealgaeesgal ngs` *ah| Jfsket{w fak Jfah~es'! @s! \fkkebb kgek ga 674:!

Csgkle uy

Csgkle kh|a



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 3>

Fchu{ {je Csgkle fak G{t Ketglaest

[je Tdjeses shbbgal bgn{ cftdube csgkle shbbt cfdm ha {sfdmt ft g{ bgn{t

~es{gdfbbw! Hn ga{eset{ jese gt {je nfd{ {jf{ shbbgal bgn{ csgklet |ese

cugb{ f{ \et{ ^fa Cusea *6:7;'" Ahs{j T{f{e *6793'" fak Ahs{j

Kefschsa *679<' t{see{t! E~ea {jhulj efdj hn {jete csgklet |ese ga

tes~gde nhs fyyshzg`f{ebw 59 wefst" Djgdflh dg{w ealgaeest neb{ {jf{

nhuakf{gha yshcbe`t fak shwfb{w neet |ese {hh dht{bw {h kefb |g{j!

\gbbgf` Tdjeses |ft {je ketglaes! Je |ft chsa ga 6:5: ga Yesu" GB!

Je |ft ekudf{ek f{ {je Yhbw{edjagu` ga _usgdj T|g{esbfak! Ysghs {h

hyeagal uy jgt h|a ngs`" jgt dfsees nhdutek ha csgkle ketgla nhs

sfgbshfkt! Uanhs{uaf{ebw je kgek hn ‒csfga ne~es‐ fyyshzg`f{ebw ng~e

`ha{jt cenhse jgt yf{ea{ |ft fyysh~ek ga 6:74 *tee yf{ea{ ksf|gal

fch~e'!

Uyha \gbbgf`,t kef{j" jgt whuales csh{jes" Fbces{" {hhm h~es

`fafleèa{ hn {je csgkle ngs`! Fbces{ sedeg~ek jgt {edjagdfb

ekudf{gha nsh` {je [edjagdfb Jglj Tdjhhb hn _usgdj! Ga 6:73" Fbces{

sedeg~ek f bf| kelsee nsh` {je Uagha Dhbbele hn Bf| ga Djgdflh!

Uakes Fbces{,t befkestjgy" {je Tdjeses Shbbgal Bgn{ Csgkle Dh`yfaw g`ysh~ek {je hsglgafb ketgla *tee yf{ea{ ksf|gal {h {je sglj{' fak |ft f

tuddettnub ngs`! Fbces{ |ft f t{shal fk~hdf{e nhs jgt ketgla fak fsluek |g{j dg{w ealgaeest fchu{ {je tug{fcgbg{w hn {je ketgla {jshuljhu{ {je ngst{

kedfke hn {je 39{j Dea{usw! Je e~ea{ufbbw bht{ jgt cf{{be |g{j {je Djgdflh dg{w ealgaeest" {jhulj {jgt ketgla |ft utek f{ `faw bhdf{ghat fshuak

{je |hsbk!

Seyhs{ekbw ketyhakea{ fchu{ jgt cutgaett" Fbces{ Tdjeses befy{ {h jgt kef{j ga fa ebe~f{hs tjfn{ hn {je @hafkahdm Cugbkgal ha Ofaufsw 3:"

676>!

Csgkle‒Shdmes‐

[sfdm

Dhua{es|eglj{

Gbbut{sf{gha ;? [je Tdjeszes Shbbgal Bgn{ Csgkle *ksf|galt {fmea nsh` {je 6:74 fak 6794

yf{ea{t'

[sfdm

Csgkle ‒Shdmes‐



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 3<

[je Ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je Djgdflh [wye Cftdube Csgkle

\jgbe {je shbbgal bgn{ csgkle |ft {je tuyesghs csgkle ketgla hn {je {jsee csgkle

{wyet ezf`gaek ga {je 6:79,t" Ohja Esgdtha *Djgdflh Dg{w Ealgaees' |ft

dha~gadek {jf{ {je shbbgal bgn{ csgkle |ft fa uatf{gtnfd{hsw thbu{gha {h {je dg{w,t

csgkle yshcbe`t!

[|h {edjagdfb gttuet eèslek nsh` {je dg{w,t ezyesgeade |g{j {je efsbw shbbgal

bgn{ csgklet! [je ngst{ ga~hb~ek {je sebf{g~ebw nft{ kelsfkf{gha hn {je {sfdm lgskest!

[jgt kelsfkf{gha èfa{ {jf{ {je dg{w nfdek f bhal-{es`" jglj-dht{ `fga{eafade g{e`

ha {jete csgklet! [je tedhak gttue |ft ga {je csgkle nhuakf{gha! [je efsbwnhuakf{ghat kgk ah{ fkevuf{ebw tuyyhs{ {je csgkle {jshulj {je nubb sfale hn

`h~eèa{ hn {je csgkle befn! Yshyes nhuakf{gha ketgla |hubk gadsefte {je gag{gfb

dht{ hn {je csgkle" yfs{gfbbw esftgal g{t bh|-dht{ fk~fa{fle!

[je `ht{ tesghut yshcbe` |g{j {je shbbgal bgn{ csgkle" jh|e~es" |ft {je nfd{

{jf{ g{ |ft yf{ea{ek! Efdj {gè hae hn {jete csgklet |ese cugb{" {je Tdjeses

Shbbgal Bgn{ Csgkle Dh`yfaw sedeg~ek f shwfb{w! [jete shwfb{w neet |ese

uayhyubfs {h {je dg{geasw ft |ebb ft f jfsktjgy ha fa fbsefkw dftj-t{sfyyek dg{w

cukle{!

Ga 6:77" Esgdtha,t ealgaeest yesnhsèk f bg{esf{use se~ge| hn csgkle ketglat

utek ga {je U!T! fak Eushye! [je lhfb |ft {h ngak f csgkle ketgla {jf{ |hubk

tf{gtnw {je ketgla dsg{esgf fak ah{ jf~e {je fkkek dht{ hn shwfb{w neet!

[je t{ukw setub{t" ysetea{ek ga 6799" dhadbukek {jf{ {je cet{ csgkle nhs

Djgdflh |ft {je ngzek {suaagha cftdube csgkle! [je hyesf{gha hn {jgt csgkle gt

tg`gbfs {h {je shbbgal bgn{ csgkle! G{ hyeat cw sh{f{gal ~es{gdfbbw ha {je sg~es cfam

fttgt{ek cw f bfsle dhua{es|eglj{ ha {je tjhse eak hn {je csgkle! [je `fohs

kgnneseadet ce{|eea {je {|h csgklet gt {jf{ {je ngzek {suaagha csgkle sh{f{et fchu{



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 3:

fzbet *{suaaghat' sf{jes {jfa shbbgal h~es fa fsef fak gat{efk hn f {sfdm nhs {je

csgkle {h shbb ha" f sfdm fak ygagha lefsgal twt{e` gt e`ybhwek {h sfgte fak bh|es

{je csgkle! Gbbut{sf{gha 5 *nsh` {je 6766 yf{ea{ hn Fbezfakes ~ha Cfch' tjh|t {je

`fohs ebeèa{t hn {je ngzek {suaagha cftdube csgkle ft g`ybeèa{ek cw {je

Djgdflh ealgaeesgal keyfs{èa{!

Djgdflh ealgaeest fkfy{ek {je dhadey{t hn {je 6:7; [h|es Csgkle hn Bhakha

{h {jegs tg{uf{gha! [je `ht{ nf~hsfcbe nef{uset hn {jgt csgkle {wye |ese {je

sebf{g~ebw tg`ybe hyesf{gal fdjgaesw" g{ |ft yf{ea{-nsee fak {jut ah shwfb{w-nee"

fak {je nhuakf{gha ketgla |hubk ce `hse tug{ek {h {je tuctusnfde dhakg{ghat ga {je

Djgdflh fsef cedfute {je yhga{ hn sh{f{gha gt ngzek *uabgme {je shbbgal bgn{ ketgla'!

[je Csgkle Kg~gtgha sedh`èakek f ketgla {jf{ jft tgade ceea senessek {h ft

Gbbut{sf{gha 5? Ngek [suaagha Cftdube Csgkle *ksf|gal nsh` Yf{ea{ 6"996":99= 6766'

[fgb Yg{

[suaagha

Sfdm

Dhua{es|eglj{

Ygagha



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 37

{je Djgdflh [wye cftdube csgkle! [je gag{gfb ketgla |ft ah{ {je ngafb |hsk"

jh|e~es! @faw g`ysh~eèa{t fak `hkgngdf{ghat |ese `fke h~es {je aez{ {jgs{w {h

nhs{w wefst! Thè djfalet |ese fke nhs {edjagdfb sefthat fak h{jest kue {h belfb

sefthat!

[je celgaagal hn {je {|ea{ge{j dea{usw |ft fa esf hn jeglj{eaek dh`ye{g{gha

ce{|eea csgkle ealgaeest! [jese |ft ùdj {h ce lfgaek ga ke~ebhygal fak

yf{ea{gal tuddettnub ketglat hn `h~fcbe csgklet {jf{ dhubk ce gat{fbbek f{

auèshut bhdf{ghat fdshtt {je dhua{sw! Uakest{fakfcbw" ealgaeest |jh jfk

yf{ea{ek ketglat |ese efles {h jf~e {je` utek! [jete tfè ealgaeest |ese|f{djnub {h eatuse {jf{ |jea {jegs ketglat |ese utek" {jew sedeg~ek fkevuf{e

dh`yeatf{gha! [|h `fga belfb gttuet dhadesagal Djgdflh csgklet ybfwek hu{ ga

{je ngst{ {|h kedfket hn {je {|ea{ge{j dea{usw!

[je ngst{ belfb gttue |ft sfgtek cw {je Tdjeses Shbbgal Bgn{ Csgkle Dh`yfaw!

Ft èa{ghaek fch~e" dg{w ealgaeest ke{es`gaek {jf{ {je ngzek {suaagha cftdube

csgkle |ft {je cet{ djhgde nhs Djgdflh! [h ah hae,t tusysgte" {je Tdjeses Csgkle

Dh`yfaw kgk ah{ flsee |g{j {jgt dhadbutgha fak dha{gauek {h tuc`g{ cgkt nhs

csgkle yshoed{t! [je f{{sfd{g~e nef{use hn {je efsbw shbbgal bgn{ csgkle |ft g{t bh|

dhat{sud{gha dht{" leaesfbbw `fmgal g{ {je bh|et{ cgk! Hade {je nhuakf{gha

yshcbe`t hn {je efsbges shbbgal bgn{ csgklet |ese gkea{gngek" dg{w ealgaeest `hkgngek

csgkle tyedgngdf{ghat {h fkksett {je gttue! [je Tdjeses Csgkle Dh`yfaw

tuc`g{{ek f tesget hn cgkt nhs yshoed{t |jgdj glahsek {jete djfalek tyedgngdf{ghat!

[je dg{w ealgaeesgal keyfs{èa{ seoed{ek {jete bh| cgkt ft aha-dh`ybgfa{ fak

tuctevuea{bw cugb{ ngzek {suaagha csgklet! [je Tdjeses Csgkle Dh`yfaw tuek ha

yshoed{t ga 6795 fak 679> `fga{fgagal {jf{ {jegs csgklet tjhubk ce cugb{ cedfute

{jew |ese {je bh|et{ cgk! [je gttue |ft te{{bek fn{es {je dg{w ealgaeesgal



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 49

keyfs{èa{ enned{g~ebw fsluek {jegs yhga{ dhadesagal {je ke{esghsf{gha hn {je {sfdmt

fak {je ezyeate ga `fga{fgagal {je` ga {je 679> faaufb seyhs{! [je Tdjeses

Csgkle Dh`yfaw |g{jkse| {jegs tug{" fb{jhulj {jew dha{gauek {h dsg{gdge {je dg{w

fak g{t ngzek {suaagha cftdube csgklet!

[je tedhak belfb gttue ga~hb~ek f ketgla hn {je tuyyhs{ twt{e` hn {je

{suaaghat! [je {suaagha tuyyhs{ jfk {h ce shcut{ eahulj {h tuyyhs{ {je csgkle befn

fak ysh~gke eahulj shh` ce{|eea {je {suaaghat {h fddh``hkf{e {je bfsle

dhua{es|eglj{! Ga 6795" Ohteyj T{sfutt yf{ea{ek f ketgla nhs f {suaagha tuyyhs{

{jf{ |ft utek ha csgklet cugb{ cw {je T{sfutt Cftdube Csgkle dh`yfaw! [je dg{w hn Djgdflh utek f ‒tg`gbfs‐ twt{e` yf{ea{ek cw hae hn g{t h|a ealgaeest ha csgklet

cugb{ ce{|eea 679: fak 6733! Ga 6764" T{sfutt tuek {je dg{w nhs yf{ea{

gansgaleèa{ ha {jgt ketgla ha {je \et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk csgkle! [je dg{w

e~ea{ufbbw bht{ {je tug{ ga 6739 fak" ft f setub{" ke~ebhyek f uagvue *aha yf{ea{ek'

ketgla hn {jegs h|a {jf{ |ft ngst{ utek ga 673<! Gshagdfbbw" T{sfutt tuek {je dg{w hn

Tef{{be ga 6737 h~es {je tfè gttue fak bht{!

[je Dussea{ Csgklet

F kgtduttgha hn efsbw {|ea{ge{j dea{usw Djgdflh fak g{t cugb{ ea~gshaèa{ ùt{

gadbuke èa{gha hn [je Djgdflh Ybfa yucbgtjek ga 6797! [je Ybfa |ft f bhal-

sfale ~ge| hn |jf{ {je dg{w dhubk cedhè! G{ jfk g{t shh{t ga {je Dg{w Cefu{gnub

@h~eèa{ fak {je 6:74 \hsbk,t nfgs jebk ga Djgdflh! [je Dh`èsdgfb Dbuc hn

Djgdflh |ft {je ksg~gal nhsde cejgak {je Ybfa fak fsdjg{ed{ Kfageb Cusajf` |ft

{je `ft{es gak! [je nhdut hn {je Ybfa |ft {h dsef{e f dg{w {jf{ |hubk ce nsee hn

{je t{sfalbgal enned{t hn dhalet{gha {h fgk ga {je dhakud{ hn gakut{sw fak cutgaett

|jgbe dsef{gal f ybeftfa{ ea~gshaèa{ nhs {je setgkea{t nhs {je dg{w! [je g`yfd{ hn

{je Ybfa ha csgklet |ft ga {|h fseft! Ngst{" {jegs bhdf{gha fak ketgla aeekek {h



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 46

eatuse enngdgea{ `h~eèa{ hn yehybe fak lhhkt ga{h fak hu{ hn Djgdflh,t Bhhy!

Tedhak" {je csgklet aeekek {h fddh`ybgtj {jegs ysg`fsw hcoed{g~e |g{j f ketgla

{jf{ dh`ybeèa{ek {je cefu{w hn {je dg{w! \jgbe {jese |ese thè fsdjg{ed{usfb

dhatgkesf{ghat ga {je csgkle dh`yhaea{t {je`teb~et" `ht{ hn {je fsdjg{ed{usfb

f{{ea{gha |ft nhdutek ha {je csgkle {eakes jhutet" fcu{èa{t" t{fgsdftet" fak

sfgbgalt!

Fa ezf`ybe hn {je dhadesa nhs {je fet{je{gdt hn {je csgklet gt e~gkea{ ga f

t{f{eèa{ `fke cw Ofèt \! Yf{{gtha ga 6766! @s! Yf{{gtha" tedse{fsw hn {je

@uagdgyfb Fs{ Beflue" tfgk? ‒[je |jhbe {shucbe |g{j Djgdflh csgklet gt {jf{ {jewfse fbb t{hdm ygedet hn ealgaeesgal! G{ ae~es teeèk {h hddus {h fawchkw {h

hsafèa{ {je`! F csgkle |jgdj gt f{ hade t{uskw fak t{fuadj fak cefu{gnub {h chh{

gt |jf{ |e |fa{ jese — thè{jgal lsfdenub ga tjfye fak nhs` fak |jgdj gt t{shal

fak utenub ft gn cugb{ ga {je hbk è{jhkgdfb |fw! [jese hulj{ {h ce thè fs{

kebgcesf{ebw {jsut{ uyha Djgdflh! Djgdflh dfa jf~e ngae csgklet gn tje |gbb yfw nhs

{je`! [jew,se ezyeatg~e" |e fk`g{" cu{ {jew,se des{fgabw |hs{j|jgbe!‐6

Nhs {je \et{ \ftjgal{ha fak \et{ Ofdmtha csgklet *{je hbket{ hn {jgt lshuy'"

{je ysgde {fl hn {jete fsdjg{ed{usfb nef{uset |ft shuljbw te~ea {h {ea yesdea{ hn {je

{h{fb dht{! Ha {je csgklet {jf{ nhbbh|ek" {jete dht{t |ese ah{ yucbgdgek teyfsf{ebw"

befkgal {h {je dhadbutgha {jf{ {je tea{gèa{t ezysettek cw @s! Yf{{gtha |ese {fmea

{h jefs{!

E{de{esf

Hae hn {je efsbw hcoed{g~et hn {jgt djfy{es |ft {h khduèa{" nhs efdj hn {je

csgklet" |jw {je csgkle gt |jese g{ gt" |jw g{ |ft cugb{ |jea g{ |ft cugb{" |jf{

lshuyt ganbueadek {jete kedgtghat" fak |jf{ {je thdgfb g`yfd{ |ft ha ch{j tgket hn

{je sg~es ft f setub{ hn {je csgkle! [jgt hcoed{g~e dhubk ah{ ce |jhbbw tf{gtngek!

6 ‒\fa{ Lsfde ga Ae| Csgklet"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" @fw <" 6766!



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 43

\jgbe khduèa{f{gha hn {jete thdgh yhbg{gdfb ftyed{t ezgt{ek nhs thè hn {je

csgklet" dh`ybe{e khduèa{f{gha nhs fbb hn {je csgklet |ft bfdmgal! [jese fse

thè leaesfb dhadbutghat {jf{ dfa ce ganessek nsh` {je efsbw jgt{hsget" yfs{gdubfsbw

{jhte hn Fakseft fak Ygesde! [jete ygedet hn ganhs`f{gha kgka,{ ng{ agdebw ga{h {je

efsbges yshte" th {jew fse ah| ysetea{ek ft fat|est {h f tesget hn leaesfb vuet{ghat

sebf{ek {h {je csgklet!

\jw fse {je csgklet |jese {jew fse fak jh| |ese {jew yfgk nhs8\jw fse {je csgklet |jese {jew fse fak jh| |ese {jew yfgk nhs8

Efsbw ga Djgdflh,t jgt{hsw" sg~es dshttgalt |ese dhat{sud{ek dbhte {h |jese

yehybe bg~ek! [jgt |ft aefs |jese {je Ahs{j Csfadj fak {je Thu{j Csfadj ohga

*aefs {je Nsfambga-Hsbefat Csgkle' fak aefs {je bhdf{gha hn Nhs{ Kefschsa

*dussea{bw Ahs{j @gdjglfa fak Eft{ \fdmes'! [je efsbget{ dshttgalt |ese ga

dfahet fak hc~ghutbw sevugsek bg{{be ‒ealgaeesgal!‐ Bf{es" ft {je dh`ùag{w lse|"

{jese |ese nessget fak t`fbb csgklet fkkek! [jete |ese cugb{ cw gakg~gkufbt |g{j

{je dfa-kh yghaees f{{g{uke ksg~ea cw f dh`cgaf{gha hn ea{seyseaeusgfb fak dg~gd

tygsg{ ngafadek {h thè ez{ea{ cw {je yhhbek sethusdet hn {jhte setgkea{t `ht{fnned{ek!

\jea Djgdflh gadhsyhsf{ek ft f {h|a ga 6:44 fak bf{es ft f dg{w ga 6:4<" {je

yshdett cedfè `hse nhs`fb! [je djfs{es hn gadhsyhsf{gha lf~e {je dg{w {sut{eet

{je sglj{ fak setyhatgcgbg{w {h cugbk fak `fga{fga csgklet fak bgdeate nessget! [je

dg{w `fke {je kedgtghat ha |jese nhs`fb sg~es dshttgalt |ese" lugkek" ah khuc{" cw

dg{gea gayu{! Ah{ tusysgtgalbw" {je `hse ysh`gaea{ dg{geat jfk {je lsef{et{

ganbueade ga {jete kedgtghat!

Uy ua{gb 6:5>" csgklet |ese ngafadek cw fttettèa{t ha {jhte yshyes{w h|aest

kgsed{bw g`yfd{ek cw {je csgkle! [jgt |ft ah{ fb{hle{jes tf{gtnfd{hsw nhs {je

yshyes{w h|aest cedfute {jese |ese f au`ces hn yshyes{w h|aest |jh djhte ah{ {h



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 44

yfw {je gag{gfb fttettèa{! Nsh` {je sedhsk" g{ fyyefst {jf{ {je kebgavuea{ nuakt

|ese kg~gkek f`hal {jhte yshyes{w h|aest |jh jfk fbsefkw yfgk {jegs tjfse!

\jgbe {jese gt ah tyedgngd khduèa{f{gha f~fgbfcbe" g{ `fmet teate {jf{ yshyes{w

h|aest aefs {je sg~es lse| |efsw hn nhh{gal {je dhat{sud{gha cgbb nhs csgklet {jf{

ceaeng{ek `ht{ hs fbb {je dg{geat hn {je dg{w! Ga 6:5>" {je dg{w kedgkek {h ute

ùagdgyfb nuakt {h yfw nhs {je dhat{sud{gha hn csgklet fak fbb cu{ hae csgkle tgade

jft ceea nuakek ga {jgt `faaes!

Fse {jese ef`ybet hn ‒jhste-{sfkgal‐ yhbg{gdt8 Fse {jese ef`ybet hn ‒jhste-{sfkgal‐ yhbg{gdt8

[jese |ese {|h khduèa{ek dftet hn {je ‒jhste {sfkgal‐ ~fsge{w hn yhbg{gdt!

[je ngst{ dfte |ft efsbw ga {je dg{w,t jgt{hsw fak èa{ghaek efsbges! [h sedfy" g{

hddussek kusgal {je bf{e 6:49,t! [je setgkea{t hn {je aefs ahs{j tgke fak {je bhhy

|ese ga kgtflseeèa{ fchu{ {je aeek nhs f csgkle ga {je fsef aefs Dbfsm T{see{!

\g{j {je dg{w dhuadgb e~eabw kg~gkek" {je kgtyu{e |ft sethb~ek |jea {|h ysh`gaea{

dg{geat khaf{ek {je bfak {h cugbk f Df{jhbgd df{jeksfb! [je Df{jhbgdt |ese

nf~hsfcbw g`ysettek fak t|fwek {je dg{w dhuadgb {h tuyyhs{ {h {je cugbkgal hn {je csgkle f{ Ahs{j Dbfsm T{see{ ga 6:;9!

[je tedhak dfè ùdj bf{es ga {je dhat{sud{gha hn {je csgkle f{ Eft{ @hashe

T{see{ fshuak 6765! [je Djgdflh Ybfa hsglgafbbw dfbbek nhs Uagha sfgb|fw t{f{gha

{h ce bhdf{ek aefs Shhte~eb{ Shfk *{jea 63{j T{see{' fak {je Thu{j Csfadj!

Cutgaett fak sfgbshfk ga{eset{t hyyhtek {je bhdf{gha" nefsgal f bhdf{gha {jgt nfs

thu{j |hubk fk~estebw enned{ cutgaettet ga {je Bhhy! [je dg{w fak {je sfgbshfkt

sefdjek f dh`ysh`gte thbu{gha! [je dg{w flseek {h {je dussea{ bhdf{gha hn Uagha

T{f{gha ce{|eea \et{ Fkf`t T{see{ fak \et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk ha {je |et{ cfam

hn {je Thu{j Csfadj! Ga ezdjfale" {je sfgbshfkt" {jshulj {je Uagha T{f{gha

Dh`yfaw" flseek {h yfw nhs {je ketgla fak dhat{sud{gha hn f ae| csgkle f{ \et{



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 4;

@hashe T{see{! [jgt gt {je habw ‒`hkesa‐ csgkle ha {je Djgdflh Sg~es {h jf~e

ceea cugb{ ea{gsebw |g{j ysg~f{e nuakgal!

Faw e~gkeade hn dg{gzea lshuyt ganbueadgal {je bhdf{gha hn csgklet8 Faw e~gkeade hn dg{gzea lshuyt ganbueadgal {je bhdf{gha hn csgklet8

Dg{gea bhccwgal ennhs{t |ese dbefsbw f yfs{ hn {je csgkle t{hsw! Ga ae|tyfyes

fddhua{t `faw lshuyt |ese afèk! [jete lshuyt gadbukek [je \fcftj Csgkle

Ftthdgf{gha" Lsef{es Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue Ftthdgf{gha" Ahs{j Dbfsm T{see{

G`ysh~eèa{ Ftthdgf{gha" Bf Tfbbe T{see{ G`ysh~eèa{ Ftthdgf{gha" Djgdflh

Ftthdgf{gha hn Dh`èsde" Nsfambga-Hsbefat Csgkle Ftthdgf{gha" [je Djgdflh Dg{w

Dbuc" [je \et{ Dea{sfb Ftthdgf{gha" [je Aefs \et{ Tgke Cutgaett @eat

Ftthdgf{gha fak [je \et{ Tgke Yshyes{w H|aest! G{ gt hc~ghut cw {jegs afè {jf{

thè hn {jete lshuyt |ese nhsèk nhs f tyedgngd yshoed{ fak hade {je lhfbt |ese

fddh`ybgtjek" {jew ah bhales aeekek {h ezgt{! [je hcoed{g~et hn {je h{jes lshuyt

|ese `hse leaesfb! Khduèa{f{gha hn {je |hsmgalt hn {jete lshuyt |ft

gadh`ybe{e f{ cet{! [jese |ese {|h yucbgtjek fddhua{t {jf{ fse gakgdf{g~e hn {je

ganbueade tudj lshuyt jfk ga `f{{es hn csgklet!Ga 6::;" {je Dh``g{{ee ha Csgklet fak T{see{ Sfgb|fwt hn {je Dg{gzea,t

Ftthdgf{gha hn Djgdflh yseyfsek f seyhs{ |jgdj hctes~ek ‒[je hct{sud{ghat {h

t{see{ {sfnngd dfutek cw {je csgklet" jft fbth cedhè f vuet{gha hn `hèa{hut" gn

ah{ hn yfsf`hua{ g`yhs{fade {h {je cutgaett ga{eset{t hn {je dg{w!‐3 Gadbukek |ese

sedh`èakf{ghat cfdmek uy |g{j {sfnngd dhua{t fak khduèa{f{gha hn csgkle

kebfwt f{ mew csgklet hn {je kfw! G{ gt ah{ dbefs |jf{ {wye hn fd{gha |ft {fmea ft f

setub{ hn {jgt seyhs{! Jh|e~es" g{ tee`t sefthafcbe {h fttuè {jgt |ft f lshuy hn

ganbuea{gfb dg{geat!

[je Dg{w Dbuc hn Djgdflh jht{ek f kgtduttgha fchu{ f chak gttue nhs csgklet f{

3 Dg{geat Ftthdgf{gha hn Djgdflh" Seyhs{ hn {je Dh``g{{eet ha Csgklet fak T{see{ Sfgb|fwt" Leh! M! Jfbg{{ . Dh!"Tey{e`ces 6::;!



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 45

f èe{gal ha @fsdj 46" 6766! [je ysg`fsw hcoed{g~e hn {je èe{gal |ft {h nhdut

yucbgd f{{ea{gha ‒{h|fsk {je g`yhs{fa{ èftuse!‐4 G{ gt uamah|a |jf{ ganbueade

{jgt èe{gal jfk ha {je hu{dhè hn {je chak ebed{gha jebk Fysgb ;" 6766" cu{ {je

chak |ft fyysh~ek cw f {jsee {h hae `fslga!

\jf{ fse {je thdgh edhah`gd g`yfd{t hn {je csgklet8\jf{ fse {je thdgh edhah`gd g`yfd{t hn {je csgklet8

Thdgfb g`yfd{t hn {jete csgklet `fw ce lflek ga edhah`gd fak dub{usfb {es`t!

Edhah`gd {es`t fse sefthafcbw hc~ghut! F csgkle hyeat uy ch{j tgket hn {je

dshttgal {h lsh|{j! Ae| shu{et nhs dh`ù{est hyeat uy {je fseft {h dh`èsde

fak setgkea{gfb ke~ebhyèa{! Ga {je dfte hn @gdjglfa F~eaue" f lsfyjgd yucbgtjek

ga {je Djgdflh [sgcuae; ketdsgcek {je edhah`gd g`yfd{ ga {es`t hn {je au`ces hn

ae| tmw tdsfyest cugb{ |g{jga ngn{eea wefst hn g{t hyeagal! F {h{fb hn {jgs{w-{jsee

cugbkgalt |ese cugb{ nsh` 6767 {h 6745 fbhal @gdjglfa F~eaue ce{|eea Sfakhbyj

fak Hfm t{see{t! Gadbukek ga {jete cugbkgalt fse [je \sglbew Cugbkgal *6739'" [je

[sgcuae [h|es *6735'" {je Ksfme Jh{eb *6739'" {je \LA T{ukgh *6745'" fak Tfmt

Ngn{j F~eaue *6737'!F `hse sedea{ ezf`ybe hn fa g`yfd{ hn f ae| csgkle |hubk ce {je Ahs{j

Dhbu`cut Ksg~e csgkle hyeaek ga 67:3! F ae|tyfyes fs{gdbe5 hctes~ek {je

lsh|{j hn {je Aefs Ahs{j Tgke {jf{ setub{ek nsh` ah{ habw {je @gdjglfa F~eaue

csgkle cu{ fbth {je Dbfsm fak Kefschsa csgklet! G{ {jea kgtduttek {je yhttgcbe

enned{t hn {je {jea we{ {h hyea Dhbu`cut Ksg~e csgkle! F dh`yfsgtha hn f `fy hn

67:3 |g{j hae hn 399< tjh|t f tglagngdfa{ djfale hn {je fsef chuakek cw Eft{

Sfakhbyj ha {je thu{j" Bfme @gdjglfa ha {je eft{" Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue ha {je

|et{ fak Eft{ Ha{fsgh ha {je ahs{j! \jgbe g{ `fw ce gafddusf{e {h dsekg{ {jgt

csgkle |g{j fbb {je lsh|{j fak djfale {jf{ jft hddussek ga {jgt fsef" g{ tee`t dbefs

4 Dg{w Dbuc hn Djgdflh" [je Dg{w Dbuc Cubbe{ga" hb G ! Au`ces >" Fysgb 63" 6766!; ‒\jf{ f Csgkle Dfa Kh"‐ [je Djgdflh [sgcuae" Kede`ces 5" 674<!5 ‒\jea csgklet hyea lf{e|fw" ke~ebhy ea{ tuse {h nhbbh|"‐ [je Djgdflh [sgcuae" @fw 7" 67:3!



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 4>

{jf{ {jgt csgkle jft jfk fa g`yfd{!

[je teyfsf{gha hn thdgfb fak edhah`gd g`yfd{t `fw ce thè|jf{ yshcbe`f{gd!

Jh|e~es" {jese fse thè g`yfd{t {jf{ dfa ce teyfsf{ek! [je g`yfd{ hn {je ~fsge{w

hn csgkle t{wbet ha {je f`cgfade hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es ce{|eea Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e

fak {je Nsfambga-Hsbefat csgklet gt thè|jf{ ga{falgcbe fak jfsk {h vufa{gnw" cu{

g{ gt sefb!

Jh| `faw yehybe jf~e"

ft {jegs ngst{ *fak `fwce `ht{

eakefsgal' g`fle hn Djgdflh"{je fesgfb ~ge| hn {je csgklet

fak {je tusshuakgal tmwbgae

*tg`gbfs {h Gbbut{sf{gha >'8

Te~ea hn {jete csgklet jf~e

ceea nef{usek ga {jgs{eea

sedea{ h~get *677>-399<'!

Dfsb Tfakcusl |sh{e f yhe`

ea{g{bek ‒[je Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle!‐ [je \et{ @fkgtha T{see{ csgkle |ft seafèk

{je ‒Bwsgd Hyesf Csgkle‐ ga jhahs hn {je Bwsgd Hyesf,t 45 {j teftha! [je Dbfsm

t{see{ csgkle cedfè f yesduttgha gat{suèa{ ga 399< ft f yfs{ hn {je fs{gt{t ga

Djgdflh debecsf{gha! [je Djgdflh Sg~es csgklet fkhsa yht{est fak {-tjgs{t! [jew

fse gdhat hn {je dg{w" f yfs{ hn {je nfcsgd hn Djgdflh dub{use!

\jw kgk Djgdflh,t Csgklet jf~e {h ce `h~fcbe8\jw kgk Djgdflh,t Csgklet jf~e {h ce `h~fcbe8

Af~glfcbe sg~est `fw ce csgklek cw {|h kgnnesea{ è{jhkt! [je ngst{ gt {h cugbk

f ngzek csgkle jglj eahulj fch~e {je |f{es {h fbbh| ~ettebt {h yftt uakesaef{j

uag`yekek! [jgt thbu{gha jft {je ceaeng{ hn sebf{g~e bh| fga{eafade fak

Gbbut{sf{gha >? Fa fesgfb ~ge| hn {je csgklet ha {je Djgdflh Sg~es! *Oe{ [!

Bh|e yjh{hlsfyjes 6777! Y.Y"JFES"GBB"6>-DJGL"64<-63'



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 4<

hyesf{ghafb dht{t! G{ gt f lhhk djhgde |jea {je sg~es gt bh| sebf{g~e {h {je

tusshuakgal bfak! [je tedhak hy{gha gt {h cugbk f bh|es *sebf{g~e {h {je |f{es

tusnfde' csgkle {jf{ dfa ce `h~ek {h fbbh| |f{eschsae {sfnngd {h yftt!

Djgdflh |ft bhdf{ek ga f t|f`y! [je sg~es fak tusshuakgal bfak |ese f{

ettea{gfbbw {je tfè ebe~f{gha! \jgbe {jese jf~e ceea `faw ga{eset{gal

ealgaeesgal yshoed{t ga Djgdflh *se~estgal {je nbh| hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es" sfgtgal

{je ebe~f{gha hn {je {h|a ce{|eea tgz fak {ea nee{" fak {je ù{g-be~eb t{see{

twt{e`'" utgal ‒jglj‐ csgklet {h dshtt {je sg~es |jgbe khfcbe" |ft ah{ neftgcbe!

[jesenhse" `h~fcbe csgklet |ese {je cet{ thbu{gha nhs Djgdflh!Ft {gè yfttek fak {je dh`èsdgfb Djgdflh Sg~es {sfnngd |faek" {je au`ces hn

bgn{t jft ceea sekudek! F lhhk ezf`ybe hn {je sg~es {sfnngd sekud{gha dfa ce nhuak

ga {je faaufb au`ces hn bgn{t hn {je Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue csgkle! Ga 6739" g{t

ngst{ wefs hn hyesf{gha" {je @gdjglfa F~eaue Csgkle |ft sfgtek 4"4<< {gèt! [jgt

au`ces t{fwek lsef{es {jfa 6"999 {jshulj {je 6749,t! Ga {je 67>9,t {je au`ces

kshyyek ga{h {je juaksekt fak ga 399>" {je au`ces |ft bett {jfa >9!

[je neftgcgbg{w hn seybfdgal `h~fcbe csgklet |g{j ngzek csgklet |ft t{ukgek

ce{|eea 6734 fak 6735! F sedh`èakf{gha hn {jgt t{ukw |ft {h t{hy cugbkgal

`h~fcbe csgklet fn{es 6749! Ga fkkg{gha" g{ sedh`èakek {jf{ ngzek csgklet tjhubk

ce 6>!5 nee{ fch~e {je sg~es tusnfde!

\jgbe {jete sedh`èakf{ghat `fw jf~e ceea ~gfcbe {h thè" f `fohsg{w hn

ga{eset{t dfè hu{ flfgat{ {je ah{gha! F èe{gal djfgsek cw {je UT Fs`w Dhsyt hn

Ealgaeest ga Necsufsw 673> ysh~gkek f nhsu` nhs yucbgd dh`èa{! [jhte hyyhtek

{h {je ah{gha gadbukek sfgbshfkt" {je Djgdflh Ftthdgf{gha hn Dh`èsde" {je Bfme

Dfssgest ftthdgf{gha" fak Fèsgdfa Tfak fak Lsf~eb! F{ {je dhadbutgha hn {je

yucbgd èe{gal" {je ysetgkgal hnngdes dhadbukek {jf{ ‒nhs {je ysetea{" f{ beft{"



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 4:

`h~fcbe csgklet |hubk se`fga h~es {je Djgdflh Sg~es!‐>

Ft f yfs{ hn {je {et{g`haw f{ {jgt èe{gal" [je Keyfs{èa{ hn Yucbgd \hsmt

seysetea{f{g~e hctes~ek {jf{ ‒!!!bhtt {h bfak {sfatyhs{f{gha kue {h {sfnngd of`t

dfutek cw hyeagal {je ysetea{ `h~fcbe csgklet gt ah{ evufb {h {je bhtt ga bfak

~fbuet hn fcfakhaek |jfs~et fak |f{es {sfke gadgkea{ {h cugbkgal ngzek

csgklet! !!!yesjfyt ga ngn{eea wefst!‐

[jfamnubbw nhs {jgt csgkle ea{jutgft{" {jf{ ‒ngn{eea wefst‐ gt eglj{w-{jsee wefst

fak dhua{gal!

\jh |ese thè hn {je mew ealgaeest |jh jebyek ke~ebhy {je Djgdflh [wye csgkle8\jh |ese thè hn {je mew ealgaeest |jh jebyek ke~ebhy {je Djgdflh [wye csgkle8

[jgt lshuy hn ealgaeest gt {je fu{jhs,t djhgde ft jf~gal {je `ht{ ganbueade ga

{je ke~ebhyèa{ fak efsbw sengaeèa{ hn {je Djgdflh [wye cftdube csgkle!

Ohja E! Esgdtha" Djgdflh Csgkle Ealgaees

Ohja Esat{ Esgdtha |ft chsa ga T{hdmjhb " T|ekea ha Hd{hces 36" 6:5:! Je

sedeg~ek jgt {sfgagal ga dg~gb ealgaeesgal nsh` {je Shwfb Yhbw{edjagd Gat{g{u{e ga

T{hdmjhb` ga 6::9 fak g``glsf{ek {h {je Uag{ek T{f{et ga 6::6! Je |hsmek gate~esfb fseft hn dg~gb ealgaeesgal cenhse cedh`gal {je Djgdflh dg{w ealgaees ga

6:7<!

@s! Esgdtha |ft gat{suèa{fb ga {je yshdett {jf{ bek {h {je Djgdflh-{wye

cftdube csgkle! Uakes Esgdtha,t befkestjgy {je ealgaeesgal keyfs{èa{ dhakud{ek

{je tefsdj {jf{ gkea{gngek {je ngzek-{suaagha cftdube csgkle ft {je cet{ csgkle {wye

nhs {je Djgdflh Sg~es!

Ft dg{w ealgaees" @s! Esgdtha,t afè fyyefsek selubfsbw ga {je Djgdflh

[sgcuae! Ga 6795<" je setglaek" ftmgal nhs f bef~e hn fcteade ‒{h sedh~es jgt

> Lsgnneajflea fak Ftthdgf{et" Tu``fsw fak Hu{bgae hn {je Seyhs{ ha {je Djgdflh Sg~es Csgkle Tus~ew ha {je Vuet{gha

hn ngzek ~t @h~fcbe Csgklet 6734-6735" Nsek O! Sgalbew Dh! Ysga{est" 6735< ‒Dg{w Ealgaees Ftmt Set{"‐ Djgdflh Kfgbw [sgcuae" Ah~e`ces 6" 6795



F Csgen Jgt{hsw 47

jefb{j!‐ Ga 679>:" |jgbe t{gbb ha bef~e" @s! Esgdtha fyyefsek cenhse {je Dubbes{ha

lsfn{ dh``g{{ee" {h keneak jg`tebn flfgat{ fddutf{ghat hn lsfn{ ga f dhat{sud{gha

yshoed{!

Cfdm ga {je Dg{w Ealgaees,t ohc ga 679:" Esgdtha |ft dhus{ek cw jgt jhè {h|a

hn T{hdmjhb`! Je |ft hnnesek {je ohc hn Kgsed{hs hn Yucbgd \hsmt! Esgdtha |ft

‒uakedgkek‐ cu{ {jf{ ‒Cedfute hn jgt {jhshulj Fèsgdfagf{gha je ah| nefst {jf{

je |hubk ah{ ce tf{gtngek |g{j Eushyefa è{jhkt!‐7 Je kgk ah{ {fme {je ohc!

Cw {je {gè 6769 shbbek fshuak" je `fw jf~e |gtjek je jfk `h~ek {h

T{hdmjhb`! G{ |ft ga Ofaufsw hn {jf{ wefs {jf{ f tdfakfb dhadesagal {je ShlestYfsm |f{es ybfa{ cshme! Ga f tyfa hn eglj{ `ha{jt" @s! Esgdtha |ft? falsgbw

dhansha{ek {je `fwhs= gakgd{ek cw f lsfak ousw= {hhm fah{jes bef~e hn fcteade" fak

jg{ cw f t{see{ dfs! Ub{g`f{ebw" je |ft nhuak ah{ lugb{w ha {je djfslet cshulj{

flfgat{ jg`" fak segat{f{ek ga {je Dg{w Ealgaees yhtg{gha cw {je eak hn {jf{ e~ea{nub

wefs!

Je dha{gauek {h jf~e fa ga{eset{gal sebf{ghatjgy |g{j {je yhbt ga dg{w jfbb! Je

jfk dhanbgd{t ga 676; fak 6767! [je dhanbgd{ ga 6767 bek {h jgt kgt`gttfb!

Jh|e~es" je |ft flfga fyyhga{ek Dg{w Ealgaees ga 6734" |jea {je dussea{ setgkea{

*Fbezfakes @uskhdj' hn {jf{ hnngde nebb hu{ hn nf~hs |g{j {je yucbgd |hsmt

dh``gttghaes!69 Je tes~ek ga {je yhtg{gha ua{gb jgt kef{j ha Fysgb 6>" 673<! Ga f

kekgdf{gha ga 6744" f è`hsgfb dh`è`hsf{gal Esgdtha,t tes~gde" t{f{ek {jf{ je

|ft dg{w ealgaees nsh` 6:7<-673<" ‒|g{j {je ezdey{gha hn nhus wefst ga f

dhatub{gal dfyfdg{w!‐

Ohja Esgdtha,t afè fyyefst ha {je csgkle ybfvuet f{ \et{ Bfme T{see{" Ahs{j

: ‒Jh{ Seybw cw Esgdtha"‐ Djgdflh Kfgbw [sgcuae" Ofaufsw 34" 679>7 ‒T{hdmjhb` Ftmt Nhs Esgdtha"‐ Djgdflh Kfgbw [sgcuae" @fw 3<" 679:69 Djgdflh [sgcuae Fs{gdbet? ‒Ealgaeest Nfde Ngse hn Dhuadgb"‐ Ah~e`ces 65" 676;= ‒Ohja Esgdtha Yu{ ha Tmgkt cw Dg{w Jfbb"‐

Ouae 36" 6767= ‒Tysflue Hut{t Dg{w Ealgaees Fn{es Dbftj"‐ @fw 67" 6734= fak ‒‐Dg{w {h Jhahs Yghaees \f{es Cugbkest"‐Ouae 66" 6744!



F Csgen Jgt{hsw ;9

Nsfambga-Hsbefat T{see{" Ahs{j \ebbt T{see{" fak \et{ @fkgtha t{see{!

Ohteyj C! T{sfutt" Csgkle Ealgaees

Ohteyj C! T{sfutt |ft chsa ga Dgadgaaf{g" Hjgh ha Ofaufsw 6" 6:<9! Je

sedeg~ek jgt {sfgagal f{ {je Uag~estg{w hn Dgadgaaf{g" lsfkuf{gal ga 6:73! Ga jgt

efsbw dfsees" je |hsmek nhs Ae| Oestew Gsha fak T{eeb fak {je Djgdflh Yucbgd

\hsmt keyfs{èa{! Ga 6793" je hyeaek jgt h|a ngs`!

Jgt efsbw dhatub{gal |hsm nhdutek ha {je g`ysh~eèa{ hn cftdube csgklet! Ha

Tey{e`ces 39" 6766 je |ft lsfa{ek Yf{ea{ Ah! 775":64! [jgt khduèa{ek {je

ketgla ke{fgbt nhs {je tuyyhs{ hn {je {suaaghat! Kgtflseeèa{ fchu{ {je hsglgafbg{whn {jgt ke{fgb |hubk ub{g`f{ebw setub{ ga f bf|tug{ |g{j {je dg{w hn Djgdflh!

Ohteyj T{sfutt fak jgt dh`yfaw cugb{ `faw csgklet" cu{ je gt `ht{ nf`hut ft

{je befk ealgaees hn {je Lhbkea Lf{e Csgkle ga Tfa Nsfadgtdh! @s! T{sfutt kgek ha

@fw 6>" 674:!

@s! T{sfutt,t ealgaeesgal ngs` |hsmek ha {|h hn {je dussea{ csgklet fbhal

\fdmes Ksg~e! [jete fse f{ Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e fak \et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk!

Fbefakes N! ^ha Cfch" Djgdflh Csgkle Ealgaees

@s! ^ha Cfch |ft chsa ha @fw 3<" 6:5; ga Jegkebcesl" Les`faw fak je kgek

ga Djgdflh ha Fysgb 3:" 6739! Je g``glsf{ek {h {je Uag{ek T{f{et ga 6::>! [je

ngst{ Djgdflh seneseade nhs @s! ^ha Cfch fyyefst ga {je Djgdflh [sgcuae ga 6:73!

G{ fyyefst {jf{ jgt e`ybhwes" Tge`fat fak Jfbtme" |ft {swgal {h ngak tyfde f{ {je

6:74 \hsbk,t Nfgs nhs f kgtybfw fak je |ft ga~hb~ek ga {jf{ yshdett! @s! ha Cfch

gt ketdsgcek ft ‒{je Fèsgdfa seysetea{f{g~e hn {je ngs` f{ Ae| Whsm!‐66

Ae|tyfyes fs{gdbet nsh` 6:7;-75 g`ybw {jf{ @s! ^ha Cfch `h~ek {h Djgdflh

f{ thè yhga{! Jgt afè kheta,{ fyyefs ga f {edjagdfb dha{ez{! Gat{efk" je gt bgt{ek

ft f luet{ f{ {je |ekkgal hn {je Les`fa Dhatub" f è`ces hn {je Les`fagf

66 ‒Jft Jfk Ah Tuddett"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae kf{ek Necsufsw 69" 6:73!



F Csgen Jgt{hsw ;6

@feaaesdjhs" fak fa f{{eakee f{ f \et{esa Ealgaeest cfavue{!63

@s! ~ha Cfch |ft ga~hb~ek ga {je ennhs{ {jf{ gkea{gngek {je ngzek {suaagha

cftdube csgkle ft ‒Djgdflh,t csgkle‐ ga 6799! Fak ha Fulut{ 37" 6766" je |ft

lsfa{ek yf{ea{ Ah! 6"996":99! [jgt yf{ea{ |ft tglagngdfa{ cedfute g{ `h~ek {je

sfdm nsh` {je hu{tgke hn {je csgkle {suttet {h {je gatgke! Gbbut{sf{gha < tjh|t ~ha

Cfch,t yf{ea{ ksf|galt hn {je hsglgafb Djgdflh-{wye csgkle dhanglusf{gha *sglj{

jfak tgke' fak ~ha Cfch,t gaah~f{gha *ben{ jfak tgke'! [jgt gaah~f{gha yf~ek {je

|fw nhs {je ute hn `hse f{{sfd{g~e fak ~fsgek {suttet ha {je tedhak leaesf{gha

csgklet! Je |hsmek nhs {je dg{w ua{gb 6765!

Je |hsmek kgsed{bw ha {je \et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk csgkle fak jgt afè

fyyefst ha {je csgkle ybfvue ha {je \et{ Bfme T{see{ csgkle! Jh|e~es" {je g`yfd{

63 ‒@gtt hdme \ekt f ^gde Dhatub"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Tey{e`ces 6:" 6:7;= ‒@ea Nsh`` {je Sjgae"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ah~e`ces 35" 6:7;= fak ‒Fbb Mah|a cw \hsm"‐ Djgdflh {sgcuae" Ofaufsw 4" 6:75!

Gbbut{sf{gha <? Fbefakes ~ha Cfch,t @fohs Dha{sgcu{gha {h {je Djgdflh [wye Cftdube Csgkle *ksf|gal

{fmea nsh` {je 6766 yf{ea{'

Sfdm

Ygagha



F Csgen Jgt{hsw ;3

hn jgt ketgla gaah~f{gha gt ùdj |gkes {jfa jgt dhaaed{gha {h tyedgngd csgklet!

[jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Djgdflh Csgkle Ealgaees

[jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{ |ft chsa ha Hd{hces 66" 6:5: ga fkth" Ahs|fw! Je

sedeg~ek jgt ealgaeesgal {sfgagal ga Les`faw! Ygjbnebk{ g``glsf{ek {h {je Uag{ek

T{f{et ha Fulut{ 35" 6:<7! Jgt ngst{ ohct ga {je Djgdflh fsef |ese ft f ksfn{t`fa

ga Djgdflh ealgaeesgal ngs`t! Ga 6::7 je celfa |hsm nhs {je Djgdflh Cusefu hn

@fyt! Ygjbnebk{ {sfatnessek {h {je Kg~gtgha hn Csgklet ga 6:7;! Je cedfè fa

Fttgt{fa{ Ealgaees hn Csgklet ga 6:7> fak |ft ysh`h{ek {h Ealgaees hn Csgklet ga

6796! Je |ft f|fskek {je Hskes hn T{! Hbfn cw {je Mgal hn Ahs|fw ga 6743! Je|hsmek ga {je csgkle kg~gtgha ua{gb jgt kef{j ha Ofaufsw 34" 67;6!

@s! Ygjbnebk{,t g`yfd{ dfa ce hctes~ek cw {je au`ces hn csgkle ybfvuet fshuak

{je dg{w {jf{ cefs jgt afè! Hn {je csgklet fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e" agae ybfvuet

*\ftjgal{ha= Bfme= @gdjglfa= Nsfambga-Hsbefat= \ebbt= @fkgtha= Fkf`t= Bf

Tfbbe= Dbfsm= fak \fcftj' cefs jgt afè!

Yshcfcbw jgt `ht{ gaah~f{g~e |hsm dfè ga {je seybfdeèa{ hn {je khucbe kedm

dea{es yges t|gal csgklet f{ \et{ Bfme fak Ahs{j \ebbt t{see{t! Ch{j csgklet

dfssgek f bfsle ~hbuè hn {sfga {sfnngd ha {jegs uyyes kedm! G{ |ft g`yhs{fa{ {h {je

edhah`w hn {je dg{w {jf{ {jgt {sfga {sfnngd ah{ ce ga{essuy{ek nhs fa gahskgaf{e yesghk

hn {gè! Jgt thbu{gha |ft {h `fga{fga {sfga {sfnngd ha {je ebe~f{ek {sfdmt ha {je hbk

t|gal csgkle |jgbe {je cftdube csgkle bef~et |ese dhat{sud{ek ga {je ~es{gdfb

yhtg{gha! \jea {je cftdube csgkle |ft dh`ybe{ek" {je hbk t|gal csgkle |ft

sh{f{ek hyea" du{ uy fak se`h~ek ~gf {je sg~es fak {je cftdube csgkle |ft bh|esek!

[je kedmgal ha {je uyyes kedm |ft {jea gat{fbbek! Ha jgt ngst{ {sw f{ {je \et{ Bfme

T{see{ csgkle" {sfnngd |ft ga{essuy{ek nhs te~ea kfwt! Ha jgt tedhak {sw f{ Ahs{j

\ebbt" {je csefm ga {sfga tes~gde |ft habw {jsee kfwt!



F Csgen Jgt{hsw ;4

Ygjbnebk{ kgk ah{ etdfye yhbg{gdfb {shucbet ga jgt {eause! Ga 6739" je |ft ngsek

*fbhal |g{j Julj Whual' nhs |jf{ {hkfw |hubk ce dfbbek f ‒dhanbgd{ hn ga{eset{!‐

Je |ft {je ysetgkea{ hn {je ‒Djgdflh Cftdube Csgkle Dh`yfaw‐ fak je |ft

fddutek hn utgal dg{w yshyes{w fak yesthaaeb ga jgt ysg~f{e cutgaett! [je Djgdflh

djfy{es hn {je Fèsgdfa Ftthdgf{gha hn Ealgaeest dfè {h @s! Ygjbnebk{,t keneate"

|g{j bg{{be fyyfsea{ tuddett! Fn{es fchu{ f wefs" @s! Ygjbnebk{ |ft segat{f{ek fn{es

fyhbhlggal {h {je dh``gttghaes hn yucbgd |hsmt!64

Ek|fsk J! Ceaae{{" Djgdflh Fsdjg{ed{

Ek|fsk Ceaae{{ |ft chsa ga \gb{tjgse" Ealbfak ha @fw 63" 6:<;! Je sedeg~ekjgt fsdjg{ed{usfb ekudf{gha f{ {je Edhbe ket Cefuz-Fs{t ga Yfsgt! Ga 6794 je ohgaek

nhsdet |g{j Kfageb Cusajf` ga f ketgla dh`ye{g{gha nhs \et{ Yhga{! Fb{jhulj

{jegs ketgla nhs \et{ Yhga{ |ft ah{ djhtea" f yshnettghafb chak |ft nhsèk! [jegs

`ht{ tglagngdfa{ dhbbfchsf{gha nhs Djgdflh |ft {je Ybfa hn Djgdflh hn 6797!

[je ysg`fsw nhdut hn Ceaae{{,t bhal dfsees |ft dg{w ybfaagal! Ft f t{shal

yshyhaea{ hn {je Dg{w Cefu{gnub @h~eèa{ fak ft f setub{ hn jgt {sfgagal ga Yfsgt" je

|hsmek {h thn{ea {je jfsk eklet hn {je dg{w ga {je f{{e`y{ {h yshkude f `hse

ju`fae ea~gshaèa{! Ga fkkg{gha {h {je Djgdflh Ybfa" je ke~ebhyek ybfat nhs

Ke{shg{" @gaaefyhbgt" fak Yhs{bfak" Hselha" f`hal h{jest! Je kgek ga [swha" Ae|

Whsm ha Hd{hces 65" 675;!

Ceaae{{ |hsmek ft f dhatub{fa{ |g{j {je Djgdflh Ybfa Dh``gttgha ua{gb jgt

yhtg{gha |ft ebg`gaf{ek ga 6749! Jgt g`yfd{ ha {je csgklet fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e gt

`ht{ hc~ghut ga {je fsdjg{ed{usfb ke{fgbt hn {je csgkle {eakes jhutet" nhuakf{gha

nfdfket" sfgbgalt" fak t{fgsdftet! Fb{jhulj {je csgklet |ese ketglaek fak

dha{gaufbbw g`ysh~ek cw {je ealgaeest" @s! Ceaae{{,t dha{sgcu{ghat ~gtufbbw

64 Djgdflh [sgcuae fs{gdbet? ‒Nsfadgt [ebbt \jw Je Ngsek Dg{w Ealgaeest"? @fw 6" 6739= ‒Ke`fak `fwhs Hut{ Nsfadgt" @esg{Chfsk"‐ Fulut{ <" 6739= ‒Nsfadgt Dbfg`t Ealgaeest [hhm Dg{w,t Cet{ @ea"‐ Fulut{ :" 6739= ‒Jusb Djfslet hn ,Nsfèuy, gaYgjbnebk{ Dfte"‐Fulut{ 7" 6739= [! L! Ygjbnebk{ Hyeat Nglj{ {h Selfga Dg{w Ohc"‐ Tey{e`ces 6" 6739= fak ‒Ygjbnebk{ Le{t JgtOhc ft Csgkle Ealgaees"‐ Fysgb 49" 6736!



F Csgen Jgt{hsw ;;

thn{eaek {je u{gbg{fsgfa af{use hn {je t{sud{uset! Je |hsmek ha {ea hn {je csgklet

fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e *\ftjgal{ha" Ofdmtha" Bfme" @hashe" @gdjglfa" Nsfambga-

Hsbefat" \ebbt" @fkgtha" Fkf`t" fak Bf Tfbbe'!

Julj E! Whual" Djgdflh Csgkle Ealgaees

Julj Whual |ft ftthdgf{ek |g{j {ea hn {je csgklet fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e *Bfme"

@hashe" Nsfambga-Hsbefat" @gdjglfa" @fkgtha" \ebbt" Bf Tfbbe" Dbfsm" \fcftj"

fak Bfme Tjhse'! E~ea th" {jese gt ~esw bg`g{ek ganhs`f{gha f~fgbfcbe fchu{ jg`!

Je |ft chsa ga 6::4 fak kgek ga 6756! Jgt ngst{ ftthdgf{gha |g{j f csgkle fbhal

\fdmes Ksg~e |ft ga 676> |jea {je csgkle f{ \et{ Bfme T{see{ |ft cugb{! Je|hsmek nhs {je dg{w csgkle ealgaeesgal keyfs{èa{ fak {je Djgdflh Ybfa

Dh``gttgha kusgal jgt dfsees! Ouklgal nsh` {je ganhs`f{gha ha {je csgkle

ybfvuet" je {sfatnessek {h {je ybfa dh``gttgha ga 673:! Je cedfè `hse

ganbuea{gfb ga csgkle gttuet |jea Ek|fsk Ceaae{{,t yhtg{gha |ft ebg`gaf{ek ga

6749! Hae hn jgt ngst{ kedgtghat nhbbh|gal {je keyfs{use hn Ceaae{{ |ft {h

‒`hkesage‐ {je hsglgafb ketgla ha {je csgkle {eakes jhutet hn {je Ahs{j Bfme

Tjhse Ksg~e csgkle!

Khafbk A Cedmes" Djgdflh Csgkle Ealgaees

Khafbk Cedmes |ft chsa ga G{jfdf" AW ha @fsdj 35" 6:::! Je sedeg~ek jgt

ealgaeesgal kelsee nsh` Seattebfes Yhbw{edjagd Gat{g{u{e ga 679:! Jgt efsbw dfsees

gadbukek {gè ft fa gat{sud{hs f{ Seattebfes fak ft f ksfn{t`fa ga Djgdflh

ealgaeesgal ngs t! Je ohgaek {je Djgdflh Csgkle Ealgaeesgal Keyfs{èa{ ga 6763

fak |hsmek {jese ua{gb 67;4! Je kgek ga Dfbgnhsagf ga Kede`ces hn 67<<!

@s! Cedmes |ft" ah khuc{" f dh`ye{ea{ fak lgn{ek ealgaees! Jh|e~es" jgt `ht{

tglagngdfa{ dha{sgcu{gha {h {je Djgdflh csgkle t{hsw |ft jgt yfyes ea{g{bek

‒Ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je Djgdflh [wye Csgkle‐ yucbgtjek ga {je Necsufsw 67;4



F Csgen Jgt{hsw ;5

Yshdeekgalt hn {je Fèsgdfa Thdge{w hn Dg~gb Ealgaeest! [jgt |ebb-|sg{{ea jgt{hsw

gt f ~fbufcbe sethusde! @s! Cedmes,t afè fyyefst ha csgkle ybfvuet ha {je

Fkf`t" Bf Tfbbe" Dbfsm" fak \fcftj t{see{ csgklet!

F \hsk Fchu{ Tfne{w F \hsk Fchu{ Tfne{w

[je ysg`fsw `h{g~f{gal nfd{hs ga {je ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je Djgdflh [wye Cftdube

csgkle |ft hyeagal {je Djgdflh Sg~es djfaaeb nhs af~glf{gha! Jh|e~es" dshttgal

tfne{w |ft f `fohs tgke ceaeng{ hn {je cftdube csgkle! [je befn hn f cftdube csgkle"

|jea sfgtek" ysh~gket f cfssges {h bfak cftek {sfnngd — f nfgsbw hc~ghut gakgdf{gha

{jf{ {je csgkle gt ksf|a *fa ezf`ybe gt tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha :'

[je dea{es yges t|gal csgklet jfk ah tudj cfssges! Ga nfd{" fddhua{t hn {je

yesghk gakgdf{e {jf{ g{ |ft t{fakfsk ysfd{gde nhs yeket{sgfat fak |flhat {h sgke {je

csgkle ft g{ t|ual ga{h {je hyea yhtg{gha! T{hsget hn g`yf{gea{ yeket{sgfat befygal

ha{h {je csgkle ft g{ celfa {h hyea fak uanhs{uaf{e thubt ksg~gal {jegs |flhat ga{h

Gbbut{sf{gha :? [je Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe T{see{ Csgkle Sfgtek



F Csgen Jgt{hsw ;>

{je sg~es cedfute {jew nfgbek {h hctes~e {je hyea csgkle fse eftw {h ngak ga

ae|tyfyest hn {je gk 6:99,t! Lf{et |ese gat{fbbek f{ {jete csgklet" cu{ {jew kgk

ah{ ysh~gke {je tfè kelsee hn ysh{ed{gha ft f te~esfb juaksek {ha csgkle befn!

[jgt gt ah{ {h tfw {jf{ {je cftdube csgklet fse |g{jhu{ {jegs tfne{w gttuet! [jese

fse t{hsget hn `gtjfyt" cu{ {jegs au`ces gt lsef{bw sekudek nsh` {je dea{es yges

t|gal csgkle esf!

Dhadbutgha

[je ysg`fsw ksg~gal nhsde {jf{ bek {h {je ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je `h~fcbe csgklet

ga kh|a{h|a Djgdflh gt lhae! @ht{ dh`èsdgfb |f{eschsae {sfnngd ah| ea{est {jeGbbgahgt |f{es|fw {jshulj Dfbuè{ Jfschs! [je chf{ {sfnngd ha {je Djgdflh Sg~es

dhatgt{t hn ybeftuse dsfn{ fak f ne| cfslet! [je bfsle dfslh ~ettebt hn wet{eskfw

jf~e lg~ea |fw {h kfgbw tu`ès {sfnngd hn |f{es {fzgt" {hus chf{t" fak ysg~f{e

`h{hs chf{t! @ht{ hn {jete ~ettebt kh ah{ aeek csgkle bgn{t! Csgkle hyeagalt" hade

f kfgbw augtfade" fse ah| tdjekubek {h fgk ga {je tefthafb `h~eèa{ hn tfgbchf{t"

ysh~gkgal fa gakgdf{gha hn {je hate{ hn tu`ès hs nfbb" sf{jes {jfa cut{bgal

dh`èsde!

[jete csgklet fse `hauèa{t {h esft lhae cw! F se`gakes hn {je efsbget{

celgaagalt hn Djgdflh fak fbb hn {je djfbbealet {je dg{w jft jfk fak jft è{!

[jete |hsmgal tduby{uset jf~e t{hsget {h {ebb! [jew fse nuad{ghafb" des{fgabw" cu{

{jese gt cefu{w ga {jegs nhs`" ah{ uabgme dbfttgd fu{h`hcgbet! [jew fse gakut{sgfb

fs{! [jew dhaouse uy g`flet hn {gèt yft{ fak fa fyysedgf{gha hn {je galeaug{w hn

{jegs ketglaest!

[jete csgklet fse fbth mew dh`yhaea{t {h {je {sfatyhs{f{gha twt{e` hn f

`hkesa dg{w! Aez{ {gè whu fse aefs hae hn {jete sg~es dshttgalt f{ sutj jhus" t{hy

fak bhhm f{ fbb {je yehybe dshttgal {je csgklet ha nhh{ fak ga ~ejgdbet! Ah|"



F Csgen Jgt{hsw ;<

g`flgae {je dg{w |g{jhu{ {jete csgklet!

[je Dg{w hn Djgdflh jft khae fa ezdebbea{ ohc ga `fga{fgagal fak uykf{gal

{jete csgklet! G,` tuse gn whu dshtt hae hn {jete csgklet kfgbw" g{ jft nfkek ga{h {je

cfdmlshuak - {je |jg{e ahgte hn whus kfw! Cu{" ft f au`ces hn {jete tedhak

leaesf{gha csgklet fyyshfdj {jegs hae juaksek{j wefs hn tes~gde" {fme f nsetj bhhm

f{ {jete hbk nsgeakt! \e fbb mah| {jf{ ah{jgal bft{t nhse~es! Hae kfw {jete csgklet

|gbb ce seybfdek" yhttgcbw cw ngzek csgklet! [fme thè {gè ah| {h `fs~eb f{ {jegs

beal{j hn tes~gde" fyysedgf{e {jegs cefu{w" fak senbed{ uyha {je djfalet {jew jf~e

teea ga {jgt dg{w ft |ebb ft {je nu{use {jf{ bfw fjefk!



Ealgaeesgal Ealgaeesgal ;:

Ga{shkud{gha

@essgf`-\ect{es kengaet fa ealgaees ft? ‒ f yestha |jh dfssget {jshulj fa

ea{esysgte cw tmgbbnub hs fs{nub dha{sg~fade!‐ [jese fse {je {falgcbe ftyed{t hn cegal fa

ealgaees tudj ft tuddettnubbw fdvugsgal {je tmgbb fak {sfgagal aedettfsw {h efsa {je {g{be

hn ealgaees! F af{usfb dusghtg{w ft {h jh| {jgalt |hsm fak {je fcgbg{w {h enned{g~ebw thb~e

yshcbe`t fse fbth g`yhs{fa{! [jgt yshcbe` thb~gal dfa ga~hb~e ae| fak ua{sgek

fyyshfdjet ft |ebb ft fkfy{f{gha hn ezgt{gal thbu{ghat {h {je dussea{ yshcbe`! G{ gt fbth

g`yhs{fa{ {h fyysedgf{e fak uakest{fak {je jgt{hsw hn ealgaeesgal yshoed{t {h f~hgk yft{

`gt{fmet! Ezesdgtgal {je ouklèa{ aedettfsw {h fdjge~e {je cfbfade ce{|eea ‒yutjgal

{je ea~ebhye‐ fak {je sebud{fade {h ‒sega~ea{ {je |jeeb‐ |g{jga {je edhah`gd dhat{sfga{t

gt {je mew {h f tuddettnub ketgla! Nhs {je `ht{ yfs{" {jete f{{sgcu{et dfa ce fdvugsek

{jshulj ekudf{gha fak ezyesgeade!

Jh|e~es" {jese fse fbth thè ga{falgcbe vufbg{get {jf{ teyfsf{e {je lhhk nsh` {je

ebg{e! Ga ealgaeesgal" fkoed{g~et tudj ft ga~ea{gha fak fs{ fbth ea{es {je kengag{gha!

Ga~ea{gha" gt {je fcgbg{w ‒{h yshkude *ft thè{jgal utenub' nhs {je ngst{ {gè {jshulj {je

ute hn {je g`flgaf{gha hs hn galeaghut {jgamgal fak ezyesgèa{!‐ Fs{" gt ‒ tmgbb fdvugsek

cw ezyesgeade" t{ukw" hs hctes~f{gha‐= ‒{je dhatdghut ute hn tmgbb fak dsef{g~e

g`flgaf{gha etyedgfbbw ga {je yshkud{gha hn fet{je{gd hcoed{t!‐

[hkfw,t {edjahbhlw-hctettek thdge{w `fw jf~e {je yesdey{gha {jf{ ealgaeesgal

fk~fadet fak ketglat fse `fke fbhal dbefsbw kengaek {jehse{gdfb yf{jt" ysetdsgcek cw

fb`ht{ ‒dhhm-chhm‐ yshdekuset" fak `fke nfgb-tfne cw {edjahbhlw! \jgbe ealgaeesgal

jft yshlsettek {h f `hse fk~fadek t{f{e {jfa ezgt{ek ga {je agae{eea{j dea{usw" {jese gt

t{gbb f tglagngdfa{ f`hua{ hn ‒fs{‐ ga~hb~ek ga {je yshdett! Fbb hn {je thyjgt{gdf{ek {hhbt

hn hus dussea{ esf `fw jeby ngae-{uae thè hn {je ke{fgbt" cu{ {jew |gbb ah{ `g{glf{e {je

aeek nhs {je ga{falgcbe ftyed{ hn ‒fs{‐ hs ouklèa{ ga {je ketgla yshdett!

[je ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je Djgdflh [wye cftdube csgkle gt f lhhk ezf`ybe hn e~hbu{gha

hn fa ealgaeesgal thbu{gha! F aeek |ft gkea{gngek — f èfat {h dshtt {je Djgdflh Sg~es



Ealgaeesgal ;7

{jf{ |ft f sefthafcbe dh`ysh`gte ce{|eea {je dh`ye{gal ga{eset{t hn |f{eschsae

fak bfak cftek {sfatyhs{f{gha! Jfk {jese habw ceea {je aeek nhs f tgalbe dshttgal"

{je yshdett |hubk jf~e ga~hb~ek ùdj bett ke~ebhyèa{! Jh|e~es" {je aeek nhs

`faw dshttgalt ga f sebf{g~ebw tjhs{ kgt{fade hn sg~es aedettg{f{ek {je tefsdj nhs f

`hse leaesfb thbu{gha! F thbu{gha {jf{ dhubk {fme fk~fa{fle hn {je edhah`get hn

tdfbe ga dhat{sud{gha" hyesf{gha" fak `fga{eafade!

Ft kgtduttek ga {je bft{ djfy{es" {jese |ese te~esfb fyyshfdjet h~es

fyyshzg`f{ebw tgz{w-tgz wefst *6:4; {h 6799'! [jete ga~hb~ek nessget" nbhf{gal

ksf| csgklet" {uaaebt" dea{es yges t|gal csgklet" bgn{ tyfa csgklet" shbbgal bgn{ cftdube csgklet" fak ngafbbw ngzek {suaagha cftdube csgklet! Efdj tuctevuea{

thbu{gha |ft fa g`ysh~eèa{ ha {je efsbges hae!

[je Djgdflh [wye cftdube csgklet {jf{ fse nhuak fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e {hkfw fse

{je setub{ hn `hkesagf{gha fak yesned{gha hn fa gkef chsae ga {je @gkkbe Flet!

Nsh` {je efsbget{ ga {jgt lshuy cugb{ ga 6764 f{ \et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk" {h {je

bft{ hae cugb{ f{ \et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{ ga 67:;" {jese jft ceea f dhat{fa{

g`ysh~eèa{ ha {je cftgd dhadey{!

[je lhfb nhs {je ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je Djgdflh [wye cftdube csgkle |ft {h jf~e f

leaesfb yf{ea{-nsee ketgla {jf{ dhubk ce tyedgfbgek nhs {je dhakg{ghat f{ f

yfs{gdubfs bhdf{gha! Dht{ |ft {je ysg`fsw `h{g~f{hs" cu{ g{ tee`t fafbhlhut {h {je

tygsg{ ga {je hyea-thusde thn{|fse dh`ùag{w {hkfw! [je ah{gha {jf{ tjfsgal gkeft

fak fbbh|gal {je {edjagdfb dh`ùag{w {h `hkgnw fak g`ysh~e ftyed{t hn {je ketgla

ub{g`f{ebw befkt {h f ce{{es h~esfbb yshkud{! [jgt |ft {je dfte nhs {je Djgdflh

[wye cftdube csgkle!

[je Cftgd Kengag{ghat fak Dhadey{t

Fbb eglj{eea hn {jete csgklet |ese cugb{ ce{|eea 6764 fak 67:;! E~esw csgkle



Ealgaeesgal 59

ga {jgt lshuy gt ketdsgcek ft f? Djgdflh [wye" Ngzek [suaagha" Khucbe Befn"

Cftdube! \jgbe vug{e f `hu{jnub" {jgt ketdsgy{gha dfa ce cshmea kh|a ft nhbbh|t?

✜ Djgdflh [wye èfat {jf{ {je ketgla e~hb~ek nsh` setefsdj khae ga {je bf{e

6:79,t cw {je Djgdflh Csgkle Keyfs{èa{=

✜ [jete csgklet sh{f{e ~es{gdfbbw fchu{ ngzek fzbet hs {suaaghat ha {je sg~es

cfam=

✜ F befn gt {je yhs{gha hn {je csgkle kedm {jf{ tyfat jfbn hn {je sg~es - {jut

Khucbe Befn=

✜ Cftdube ketdsgcet f nf`gbw hn ksf| csgklet {jf{ ute dhua{es|eglj{t {h fttgt{ga {je ~es{gdfb `h~eèa{ hn csgkle befn!

H{jes ketdsgy{g~e {es`t utek fse?

✛ Csgkle {eakest jhute gt {je t{sud{use f{ {je ea{sfade {h {je csgkle {jf{

jhutet {je dha{shb evugyèa{ {h sfgte {je csgkle! [jese `fw ce ft `faw ft

nhus" hs habw hae ha f csgkle!

✛ Sfdm fak ygagha gt {je lefsgal twt{e` {jf{ `h~et {je csgkle! [je ygagha gt

f shuak lefs ksg~ea cw fa ebed{sgd `h{hs! [jgt lefs gt ètjek ga f {hh{jek

{sfdm *sfdm' f{{fdjek {h {je csgkle befn! Ft {je ygagha gt sh{f{ek cw {je

`h{hs" g{ `h~et {je {sfdm |jgdj ga {usa sfgtet hs bh|est {je csgkle befn!

✛ Kedm gt {je jhsgha{fb tusnfde {jf{ dfssget {je {sfnngd h~es {je sg~es! F khucbe

kedm csgkle dfssget {|h be~ebt hn {sfnngd h~es {je sg~es!

✛ [fgb yg{ gt {je fsef cebh| {je shfk tusnfde f{ {je sg~est, ekle! G{

fddh``hkf{et {je dhua{es|eglj{ fak bgn{gal `fdjgaesw hn {je csgkle!

✛ Dhua{es|eglj{ gt f `ftt hn `f{esgfb {jf{ fgkt ga {je sh{f{gha hn {je befn!

✛ ‒Cefuz-Fs{t t{wbe‐ gt hn{ea utek {h ketdsgce {je csgkle {eakes jhutet hn

{jete Tedhak Leaesf{gha csgklet! [jgt {es` gt utek {h ketdsgce fsdjg{ed{usfb



Ealgaeesgal 56

ketgla nef{uset djfsfd{esgt{gd hn dhadey{t {fulj{ f{ {je Edhbe ke Cefuz Fs{t

ga Yfsgt!

[je hyesf{gha hn f ngzek {suaagha cftdube csgkle gt `hkebek fn{es f cfbfadek

teetf|! Ha {je ybfwlshuak" f cfbfadek teetf| jft ch{j {je |eglj{t fak {je

kgt{fadet *fs`t' nsh` {je yg~h{ yhga{ evufb *\ 0 D\ fak k 0 kD\ ga Gbb! 6'!

Jh|e~es" nhs f csgkle" jf~gal {je beal{j hn {je fs` ha {je dhua{es|eglj{ tgke hn

{je yg~h{ yhga{ evufb ga beal{j {h {je csgkle befn gt g`ysfd{gdfb!

[je dhadey{ hn {hsvue dfa ce utek {h `hkgnw {je ketgla hn {je teetf| ga

Gbbut{sf{gha 6! Utgal f |seadj {h bhhtea f au{ gt f lhhk ezf`ybe hn {hsvue! [je

nhsde fyybgek f{ {je eak hn {je |seadj setub{t ga sh{f{ghafb nhsde *{hsvue' fyybgek {h

{je au{! Gn whu jf~e jfk {h bhhtea f yfs{gdubfsbw t{ucchsa au{" whu jf~e ah khuc{

ah{gdek {jf{ f bhales |seadj gt `hse enned{g~e {jfa f tjhs{es hae! [jgt gt cedfute

{je f`hua{ hn {hsvue gt dfbdubf{ek cw ùb{gybwgal {je fyybgek nhsde cw g{t kgt{fade

nsh` {je yg~h{ yhga{! Evug~fbea{ {hsvuet dfa ce yshkudek cw eg{jes djfalgal {je

f`hua{ hn nhsde fyybgek hs cw `hkgnwgal kgt{fade nsh` {je nhsde {h {je yg~h{ yhga{!

Ga {je ybfwlshuak teetf| tjh|a fch~e |g{j e~esw{jgal cegal evufb" {je

{hsvuet fse fbth evufb! [h `fga{fga f cfbfadek teetf| |g{j kgnnesea{ fs` beal{jt"

{je |eglj{t |gbb jf~e {h djfale fddhskgalbw! Ga {je ezf`ybe ga Gbbut{sf{gha 3"

sekudgal {je dhua{es|eglj{ fs` cw hae-nhus{j" sevugset {jf{ {je |eglj{ hn {je

dhua{es|eglj{ ce gadseftek cw f nfd{hs hn nhus! [je teetf| hn Gbbut{sf{gha 3

G bbut{sf{gha 6? Cfbfadek Teetf| |g{j Evufb \eglj{t fak

Kgt{fadet

\ D\

k kD\

Twt{e` Dea{es hn Lsf~g{w*yg~h{ yhga{'

Befn Tgke Dhua{es|eglj{ Tgke



Ealgaeesgal 53

seysetea{t {je csgkle befn hn {je ngzek {suaagha cftdube csgkle!

Ga Gbbut{sf{ghat 6 fak 3" {je yg~h{ yhga{ gt fbth bfcebek {je dea{es hn lsf~g{w!

[je dea{es hn lsf~g{w gt fa g`flgafsw yhga{ ha f t{sud{use |jese {je {h{fb |eglj{ hn

{je gakg~gkufb è`cest hn {je t{sud{use dfa ce fttuèk {h fd{! Nhs f befn ga f ngzek

{suaagha cftdube csgkle" {je dea{es hn lsf~g{w fak yg~h{ yhga{ *{suaagha' hn {je befn

fse shuljbw ga {je tfè bhdf{gha! Gbbut{sf{gha 4 gt f yjh{hlsfyj hn hae hn {je

{suaaghat ha {je Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue csgkle!

Gbbut{sf{gha 3? Cfbfadek Teetf| |g{j Uaevufb \eglj{t fak

Kgt{fadet

k(;

\

k

Twt{e` Dea{es hn Lsf~g{w*yg~h{ yhga{'

D\

0 ;\

Befn Tgke Dhua{es|eglj{ Tgke



Ealgaeesgal 54

[je nfd{ {jf{ {je csgkle bef~et fse cfbfadek fchu{ {je {suaagha èfat {jf{ f

sebf{g~ebw t`fbb f`hua{ hn eaeslw gt aedettfsw {h sfgte fak bh|es {je csgkle! Nhs

ezf`ybe" {je Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue csgkle befn |jgdj |egljt fyyshzg`f{ebw

;"999 {hat gt hyeaek utgal cw fa ebed{sgd `h{hs sf{ek f{ fchu{ 635 jhsteyh|es *hs

fchu{ {je tge hn {je ealgae ga {je tucdh`yfd{ Jhakf Ng{'! [je ksf|gal hn {je

bgn{gal èdjfagt` ha {je \et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk Csgkle gt tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha;!

Gbbut{sf{gha 4? F [suaagha f{ {je Ahs{j @gdjglfa

F~eaue Csgkle *JFES GBB" 6>-DJGL" 637-6>'

[suaagha



Ealgaeesgal 5;

Tgz{eea hn {jete csgklet ute {suttet {h tuyyhs{ {je csgkle befn! F {sutt gt f

t{sud{usfb ebeèa{ dhatgt{gal hn fa uyyes fak f bh|es jhsgha{fb è`ces *{je

djhskt' teyfsf{ek cw f au`ces hn tjhs{ ygedet nhsèk ga{h dh`cgaf{ghat hn

{sgfalubfs tjfyet! [je {sutt |ft f èkge~fb gkef {jf{ |ft fkfy{ek cw U! T!

ealgaeest nhs csgkle dhat{sud{gha ga {je 6:99,t! [je {sutt gt f t{shal" sebf{g~ebw

bglj{" vugdm {h nfcsgdf{e" fak gaezyeatg~e fb{esaf{g~e {h cef`t |jea tyfaagal

sebf{g~ebw bhal kgt{fadet! [jete nef{uset |ese fbb g`yhs{fa{ {h {je sfgbshfkt

dshttgal {je dhua{sw! [jgt |gketysefk ute `fke {je {sutt {je ysg`fsw t{sud{usfb

ebeèa{ {wye nhs csgklet!

[jese fse nhus {sutt dhanglusf{ghat utek ha {jete csgklet? {jshulj" kedm" yhaw"

fak sfgb-jeglj{ ! [je djhgde hn dhanglusf{gha gt cftek ha f dh`ysh`gte hn

fet{je{gdt fak ysfd{gdfbg{w! Ga leaesfb" f csgkle |g{j fbb g{t tuyyhs{ cebh| {je kedm

gt dhatgkesek {h ce {je `ht{ f{{sfd{g~e! \je{jes {jgt gt yhttgcbe gt keyeakea{ uyha

{je {sutt key{j aedettfsw {h tuyyhs{ {je csgkle bhfkt! Gn {jese gt eahulj shh`

Gbbut{sf{gha ;? Ksf|gal hn {je Bgn{gal @edjfagt` hn {je

\et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk Csgkle *Dhus{etw hn {je Djgdflh

Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha" Kg~gtgha hn Ealgaeesgal'

Sfdm[suaagha

Ygagha

Befn

@h{hs



Ealgaeesgal 55

ce{|eea {je csgkle kedm fak {je |f{es tusnfde" {je {sutt dhubk ce gat{fbbek cebh|

{je kedm! Gn" ha {je h{jes jfak" {je csgkle kedm gt aefs {je |f{es tusnfde" {je {sutt

`fw jf~e {h ce cugb{ fch~e {je kedm!

F {jshulj {sutt jft {je shfk kedm set{gal ha {je ch{{h` djhsk hn {je {sutt!

Csfdgal fch~e {je shfk|fw jhbkt {je {|h {suttet {hle{jes fak {sfnngd yfttet

{jshulj {je {suttet! [jgt dhanglusf{gha gt leaesfbbw dhatgkesek {h ce {je beft{

f{{sfd{g~e hn {je nhus {wyet! [je Ahs{j \ebbt T{see{ *Gbbut{sf{gha 5' fak \et{ Bfme

T{see{ csgklet fse {je habw {jshulj {sutt csgklet hn {je eglj{eea kgtduttek jese!

F kedm {sutt jft {je shfk kedm ha {je {hy djhsk hn {je {sutt! [je \et{ Ofdmtha

Chube~fsk *tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha >' gt fa ezf`ybe hn f kedm {sutt csgkle! Ga

Gbbut{sf{gha 5? Fa Ezf`ybe hn f [jshulj [sutt - Ahs{j \ebbt T{see Csgkle

Gbbut{sf{gha >? Fa Ezf`ybe hn f Kedm [sutt - \et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk Csgkle



Ealgaeesgal 5>

fkkg{gha {h {je \et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk csgkle" kedm {suttet fse utek f{ \et{

Fkf`t T{see{" Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e" fak Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue!

[je yhaw {sutt jft {je shfk kedm aeg{jes ha {hy hn {je {suttet ahs f{ {je cfte hn

{je {suttet! [je {sutt gt ~gtgcbe nsh` {je shfk tusnfde cu{ {jese fse ah h~esjefk

tuyyhs{t dhaaed{gal {je {suttet! [jgt {sutt {wye |ft utek ft f dh`ysh`gte

ce{|eea nuad{gha fak fet{je{gdt! Bhhmgal f{ {je ng~e csgklet {jf{ ute yhaw {suttet"

g{ gt eftw {h tee fa e~hbu{gha nsh` ysg`fsgbw nuad{gha ga {je efsbget{ csgkle

*\ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk' {h {je lsfdenub bgaet hn {je bf{es csgklet! [je Nsfambga-

Hsbefat T{see{ Csgkle *Gbbut{sf{gha <' gt f lhhk ezf`ybe hn {je lsfdenub

g`ybeèa{f{gha hn {jgt {wye hn {sutt! Ga fkkg{gha {h {je csgkle f{ Ahs{j Nsfambga-

Hsbefat T{see{" csgklet f{ Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe T{see{" Ahs{j Dbfsm T{see{" \et{

\ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk" fak \et{ @hashe T{see{ ute yhaw {suttet!

[je sfgb-jeglj{ {sutt |ft f dbe~es g`ybeèa{f{gha hn {je yhaw {sutt! [je {sutt

{hy gt fch~e {je shfk tusnfde" cu{ cw habw fchu{ {jsee nee{ *{je jeglj{ hn {je

jfaksfgbt'! [jgt lg~et {je csgkle {je fyyefsfade hn kedm {sutt nsh` fnfs fak khet

ah{ cbhdm {je ~ge| nsh` {je csgkle kedm ft ùdj ft eg{jes {je yhaw hs {jshulj

{suttet kh! Gbbut{sf{gha : tjh|t f ~ge| fbhal {je kedm hn {je csgkle f{ \et{

@fkgtha t{see{ ft fa ezf`ybe! Ga fkkg{gha {h {je csgkle f{ \et{ @fkgtha T{see{"

{je csgklet f{ Ahs{j Kefschsa T{see{" Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{" Ahs{j \fcftj T{see{" fak

Gbbut{sf{gha <? Fa Ezf`ybe hn f Yhaw [sutt - Ahs{j nsfambga-Hsbefat T{see{ Csgkle



Ealgaeesgal 5<

\et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{ ute sfgb-jeglj{ {suttet!

[je ae|et{ csgklet ute chz lgskest gat{efk hn {suttet! [je jhbbh| lgskest nhs

{je csgklet f{ Ahs{j Dhbu`cut fak \et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{ fse nfcsgdf{ek nsh` nhus

ygedet hn t{eeb! Gbbut{sf{gha 7 ysh~gket f ~ge| hn {je lgskest ha {je \et{ Sfakhbyj

T{see{ Csgkle!

Gbbut{sf{gha :? Fa Ezf`ybe hn f Sfgb Jeglj{ [sutt - \et{ @fkgtha T{see{ Csgkle

Sfgb Jeglj{ [sutt

Gbbut{sf{gha 7? Chz Lgskest utek {h tuyyhs{ {je \et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{ Csgkle



Ealgaeesgal 5:

[je {hy-tgke ebeèa{t *befn" dhua{es|eglj{" sfdm fak ygagha" csgkle {eakes

jhute" e{d!' hn {je csgkle `fme uy {je tuyest{sud{use hn {je csgkle! [jgt

tuyest{sud{use gt tuyyhs{ek cw fa evufbbw g`yhs{fa{ tuct{sud{use `fke uy hn {je

fcu{èa{ fak {fgb yg{! [jete dh`yhaea{t" f{ {je \et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk

csgkle" fse tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha 69! *Fbth ah{e {je bhdf{gha hn {je dhua{es|eglj{

ha {jgt ksf|gal!'

[je beft{ ~gtgcbe" fak `fwce {je `ht{ g`yhs{fa{" dh`yhaea{ hn {je csgkle gt {je

nhuakf{gha! [je nhuakf{gha gt {je uakesbwgal tuyyhs{ twt{e` {jf{ {sfat`g{t {je

|eglj{ hn {je csgkle {h {je uakesbwgal lehbhlgdfb `f{esgfb!

G bbut{sf{gha 69? Ksf|gal Tjh|gal {je Tuct{sud{use hn {je \et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk

Csgkle *Dhus{etw hn {je Djgdflh Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha" Kg~gtgha hn Ealgaeesgal'

Yges Yges

Dhua{es \eglj{*befn kh|a'

[fgb Yg{

Dhua{es \eglj{*befn uy'

Fcu{èa{

[suaagha

Befn Uy

Befn Kh|a

Csgkle [eakes Jhute



Ealgaeesgal 57

F tuddettnub nhuakf{gha ysh~gket fkevuf{e tuyyhs{ nhs f t{sud{use |g{j bg{{be

te{{beèa{ fak ah kgnnesea{gfb te{{beèa{! Leaesfbbw" {jese |gbb ce thè te{{beèa{

fn{es f ae| t{sud{use gt dh`ybe{ek! Uagnhs` te{{beèa{" |jese fbb yfs{t hn {je

t{sud{use `h~e {je tfè f`hua{" gt ah{ utufbbw f yshcbe`! Kgnnesea{gfb te{{beèa{"

|jese hae yfs{ hn {je t{sud{use gt tucoed{ek {h `hse {jfa fah{jes yfs{" gt f yshcbe`!

[jgt gt {je {wye hn te{{beèa{ {jf{ dfutet {je dsfdmt ga {je bhfk cefsgal |fbbt hn f

jhè!

Nhuakf{ghat fse dbfttgngek ft eg{jes tjfbbh| hs keey! Tjfbbh| nhuakf{ghat fse

utek |jea {je aefs tusnfde thgbt fse t{shal eahulj {h tuyyhs{ {je t{sud{use! [jetenhuakf{ghat fse dh``habw utek ha t`fbbes t{sud{uset tudj ft tgalbe nf`gbw jhèt!

Nhs `hse `fttg~e t{sud{uset" keey nhuakf{ghat fse utek! [je nuad{gha hn {je keey

nhuakf{gha gt {h {sfat`g{ {je t{sud{usfb bhfkgal {h f bh|es tuctusnfde `f{esgfb"

utufbbw shdm" {jf{ gt t{shal eahulj {h tuyyhs{ {je |eglj{!

Ft ah{ek ga {je yse~ghut djfy{es" {je Djgdflh fsef gt fa hbk bfme cek

uakesbwgal {je tusnfde thgbt |jgdj fse f `gz{use hn lbfdgfb fak bfme keyhtg{t

setub{gal ga lshuak {jf{ gt leaesfbbw |e{" uat{fcbe" fak |efm! [jesenhse" Djgdflh

csgklet ute keey nhuakf{ghat dhatgt{gal hn ygbet hs ygest! Ga Djgdflh" {jete

nhuakf{ghat sfale nsh` ;9 {h 639 nee{ cebh| {je tusnfde fak fse nhuakek ga eg{jes

jfsk dbfw hs shdm! [je csgklet ga {jgt lshuy ute ygest {h {sfat`g{ t{sud{usfb bhfkt {h

cekshdm! [jete ygest fse tyfaaek cw {je csgkle fcu{èa{ t{sud{use ft tjh|a ga

Gbbut{sf{gha 69!



Ealgaeesgal >9

Ketgla Tyedgngdf{ghat(Csgkle Dbfttgngdf{gha

[je cftgd ketgla tyedgngdf{ghat nhs {jete csgklet fse kedey{g~ebw tg`ybe! [je

csgkle bef~et aeek {h sh{f{e hu{ hn {je djfaaeb nfs eahulj {h be{ tjgyt yftt" hs fchu{

:9¹! Uakes gkefb |ef{jes dhakg{ghat" {je csgkle gt ketglaek {h hyea ga fchu{ hae

`gau{e! Ga jglj-|gak dhakg{ghat" {je csgklet hyea ga fchu{ {|h fak f jfbn `gau{et!

[jete sevugseèa{t |ese nfd{hsek ga{h {je ngst{ ketgla *6799' fak `fga{fgaek ga

fbb tuctevuea{ ketglat! Jh| {jete sevugseèa{t |ese fdjge~ek ~fsgek thè h~es

{je yesghk hn {gè {jf{ {jete csgklet |ese ketglaek fak cugb{! Ga {je kgtduttgha {jf{

nhbbh|t" csgkle dbfttgngdf{gha twt{e`t utek cw fsdjg{ed{usfb jgt{hsgfa Ohfa Ksfyes *67:;' fak Djgdflh ealgaees Khafbk Cedmes *67;4' fse dh`cgaek!

Ksfyes kg~gkek {je Djgdflh [wye csgklet ga{h nhus kgt{gad{ esft! Ngst{

Leaesf{gha csgklet |ese cugb{ nsh` 6793 {h 6769! Csgklet cugb{ kusgal {jgt esf

|ese thè|jese ce{|eea ysh{h{wye fak ngafb yshkud{! Tedhak Leaesf{gha csgklet

|ese cugb{ ce{|eea 6769 fak 6749! Cedmes kg~gkek {je Tedhak Leaesf{gha ga{h

{|h tuc-esft! Csgklet ketglaek ce{|eea 6769 fak 6734 fse dhatgkesek {h ce ga {je

g`ysh~eèa{ yjfte hs yjfte hae! Ga yjfte hae" ezyesgeade |g{j {je Ngst{

Leaesf{gha csgklet |ft utek {h `hkgnw fak g`ysh~e *‒ngz‐' {je tjhs{dh`galt hn

{je gag{gfb cftgd ketgla! Csgklet ketglaek fn{es 6734 fse dhatgkesek {h ce ga {je

sengaeèa{ yjfte hs yjfte {|h! Yjfte {|h csgklet |ese djfsfd{esgek cw ketgla

`hkgngdf{ghat {jf{ g`ysh~ek {je cftgd ketgla cewhak {je cftgd ‒ngz-g{‐ t{fle ft

|ebb ft ebg`gaf{gal faw yf{ea{ek nef{uset! [jgsk Leaesf{gha csgklet |ese

ketglaek kusgal {je keysettgha wefst *6749-6747'! Csgklet cugb{ fn{es \hsbk \fs

GG fse dhatgkesek {h ce Nhus{j Leaesf{gha csgklet! E~ea {jhulj sengaeèa{t

dha{gauek kusgal {jete bft{ {|h yesghkt" {je cftgd ketgla jfk ceea |ebb-{et{ek fak

et{fcbgtjek cw {je eak hn {je 6739,t!



Ealgaeesgal >6

Ngst{ Leaesf{gha Csgklet 6793-6769

[jese fse ah ngst{ leaesf{gha

csgklet cugb{ fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e"

cu{ nsh` fa e~hbu{ghafsw yhga{ hn

~ge|" g{ gt hn ga{eset{ {h gadbuke

{je` ga hus kgtduttgha! F lhhk

ezf`ybe hn {je ngst{ leaesf{gha

csgkle gt bhdf{ek f{ {je \et{

Dhs{bfak T{see{ dshttgal hn {je Ahs{j Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh

Sg~es *Gbbut{sf{gha 66'! [jgt

csgkle" {je ngst{ hn g{t {wye" |ft

hyeaek ga 6793!

[je ngst{ leaesf{gha ketgla hn {je Djgdflh [wye cftdube csgkle |ft f {|h befn"

tgalbe kedm csgkle! Efdj befn |ft djfsfd{esgek cw {jsee {jshulj {suttet! [je {h{fb

|gk{j hn {je csgkle |ft tgz{w nee{! [suttet |ese tyfdek f{ {|ea{w-hae nee{ ha

dea{es" fak {je tgke|fbmt |ese dfssgek cw agae nhh{ dfa{gbe~es csfdme{t! [je yg~h{

cefsgalt |ese nhus nee{ cfdm nsh` {je dea{es bgaet hn {je sg~es ygest fak |ese

dfssgek cw chz lgskest tyfaagal {je yg{ ga {je fcu{èa{t! [je bgn{gal èdjfagt`

dhatgt{ek hn ez{esafb sfdmt ga {je dus~ek eak hn {je {suttet! Ygaghat ga {je {fgb yg{

ètjek |g{j {je sfdmt fak sfgtek hs bh|esek {je csgkle! Ft {je csgkle |ft sfgtek"

{je dus~ek eak hn {je {suttet ketdeakek ga{h {je {fgb yg{!

Gbbut{sf{gha 66? Ngst{ Leaesf{gha Djgdflh-{wye cftdube Csgkle cugb{

f{ \et{ Dhs{bfak F~eaue! Ah{e {je bhdf{gha hn {je sfdmt ga {je

{suttet! *Oe{ [! Bh|e" yjh{hlsfyjes" Y.Y"JFES"GBB"6>-

DJGL"64>-4" 67:<'

Sfdmt



Ealgaeesgal >3

[je `fdjgaesw {h bgn{ {je

csgkle |ft bhdf{ek uakes {je

shfk|fw fyyshfdj! [jese |ft f

{jgs{w-eglj{ jhsteyh|es ebed{sgd

`h{hs ha efdj {sutt hn {je befn!

[je csgkle befn |ft ketglaek

tudj {jf{ {je dea{es hn lsf~g{w

hn {je befn |ft ha {je sg~es tgke

hn {je yg~h{ yhga{! [jgt yse~ea{ek {je csgkle nsh`

sh{f{gal uy|fsk ha g{t h|a uakes {sfnngd

bhfkgal!

Gbbut{sf{gha 63 tjh|t {je `fdjgaesw yg{

nhs {je Dhs{bfak csgkle! [je nsf`gal ga {je

yg{ ft |ebb ft {je sfdm fak ygagha ètj

yhga{ gt ~gtgcbe!

F tme{dj hn f tgalbe befn hn f ngst{

leaesf{gha csgkle gt tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha

64! [jgt gbbut{sf{gha ysh~gket fa h~es~ge| hn {je mew dh`yhaea{t hn {je csgkle!

Ah{e {je bhdf{gha hn {je hyesf{gal `fdjgaesw tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha 63" ft |ebb ft

{je dhua{es |eglj{ fak {je {suaagha ( {suaagha tuyyhs{!

Nhs {jgt leaesf{gha hn csgklet" {je ysg`fsw lhfb |ft cugbk f nuad{ghafb *ah-

ahateate' csgkle! Cedfute {jete csgklet ysekf{e {je 6797 Djgdflh Ybfa"

fet{je{gdt |ese ah{ `fohs dhatgkesf{ghat ga {jegs ketglat! \jgbe {jete csgklet fse

ah{ aedettfsgbw uaf{{sfd{g~e" {jew kh bfdm {je nbfgs hn {je tedhak leaesf{gha csgklet!

Gbbut{sf{gha 63? ge| hn {je Bgn{gal @fdjgaesw hn {je Dhs{bfak T{see{

Csgkle! Ah{e {je ètjgal hn {je sfdm fak ygagha! *Oe{! [! Bh|e"

yjh{hlsfyjes" Y.Y"JFES"GBB"6>-DJGL"64>->" 67:<'

Ygagha

Sfdm

Gbbut{sf{gha 64? Ealgaeesgal Tme{dj hn F Ngst{

Leaesf{gha Djgdflh-{wye cftdube Csgkle *Cedmes"

67;4'

[suagha fak tuyyhs{

Dhua{es \eglj{

Fsef hn

Gbbut{sf{gha

63

[fgb Yg{



Ealgaeesgal >4

Tedhak Leaesf{gha Csgklet 6769 - 6749

Yjfte Hae 6769-6734? [jgt esf ga {je ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je Djgdflh-{wye

cftdube csgkle |ft `fsmek cw ketgla g`ysh~eèa{t fak `hse f{{ea{gha {h

fet{je{gdt! [je `ht{ ~gtgcbe kgnneseade ce{|eea {je Ngst{ Leaesf{gha fak Tedhak

Leaesf{gha csgklet gt {je nfd{ {jf{ {je au`ces hn {suttet |ft sekudek nsh` {jsee {h

{|h! [je {|h {sutt ketgla ysh~gkek f bfsles dbefs tyfde nhs {je dhua{es |eglj{!

[jgt fbbh|ek {je dhua{es |eglj{ {h ce dhat{sud{ek hn ‒jef~w‐ sebf{g~ebw

gaezyeatg~e dhadse{e gat{efk hn ezyeatg~e dft{ gsha! [jgt ysh~gkek f tglagngdfa{

dht{ tf~galt ga `f{esgfb ft |ebb ft dhat{sud{gha dht{t![je {|h {sutt ketgla fbth aedettg{f{ek f kgnnesea{ fyyshfdj {h {je {suaagha

tuyyhs{ twt{e`! [je cftgd ketgla hn {je {suaagha fsef ga~hb~ek {|h bhalg{ukgafb

lgskest *nsha{-{h-cfdm' |jgdj {sfat`g{{ek {je befn bhfkt {h {je dhua{es|eglj{ yg{! F

dshtt lgskes ce{|eea {jete {|h bhalg{ukgafb lgskest |ft utek {h tuyyhs{ {je

{suaaghat! [jgt ketgla ybfdek {je dhua{es|eglj{ f{ {je ~esw eak hn {je befn f{ fbb

t{flet hn sh{f{gha! [jgt `fzg`gek {je be~esfle hn {je dhua{es|eglj{ |jgdj ga {usa

fbbh|ek nhs f tjhs{eagal hn {je sefs yhs{gha hn {je befn" sekudgal `f{esgfb dht{t fak

tyfde!

F `fohs hyesf{ghafb djfale dfè |g{j Fbezfakes ~ha Cfch,t ga~ea{gha hn fa

ga{esafb sfdm ga {je ybfae hn {je {sutt! [jgt ga~ea{gha `h~ek {je sfdm nsh` {je

hu{es ekle hn {je {sutt {h f bhdf{gha ha {je {suaagha tgke hn {je {sutt *tee

Gbbut{sf{gha < ga Djfy{es 3'! [jgt ke~ebhyèa{ fbbh|ek nhs f |gkes hyeagal hn {je

csgkle fak f dbefaes" `hse {shucbe nsee hyesf{gha cedfute kecsgt dfulj{ ga {je sfdmt

|hubk ah{ ku`y kecsgt ha{h {je ygagha tjfn{! [jgt |ft f tglagngdfa{ djfale nsh`

fa hyesf{ghafb yhga{ hn ~ge|" cu{ g{ fbth g`ysh~ek {je h~esfbb fet{je{gdt hn {je

csgkle! Ute hn {jgt sfdm ebg`gaf{ek {je aeek nhs {jshulj {suttet fak hyeaek {je



Ealgaeesgal >;

khhs nhs {je ute hn yhaw" sfgb jeglj{" fak kedm {suttet!

Ebe~f{ghat hn {je eglj{ csgklet cugb{ kusgal {jgt esf fse tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{ghat

6; fak 65! [jete ebe~f{ghat fse tjh|a ga djshahbhlgdfb hskes! Ga leaesfb" {jete

csgklet jf~e `hse lsfdenub fsdjgal ch{j ha {hy fak ch{{h` {jfa {je {jhte ga {je

Ngst{ Leaesf{gha! [je fsdjgal ga {je ch{{h` djhskt |ft utek {h `fzg ge |f{es

dbefsfade! G{ gt g`yhs{fa{ {h seè`ces {jf{ |jgbe efdj hn {jete csgklet gt kgt{gad{bw

kgnnesea{ ga fyyefsfade" {je cftgd hyesf{ghafb ftyed{t hn efdj hn {jete csgklet fse

{je tfè! G{ gt fbth dbefs {h tee {je g`yfd{ hn [je Djgdflh Ybfa ha {jete csgklet!

\g{j efdj csgkle" `hse f{{ea{gha gt lg~ea {h {je fsdjg{ed{usfb ke{fgbt hn {je csgkle{eakes jhutet" {je fyyshfdjet" fak sfgbgalt!

[jsee hn {je csgklet ga {jgt lshuy fse uagvue cedfute {jew fse khucbe kedm

csgklet! [je csgklet f{ \et{ Bfme fak Ahs{j \ebbt t{see{t dfssw {sfgat ha {jegs

uyyes kedmt fak nhh{ fak ~ejgdubfs {sfnngd ha {jegs bh|es kedmt! Ezdey{ nhs thè

`gahs tg{e tyedgngd ke{fgbt {je ketglat fse gkea{gdfb!

[je csgkle f{ Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue dfssget ~ejgdubfs {sfnngd ha ch{j kedmt!

[je {|h kedmt |ese ketglaek {h ètj |g{j {je ùb{gbe~eb t{see{ twt{e` {jf{ |ft ga

{je ybfaagal t{flet f{ {je tfè {gè ft {je csgkle! [je 6797 Djgdflh Ybfa dfbbek

nhs {jgt ùb{gbe~eb t{see{ twt{e` {h ce cugb{ ha ch{j tgket hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es! Kue

{h ngafadgfb gttuet" {je ùb{gbe~eb t{see{ |ft habw nubbw dh`ybe{ek ha {je thu{j cfam

hn {je sg~es!



Ealgaeesgal >5

G bbut{sf{gha 6;? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte Hae Csgklet Cugb{ Ce{|eea 6764 fak 6767 *Dhus{etw hn {je Djgdflh Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha" Kg~gtgha hn Ealgaeesgal - Csgklet ah{ ksf|a {h tfè

tdfbe'

\et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk- 676> *[|h Kedm [suttet'

6<>,

397,

\et{ Bfme T{see{ — 676> *[|h [jshulj [suttet — Khucbe-kedm {sfga h~es shfk|fw'

\et{ @hashe T{see{ — 6767 *[|h Yhaw [suttet'

6>>,

\et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk — 6764 *[|h Yhaw [suttet'

6<6,



Ealgaeesgal >>

G bbut{sf{gha 65? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte Hae Csgklet Cugb{ Ce{|eea 6739 fak 6733 *Dhus{etw hn {je Djgdflh

Keyfs{èa{ hn {sfatyhs{f{gha" Kg~gtgha hn Ealgaeesgal - Csgklet fse ah{ ksf|a {h {je tfè tdfbe'

Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue — 6739 *Nhus Kedm [suttet — Khucbe-kedm shfk h~es shfk'

339,

339,

Ahs{j Nsfambga-Hsbefat T{see{ — 6739 *[|h Yhaw [suttet'

346,

Ahs{j \ebbt T{see{ — 6733 *[|h [jshulj [suttet — Khucbe-kedm {sfga h~es shfk'

6:7,

\et{ @fkgtha T{see{ — 6733 *[|h Sfgb-jeglj{ [suttet'



Ealgaeesgal ><

Yjfte [|h 6734-6749? Fn{es {je dg{w hn Djgdflh bht{ {je bf|tug{ ha {je

{suaagha tuyyhs{ ketgla {h {je T{sfutt Cftdube Csgkle Dh`yfaw" dg{w ealgaeest

|ese lg~ea {je {ftm {h ke~ebhy f csgkle |g{jhu{ yf{ea{ek ketgla nef{uset gadbukgal

~ha Cfch,t ga{esafb sfdm! [je sfdm |ft `h~ek hu{ hn {je ybfae hn {je {sutt {h {je

tgke hn {je {sutt! [je {suaaghat |ese tuyyhs{ek cw hae hn {|h twt{e`t! [je ngst{

twt{e` tuyyhs{ek {je {suaaghat ha bhalg{ukgafb lgskest fdshtt {je {fgb yg{ *nsha{-{h-

cfdm'! F csfde suaagal nsh` {je {suaagha {h {je hu{es ekle hn {je {fgb yg{ jebk {je

{suaaghat ybu`c! [je tedhak twt{e` utek f dus~ek" {fyesek lgskes suaagal nsh`

nsha{-{h-cfdm hn {je {fgb yg{! [jgt tedhak twt{e` |ft utek ha {je Bf Tfbbe t{see{ csgkle fak gt tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha 6>!

[je csgklet cugb{ ga {jgt esf fse tjh|a djshahbhlgdfbbw ga Gbbut{sf{gha 6<! Bgme

{je efsbges Tedhak Leaesf{gha csgklet" hsafèa{f{gha fak fet{je{gdt fse ysh`gaea{

nef{uset hn {je ketgla!

Gbbut{sf{gha 6>? [suaagha Tuyyhs{ utek ga {je Bf Tfbbe

T{see{ Csgkle JFES-GB->>



Ealgaeesgal >:

Gbbut{sf{gha 6<? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte [|h Csgklet 673< - 6749 *Dhus{etw hn {je Djgdflh

Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha" Kg~gtgha hn Ealgaeesgal - Csgklet fse ah{ ksf|a {h tfè tdfbe'

6<4,

\et{ Fkf`t T{see{ — 673< *[|h Kedm [suttet'

339,

Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe T{see{ — 673: *[|h Yhaw [suttet'

365,

Ahs{j Dbfsm T{see{ — 6737 *[|h Yhaw [suttet'

343,

Ahs{j \fcftj F~eaue — 6749 *[|h Sfgb-jeglj{ [suttet'



Ealgaeesgal >7

[jgsk Leaesf{gha Csgklet Keysettgha Esf — 6749,t!

[je habw {|h csgklet {jf{ fse ftthdgf{ek |g{j {jgt esf fse tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha

6:! [je ysg`fsw seftha gt ah{ kue {h {je nfd{ {jf{ {jew |ese cugb{ ga {jgt esf" cu{

{jew |ese ketglaek kusgal {jgt esf! \jgbe {je ftyed{t hn {jegs ketgla kh ah{ ~fsw

lsef{bw nsh` {je csgklet cugb{ yse~ghutbw" {jew kgk yutj {je ea~ebhye ha {je {sfnngd

bhfkt {jew |ese ezyed{ek {h dfssw! [je Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e csgkle gt f khucbe

kedm csgkle {jf{ jft eglj{ bfaet hn {sfnngd ha {je uyyes kedm fak tgz bfaet hn {sfnngd

ha {je bh|es kedm! [je T{f{e t{see{ csgkle dfssget eglj{ bfaet hn {sfnngd!

Gbbut{sf{gha 6:? [jgsk Leaesf{gha Csgklet *Dhus{etw hn {je Djgdflh Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha" Kg~gtgha hn Ealgaeesgal - Csgklet ah{ ksf|a {h tfè tdfbe'

339,

Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e — 674< *Nhus Kedm [suttet — Khucbe kedm — shfk h~es shfk'

369,

Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{ — 67;7 *[jsee Sfgb Jeglj{ [suttet'



Ealgaeesgal <9

Nhus{j Leaesf{gha Csgklet - Yht{ \\GG

[je nhus csgklet cugb{ ga {jgt esf fse tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha 67! [jete csgklet

jf~e bett hsaf{e fsdjg{ed{usfb nef{uset ketdsgcek cw Ohfa Ksfyes ft" {je

ga{esaf{ghafb `hkesagt` t{wbe! [jgt t{wbe gt djfsfd{esgek cw {je ducgd nhs`t fak

nbf{ shhnt!

[je csgklet f{ \et{ ^fa Cusea fak Ahs{j Kefschsa t{see{t dha{gauek {h ute {je

sfgb jeglj{ {suttet hn {je efsbges esft! [je csgklet f{ Ahs{j Dhbu`cut F~eaue fak

\et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{ utek t{eeb chz lgskest gat{efk hn {suttet! Fbb hn {jete csgklet

jf~e habw hae csgkle {eakes jhute!Kusgal {jgt esf" {je Dg{w hn Djgdflh `hkgngek fbb csgklet {h hyesf{e nsh` f

tgalbe csgkle {eakes jhute {h sekude hyesf{gha dht{t!

Tu``fsw

[je eglj{eea csgklet fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e ysh~gke f |gke ~fsge{w hn csgkle

t{wbet ke`hat{sf{gal {je ealgaeesgal e~hbu{gha hn {je Djgdflh [wye cftdube csgkle!

Ga {jgt fu{jhs,t hygagha" {je {|eb~e Tedhak Leaesf{gha csgklet *6769-6749'

seysetea{ {je lhbkea fle hn csgkle ketgla ga Djgdflh! [jete {|eb~e csgklet

ysh~gke f ybeftgal ~fsge{w hn ketglat ah{ ~gtgcbe ga {je [jgsk fak Nhus{j Leaesf{gha

csgklet!



Ealgaeesgal <6

Gbbut{sf{gha 67? Nhus{j Leaesf{gha Csgklet *Dhus{etw hn {je Djgdflh Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha"

Kg~gtgha hn Ealgaeesgal - Csgklet ah{ ksf|a {h tfè tdfbe'

6>;,

\et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{ — 67:; *Chz Lgskes'

\et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{ — 675> *[jsee Sfgb Jeglj{ [suttet'

6:3,

399,

Ahs{j Kefschsa T{see{ — 67>4 *[|h Sfgb Jeglj{ [suttet'

6:3,

Ahs{j Dhbu`cut Ksg~e — 67:3 *Chz Lgskes'



[je Csgklet[je Csgklet <3

Ga{shkud{gha

[je yse~ghut djfy{est bhhmek f{ Djgdflh jgt{hsw ft g{ sebf{et {h {jete csgklet fak

kgtduttek thè csgkle ealgaeesgal nef{uset! [je se`fgakes hn {je chhm gt ke~h{ek {h

{je csgklet {je`teb~et! Jh|e~es" cenhse efdj csgkle gt kgtduttek" thè dh``ha

ftyed{t hn {je lshuy fse tu``fsgzek!

Jh| hbk fse {je dussea{ csgklet8 Jh| hbk fse {je dussea{ csgklet8

[jete csgklet sfale ga fle nsh` 35 *\et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{' {h 7> *\et{ \ftjgal{ha

F~eaue' wefst! [je èkgfa fle hn {jgt lshuy gt :3 wefst!

\jw fse {jete csgklet t{gbb hyesf{ek8\jw fse {jete csgklet t{gbb hyesf{ek8

[je Djgdflh Sg~es gt dhatgkesek f af~glfcbe |f{es|fw! Ft tudj" {je nekesfb

lh~esaèa{ sevugset {jf{ {jese ce ah cfssgest *gadbukgal csgkle bef~et' {h |f{eschsae

{sfnngd!

\jw kh {jete hbk csgklet hyesf{e ft |ebb ft {jew kh8\jw kh {jete hbk csgklet hyesf{e ft |ebb ft {jew kh8

G{ gt g`yhs{fa{ {h meey ga `gak {jf{ hbk t{sud{uset fak `fdjgaesw dfa se`fga tfne

fak nuad{ghafb nhs f bhal yesghk hn {gè! \e tee g{ ga cugbkgalt bgme {je 66> wefs-hbk

@hafkahdm Cugbkgal *bhdf{ek f{ \et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk fak Thu{j Kefschsa T{see{'!

[jese fse fbth ef`ybet ga set{hsek fu{h`hcgbet" fak ga fgsdsfn{ *{je C53-J ch`ces jft

ceea ga tes~gde nhs ;5 wefst'!

[jete csgklet fse des{fgabw fah{jes lhhk ef`ybe hn bhal bg~ek t{sud{uset! [je mew

{h {jgt bhale~g{w gt f lhhk `fga{eafade" gatyed{gha" fak sejfcgbg{f{gha yshlsf`! [je

Djgdflh Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha *DKH[' fga{fgat fa e{eatg~e `fga{eafade fak

seyfgs yshlsf` ha {jete csgklet! [je faaufb cukle{ gt fyyshg`f{ebw {ea `gbbgha khbbfst

nhs {je 359 csgklet uakes {jegs yus~ge| *hs fchu{ nhs{w {jhutfak khbbfst efdj'! [jgt

`fga{eafade yshlsf` ga~hb~et cg-faaufb gatyed{ghat" faaufb yh|es |ftjgal" fak

yfga{gal f{ beft{ hade e~esw {ea wefst! Fbb hn {je csgklet ga {jgt lshuy" |g{j {je

edey{gha hn {je csgklet f{ Ahs{j Kefschsa T{see{ *cugb{ 67>4'" \et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{



[je Csgklet <4

*cugb{ 675>'" Ahs{j Dhbu`cut Ksg~e *cugb{ 67:3'" \et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{ *cugb{

67:;'" fak Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe T{see{ *sejfcgbg{f{ek 67<6'" jf~e ceea sedhat{sud{ek hs

sejfcgbg{f{ek |g{jga {je bft{ {|ea{w wefst!

Jh| ‒{sue‐ {h {je hsglgafb csgkle fsdjg{ed{usfb ke{fgbt fse {je dussea{ csgklet8 Jh| ‒{sue‐ {h {je hsglgafb csgkle fsdjg{ed{usfb ke{fgbt fse {je dussea{ csgklet8

Nhs {je `ht{ yfs{" {je dg{w jft khae f sefthafcbe ohc hn `fga{fgagal {je ga{ea{

hn Ek|fsk Ceaae{{,t ~gtgha nhs {je Tedhak Leaesf{gha csgklet! Jh|e~es" {jese

jf~e ceea `hkgngdf{ghat *sfgbgalt" |gakh| seybfdeèa{" csgkle {eakes jhute

hsafèa{f{gha" e{d!' ha thè csgklet {jf{ jf~e kg`gagtjek {je hsglgafb cefu{w! G{ gtah{ uabgme {je djhgdet |e fbb `fme ga se`hkebgal f jhute hs set{hsgal f dfs! Dfa g{

ce set{hsek {h ‒hsglgafb‐ fak dfa |e fnnhsk g{8 Gn ah{" |jf{ gt f sefthafcbe

dh`ysh`gte ce{|eea seyfgs fak set{hsf{gha8

Ga {je fu{jhs,t hygagha" {je csgklet f{ Ahs{j Nsfambga-Hsbefat" Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe"

\et{ @fkgtha" fak \et{ @hashe" se`fga {suet{ {h {je hsglgafb gkefbt" gadbukgal

jfak sfgbt!

\jf{ evugyèa{ gt utek {h sfgte f csgkle8\jf{ evugyèa{ gt utek {h sfgte f csgkle8

F{ {je {gè {jete csgklet |ese cugb{" {jew |ese ng{{ek |g{j {je dussea{

evugyèa{ hn {je esf! F{ {jgt t{fle ga {jegs bg~et" {je evugyèa{ jft ceea

t{fakfskgzek! [je csgklet fse ng{{ek |g{j {|h hs `hse 635 jhsteyh|es `h{hst

*fchu{ {je tgze hn {je ealgae ga f tuc-dh`yfd{ Jhakf Ng{'" keyeakgal uyha {je

csgkle!



[je Csgklet <;

Gt thè hn {je lefsgal ~gtgcbe ha {je csgklet8 Gt thè hn {je lefsgal ~gtgcbe ha {je csgklet8

Ha thè cu{ ah{ fbb hn {je csgklet! [je sfdm fak ygaha fw ce teea {h ~fswgal

kelseet ha csgklet |g{j {jshulj fak yhaw {suttet! Bhhm nhs {je lefsgal f{ {je eak

hn {je {suttet! Fa ef`ybe gt tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha 6 *Ahs{j Nsfambga-Hsbefat

T{see{ csgkle'!

G bbut{sf{gha 6? ^ge|t hn {je Sfdm fak Ygagha ha {je Ahs{j Nsfambga-Hsbefat T{see{ Csgkle

Ygagha

Sfdm

Sfdm



[je Csgklet <5

Fse fbb csgkle {eakes jhutet aeekek {h hyesf{e f csgkle8 Fse fbb csgkle {eakes jhutet aeekek {h hyesf{e f csgkle8

Ah! Ft whu |fbm fbhal {je sg~es whu |gbb ah{gde {jf{ {jese fse ft `faw ft nhus

{h ft ne| ft hae csgkle {eakes jhute f{ f csgkle! [hkfw" bgn{t fse dha{shbbek nsh`

habw hae hn {je csgkle {eakes jhutet!

Jh| `faw yehybe khet g{ {fme hyesf{e {je csgklet8 Jh| `faw yehybe khet g{ {fme hyesf{e {je csgklet8

Ga fkkg{gha {h {je csgkle {eakes" f au`ces hn yehybe fse sevugsek {h eatuse

yeket{sgfat fak dfst fse dbefs hn {je csgkle kusgal f bgn{! Fddhskgal {h {je Csgkle

Hyesf{ghat hnngde" csgklet f{ Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e" Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue"

Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe" Ahs{j \ebbt" \et{ Bfme" \et{ \ftjgal{ha" fak \et{ @hashe

sevugse ùb{gybe hyesf{hst! F {wygdfb sg~es {sgy nsh` \et{ fa Cusea {h Ahs{j Bfme

Tjhse Ksg~e" sevugsgal csgkle bgn{t" utet f {h{fb hn {jgs{eea csgkle {eakest!

\jf{ gt {je f~esfle {gè nhs f chf{ {h {sf~eb {jshulj {jete eglj{eea csgklet8\jf{ gt {je f~esfle {gè nhs f chf{ {h {sf~eb {jshulj {jete eglj{eea csgklet8

[je et{g`f{e nsh` Csgkle Hyesf{ghat gt fchu{ {ea `gau{et nhs efdj csgkle!

[jut g{ |hubk {fme fyyshg`f{ebw {jsee {h nhus jhust nhs f chf{ {sgy sevugsgal f bgn{

hn fbb eglj{eea csgklet nsh` \et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{ {h Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e!

\jw fse {jese kgnnesea{ au`ces hn bgn{t nhs {je csgklet8\jw fse {jese kgnnesea{ au`ces hn bgn{t nhs {je csgklet8

Ah{ fbb bgn{t fse sebf{ek {h dh`ybe{e {sgyt nsh` {je chf{ wfskt {h Bfme @gdjglfa

fak cfdm! Thè bgn{t `fw ce {je setub{ hn {je `fga{eafade yshlsf`" se-cfbfadgal

hn {je csgkle" hs tyedgfb sevuet{t nsh` chf{t hs tyedgfb yshoed{t fbhal {je sg~es

sevugsgal {je bgn{ hn f yfs{gdubfs csgkle!

Kh {je au`ces hn bgn{t djfale tglagngdfa{bw nsh` wefs {h wefs8 Kh {je au`ces hn bgn{t djfale tglagngdfa{bw nsh` wefs {h wefs8

Ah! Ft bhal ft {jese fse tefthafb `h~eèa{t hn tfgb chf{t nsh` {je chf{ wfskt

{h {je jfschst ga Bfme @gdjglfa fak cfdm" {je dg{w |gbb hyesf{e {je csgklet ha f

selubfs tdjekube! Nhs {jgt seftha" {je au`ces hn bgn{t {fcubf{ek ga {jgt chhm tjhubk



[je Csgklet <>

ysh~gke f lhhk fyyshg`f{gha hn {je au`ces hn bgn{t nhs {je g`èkgf{e nu{use!

\jw kh thè csgklet habw hyea hae befn8\jw kh thè csgklet habw hyea hae befn8

Csgkle ebed{sgdfb twt{e` uylsfke" `fga{eafade" hs seyfgs fse {je `ht{ bgmebw

dfutet nhs {je hyesf{gha hn habw hae hn {je csgkle bef~et! F ‒ahs`fb‐ csgkle

hyeagal tjhubk ga~hb~e ch{j bef~et!

Jh| ùdj khet g{ dht{ Djgdflh {h hyesf{e f csgkle8 Jh| ùdj khet g{ dht{ Djgdflh {h hyesf{e f csgkle8

Csgkle Hyesf{ghat et{g`f{et {jf{ {je dht{ yes csgkle gt fchu{ +;"999-+69"999"

keyeakgal uyha {je tdjekubgal yfsfè{est!

Jh| ùdj yfga{ khet g{ {fme {h yfga{ hae hn {jete csgklet8 Jh| ùdj yfga{ khet g{ {fme {h yfga{ hae hn {jete csgklet8

Fn{es t{ukwgal {jete csgklet" g{ gt jfsk {h kengae ‒{wygdfb!‐ Jh|e~es" sedea{

yfga{galt hn {je \et{ Ofdmtha T{see{ Csgkle *kedm {sutt - 6599 lfbbhat' fak Ahs{j

Kefschsa T{see{ *sfgb-jeglj{ {sutt - 3359 lfbbhat' lg~e f sfale hn {je f`hua{ hn

yfga{ sevugsek nhs {|h {wyet hn f tgalbe kedm csgkle! Cftek ha {jete au`cest" g{ gt

et{g`f{ek {jf{ {je khucbe kedm fak yhaw {sutt csgklet dhubk sevugse ft ùdj ft

5999 lfbbhat hn yfga{!

[sfnngd dhua{t |ese nsh` 399>" fse {je yeket{sgfa dhua{t nsh` 6777 t{gbb fddusf{e8[sfnngd dhua{t |ese nsh` 399>" fse {je yeket{sgfa dhua{t nsh` 6777 t{gbb fddusf{e8

[jete dhua{t fse dhatgkesek {h ce sefthafcbw fddusf{e cedfute deatut kf{f

gakgdf{e {jf{ {je yhyubf{gha hn Djgdflh jft ah{ djfalek tglagngdfa{bw kusgal {jgt

yesghk! Yeket{sgfa {sfnngd yf{{esat jf~e se`fgaek sebf{g~ebw uadjfalek ga {jgt esf"

ft |ebb!

\jf{ gt {je tglagngdfade hn {je FGTD ybfvuet ha {je csgklet8\jf{ gt {je tglagngdfade hn {je FGTD ybfvuet ha {je csgklet8

[je bef~et hn fbb csgklet kgtduttek ga {jgt chhm fse `fke hn t{eeb! [je

Fèsgdfa Gat{g{u{e hn T{eeb Dhat{sud{gha" FGTD" gt f aha-yshng{ {sfke ftthdgf{gha

nhuakek ga 6736! G{t yusyhte gt {h ysh`h{e {je ute hn nfcsgdf{ek t{sud{usfb t{eeb!



[je Csgklet <<

Hae hn {je `faw fd{g~g{get hn {je FGTD gt f ysgze csgkle f|fsk yshlsf`! [je

hcoed{g~e hn {jgt f|fsk yshlsf` gt {h sedhlagze t{eeb csgklet {jf{ ejgcg{

gaah~f{gha" fet{je{gdt" dht{ enned{g~eaett ga {jegs ealgaeesgal fak ketgla! [jete

f|fskt fse tglagngdfa{ fdjge~eèa{t nhs f csgkle!

Jf~e faw hn {je csgklet ceea utek nhs tugdgket8 Jf~e faw hn {je csgklet ceea utek nhs tugdgket8

Wet! Efdj hn {jete csgklet jft ceea utek ft f tysgalchfsk nhs f{ beft{ hae

tugdgke efdj! Ah ennhs{ |ft `fke {h meey {fbbget ha au`cest hn tugdgket nhs efdj

csgkle!

Jf~e {jese ceea faw dh``ha yshcbe`t nhs {jete csgklet8 Jf~e {jese ceea faw dh``ha yshcbe`t nhs {jete csgklet8

Ga {je `gk {h bf{e 6739,t {je Tfak`ft{es" f ~etteb ketdsgcek ft f ‒tfaktudmes"‐

tfgbek ha {je sg~es! Ga f yesghk hn {jsee wefst" {jgt ~etteb sf`èk {jgs{eea csgklet

nhs f {h{fb hn nhs{w-ng~e dhbbgtghat! [je duùbf{g~e dht{ hn {je kf`fle |ft

et{g`f{ek f{ +359"999 - +499"999! Fn{es {je nhs{w-nhus{j dsftj" {je dfy{fga |ft

tutyeakek nhs 49 kfwt fak {je dg{w tuek nhs kf`flet!6

[je csgklet ga~hb~ek fbhal \fdmes Ksg~e fse Ahs{j Bfme" Ahs{j T{f{e *ah{ {je

dussea{ csgkle'" Ahs{j @gdjglfa" Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe" fak Ahs{j Dbfsm *{|gde'! @faw

hn {jete dhbbgtghat |ese sebf{g~ebw `gahs" cu{ {je dhbbgtgha |g{j {je t|gal csgkle f{

Ahs{j Dbfsm T{see{ *Ah! ;;' |ft `hse tesghut! [jgt dhbbgtgha `h~ek {je csgkle

te~ea nee{ nsh` g{t nhuakf{gha" mahdmgal g{ hu{ hn tes~gde! [je dussea{ csgkle |ft

uakes dhat{sud{gha f{ {je {gè fak |ft sutjek {h dh`ybe{gha! Ng~e `ha{jt bf{es {je

Tfak`ft{es sf`èk {je ae| Ahs{j Dbfsm T{see{ csgkle *dhbbgtgha Ah! ;5'" dfutgalah kf`fle!

[je Tfak`ft{es tfgbek ga{h hctdusg{w fn{es {jgt sebf{g~ebw csgen cu{ fd{g~e

yesghk!

6 ‒T{f{gt{gdt Tjh| Csgkle Sf``gal cw Tfak`fft{es"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" @fw 7" 6737= ‒Tfak Chf{ Jg{t Csgkle fak Tdh| ga ;5{j

Dsftj"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Kede`ces 65" 6737!



[je Csgklet <:

[je 5>3 nhh{ bhal @ekutf-Djfbbeales tfgbek {je Djgdflh Sg~es ga {je tu`èst

nsh` 67>< ua{gb fchu{ 67:3! Nsh` {je ae|tyfyes fddhua{t" hae hs {|h csgklet

|hubk senute {h hyea hs t{gdm ga {je hyea yhtg{gha |jea {je @ekutf-Djfbbeales

ea{esek {je sg~es! Cedfute hn g{t beal{j *ysh| f{ \ebbt" t{esa f{ Bf Tfbbe3'" {jgt

leaesfbbw èfa{ nhs f {sfnngd {ge uy ha bfak |g{j `hse {jfa hae csgkle uy! \je{jes

g{ |ft {je nfub{ hn {je @ekutf-Djfbbeales hs ah{" g{ |ft lg~ea {je `hagmes hn ‒oga

tjgy!‐ G{ |ft {je tucoed{ hn f tesget hn fs{gdbet kusgal {jgt yesghk! Ga 67:6" {je

@ekutf Deèa{ Dh`yfaw beftek bfak {h cugbk f kgt{sgcu{gha {es`gafb ga {je Yhs{ hn

Djgdflh |jgdj yu{ fa eak {h {je @ekutf-Djfbbeales dsugtet ha {je Djgdflh Sg~es fak {je ‒oga!‐4

\jw fse {jese cfslet uakes thè hn {je csgklet8\jw fse {jese cfslet uakes thè hn {je csgklet8

Ft whu |fbm fbhal {je sg~es" whu `fw tee f t{f{ghafsw cfsle uakes thè

csgklet! [je yseteade hn {jgt ybf{nhs` f{ f csgkle gt e~gkeade hn {je halhgal

`fga{eafade ennhs{ hn DKH[! [jete cfslet fse utek nhs gatyed{gha" `fga{eafade"

fak seyfgs hn {je csgklet!\jf{,t aez{8

G{,t {gè {h bhhm f{ efdj csgkle! Ga {je ketdsgy{ghat {jf{ nhbbh|" whu |gbb ngak f

`fy tjh|gal {je bhdf{gha hn efdj csgkle! [jgt gt nhbbh|ek cw f ‒nfd{ tjee{‐ |jgdj

bgt{t {je yjwtgdfb kgèatghat fak ‒h{jes‐ kf{f nhs efdj csgkle! Yjwtgdfb

kgèatghat gadbuke? {suaagha-{h-{suaagha tyfa= dbefs tyfa *af~glf{gha dbefsfade'=

|gk{j fak jeglj{ fch~e {je |f{es= fak befn |eglj{t! H{jes kf{f lg~ea fse? {je

hyeagal kf{e= {je ketglaest= dbfttgngdf{gha= fle sfamgal |g{jga {je lshuy= {je

f~esfle kfgbw ~ejgdubfs {sfnngd nsh` {je 399> Af{ghafb Csgkle Ga~ea{hsw kf{f cfte=

{je f~esfle kfgbw yeket{sgfa {sfnngd nsh` f 6777 DKH[ t{ukw= fa et{g`f{e hn {je

3 ‒Tjgy Dft{t g{t Tyebb ha Dg{w Csgklet Flfga"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ouae 3" 67>7!4 ‒Jese,t Lhhk Ae|t nhs {je Csgkle [eakest"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ouae :" 67:6!



[je Csgklet <7

f~esfle kfgbw {sfga dhua{ *|jese fyybgdfcbe'= {je au`ces hn bgn{t ga 399> nsh` {je

Csgkle Hyesf{ghat hnngde= {je wefs efdj csgkle |ft eg{jes sejfcgbg{f{ek hs secugb{=

fak dub{usfb {sg~gf *`h~get" chhmt" yhe`t" e{d!'!

F csgen afssf{g~e hn {je dshttgal jgt{hsw" f ketdsgy{gha hn {je dussea{ csgkle" fak

h{jes {gkcg{t kgtdh~esek fchu{ {je csgkle nhbbh| {je nfd{ tjee{! [je ke{fgb ysh~gkek

ga {jgt afssf{g~e ~fsget nsh` csgkle {h csgkle cedfute {je f`hua{ hn ganhs`f{gha ha

{jete csgklet ~fsget nsh` fb`ht{ ahae {h vug{e f cg{! Ah ennhs{ jft ceea `fke {h

t{fakfskgze {je afssf{g~et nhs efdj csgkle!



[je Csgklet :9

Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e Csgkle ha {je @fga Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet :6

Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e Csgkle Nfd{t

Dussea{ Csgkle — Ngst{ Dshttgal

Kf{e Hyeaek? Hd{hces 67" 674<

Ketglaest? T{sfutt Ealgaeesgal Dh`yfaw fak Julj Whual

Dbfttgngdf{gha? [jgsk Leaesf{gha= Khucbe Kedm *Fu{h(Fu{h'= Kedm [suttet

Lshuy Fle Sfamgal *6 0 hbket{'? 64

Dbefs Tyfa? 339 nee{ *4sk bhalet{ — {gek |( Ahs{j @gdjglfa= Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe= Ahs{j Nsfambga-

Hsbefat'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 3>; nee{ *4sk bhalet{'

\gk{j? 69: nee{ *3ak |gket{ — {gek |( Ahs{j T{f{e'

Befn \eglj{? >";39 {hat — bfslet{ ga {je lshuy

Jeglj{ fch~e {je \f{es? 35 nee{

F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? AF

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? 663"999 *jgljet{ {sfnngd ~hbuè hn {je lshuy'

Faaufb Bgn{t *399>'? ;7

Bft{ Sejfcgbg{f{ek? 67:<

Dub{usfb? Ahae



[je Csgklet :3

[je Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e sg~es dshttgal jft f sebf{g~ebw tjhs{ jgt{hsw! [jgt

gt {je ngst{ fak habw csgkle cugb{ f{ {jgt bhdf{gha! G{ |ft yfs{ hn {je bfsles ybfa {h

cugbk f `fohs jglj|fw {jshulj kh|a{h|a Djgdflh {h nfdgbg{f{e {sfnngd nbh| ga{h

fak hu{ hn {je dg{w! Ybfaagal celfa ga 673> fak dhat{sud{gha celfa ga 6746!

Nuakgal sfa hu{ ga 6743 |g{j {je dsftj hn {je ùagdgyfb chak `fsme{! [je \YF

t{eyyek ga |g{j fttgt{fade ga 6745 fak {je csgkle |ft dh`ybe{ek ga 674<! F{ {je

{gè hn dhat{sud{gha g{ |ft {je |gket{" bhalet{" fak jef~get{ khucbe befn cftdube

csgkle ga {je |hsbk!

[je hsglgafb dshttgal dhatgt{ek hn {|h cftdube csgklet! [jese |ft f khucbe

befn tyfa *Gbbut{sf{gha 3' fdshtt {je sg~es fak f tgalbe befn tyfa h~es Hlkea Tbgy!

Ch{j csgklet jfk f tg`gbfs fyyefsfade ga {jegs kedm {suttet fak csgkle {eakes

jhutet! [je csgklet |ese hsglgafbbw ketglaek {h dfssw {sfgat ha f nu{use bh|es

kedm!

Cedfute {je ybfaagal celfa ha {jgt csgkle kusgal {je jeglj{ hn {je Dg{w

Cefu{gnub @h~eèa{" {je hsglgafb ketgla nhs {je nhus csgkle {eakes jhutet |ft {h

gadbuke hsaf{e nef{uset tg`gbfs {h {je bf{es Tedhak Leaesf{gha csgklet! [je jfsk

Gbbut{sf{gha 3? [je ^ge| hn {je Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e nsh` {je @hauèa{ {h {je @gbbeaagu`



[je Csgklet :4

edhah`gd {gèt hn {je 6749,t fak {je seybfdeèa{ hn Ek|fsk Ceaae{{ ft {je Ybfa

Dh``gttgha fsdjg{ed{ cw Julj Whual djfalek {jete ybfat! @s! Whual kedgkek {h

djfale {je ketgla {h {je ‒`hkesagt{gd t{wbe‐ ~gtgcbe ha {je csgkle {hkfw! [jete

ketgla djfalet `hkgngek {je csgkle eahulj {jf{ g{ `fsmt {je celgaagal hn {je [jgsk

Leaesf{gha hn {je Djgdflh [wye cftdube csgkle!

[je hsglgafb thu{jesa fyyshfdj {h {jgt csgkle |ft ketdsgcek ft fa ‒T-dus~e!‐ G{

sfa ha Ngebk Chube~fsk *{jshulj {je dussea{ Bfme Tjhse Eft{ Ke~ebhyèa{' {h

eft{chuak \fdmes Ksg~e fak {jea ha{h ahs{jchuak Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e! Ga {je

67:9,t" {je fbglaèa{ hn Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e |ft djfalek {h g{t dussea{ bhdf{ghafbhal {je bfme nsha{ eft{ hn {je Bfme Tjhse Eft{ ke~ebhyèa{! G{ |ft kusgal {jgt

yshoed{ {jf{ {je tedhak {sfnngd kedm *bh|es kedm' |ft fkkek fak {je cftdube csgkle

h~es Hlkea tbgy |ft se`h~ek fak seybfdek cw {je dussea{ ngek csgkle!

Hae hn {je `hse tglagngdfa{ eygthket ga {je jgt{hsw hn {jgt csgkle `glj{ jf~e

ceea g{t kekgdf{gha! Ysetgkea{ Nsfambga K! Shhte~eb{ ysetgkek h~es {je dese`haw

ha Hd{hces 5" 674<! [je e~ea{ |ft è`hsfcbe ah{ th ùdj nhs |jf{ |ft tfgk

fchu{ {je csgkle" cu{ {jf{ NKS utek {je csgkle ft {je ybf{nhs` nhs jgt ‒vufsfa{gae‐

tyeedj! [jgt tyeedj `fke jefkbgaet cedfute g{ tyhme hu{ flfgat{ fllsetths af{ghat

ga Eushye ga {es`t {jf{ jfk ah{ ceea utek cenhse! G{ tglafbek f djfale ga {je

sje{hsgd utek cw {je fk`gagt{sf{gha fak |ft fa efsbw tglafb hn UT ybfat {h ohga {je

fbbget ga \hsbk \fs GG!

[hkfw" {je Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e csgkle tes~et ft fa g`ysettg~e lf{e|fw {h

{je `fga djfaaeb hn {je {je Djgdflh Sg~es nsh` Bfme @gdjglfa! F teate hn {jgt

csgkle,t `flag{uke dfa ce jfk cw ~ge|gal g{ nsh` {je @hauèa{ {h {je

@gbbeaagu` f{ {je `hu{j hn {je sg~es *Gbbut{sf{gha 3' hs nsh` {je sg~es |fbm ce{|eea

Dhbu`cut F~eaue fak Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e! F yeket{sgfa(cgdwdbe dshttgal gt



[je Csgklet :;

f~fgbfcbe ha {je bh|es kedm ha {je eft{ *bfme tgke' tgke hn {je csgkle! [jgt ysh~gket

fa ga{eset{gal ~ge| hn {je ‒nhset{‐ hn {suttet {jf{ `fme uy {jgt csgkle *Gbbut{sf{gha

4'! \jgbe thè hn {je h{jes eglj{eea csgklet ga~g{e f begtusebw yfde {h eaohw {je

~ge|" {jgt csgkle eadhusflet {je yeket{sgfa {h ‒meey `h~gal!‐ [jgt gt ga yfs{ kue

{h {h {je ahgte hn {je {sfnngd fch~e *{jgt csgkle dfssget {je `ht{ ~ejgdbet hn {je

lshuy' fak {je jut{be hn {je cgdwdbe {sfnngd dh`ye{gal nhs {je tgke|fbm!

Ga 67:3" {je csgkle |ft seafèk {je Nsfambga Kebfah Shhte~eb{ @e`hsgfb

Csgkle!;

; ‒Bfme Tjhse Ks! csgkle seafèk {h jhahs NKS"‐ [je Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ofaufsw 46" 67:3!

Gbbut{sf{gha 4? [je ^ge| hn {je [suttet nsh` {je Tgke|fbm hn {je Ahs{j Bfme

Tjhse Ksg~e Csgkle



[je Csgklet :5

Ahs{j Dhbu`cut Ksg~e Csgkle ha {je @fga Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es

*yjh{h {fmea nsh` E! Uyyes \fdmes Ksg~e'



[je Csgklet :>

Ahs{j Dhbu`cut Ksg~e Csgkle Nfd{t


Kf{e Hyeaek? Hd{hces 46" 67:3

Ketglaest? Kg~gtgha hn Csgklet fak ^gfkud{t

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Nhus{j Leaesf{gha= Tgalbe Kedm= Ch Lgskest

Lshuy Fle Sfamgal *6 0 hbket{'? 6<

Dbefs Tyfa? 6:9 nee{ *69{j bhalet{'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 3>7 nee{ *bhalet{ — {gek |( Ahs{j \fcftj'

\gk{j? 666 nee{ *|gket{'

Befn \eglj{? 4";99 {hatJeglj{ fch~e {je \f{es? 36 nee{

F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? AF

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? 34"<99 *4sk `ht{'


Bft{ Sejfcgbg{f{ek? AF

Dub{usfb? Ahae



[je Csgklet :<

[jgt 67:3 csgkle gt {je ‒whualet{‐ sg~es dshttgal hn {je eglj{eea csgklet! [jgt

gt {je ngst{ fak habw csgkle cugb{ f{ {jgt bhdf{gha! G{ gt uagvue ga {|h setyed{t! G{ gt

{je ngst{ csgkle ga {je lshuy {h ute ch lgskest {h tyfa {je sg~es gat{efk hn {suttet!

[jgt ysh~gket g{ |g{j f `hse t{sef`bgaek yshngbe *Gbbut{sf{gha ;'! G{ gt fbth {je ngst{

{h jf~e g{ {suaaghat te{ cfdm nsh` {je sg~es {h fbbh| yeket{sgfat {h |fbm uakes g{ f{

sg~es be~eb!

Nsh` {je sg~es be~eb whu dfa ef`gae {je uakestgke hn {je csgkle kedm fak lfga

f uagvue yestyed{g~e hn {je csgkle *Gbbut{sf{gha 5'! Gn whu dbg`c {je t{fgst ha {je

thu{jeft{ tgke hn {je csgkle uy {h {je kedm" whu |gbb tee {je csgkle {eakes jhute

fak {je csgkle ybfvuet! [je csgkle {eakes jhute *Gbbut{sf{gha >' senbed{t {je

`hkesa ketgla |g{j sed{falubfs dshtt ted{gha fak falubfs bgaet! [jgt csgkle |ft

lsfa{ek fa f|fsk cw {je FGTD |jea g{ |ft cugb{!

Gbbut{sf{gha ;? Ahs{j Dhbu`cut Ksg~e Csgkle



[je Csgklet ::

[je dhat{sud{gha hn {jgt csgkle leaesf{ek thè dha{sh~estw f{ {je {gè g{ |ft

cugb{! [je Lsef{es Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue Ftthdgf{gha hyyhtek {je csgkle ha

lshuakt {sfnngd {jf{ |hubk gadsefte ga{h {je fsef ce{|eea Bfme @gdjglfa fak Ahs{j

@gdjglfa F~eaue" dsef{gal `fttg~e {sfnngd dhalet{gha yshcbe`t!5

[je csgkle nhet bht{ {jegs cf{{be

fak {je csgkle |ft hyeaek {h ùdj

nfanfse ha Hd{hces 46" 67:3! Cw

Fysgb 65" 67:4 {je csgkle |ft dbhtek

cedfute {je lefst utek {h sfgte {je

csgkle bef~et |ese eg{jes dsfdmek hs

cshmea! G{ {hhm fah{jes te~ea

`ha{jt {h seyfgs {je yshcbe` fak

hyea {je csgkle nhs lhhk ga Hd{hces hn 67:4!>

Fb{jhulj {je csgkle |ft t{sud{usfbbw thuak fak fcbe {h dfssw {sfnngd" g{ |ft ben{

5 ‒Csgkle Nhet Ybfa Bft{ Kg{dj Cf{{be"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Tey{e`ces 39" 67<4!> ‒Dhbu`cut Ksg~e Csgkle Te{ {h Sehyea Hd{! 65"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Tey{e`ces 67" 67:4

Gbbut{sf{gha >? F ge| Bhhmgal Ahs{j Fbhal {je Dhbu`cut Ksg~e Csgkle

Gbbut{sf{gha 5? [je Uakestgke hn {je Ahs{j Dhbu`cut Ksg~e Csgkle

*{fmea nsh` {je sg~es|fbm'



[je Csgklet :7

ga {je hyea yhtg{gha |jgbe g{ |ft seyfgsek cedfute |f{eschsae {sfnngd jft ysghsg{w

fak dfaah{ ce cbhdmek! [jgt |ft {je dfute hn thè nsut{sf{gha {h yh{ea{gfb csgkle

utest" ft khduèa{ek ga f Cgbb T{hmet dhbuà ga {je Djgdflh [sgcuae! @s! T{hmet"

{halue ga djeem" eadhusflek thè dg~gb kgthcekgeade" {h ah f~fgb!<

< ‒Dhbu`cut Ksg~e? [je T{hsw hn f Csgkle fak [shucbek \f{est"‐ Cgbb T{hmet" Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ouae 49" 67:4!



[je Csgklet 79

Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue Csgkle ha {je @fga Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 76

Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue Csgkle Nfd{t


Kf{e Hyeaek? @fw 6;" 6739

Ketglaest? [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Julj E! Whual" Ek|fsk Ceaae{{

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte Hae= Khucbe Kedm *Fu{h(Fu{h'= Kedm [suttet


Dbefs Tyfa? 339 nee{ *4sk bhalet{ — {gek |( Ahs{j Nsfambga-Hsbefat= Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe= Ahs{j

Bfme Tjhse'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 35> nee{ *;{j bhalet{'

\gk{j? 73 nee{ *4sk |gket{'

Befn \eglj{? ;"699 {hat

Jeglj{ fch~e {je \f{es? 6< nee{

F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 45"797 *3ak `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? 44"499 *3ak `ht{'

Faaufb Bgn{t *399>'? 5:

Bft{ Sejfcgbg{f{gha? 6774

Dub{usfb? @h~get - [je Ua{hudjfcbet *67:>'" Djfga Sefd{gha *677>'" @esdusw Sgtgal

*677<'" Tgade Whu,~e Ceea Lhae *677:'" [jsee {h [falh *6777'" Out{ ^gtg{gal *3996'"

Uadhakg{ghafb Bh~e *3996'" [je Csefm Uy *3995'" Bfme Jhute *399>'" Kg`gagtjek Dfyfdg{w

*399:'" ES *677;-3997'" Ysgtha Csefm *3995-3997'



[je Csgklet 73

[jgt dussea{ csgkle gt {je ngst{ sg~es dshttgal f{ @gdjglfa F~eaue! [jese |ft

efsbges {jgamgal fchu{ {je yshoed{" jh|e~es!: F yshyhtfb nhs f ngek ‒jglj‐ csgkle

h~es {je sg~es |ft yshyhtek cw Ke\g{{ Dselges *Djgdflh `fwhs 6::7-6:76'! [je

gkef |ft ah{ fbb {jf{ |ebb sedeg~ek cedfute hn {je ng~e {h {ea `gbbgha khbbfs ysgde

{fl! Ga setyhate" @st! Jhsf{gh A! @fw ketglaek f {uaaeb {h dshtt {je sg~es f{ {jgt

bhdf{gha! [je yshyhtek {uaaeb |ft f {h{fb hn 4"399 nee{ bhal ft g{ sfa ce{|eea

Sfakhbyj fak Hjgh T{see{t! [je {uaaeb gadbukek ch{j f shfk|fw fak f yeket{sgfa

yf{j! @st! @fw et{g`f{ek {je dhat{sud{gha dht{ f{ fchu{ 6!5 `gbbgha khbbfst |jgdj

|ft tuct{fa{gfbbw bett {jfa {je csgkle hy{gha! G{,t ah{ dbefs jh| tesghut {jete

yshyhtfbt |ese" ft {jese |ft ah nus{jes èa{gha hn eg{jes hae!

Celgaagal ga 6799" lshuyt ga {je dg{w hn Djgdflh |ese bhhmgal ga efsaet{ nhs fa

fkkg{ghafb sg~es dshttgal aefs {je `hu{j hn {je `fga csfadj {h fbbe~gf{e dhalet{gha!

[je djhtea tg{e |hubk bgam f |gkeaek @gdjglfa F~eaue ha {je thu{j tgke hn {je

sg~es |g{j f |gkeaek Ygae T{see{ ha {je ahs{j tgke hn {je sg~es! [je Ybfa hn

Djgdflh" ga 6797 " nhs`fbgzek {je {je gkeft nhs {jgt dshttgal! [je csgkle |hubkjf~e {|h kedmt {h `f{dj uy |g{j {je ybfaaek khucbe-kedmek t{see{t ha eg{jes tgke

hn {je sg~es! [jgt Tedhak Leaesf{gha csgkle |ft uautufb f{ {je {gè cedfute hn g{t

bfsle kgèatghat! G{ fbth jft {|h ~ejgdubfs {sfnngd kedmt — {je uyyes nhs fu{h

: ‒@st! @fwt Lsef{ Tdjeè nhs Djgdflh"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ouae 34" 6:76!

Gbbut{sf{gha <? [je Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue Csgkle



[je Csgklet 74

{sfnngd" {je bh|es nhs {sudmt *nseglj{(kebg~esget'! [je h{jes khucbe kedm csgklet jfk

{|h kgnnesea{ `hket hn {sfatyhs{f{gha — sfgb fak ~ejgdbe!

Dhat{sud{gha ha {je t{see{

fyyshfdjet celfa ga 6769"

|jgbe {je ketgla |hsm ha {je

csgkle celfa ga 6764! [je

csgkle gt ettea{gfbbw {|h

cftdube csgklet cugb{ tgke-

cw-tgke *Gbbut{sf{gha :'! Nhs {jgt seftha" csgkle bef~et

dfa ce sfgtek nhs

`fga{eafade |g{jhu{ dbhtgal

hnn {sfnngd dh`ybe{ebw!

[je csgkle {eakes jhutet fse

fyyshg`f{ebw {jsee fak hae jfbn t{hsget

fch~e {je |f{es be~eb fak fse khae ga f

aeh-dbfttgdfb Cefu-Fs{t t{wbe! Ke{fgbt

gadbuke cft sebgen ngluset" dgsdubfs

|gakh|t" f kea{gdubf{ek nsgeze" fak f

t{eyyek yfsfye{ shhn {hyyek |g{j fa

hsaf{e kedhsf{g~e usa! Seganhsdek

dhadse{e fak Ceknhsk bgèt{hae |ese

utek ft dhat{sud{gha f{esgfbt! [je

thu{j|et{ csgkle {h|es gt tjh|a ga

Gbbut{sf{gha 7! Gbbut{sf{gha 7? Thu{j|et{ Csgkle [eakes Jhute hn {je

Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue Csgkle *Ah| Jhutgal {je

@dDhs`gdm-[sgcuae Csgkle Jhute fak Djgdflh Sg~es

@uteu`'

Gbbut{sf{gha :? F ~ge| hn fa Hyea @gdjglfa F~eaue CsgkleTjh|gal {je [|h Tgke-cw-Tgke Cftdube Csgkle Bef~et



[je Csgklet 7;

[je cft sebgen tduby{uset ha {je thu{j csgkle {eakes jhutet dh`è`hsf{e {je

Nhs{ Kefschsa @fttfdse hn 6:63 fak {je secugbkgal hn {je dg{w fn{es {je Lsef{ Ngse

hn 6:<6! [je cft sebgen tduby{uset ha {je ahs{j tgke csgkle {eakes jhutet

dh`è`hsf{e Nseadj eybhsest @fsvue{{e fak Ohbbge{= fak efsbw te{{best Mgazge fak

KuTfcbe!

Efsbges Tedhak Leaesf{gha csgklet gadhsyhsf{ek `faw hn {je gkefbt hn {je

Djgdflh Ybfa ga {jegs ketgla! [je Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue Csgkle gt {je ngst{ ga {je

lshuy {h dfy{use fbb hn {je gkefbt hn {je Djgdflh Ybfa fak {je Dg{w Cefu{gnub

`h~eèa{! [je nhus hsaf{e Cefu-Fs{t t{wbe csgkle {eakes jhutet" {je lsfakt{fgsdftet" cft sebgen tduby{uset" fak fcu{èa{ nfdgalt fse edebbea{ ef`ybet hn

{jete gkefbt!

[jgt csgkle dfa ce eaohwek

nsh` tgke|fbmt ha ch{j tgket

fak ch{j kedmt hn {je csgkle!

\g{j {je fkkg{gha hn {je sedea{bw

dh`ybe{ek Sg~es|fbm {jgt

csgkle dfa ce ~ge|ek nsh` sg~es

be~eb ft |ebb *Gbbut{sf{gha 69'!

[je bh|es kedm tgke|fbm |gbb

ysh~gke f ~ge| hn {je {suttet

tg`gbfs {h {jf{ teea f{ {je Ahs{j

Bfme Tjhse Ksg~e csgkle!

T{fgs|fwt ha fbb dhsaest befk {h

f{{sfd{ghat f{ {je |f{es be~eb!

\f{es {fgt fak {hus chf{t dfa Gbbut{sf{gha 69? Uakes @gdjglfa F~eaue Csgkle Fbhal {je Sg~es|fbm



[je Csgklet 75

ce nhuak ha {je thu{jeft{ fak ahs{j|et{ dhsaest! F kgagal fsef gt hyea kusgal {je

tu`ès ha {je ahs{jeft{ dhsaes! [jgt csgkle hnnest f tyedgfb {sef{ nhs {je csgkle

ea{jutgft{! Bf{e tysgal {jshulj efsbw nfbb" {je @dDhs`gdm Csgklejhute fak

Djgdflh Sg~es ùteu` bhdf{ek ga {je thu{j|et{ csgkle {eakes jhute gt hyea! [jgt

f{{sfd{gha fbbh|t nhs {je eybhsf{gha hn {je ea{gse jhute" edebbea{ kgtybfwt dh~esgal

{je jgt{hsw hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es" fak f bhhm f{ {je hyesf{gal `fdjgaesw hn {je

csgkle!

[jgt csgkle jft jfk f `hse e~ea{nub egt{eade {jfa thè hn {je h{jes csgklet!

Ysghs {h {je celgaagal hn {je hyeagal dese`haget ga 6739" f bu`ces t{efès lf~e{je tglafb {h hyea {je csgkle! [je csgkle {eakes" uaf|fse {jf{ nhus dfst jfk yfsmek

ha {je csgkle" celfa {h sfgte g{! G{ |ft ah{ ua{gb yhbgde ngsek {jegs luat ga {je fgs

{jf{ {je csgkle {eakes sefbgzek {je tg{uf{gha" se~estek jgt fd{ghat" fak f~es{ek fa

e`cfssfttgal kgtft{es!7

Hae hn {je `hse ksf`f{gd e~ea{t f{ {je csgkle |ft f dfs djfte ga 6733! F tfne

dsfdmes afèk ^gadea{ ‒Tmg`ès‐ Ksuddg |ft cegal yustuek cw ke{ed{g~et [uhjw

fak Mbf{zdh! [je djfte e~ea{ufbbw dfè {h {je ahs{j fyyshfdj hn {je @gdjglfa

F~eaue Csgkle |jgdj |ft celgaagal {h hyea nhs f yfttgal t{efès! Ksuddg ksh~e

{jshulj {je lf{et fak |ft fcbe {h ou`y {je nhus nhh{ lfy ce{|eea {je csgkle bef~et

fak `fme g{ tfnebw {h {je thu{j tgke hn {je sg~es habw {h le{ dfulj{ ga {sfnngd! [huw

fak Mbf{zdh nhbbh|ek fak `fke {je ksf`f{gd ou`y ft |ebb dfy{usgal Ksuddg ft je

{sgek {h nbee ha nhh{!69

[je csgkle jft ceea jg{ cw f ne| tjgyt ft |ebb! Ga 6744" {je t{ef`tjgy"

[jehkhse Shhte~eb{ t{sudm {je csgkle te~esgal hae lgskes fak ceakgal te~esfb

h{jest! [je fddgkea{ yse~ea{ek {je eft{ tgke hn {je csgkle nsh` dbhtgal! Seyfgst

7 ‒[je \fw \e \ese — Csgklgal {je Djgdflh Sg~es {h {je @flagngdea{ @gbe"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" @fw 64" 67:469 ‒Fu{ht Befy Nhus Nhh{ Csgkle Lfy ga [jgen Djfte"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Tey{e`ces 6" 6733!



[je Csgklet 7>

{hhm fchu{ {jsee |eemt {h dh`ybe{e!66 Ga 67:>" f bu`ces chf{ sf`èk {je csgkle

ha f Tuakfw" bef~gal g{ yfs{gfbbw sfgtek nhs fchu{ {|h jhust!63

Fa fkkg{ghafb `gtjfy dhadesagal {jgt csgkle gt khduèa{ek ga f 67;9,t

Djgdflh [sgcuae dhbuà ea{g{bek ‒F bgae H, [wye hs [|h!‐ F t{hsw gt ysetea{ek hn

f bg{{be khl dshttgal {je @gdjglfa F~eaue csgkle out{ ft g{ celfa {h sgte! Fddhskgal

{h {je fddhua{" {je khl |ft fcbe {h dbgal {h {je {hy hn {je csgkle befn ua{gb {je

csgkle |ft bh|esek fak {jea yshdeekek fdshtt {je csgkle!64

Yshcfcbw {je `ht{ tyed{fdubfs fddgkea{ ga~hb~gal {jgt csgkle hddussek ha

Tey{e`ces 39" 6773! Dhat{sud{gha |hsm |ft uakes|fw {h sejfcgbg{f{e {je csgkle!6;

[je csgkle kedm jfk ceea se`h~ek ha {je thu{jeft{ befn fak f ;9 {ha dfyfdg{w

dsfae jfk ceea yfsmek h~es {je dhua{es|eglj{! [je ahs{j tgke bef~et jfk out{ ceea

sfgtek {h fbbh| f tfgbchf{ {h yftt! Ft {je ahs{j|et{ befn |ft bh|esek ga{h yhtg{gha"

{je thu{jeft{ befn hn {je csgkle tysfal uy" df{fyub{-bgme! F tfgbchf{ h|aes |ft

vuh{ek tfwgal" ‒[je ahs{j|et{ ted{gha |ft fbsefkw kh|a hs ga {je ngafb t{flet hn

lhgal kh|a |jea |e jefsk {jgt lsgakgal thuak fak tf| {je {jgal *{je thu{jeft{

befn' t|gal {h t{sfglj{ uy fak kh|a! G{ {hhm ng~e tedhakt! G{ |ft lhgal yse{{w

nft{!‐65 Evugyèa{ fak kecsgt |ft bfuadjek fdshtt Eft{ \fdmes Ksg~e ga{h cutet"

dfst" fak yeket{sgfat! Tg yehybe ha f D[F cfte |ese {je habw gaousget ah{ek ga {je

seyhs{t hn {je gadgkea{! [je sfygk sh{f{gha sgyyek {je csgkle befn nsh` g{t {suaagha

cefsgalt *tee Gbbut{sf{gha 4 ga Djfy{es 4 nhs f yjh{h hn {je @gdjglfa F~eaue csgkle

{suaagha' fak {je befn kshyyek ga{h {je {fgb yg{!

[je dfute hn {je fddgkea{ |ft f dh`cgaf{gha hn f te~esebw uacfbfadek csgkle

befn fak yfs{gfbbw kgtealflek tfne{w bhdmt! [jgt dhakg{gha fbbh|ek {je sfdm fak

66 ‒Bgam Csgkle Seyfgst {h ce Ngagtjek \ekaetkfw"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Hd{hces 6;" 6744!63 ‒Chf{ Cfslet ga{h @gdjglfa F~eaue Csgkle= [sfnngd Cbhdmek"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Oubw 36" 67:>!64 ‒F Bgae H, [wye hs [|h‐ Fa Uaysga{ek Ngst{ Yfle T{hsw" cw Ebefahs Jh|fsk= Djgdflh [sgcuae" @fsdj <" 67;9!6; ‒Dsfae {jsha hnn csgkle Nsefm fddgkea{ tju{t @gdjglfa F~e! tyfa" cw Ofèt Jgbb" Djgdflh [sgcuae" Tey{e`ces 36" 6773!65 ‒Ha ae| chf{" fa tfgbt ga{h jgt{hsw — {jfamt {h csgkle gtjfy"‐ cw Oessw Dsg``gat" Djgdflh [sgcuae" Tey{e`ces 3;" 6773!



[je Csgklet 7<

ygagha {h ua-ètj" |jgdj fbbh|ek {je befn {h sgte uadha{shbbfcbw!6> [je csgkle |ft

sehyeaek {h {sfnngd ha Ah~e`ces 35" 6773!6<

Fddhskgal {h Sgdjfsk @htmfb" Kgsed{hs hn {je Djgdflh Ngb` Chfsk" {je dhsaes

hn @gdjglfa fak \fdmes Ksg~e gt {je `ht{ utek ga{ested{gha nhs ngb`gal `h~get!

Sedea{bw" {je @gdjglfa F~eaue Csgkle jft ceea utek ft f mg{e bfuadjgal tg{e cw

@gme Gbbgdj! Je ngakt {je |gak dhakg{ghat yesned{ fak khet g{ cedfute ‒G{,t out{

nua!‐6:

6> ‒\jea f csgkle cedhèt f df{fyub{"‐ cw T{ukaew" @gdjfeb O!" @edjfagdfb Ealgaesgal-DG@E" Kede`ces 6" 6773!6< Sehyeaek csgkle gt 6t{ lgn{ hn {je teftha"‐ cw Djsgt{gae Jf|et" Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ah~e`ces 3>" 6773!6: ‒Ybfwgal {je \gak= Ga Uscfa Dfawha" Mg{e @fa Be{t g{ Nbw"‐ cw Dhbbeea @ft{haw" Djgdflh [sgcuae" Hd{hces 67" 399<



[je Csgklet 7:

Ahs{j \fcftj F~eaue Ksg~e Csgkle ha {je @fga Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 77

Ahs{j \fcftj T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t


Kf{e Hyeaek? Kede`ces 39" 6749Ketglaest? [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Khafbk Cedmes" Ek|fsk J! Ceaae{{

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte [|h= Tgalbe Kedm= Sfgb Jeglj{ [suttet


Dbefs Tyfa? 343 nee{ *bhalet{ hn {je lshuy {gek |( Ahs{j Dhbu`cut'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 3>7 nee{ *bhalet{ hn {je lshuy'

\gk{j? 79 nee{ *;{j |gket{'

Befn \eglj{? 3">99 {hat


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? <"9;< *66{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? 5":99 *beft{ {sfnngd ~hbuè hn {je lshuy'


Bft{ Sejfcgbg{f{ek? 3994

Dub{usfb? @h~get — Fchu{ Bft{ Aglj{ *67:>'" T{sfglj{ [fbm *6776'" \fa{ek *399:'" [je

Kfsm Maglj{ *399:'



[je Csgklet 699

[jgt csgkle gt {je bft{ Tedhak Leaesf{gha csgkle fak {je bft{ {h ce kgsed{bw

ganbueadek cw Ek|fsk Ceaae{{ fak [! L! Ygjbnebk{!

[je {|h csgkle {eakes jhutet *Gbbut{sf{ghat 63 fak 64' fse khae ga {je Cefu-

Fs{t t{wbe cu{ |g{j bett fkhsaèa{ {jfa {je `ht{ hsaf{e haet f{ @gdjglfa F~eaue!

[je FGTD tebed{ek {jgt csgkle ft hae hn {je {|h `ht{ cefu{gnub csgklet cugb{ ga

6749!

Gbbut{sf{gha 66? Ahs{j \fcftj F~eaue Csgkle

Gbbut{sf{gha 63? [je Thu{j|et{ Csgkle [eakes Jhute

ha {je Ahs{j \fcftj F~eaue Csgkle

Gbbut{sf{gha 64? F ge| Bhhmgal Ahs{j Fbhal {je Ahs{j

\fcftj F~eaue Csgkle



[je Csgklet 696

[jgt csgkle dhaaed{ek \fcftj F~eaue ha {je thu{j cfam {h Dftt T{see{ ha {je

ahs{j cfam! [je {|h t{see{t e{ ha f kgflhafb bgae fdshtt {je sg~es! Tjgyygal

ga{eset{t ysettusek {je yes`g{{gal fleadw {h `fga{fga f |gke djfaaeb f{ {jgt

bhdf{gha! Ft f setub{ {jgt csgkle jft {je bhalet{ dbefs tyfa hn faw hn {je csgklet!

Fddhskgal {h ae|t seyhs{t" {je nseglj{es" Fbnsek J T`g{j" dhbbgkek |g{j {je

csgkle ga 6743! [je csgkle {eakes |ft uafcbe {h sfgte {je csgkle nhs {je nseglj{es

kue {h f èdjfagdfb nfgbuse! [je nseglj{es kf`flek {je tgke|fbm" cu{ ah{ {je `fga

t{sud{use hn {je csgkle! [je nseglj{es seyhs{ekbw jfk f ‒{|h nhh{ jhbe t{h~e ga {je

ysh|‐ ft f setub{ hn {je dhbbgtgha!67

Fs{gt{gdfbbw" {jese gt seneseade {h fa e{djgal dsef{ek cw @hssgt Jeasw Jhcct

tjh|a ga f bhdfb lfbbesw ga 6744!39

Ga 67:>" {je csgkle |ft seafèk {je Gs~ Muydgae{ csgkle! ‒Muy,t Dhbuà‐ sfa

nhs fb`ht{ tg{w wefst ga {je Djgdflh Tua-[gèt! [je Tua-[gèt cugbkgal |ft

bhdf{ek aefs {je ahs{jeft{ dhsaes hn {je csgkle *ah| {je [su`y {h|es bhdf{gha'!

Muy tfgk je ‒|fbmek fdshtt {je csgkle f{ beft{ 69"999 {gèt!‐36

Ga {je 67:9,t" {je thu{j|et{ csgkle {eakes jhute |ft utek ft f seyhtg{hsw nhs

yjh{hlsfyjt fak kf{f dhadesagal Djgdflh csgklet!33 [jete sedhskt" ah| `ht{bw

kglg{gzek" fse t{hsek ga {je DKH[ ealgaeesgal cugbkgal!

67 ‒T{ef`tjgy Sf`t \fcftj Csgkle"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ah~e`ces ;" 6743!39 ‒[jsee Ejgcg{t Le{ F{{ea{gha ga Fs{ \hsbk"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Hd{hces 3>" 6744!36 ‒Ah| g{,t Muy,t Csgkle"‐ Djgdflh Tua-[gèt" Ouae >" 67:>!33 ‒[eakes Meeyt Csgkle Cefu{w Tfne ga [h|es"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Kede`ces 3" 67:4!



[je Csgklet 693

[je ae| ted{gha hn {je Sg~es|fbm |gbb yftt uakes {jgt csgkle fak {es`gaf{e f{

{je ^ge{af` ê{esfat @e`hsgfb ce{|eea {je A! \fcftj F~e! fak A! T{f{e T{!

csgklet *Gbbut{sf{gha 6;'!

Gbbut{sf{gha 6;? [je Sg~es|fbm Uakes {je \fcftj F~e Csgkle *T{f{e T{

Csgkle gt sfgtek ga {je cfdmlshuak'



[je Csgklet 694

Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{ Csgkle ha {je @fga Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 69;

Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? Nessw t{fs{ek ga {je bf{e 6:49,t

Ngst{ Csgkle? Gsha seganhsdek |hhkea t|gal csgkle" 6:>;

Dussea{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? @fw 3:" 67;7


Dbfttgngdf{gha? [jgsk Leaesf{gha= Tgalbe Kedm= Sfgb Jeglj{ [suttet

Lshuy Fle Sfamgal *6 0 hbket{'? 6;

Dbefs Tyfa? 369 nee{ *5{j bhalet{'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 3;5 nee{ *>{j bhalet{ {gek |( Ahs{j bfme fak Ahs{j Dbfsm'

\gk{j? 69: nee{ *3

ak

|gket{ — {gek |( Ahs{j Bfme Tjhse'Befn \eglj{? 3"699 {hat


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 7";9> *>{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? 69"<99 *69{j `ht{'


Bft{ Sejfcgbg{f{ek? 677;

Dub{usfb? @ettfle ga f Ch{{be *6777'" [je Kfsm Maglj{ *399:'



[je Csgklet 695

[je dshttgal f{ Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{ gt hae hn {je bhalet{ dha{gauhut dshttgalt

*6<> wefst'! [je ngst{ dshttgal" f nessw" |ft et{fcbgtjek ga {je 6:49,t! [je ngst{

csgkle" fa gsha seganhsdek |hhkea t|gal csgkle" |ft cugb{ ga 6:>;! [je Lsef{ Ngse

hn 6:<6 ket{shwek {je csgkle" fak f ae| t|gal csgkle |ft hyeaek ga 6:<3! [je

bft{ t|gal csgkle f{ {jgt dshttgal |ft cugb{ ga 6::<! [jf{ csgkle |ft seybfdek cw fTdjeszes shbbgal bgn{ cftdube csgkle ga 6794! [je 6794 csgkle |ft ga tes~gde ua{gb

6747!

[je egt{gal csgkle |ft ybfaaek nhs dhat{sud{gha ga 6749" th {je nef{uset

sete`cbe g{t Tedhak Leaesf{gha aegljchs f{ Ahs{j \fcftj F~eaue! Jh|e~es"

csgkle dhat{sud{gha |ft yht{yhaek nhs dhat{sud{gha hn {je T{f{e T{see{ tuc|fw

yshoed{! [jgt tuc|fw yshoed{" |jgdj sedeg~ek \YF nuakgal" kgk ah{ celga ua{gb

6747! [je shbbgal bgn{ csgkle |ft se`h~ek kusgal {jgt {gè nsfè" {jea {je csgkle

nhuakf{gha fak tuc|fw {uaaebt |ese ybfdek! \hsm |ft t{hyyek cw {je \fs

Yshkud{gha Chfsk ga 67;3! Dhat{sud{gha ha {je Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{ csgkle se`fgaek

gkbe ua{gb |hsm ha {je tuyest{sud{use |ft setuèk ga 67;< fak {je csgkle |ft

Gbbut{sf{gha 65? Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 69>

dh`ybe{ek ha @fw 3:" 67;7!

Csgkle {eakes jhutet fse hd{flhafb fak

bgèt{hae nfdek bgme `faw hn {je Tedhak

Leaesf{gha csgklet! Efsbw ketglat hn {jete

jhutet utek shhn nef{uset tg`gbfs {h {je Ahs{j

\fcftj F~eaue csgkle ft |ebb! Cw {je {gè {je

csgkle |ft fd{ufbbw dhat{sud{ek" {je csgkle

{eakes jhute *Gbbut{sf{gha 6>' shhn ketgla |ft

djfalek {h {je nbf{ shhn t{wbe hn {je Ahs{j BfmeTjhse Ksg~e csgkle! [jete csgkle {eakes jhutet

fse bhdf{ek ha {je thu{jeft{ fak ahs{j|et{

dhsaest hn {je csgkle! Gbbut{sf{gha 6< tjh|t f

~ge| fbhal {je csgkle gadbukgal ch{j csgkle

{eakes jhutet fak {je dea{es sfgb-jeglj{ {sutt!

[jgt csgkle sedeg~ek {|h jhahst |jea g{ |ft cugb{! [je ngst{ |ft {je jhahsfcbe

èa{gha nsh` {je FGTD ga g{t 67;7 csgkle dh`ye{g{gha! [je tedhak jhahs |ft

|jea g{ |ft kekgdf{ek ft f è`hsgfb {h {jhte \hsbk \fs GG ~e{esfat |jh nhulj{ ga

Gbbut{sf{gha 6<? Bhhmgal Ahs{j Fbhal {je Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{ Csgkle

Gbbut{sf{gha 6>? Csgkle [eakes Jhute f{ Ahs{j T{f{e T{see{



[je Csgklet 69<

{je Yjgbgyygaet! [je kekgdf{gha t{f{et? ‒[h {je è`hsw hn {jhte lfbbfa{ jeshet"

nsh` {je Djgdflh Fsef |jh |ese è`cest hn {je cetgelek lfssgtha ha {je Cf{ffa

Yeagatubf fak f{ Dhsselgkhs" Yjgbgyygae Gtbfakt" ga \hsbk \fs GG! @fw {je dhusfle

fak nhs{g{uke kgtybfwek cw {jgt lshuy ga {je nfde hn fk~estg{w ce f dhat{fa{

gatygsf{gha {h hus dg{gzeat!‐ [je hnngdgfb afè hn {jgt csgkle gt {je ‒Cf{ffa-

Dhsselgkhs @e`hsgfb Csgkle!‐

F ae|t t{hsw nsh` 67:6 gt f se`gakes hn hae hn {je kfalest hn f `h~fcbe

csgkle! G{ tee`t {jf{ f |h`fa |ft aefs {je dea{es hn {je csgkle |jea g{ |ft

sfgtek! Fddhskgal {h {je seyhs{" tje |ft fcbe {h jhbk ha nhs f|jgbe" cu{ e~ea{ufbbwbht{ jes lsgy fak tbgk kh|a {je csgkle! Jes nfbb |ft cshmea cw yhbgde |jh fbth

tf~ek jes nsh` lhgal ga{h {je |f{es! Tje cshme jes bel ga {je fddgkea{! [je seyhs{

t{f{et {jf{ {je csgkle {eakes jfk fd{g~f{ek fbb fbfs`t fak cfssgdfket cenhse sfgtgal

{je csgkle!34 G{,t f lhhk gkef {h t{fw fbes{ fshuak {je csgklet ga Djgdflh —

etyedgfbbw |jea {je csgkle gt `fmgal ahgte fak nbftjgal g{t bglj{t!

34 ‒Tje nfbbt nsh` csgkle" tf~ek"‐ [je Djgdflh [sgcuae" Fulut{ 37" 67:6!



[je Csgklet 69:

Ahs{j Kefschsa T{see{ Csgkle ha {je @fga Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 697

Ahs{j Kefschsa T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? Ksf| Csgkle cugb{ ga 6:4;

Dussea{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? Hd{hces 34" 67>4


Dbfttgngdf{gha? Nhus{j Leaesf{gha= Tgalbe Kedm= Sfgb Jeglj{ [suttet

Lshuy Fle Sfamgal *6 0 hbket{'? 6>

Dbefs Tyfa? 399 nee{ *<{j bhalet{'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 345 nee{ *:{j bhalet{'

\gk{j? :> nee{ *5{j |gket{ — {gek |( Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe'

Befn \eglj{? 3"699 {hat


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 5"395 *6;{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? 65"399 *>{j `ht{'



Dub{usfb? @ettfle ga f Ch{{be *6777'" [je Kfsm Maglj{ *399:'



[je Csgklet 669

[je 6:4; Kefschsa T{see{ csgkle |ft {je ngst{ `h~fcbe csgkle cugb{ ga Djgdflh!

[jgt csgkle {usaek hu{ {h ce fa uasebgfcbe augtfade {jf{ |ft kgt`fa{bek ga 6:47!

[jese |ft ah dshttgal jese ua{gb 6:::" |jea {je egt{gal \ebbt T{see{ t|gal csgkle

|ft nbhf{ek uy sg~es fak gat{fbbek f{ Kefschsa T{see{! Ga 679<" f Tdjeszes shbbgal

bgn{ cftdube csgkle seybfdek {je hbk t|gal csgkle! [jgt 679< csgkle |ft seybfdek

cw {je dussea{ csgkle!

[je ketgla nhs {jgt csgkle |ft celua ga 675: fak g{ hyeaek ha Hd{hces 34"

67>4! [je nef{uset hn {jgt csgkle jfs`hagze agdebw |g{j {je aegljchsgal Tedhak

Leaesf{gha csgklet! F ~ge| {h {je ahs{j fbhal {jgt csgkle gt tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha

67! [je bhae csgkle {eakes jhute ha {jgt csgkle gt bhdf{ek ha {je thu{j eft{ dhsaes hn {je csgkle! G{ gt tg`gbfs ga fyyefsfade {h {je hae bhdf{ek f{ {je fa Cusea T{see{

csgkle! [jgt csgkle sedeg~ek {je FGTD f|fsk hn èsg{ |jea g{ |ft dh`ybe{ek!

Gbbut{sf{gha 6:? [je Ahs{j Kefschsa T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 666

Gbbut{sf{gha 67? F ge| {h {je Ahs{j Fbhal {je Ahs{j Kefschsa T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 663

Ahs{j Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle ha {je @fga Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 664

Ahs{j Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? Yha{hha csgkle cugb{ ga 6:;9

Dussea{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? Oubw 69" 6737

Ketglaest? [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Khafbk Cedmes" Julj Whual

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte [|h= Tgalbe Kedm= Yhaw [suttet


Dbefs Tyfa? 365 nee{ *;{j bhalet{'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 3;5 nee{ *>{j bhalet{ — {gek |( \et{ Bfme fak Ahs{j T{f{e'

\gk{j? <3 nee{ *<{j |gket{ — {gek |( Ahs{j \ebbt fak \et{ @fkgtha'

Befn \eglj{? 6";99 {hat


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? :">35 *7{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? 6;":99 *<{j `ht{'


Bft{ Secugb{? 67:5

Dub{usfb? Yhe{sw - Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle cw Dfsb Tfakcusl= @utgd — Utek ft {je yesduttgha

gat{suèa{ nhs {je Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle Yesduttgha Hsdjet{sf" 399<! @h~get - [je Aelh{gf{hs *677:'" Tf~e {je Bft{ Kfade *3996'!



[je Csgklet 66;

[jgt sg~es dshttgal jft ceea ga ute nhs fchu{ 6>: wefst! [je ngst{ csgkle f{ {je

Dbfsm T{see{ dshttgal |ft f nbhf{gal csgkle cugb{ ga 6:;9! Ga 6:5>" f ae| t|gal

csgkle |ft cugb{ f{ {jgt dshttgal! [jgt t|gal csgkle |ft ket{shwek ga {je Lsef{ Ngse

fak secugb{ ga 6:<3! Ga 6:::" {je bft{ t|gal csgkle |ft cugb{ f{ Dbfsm T{see{!

[je ybfaagal fak ketgla nhs {je dussea{ csgkle |ft celua ga 676>!

Dhat{sud{gha |ft celua ga 673: fak g{

hyeaek ha Oubw 69" 6737! [jgt csgkle

seybfdek {je bft{ t|gal csgkle ha {je `fga

csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es!

[jgt csgkle |ft {je bft{ hn {je

eglj{eea csgklet {h ce ng{{ek |g{j yhaw

{suttet! [je lsfdenub bgaet hn {jete

{suttet `fmet {jgt csgkle hae hn {je `ht{

f{{sfd{g~e hn {jgt lshuy! Gbbut{sf{gha 36

tjh|t {je ~ge| fbhal {je |et{esa

tgke|fbm hn {je csgkle!

Csgkle {eakes jhutet fse ybfdek ha {je ahs{j|et{ fak thu{jeft{ dhsaest hn {je

Gbbut{sf{gha 39? [je Ahs{j Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle

G bbut{sf{gha 36? F ^ge| {h {je Ahs{j Fbhal {je Ahs{j

Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 665

csgkle! [jete jhutet fse tg`gbfs {h {jhte ha {je Bf Tfbbe T{see{ csgkle!

[jese jf~e ceea thè ga{eset{gal e~ea{t f{ {jgt csgkle! [jsee gadgkea{t nfbb

ga{h {je uautufb t{hsw df{elhsw! [je ngst{ jfyyeaek ga 674<" |jea f ~gtg{hs {h

Djgdflh dbg`cek ha{h {je {sutt" {|ea{w nee{ fch~e {je shfk|fw! Je nebb ftbeey

{jese fak dhubk ah{ ce shutek nsh` cebh|! F ngse`fa jfk {h dfssw jg` kh|a!

\jea vuet{ghaek" je dbfgèk fa ‒fdvufga{fade h~eskhtek jg` |g{j bgvuhs‐ fak je

|ft lsf{enub nhs {je afy!3;

Ga 67;3" f yeket{sgfa |ft hctes~ek |g{j fa hcoed{ sete`cbgal f ngse

e{galugtjes! Je kshyyek g{ ha {je csgkle fak sfa f|fw! [je hcoed{" |jgdj |ft{jhulj{ {h ce f ch`c" |ft ybfdek tudj {jf{ sfgtgal {je csgkle bef~et |hubk jf~e

dsutjek g{ yhttgcbw eybhkgal g{! F vugdm-fd{gal yhbgde hnngdes {jse| {je hcoed{ ga{h

{je sg~es! F bgvugk dje`gdfb yhusek nsh` {je hcoed{ ft g{ tfam cu{ {jese |ft ah

eybhtgha!35

Ga 67;4" {|h yfga{est |hsmgal ha {je csgkle bht{ f yfgs hn lbfttet ga {je lefs

ch! \jgbe {swgal {h se{sge~e {je lbfttet" {je {|h kgtdh~esek f bhfkek 39

`gbbgè{es fa{g-fgsdsfn{ tjebb! Ah fkkg{ghafb ganhs`f{gha |ft ysh~gkek ft {h jh|

{je tjebb `glj{ jf~e eakek uy {jese hs |jf{ jfyyeaek {h g{! G{ gt sefthafcbe {h

fttuè g{ |ft se`h~ek |g{jhu{ gadgkea{!3>

Ga 67:5" dhadey{ufb fs{gt{ @gdjebe Ng{ztg``hat fak yjh{hlsfyjes Kgfae

Tdj`gk{ yshkudek f chhm ea{g{bek ‒[je Djgdflh Ejgcg{gha!‐ [jgt yshoed{

ga~hb~ek yjh{hlsfyjgal f au`ces hn Djgdflh bfak`fsmt ft cfdmkshy nhs f tesget

hn fs{gt{gd auke yhtet! \jgbe {je Dbfsm T{see{ csgkle gt ah{ afèk" g{ gt f ysh`gaea{

nef{use hn {je cfdmlshuak hn {je yjh{hlsfyj ea{g{bek ‒Ahs{j Cfam hn {je Djgdflh

Sg~es!‐ @hse sedea{bw" {je Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle |ft utek ft f yesduttgha

3; ‒Afyt ha Lgskes hn Csgkle= Ngse Chwt Setdue Jg "‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Fulut{ 65" 674<!35 ‒F Ch c hs ah Ch`c" [sfnngd Dhèt {h Jfb{"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" @fw >" 67;3!3> ‒Ngak Bhfkek Tjebb ga Lefs Ch hn Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ouae 3<" 67;4!



[je Csgklet 66>

gat{suèa{! Ga Hd{hces 399<" f dhades{ hn {je Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle Yesduttgha

Hsdjet{sf |ft t{flek ft f yfs{ hn Djgdflh Fs{gt{t @ha{j!3<

3< ‒Ft f ksu` nhs f kfw" Dbfsm T{see{ Csgkle jft dshtth~es fyyefb"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Hd{hces 6;" 399<!



[je Csgklet 66<

Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe T{see{ Csgkle ha {je @fga Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 66:

Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? T{see{ dfs {uaaeb cugb{ ga 6:<6

Dussea{ Csgkle — Ngst{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? Kede`ces 39" 673:

Ketglaest? [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Khafbk Cedmes" Ek|fsk Ceaae{{

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte [|h= Tgalbe Kedm= Yhaw [suttet


Dbefs Tyfa? 339 nee{ *4sk bhalet{ — {gek |( Ahs{j Nsfambga-Hsbefat= Ahs{j @gdjglfa= Ahs{j

Bfme Tjhse'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 3;3 nee{ *<{j bhalet{'

\gk{j? :> nee{ *5{j |gket{ — {gek |( Ahs{j Kefschsa'

Befn \eglj{? 3699 {hat


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 5"466 *64{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? 63"959 *7{j `ht{'

Faaufb Bgn{t *399>'? 47

Bft{ Sejfcgbg{f{ek? 67<6

Dub{usfb? @h~get — Shfk {h Yeskg{gha *3996'" Cf{`fa Celgat *3995'" [je \ef{jes`fa

*3995'



[je Csgklet 667

[je ngst{ sg~es dshttgal f{ Bf Tfbbe T{see{ |ft f {uaaeb |jgdj hyeaek ga 6:<6!

[jgt {uaaeb |ft gag{gfbbw utek nhs dfcbe dfst" {jea ebed{sgd t{see{ dfst! [jgt {uaaeb

|ft ga ute ua{gb 6747" |jea g{ |ft cbhdmek hnn cw {je dhat{sud{gha hn {je Kefschsa

T{see{ tuc|fw *{je dussea{ Cbue Bgae'! [je bft{ ~et{gle hn {jgt {uaaeb" {je ahs{j

yhs{fb" |ft se`h~ek ga 6754!

[je dussea{ csgkle gt {je ngst{ cugb{ f{ {jgt dshttgal! [je ketgla(ybfaagal

yshdett nhs {jgt csgkle celfa ga 676;! G{ |ft hyeaek {h {sfnngd ha Kede`ces 39"

673:!

[jgt csgkle `fmet vug{e f t{f{eèa{! [je dus~gal yhaw {suttet" hsaf{e jfak

sfgbgalt" fak nhus csgkle {eakes jhutet *tee Gbbut{sf{ghat 33 - 3;' ysetea{ fa

g`ysettg~e ea{sfade ga{h {je Bhhy! [je nhus csgkle {eakes jhutet fse `hse

fkhsaek fak {fbbes {jfa fbb cu{ {jhte f{ {je Ahs{j @gdjglfa F~eaue csgkle *tee

Gbbut{sf{gha 3;'!

Ga 6777" {jgt csgkle |ft kekgdf{ek ft {je @fstjfbb Tubh|fw Csgkle ga

sedhlag{gha hn f 59 wefs bhal dfsees! @s! Tubh|fw" f Djgdflh af{g~e ekudf{ek f{

Gbbut{sf{gha 33? [je Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 639

GG[" t{fs{ek jgt dg~gb ealgaeesgal dfsees ga 6759 |g{j {je Gbbgahgt Jglj|fw

Keyfs{èa{! Je ohgaek {je Djgdflh Keyfs{èa{ hn Yucbgd \hsmt ga 67>;" tes~gal

ft Djgen Ealgaees celgaagal ga 67><! Ga 67<;" Tubh|fw |ft fyyhga{ek ft Fd{gal

Dh``gttghaes hn Yucbgd \hsmt! Je |ft tebed{ek ft {je @fa hn {je Wefs ga 67<> cw

{je Fèsgdfa Yucbgd \hsmt Ftthdgf{gha fak tes~ek ft Dh``gttghaes hn Yucbgd

\hsmt ua{gb 67<7!

Gbbut{sf{gha 3;? F ge| hn {je Thu{jeft{ Csgkle

[eakes Jhute Gbbut{sf{gha 34? F ge| Bhhmgal Ahs{j fbhal {je Ahs{j Bf

Tfbbe T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 636

Ahs{j \ebbt T{see{ Csgkle ha {je @fga Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 633

Ahs{j \ebbt T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? Yha{hha Csgkle cugb{ ga 6:;6

Dussea{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? Necsufsw 66" 6733Ketglaest? [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Julj E! Whual" Ohja Esgdtha" Ek|fsk Ceaae{{

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte Hae= Khucbe Kedm *Sfgb(Fu{h'= [jshulj [suttet

Lshuy Fle Sfamgal *6 0 hbket{'? <

Dbefs Tyfa? 346 nee{ *3ak bhalet{'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 3>: nee{ *3ak bhalet{'

\gk{j? <3 nee{ *<{j |gket{ {gek |( Ahs{j Dbfsm fak \et{ @fkgtha'

Befn \eglj{? 3"699 {hat

Jeglj{ fch~e {je \f{es? 6> nee{

F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? :";65 *69{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? :"599 *6;{j `ht{'

F~esfle kfgbw [sfga [sfnngd? ;9: *et{'

Faaufb Bgn{t *399>'? 4:

Bft{ Sejfcgbg{f{ek? 6774

Dub{usfb? @h~get - F Ygede hn {je Fd{gha *67<<'" [je Dhke hn Tgbeade *67:5'" Fchu{ Bft{

Aglj{ *67:>'" Sfygk Ngse *6773'" [je Nulg{g~e *6774'" [je Ceft{ *[^ 3997'!



[je Csgklet 634

[je sg~es dshttgal f{ Ahs{j \ebbt T{see{ jft f 6>< wefs jgt{hsw! [je ngst{ sg~es

dshttgal f{ \ebbt T{see{ |ft f nbhf{gal csgkle {jf{ |ft cugb{ ga 6:;6" {jea secugb{ ga

6:;<! [je ngst{ t|gal csgkle f{ {jgt bhdf{gha |ft dhat{sud{ek ga 6:5>! [jgt csgkle

|ft ket{shwek ga {je Lsef{ Ngse ga 6:<6! F ae| t|gal csgkle |ft ga ybfde cw {je

eak hn 6:<3! Ga 6:7> {je \ebbt T{see{ csgkle |ft secugb{ cw {je Ahs{j|et{esa

Ebe~f{ek Shfk |g{j fa ebe~f{ek sfgb bgae ha f tedhak kedm!

[je ketgla hn {je dussea{ csgkle celfa ga 676>! G{ |ft hyeaek ha Necsufsw 66"

6733! [je sevugseèa{t nhs {jgt csgkle fse aefsbw gkea{gdfb {h {je csgkle cugb{

efsbges f{ \et{ Bfme T{see{" th g{ gt ah tusysgte {jf{ {jgt csgkle bhhmt ~esw tg`gbfs {h

{jf{ csgkle!

[sfga {sfdmt hdduyw {je uyyes kedm hn {je {jshulj {suttet" |jgbe f shfk|fw fak

tgke|fbmt hdduyw {je bh|es kedm! Gbbut{sf{gha 3> tjh|t f yjh{hlsfyj {fmea fbhal

{je |et{ tgke|fbm hn {je csgkle! [je {jshulj {suttet fse ah{ ~esw f{{sfd{g~e" cu{ {jefsdjg{ed{usfb ebeèa{t *csgkle {eakes jhutet" t{fgs|fwt" e{d!' jeby {h thn{ea {je

h~esfbb fyyefsfade!

Gbbut{sf{gha 35? [je Ahs{j \ebbt T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 63;

Csgkle {eakes jhutet fse bhdf{ek

ha {je thu{jeft{ fak ahs{j|et{

dhsaest hn {je csgkle! [jete jhutet

fse tg`gbfs {h h{jest cugb{ ga {je tfè

esf! Thè ae| nef{uset gadbukek

jgyyek {gbe shhnt" |gakh|t |g{j ah

`hbkgalt" fak lsfag{e dbfkkgal! [je

thu{jeft{ jhute gadhsyhsf{ek f

t{fgsdfte {h Bh|es Eft{ \fdmes Ksg~e*Gbbut{sf{gha 3<'!

[je fohs dhat{sud{gha yshcbe`

nhs {jgt csgkle |ft {h `gag`gze {je

g`yfd{ ha {je uyyes kedm {sfga {sfnngd

|jgbe {je t|g{djh~es nsh` {je hbk

t|gal csgkle {h {je ae| cftdube |ft

fddh`ybgtjek! [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{

jfk thb~ek {jgt yshcbe` efsbges f{ {je

\et{ Bfme T{see{ csgkle! [je

thbu{gha |ft {h `fga{fga {sfga {sfnngd

ha {je ebe~f{ek {sfdmt ha {je hbk

t|gal csgkle |jgbe {je cftdube

csgkle bef~et |ese dhat{sud{ek ga {je

~es{gdfb yhtg{gha! \jea {je cftdube

csgkle |ft dh`ybe{ek" {je hbk t|gal

csgkle |ft sh{f{ek hyea" du{ uy fak se`h~ek ~gf {je sg~es fak {je cftdube csgkle

Gbbut{sf{gha 3>? F ^ge| Bhhmgal Thu{j Fbhal {je Ahs{j \ebbt

T{see{ Csgkle

Gbbut{sf{gha 3<? Thu{jeft{ Csgkle [eakes Jhute - Ahs{j \ebbtT{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 635

|ft bh|esek ga{h yhtg{gha! [je uyyes kedm |ft {jea gat{fbbek! [jgt yshdett

yshkudek f {jsee kfw csefm ga sfgb tes~gde *nhus kfwt bett {jfa {je kebfw f{ Bfme

T{see{'!

Fddgkea{t ga~hb~gal {jgt csgkle jf~e gadbukek f 6745 dsftj hn f tfak chf{ ga{h

{je csgkle=3: f 67:6 gadgkea{ |jese fa ‒h~estgzek‐ sfgb dfs kf`flek te~esfb lgskest

aefs {je csgkle dfutgal cutet {h ce seshu{ek=37 fak {je `ht{ ah{fcbe fddgkea{ ga

67<<" |jese f dfs |ft du{ ga jfbn cw {je hyeagal csgkle!49

[je 67<< fddgkea{ |ft {je setub{ hn {je csgkle cegal sfgtek |jgbe f dfs |ft t{gbb

yfs{gfbbw ha g{! [je nsha{ |jeebt |ese ha {je t{see{ fak {je sefs |jeebt |ese ha {je csgkle! Ft {je csgkle sfgtek" {je uyyes kedm hn {je csgkle dfulj{ {je shhn hn {je dfs

out{ cejgak {je nsha{ tef{ fak mey{ g{ nsh` nfbbgal ga{h {je sg~es! Ft {je csgkle

dha{gauek uy|fsk {je dfs |ft e~ea{ufbbw du{ ga jfbn! [je ksg~es |ft {sfyyek nhs f

{gè cu{ tus~g~ek! [je csgkle {eakes |ft e~ea{ufbbw nhuak f{ nfub{" cu{ ga fa

uautufb {|gt{" kgek hn f jefs{ f{{fdm cenhse befsagal {jf{ je |ft cegal cbfèk nhs

{je gadgkea{!46

3: ‒Ngaagtj Seyfgst= \ebbt Csgkle ga Hyesf{gha Flfga"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Fulut{ 6>" 674>!37 ‒Cutet Seshu{ek ga Csgkle @gtjfy"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Tey{e`ces 3;" 67:6!49 ‒Dg{w Yshcet @gtjfy ha Sgtgal Csgkle"‐ Ah~e`ces 7" 67<<!46 ‒Csgkle [eakes Cbfèk"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ah~e`ces 6:" 67<<!



[je Csgklet 63>

Ahs{j Nsfambga-Hsbefat T{see{ Csgkle ha {je @fga Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 63<

Ahs{j Nsfambga-Hsbefat T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t


Kf{e Hyeaek? Hd{hces 34" 6739

Ketglaest? [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Julj E! Whual" Ohja Esgdtha" Ek|fsk Ceaae{{

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte Hae= Tgalbe Kedm= Yhaw [suttet

Lshuy Fle Sfamgal *6 0 hbket{'? >

Dbefs Tyfa? 339 nee{ *4sk bhalet{ — {gek |( Ahs{j @gdjglfa= Ahs{j Bf Tfbbe= fak Ahs{j Bfme

Tjhse'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 353 nee{ *5{j bhalet{'

\gk{j? >3 nee{ *66{j |gket{'

Befn \eglj{? 6":99 {hat

Jeglj{ fch~e {je \f{es? 6: nee{

F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? >"57; *63{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? 6<"999 *;{j `ht{'

Faaufb Bgn{t *399>'? 4>

Bft{ Secugbk? 3993

Dub{usfb? @h~ge — T{sfglj{ [fbm *6773'" Tjfbb \e Kfade *399;'" Cf{`fa Celgat *3995'



[je Csgklet 63:

[je dussea{ csgkle gt {je ngst{ sg~es dshttgal dhaaed{gal Ahs{j Nsfambga T{see{

ha {je thu{j tjhse |g{j Ahs{j Hsbefat T{see{ ha {je ahs{j tjhse hn {je `fga csfadj

hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es! [je ysg`fsw yusyhte hn {jgt csgkle |ft {h jeby fbbe~gf{e

jef~w {sfnngd ha {je \et{ Bfme fak Ahs{j \ebbt t{see{ csgklet! *[hkfw g{ dfssget

6<"999 ~ejgdbet yes kfw" ;{j jgljet{ ga {je lshuy!'

[je ybfaagal fak ketgla |hsm celfa ft efsbw ft 679>! Dhat{sud{gha dha{sfd{t

|ese ah{ f|fskek ua{gb 676<! [je `fohs seftha nhs {je kebfw |ft {jf{ seybfdeèa{

hn egt{gal t|gal csgklet jfk f jgljes ysghsg{w {jfa ae| dshttgalt f{ {jgt yhga{ ga

{gè! Fah{jes nfd{hs |ft {je csgkle,t bhdf{gha! Yes`g{{gal fleadget |ese

dhadesaek {jf{ f csgkle dshttgal {je sg~es ha f kgflhafb bgae th aefs {je csfadjgal

hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es |hubk ga{esnese |g{j af~glf{gha!

[je csgkle |ft hyeaek ha Hd{hces 34" 6739! [je yhaw {suttet ha {jgt csgkle

fse {je ngst{ {h fdjge~e lsfdenub shuakek bgaet h~es {je ea{gse tyfa" etyedgfbbw |jea

dh`yfsek {h {je {suttet utek ha {je \ftjgal{ha T{see{ fak @hashe T{see{ csgklet!

Gbbut{sf{gha 37 tjh|t f yjh{hlsfyj {fmea fbhal {je csgkle tgke|fbm! [jgt ~ge|jgljbglj{t {je dus~f{use hn {je {hy djhsk hn {je {sutt!

Cefu-Fs{t t{wbe csgkle {eakes jhutet fak hsaf{e jfak sfgbt `fme {jgt hae hn

{je `ht{ f{{sfd{g~e csgklet hn {je lshuy!

Gbbut{sf{gha 3:? [je Ahs{j Nsfambga-Hsbefat T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 637

Gbbut{sf{gha 37? F ge| Bhhmgal Thu{j Fbhal {je Ahs{j

Nsfambga-Hsbefat T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 649

\et{ Bfme T{see{ Csgkle ha {je Thu{j Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 646

\et{ Bfme T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? Nessw t{fs{ek ga 6:37

Ngst{ Csgkle? Yha{hha Csgkle cugb{ ga 6:54

Dussea{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? Ah~e`ces >" 676>

Ketglaest? Ohja Esgdtha" [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Fbefakes ~ha Cfch" Julj E! Whual"

Ek|fsk Ceaae{{

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte Hae= Khucbe Kedm *Sfgb(fu{h'= [jshulj [suttet


Dbefs Tyfa? 397 nee{ *>{j bhalet{'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 3;5 nee{ *>{j bhalet{ — {gek |( Ahs{j Dbfsm fak Ahs{j T{f{e'

\gk{j? <9 nee{ *:{j |gket{'

Befn \eglj{? 3"699 {hat *et{!'


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 4"7;: *65{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? 6;"599 *:{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw [sfga [sfnngd *399<'? 53> *et{'

Faaufb Bgn{t *399>'? ;;

Bft{ Sejfcgbg{f{gha? 6775Dub{usfb? @h~ge - ‒\fa{ek‐ sebeftek ga 399:!



[je Csgklet 643

[je efsbget{ dshttgal aefs Bfme T{see{ |ft f nessw t{fs{ek ga 6:37! [jgt nessw

jfk fa hnngdgfb hyesf{hs ua{gb fchu{ 6:43! G{ |fta,{ ua{gb 6:54 {jf{ {je ngst{ csgkle"

f nbhf{gal csgkle" |ft dhat{sud{ek f{ {jgt tg{e! Ga meeygal |g{j {je e~hbu{gha hn

csgklet ga Djgdflh" {jgt nbhf{gal csgkle |ft seybfdek cw f tesget hn {|h dea{es yges

t|gal csgklet! [je tedhak hn |jgdj |ft cugb{ ga 6::>! Ga 6:74 {je ebe~f{ek {sfga

bgae |ft fkkek {h {je Bfme T{see{ csgkle!

[je ybfaagal hn {je dussea{ csgkle celfa ga 676;! Ealgaeest hsglgafbbw ysenessek f ~es{gdfb bgn{ csgkle cedfute hn {je dh`ybgdf{gha hn h~esjefk sfgbshfk

{sfnngd! Jh|e~es" {jese |ft eahulj hyyhtg{gha nsh` {jhte dhadesaek fchu{ {je

fet{je{gdt hn tudj f csgkle" {jf{ {je ~es{gdfb bgn{ csgkle |ft tdsfyyek ga nf~hs hn {je

csgkle teea {hkfw! [je \et{ Bfme T{see{ csgkle |ft hyeaek ha Ah~e`ces >" 676>!

[je dussea{ \et{ Bfme T{see{ csgkle |ft {je ngst{ khucbe kedm cftdube csgkle

cugb{ h~es {je Djgdflh Sg~es! [sfga {sfdmt hdduyw {je uyyes kedm |jgbe f shfk|fw

fak tgke|fbmt hdduyw {je bh|es kedm!

Csgkle {eakes jhutet fse ybfdek ha {je ahs{jeft{ fak ahs{j|et{ dhsaest hn {je

csgkle! [je hsafèa{f{gha ha {je csgkle {eakes jhutet gt tg`gbfs {h h{jes Tedhak

Leaesf{gha csgklet!

Gbbut{sf{gha 49? F ^ge| Bhhmgal \et{ Fbhal {je \et{ Bfme T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 644

[je {jshulj {suttet ysh~gke f csgkle {jf{ gt `hse u{gbg{fsgfa {jfa fet{je{gd ga g{t

fyyefsfade! Gbbut{sf{gha 46 tjh|t f

yjh{hlsfyj {fmea fbhal f befn! [jgt

gt f bett ybeftgal ~ge| {jfa {jhte

ysh~gkek nsh` csgklet |g{j yhaw hs

kedm {suttet fb{jhulj {je csgkle

{eakes jhutet fak sfgbgal ke{fgbt

ysh~gke thè sebgen!

Bgme {je csgkle f{ Ahs{j \ebbtT{see{" ga{essuy{gha ga {je {sfga {sfnngd

|ft f `fohs dhadesa nhs {je dg{w

ketglaest! [! L! Ygjbnebk{ ke~gtek

{je dhat{sud{gha tdjeè ha {jgt

csgkle fak yesned{ek g{ ha {je Ahs{j

\ebbt T{see{ csgkle! [jf{ tdjeè |ft {h meey {je hbk t|gal csgkle ga ybfde |jgbe

{je cftdube csgkle |ft cugb{ ga {je hyea *~es{gdfb' yhtg{gha! \jea {je cftdube

csgkle |ft dh`ybe{ek" {je hbk t|gal csgkle |ft sh{f{ek hyea" du{ uy fak se`h~ek

~gf {je sg~es fak {je cftdube csgkle |ft bh|esek! [je uyyes kedm |ft {jea

gat{fbbek yshkudgal f hae |eem csefm ga sfgb tes~gde! [jgt |ft dhatgkesek f fohs

tuddett f{ {je {gè!

Gbbut{sf{gha 46? F ^ge| Fbhal {je Ahs{j Tgke hn {je \et{ Bfme

T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 64;

\et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{ Csgkle ha {je Thu{j Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 645

\et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? Yha{hha Csgkle cugb{ ga 6:;<

Dussea{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? Kede`ces 36" 67:; *ae|et{ hn {je lshuy'


Dbfttgngdf{gha? Nhus{j Leaesf{gha= Tgalbe Kedm= Ch Lgskest

Lshuy Fle Sfamgal *6 0 hbket{'? 6:

Dbefs Tyfa? 6>; nee{ *tjhs{et{ ga {je lshuy'


\gk{j? :9 nee{ *>{j |gket{'

Befn \eglj{? 6";99 {hat


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 69"45> *<{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? >"499 *6<{j `ht{'



Dub{usfb? Ahae



[je Csgklet 64>

[jgt dshttgal jft f 6>6 wefs jgt{hsw t{fs{gal |g{j f nbhf{gal csgkle cugb{ ga

6:;<! Ga 6:5>" f ae| t|gal csgkle |ft cugb{! [je t|gal csgkle esf eakek ga 6794

|jea f Tdjeszes shbbgal bgn{ cftdube csgkle |ft cugb{! [je 6794 csgkle |ft

seybfdek ga 67:;!

[je dussea{ csgkle *Gbbut{sf{gha 43' hyeaek ha Kede`ces 36" 67:;! G{ gt {je

ae|et{ ga {je lshuy fak gt tg`gbfs ga

ketgla {h {je csgkle cugb{ f{ Ahs{j

Dhbu`cut F~eaue! [je csgkle

t{sud{use dhatgt{t hn {|h ch lgskest!

[jete lgskest e{eak fch~e {je csgkle

kedm {h sfgb-jeglj{! *Gbbut{sf{gha 44'!

[je csgkle {eakes jhute gt ha {jethu{jeft{ dhsaes hn {je csgkle! G{ gt

cugb{ ga {je t{wbe hn fbb {je ‒`hkesa‐

csgkle {eakes jhutet!

Gbbut{sf{gha 43? [je \et{ Sfakhbyj T{see{ Csgkle

Gbbut{sf{gha 44? F ^ge| Bhhmgal Eft{ Fbhal {je \et{ Sfakhbyj

T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 64<

\et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk Csgkle ha {je Thu{j Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 64:

\et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? [uaaeb dfsswgal |flha {sfnngd fak yeket{sgfat dh`ybe{ek ga 6:>:!

Ngst{ Csgkle? T|gal tyfa `h~ek nsh` \et{ @fkgtha T{see{ ga 6:76!

Dussea{ CsgkleKf{e Hyeaek? @fw 3>" 6764

Ketglaest? [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Fbefakes ~ha Cfch" Ek|fsk Ceaae{{



Dbefs Tyfa? 6<6 nee{ *64{j bhalet{'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 67< nee{ *6;{j bhalet{'

\gk{j? 5< nee{ *afssh|et{ hn {je lshuy'

Befn \eglj{? 6"999-3"999 {hat *et{!'


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 7"3<7 *:{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? >":59 *65{j `ht{'


Bft{ Sejfcgbg{f{gha? 677>

Dub{usfb? Ahae



[je Csgklet 647

[je ngst{ sg~es dshttgal f{ \et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk |ft {je ngst{ ~ejgdubfs

{uaaeb cugb{ ga Djgdflh! [jgt {uaaeb" dh`ybe{ek ga 6:>:" sfa ce{|eea Nsfambga

T{see{ ha {je eft{ {h Dbga{ha T{see{ ha {je |et{! Ha {je |et{ tgke hn {je sg~es {jgt

{uaaeb |ft uakes |jf{ gt ah| {je Sgdjfsk ! Hlgb~ge [sfatyhs{f{gha Dea{es! G{

dhatgt{ek hn {jsee yfttfle|fwt — f |fbm|fw nhs yeket{sgfat fak {|h nhs |flha

{sfnngd ga ch{j kgsed{ghat! G{ |ft f {h{fb hn 6>95 nee{ bhal" {je hsglgafb {uaaeb shhn

|ft fyyshg`f{ebw agae{eea nee{ cebh| {je |f{es tusnfde" fak {je fyyshfdjet |ese

ha f sebf{g~ebw t{eey {ea yesdea{ lsfke!

\jgbe {jgt {uaaeb ysh~gkek f èfat nhs yehybe nbeegal {je Lsef{ Ngse fn{es {je

csgklet cusaek" Djgdflh Kfgbw [sgcuae fs{gdbet nsh` {jgt {gè yesghk yfga{ f bett

{jfa fyyefbgal ygd{use hn {jgt {uaaeb uakes ahs`fb ute! F Ouae 64" 6:<5 ekg{hsgfb

t{f{et ‒[je {uaaeb f{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk !!! |ft f ah~eb{w f{ ngst{" cu{ g{ dfa

jfskbw ce tfgk {h jf~e e~es ceea yhyubfs! [jgt f{{sgcu{ek {h {je kened{t ga

|hsm`fatjgy" h|gal {h |jgdj {jese {jese |ft fa gabe{ hn |f{es seakesgal {je

dfssgfle-|fw ~esw uaybeftfa{" fak ga |ga{es dsef{gal fa gde yhak!‐ Fa g{e` ga {je

Oubw 39" 6::; [sgcuae ea{g{bek ‒F Ngb{jw Jhbe — Tjhdmgal Dhakg{gha hn {je

Gbbut{sf{gha 4;? [je \et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk Csgkle



[je Csgklet 6;9

\ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk [uaaeb‐ t{f{et ‒Ah|jese ga {je |fbm nhs nhh{-yfttealest"

ah{ e~ea f{ {je ea{sfadet" gt {jese faw e~gkeade hn faw ennhs{ f{ dbefabgaett" |jgbe

f{ {je `gkkbe hn {je {uaaeb {jgt |fbm |g{j g{t tbgyyesw chfskt" |e{ shhn" fak yukkbet

hn kgs{ fak `hs{fs gt t{shalbw tullet{g~e hn f dhfb `gae!‐

[je {uaaeb fbth jfk f jgt{hsw hn g`yekgal sg~es {sfnngd" |g{j fa hddftghafb tjgy

lshuakgal ha g{t shhn! [je {uaaeb |ft bh|esek eglj{ nee{ fak dha~es{ek {h f t{see{

dfs {uaaeb ga 6769 |jea {je dussea{ csgkle |ft cugb{! [je {uaaeb |ft ga ute ua{gb

6754!

[je ngst{ csgkle f{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk |ft cugb{ ga 6:76" |jea {je dg{w`h~ek {je egt{gal t|gal csgkle f{ @fkgtha T{see{ {h \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk! [jgt

t|gal csgkle |ft ga ute ua{gb g{ |ft {hsa kh|a ga 679<!

[je ketgla yshdett ha {je

dussea{ csgkle *Gbbut{sf{gha 4;'

celfa ga 6769! [je csgkle hyeaek

@fw 3>" 6764 fak g{ gt hae hn {je

efsbget{ *fak {je hbket{ ga {jgt

lshuy' Tedhak Leaesf{gha csgklet!

Ft tudj g{ gadhsyhsf{ek {je ga{esafb

sfdm fak {je {suaagha tuyyhs{

twt{e` yf{ea{ek cw ~ha Cfch ga

6766! Ga fkkg{gha" g{ utek yhaw

{suttet gat{efk hn {je {jshulj

{suttet utek ha Ngst{ Leaesf{gha

csgklet! [jete efsbw yhaw {suttet bfdm {je lsfdenub bgaet hn {je {suttet utek ha {je

bf{es csgklet" cu{ {jew dfy{use f {sfatg{ghafb `hèa{ ga {je e~hbu{gha nsh` {je

Gbbut{sf{gha 45? Ha {je Ahs{j Tgke hn {je \t{ \ftjgal{ha

Chube~fsk Csgkle Bhhmgal Eft{



[je Csgklet 6;6

t{sgd{bw nuad{ghafb Ngst{ Leaesf{gha csgkle {h {je `hse hsaf{e csgklet {h dhè!

Gbbut{sf{gha 45 bhhmt f{ {je ahs{jeft{ csgkle {eakes jhute fbhal {je tgke|fbm! Nsh`

{jgt yjh{hlsfyj" whu dfa le{ f teate hn {je jeglj{ hn {je {suttet" {je bglj{ ng{uset"

fak {je falubfsg{w hn {je {hy djhsk hn {je {sutt!

[je fet{je{gd nef{uset hn {jgt csgkle fbth dfy{use {je e~hbu{ghafsw af{use hn {jgt

csgkle! [je csgkle {eakes jhutet" bhdf{ek ha {je thu{j|et{ fak ahs{jeft{ dhsaest

hn {je csgkle" bfdm {je t{hae dbfkkgal hn {je bf{es jhutet cu{ jf~e hsafèa{fb

nef{uset fshuak {je |gakh|t fak shhn! *Gbbut{sf{gha 4>'!

Kue {h {je bhdf{gha hn {je {uaaebkgsed{bw cebh| {jgt csgkle"

ealgaeest jfk {h ke~ebhy f ae|

fyyshfdj {h {je nhuakf{gha ketgla!

T{fakfsk ysfd{gde f{ {je {gè |ft {h

ksg~e ygbet {h cekshdm uakes {je

{fgb-yg{ chet! Ha {jgt" fak

tuctevuea{ csgklet" sed{falubfs

ygest |ese tuam nsh` {je cfte hn

{je csgkle ygest {h f jfsk dbfw

t{sf{u` fchu{ 5< nee{ cebh| {je

|f{es be~eb! [suttet |ese utek {h

tyfa {je kgt{fade ce{|eea {jete

ygest fak {jut tuyyhs{ {je csgkle

fcu{èa{t!

Ft |g{j fbb hn {je csgklet" {jese jf~e ceea thè tugdgket f{ {je \et{

\ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk csgkle! Hae hn {je `ht{ ah{fcbe |ft {jf{ hn Fbcga

Gbbut{sf{gha 4>? Thu{j|et{ Csgkle [eakes Jhute ha {je \et{

\ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk Csgkle



[je Csgklet 6;3

Bhnt{sfak ga Fulut{ hn 67;3!43 @s! Bhnt{sfak |ft f sfgb|fw |hsmes fak ga~ea{hs!

Jgt eddea{sgd cejf~ghs gadbukek |fakesgal {jshulj kh|a{h|a dfsswgal f

t|g{dj`fa,t bfa{esa! Je ben{ f tug{dfte dha{fgagal ga~ea{gha sedhskt fak e~gkeade

hn f tusysgtgal f`hua{ hn |efb{j cenhse befygal nsh` {je csgkle!

Ga Tey{e`ces hn {je tfè wefs" f nseglj{es cedfè t{udm ha {je \ftjgal{ha

Chube~fsk {uaaeb! [je tjgy |ft bfsle eahulj {h cbhdm ch{j {jgt csgkle fak {je

Sfakhbyj T{see{ csgkle cu{ |ft kgtbhklek ga fchu{ fa jhus!44

43 ‒Ngak Bhhy Eddea{sgd,t Chkw ga Sg~es= Cfam Chhmt Cfse \efb{j=‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Fulut{ 3" 67;344 ‒Tjgy T{udm ha Dfs [uaaeb= Csgkle [sfnngd gt [gek uy=‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Tey{e ces 67" 67;3



[je Csgklet 6;4

\et{ @fkgtha T{see{ Csgkle ha {je Thu{j Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 6;;

\et{ @fkgtha T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? Yha{hha Csgkle cugb{ ga 6:;<

Dussea{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? Ah~e`ces 37" 6733

Ketglaest? [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Julj E! Whual" Ohja Esgdtha" Ek|fsk Ceaae{{

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte Hae= Tgalbe Kedm= Sfgb Jeglj{ [suttet

Lshuy Fle Sfamgal *6 0 hbket{'? :

Dbefs Tyfa? 6:7 nee{ *:{j bhalet{'


\gk{j? <3 nee{ *<{j |gket{ — {gek |( Ahs{j \ebbt fak Ahs{j Dbfsm'

Befn \eglj{? 6":99 {hatJeglj{ fch~e {je \f{es? 6> nee{

F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? ;6"5:> *jgljet{ ~hbuè hn nhh{ {sfnngd ga {je lshuy'


Faaufb Bgn{t *399>'? >:

Bft{ Sejfcgbg{f{ek? 677;

Dub{usfb? Nef{usek ga {|h yjh{hlsfyjt ga {je chhm ‒[je Djgdflh Ejgcg{gha‐ cw @gdjebe

Ng{ztg``hat fak Kgfae Tdj`gk{! Afèk {je Bwsgd Hyesf Csgkle ga 67:7! @h~ge — Out{

^gtg{gal - *3996'



[je Csgklet 6;5

[jgt dshttgal jft ceea ga ute nhs 6>: wefst! [je ngst{ nbhf{gal csgkle |ft cugb{

ga 6:;<! [je t|gal csgkle esf celfa ga 6:5>! Ga 6:76" {je egt{gal csgkle |ft

`h~ek {h {je \ftjgal{ha T{see{ dshttgal fak f ae| fak g`ysh~ek t|gal csgkle

|ft dhat{sud{ek f{ @fkgtha T{see{!

[je ketgla nhs {jgt csgkle |ft celua ga 6764! [je ketgla |ft dh`ybgdf{ek cw

g{t yshg`g{w {h {je Uagha T{f{gha fak {je sfgbshfk {sfdmt fbhal {je |et{ cfam! [je

dg{w kedgkek {h dh`ybe{e csgklet f{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk" Bfme T{see{" fak @hashe

T{see{ ngst{!

[je dussea{ csgkle |ft hyeaek ha Ah~e`ces 37" 6733! [jgt |ft {je ngst{

csgkle ga {je lshuy {h ute sfgb-jeglj{ {suttet! [jete {suttet lg~e {je fyyefsfade hn

{je kedm {sutt cedfute hn {jegs bh| yshngbe" cu{ ysh~gke {je fkevuf{e key{j {h èe{

{je t{sud{usfb sevugseèa{t hn {je {sutt! Gbbut{sf{gha 4: gt f yjh{hlsfyj {fmea fbhal

{je tgke|fbm hn {jgt csgkle! [je ~ge| fak hyeaaett hn {jgt csgkle gt tg`gbfs {h {jf{

eyesgeadek ha {je \et{ Ofdmtha fak \et{ Fkf`t t{see{ csgklet |jgdj ute kedm

{suttet!

[je bgèt{hae nfdek csgkle {eakes jhutet fse bhdf{ek f{ {je thu{jeft{ fak

thu{j|et{ tgket hn {je csgkle! [jegs nef{uset fse {wygdfb hn {je Tedhak Leaesf{gha

Gbbut{sf{gha 4<? [je \et{ @fkgtha T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 6;>

csgkle! [je thu{j|et{ csgkle {eakes jhute gt fbth tjh|a ga Gbbut{sf{gha 4:!

[je tefsdj nhs uautufb dub{usfb

ftyed{t hn {jgt csgkle se~efbek {jsee

g{e`t! [je ngst{ |ft fa hkk {gkcg{

nsh` 67;3! Fa fs{ t{ukea{ fak

f`f{eus yjh{hlsfyjes |ft fsset{ek

cw {je ‒Nekesfb Cusefu hn

Gkea{gngdf{gha‐ |jgbe yjh{hlsfyjgal

{je @fkgtha T{see{ csgkle!4;

Ahseftha nhs {je fsset{ |ft lg~ea!

Nhs{w {jsee wefst bf{es" ga 67:5" dhadey{ufb fs{gt{ @gdjebe Ng{ztg``hat fak

yjh{hlsfyjes Kgfae Tdj`gk{ yshkudek f chhm hn yjh{hlsfyjt ea{g{bek ‒[je

Djgdflh Ezjgcg{gha!‐ [jgt yshoed{ nef{usek f au`ces hn Djgdflh bfak`fsmt ft

cfdmkshy nhs f tesget hn fs{gt{gd auke yhtet! [je \et{ @fkgtha T{see{ Csgkle |ft

budmw eahulj {h ce gadbukek ga {|h yjh{hlsfyjt hn {je dhbbed{gha *‒@fkgtha T{see{

Csgkle‐ fak ‒@fkgtha T{see{ Csgkle Sutj Jhus‐'!45 Ngafbbw" ga 67:7" {je `fafles

hn {je Bwsgd Hyesf hn Djgdflh ftmek @fwhs Euleae Tf|wes {h se-afè f csgkle ga

jhahs hn {je Hyesf,t {jgs{w ngn{j teftha! [je @fwhs hcbglek fak {je ‒|hsbk,t

bfslet{ csgkle yfs{w‐ |ft jebk Ofaufsw 3>" 67:7! [je @fkgtha T{see{ Csgkle |ft

se-afèk {je ‒Bwsgd Hyesf Csgkle‐ ga f tjhs{ hu{khhs dese`haw {jf{ tf| 3399

tgb~es cfbbhhat sebeftek ga{h {je aglj{ tmw!4>

4; ‒Tegzek Yjh{hlsfyjgal Csgkle"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Necsufsw 6<" 67;3!45 ‒Auke ~ge|t hn Djgdflh — Kfsgal kuh {fme f nsetj bhhm f{ nf`gbgfs tglj{t"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ah~e`ces <" 67:5!4> ‒Csgkle yfs{w yu{t Bwsgd ga f dbftt cw g{tebn"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Ofaufsw 3<" 67:7

Gbbut{sf{gha 4:? F ^ge| {h {je \et{ ha {je @fkgtha T{see{

Csgkle



[je Csgklet 6;<

\et{ @hashe T{see{ Csgkle ha {je Thu{j Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 6;:

\et{ @hashe T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t


Kf{e Hyeaek? Necsufsw 33" 6767Ketglaest? [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Fbefakes ~ha Cfch" Julj E! Whual" Ek|fsk Ceaae{{


Lshuy Fle Sfamgal *6 0 hbket{'? ;

Dbefs Tyfa? 6>> nee{ *6;{j bhalet{'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 674 nee{ *tjhs{et{ ga {je lshuy'

\gk{j? >9 nee{ *63{j |gket{'

Befn \eglj{? 6"999 - 3"699 {hat *et{!'


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 69"3<7 *5{j `ht{'


Faaufb Bgn{t *399>'? ;:

Bft{ Secugbk? 3996

Dub{usfb? Ahae



[je Csgklet 6;7

[je dussea{ csgkle gt {je ngst{ sg~es dshttgal f{ @hashe T{see{! G{ |ft hyeaek

ha Necsufsw 33" 6767!

[je ketglaest hn {jgt csgkle nfdek thè uagvue gttuet! [je |et{ tgke hn {je

csgkle fcu{{ek {je sfgbshfk {sfdmt nhs Uagha T{f{gha |jgdj |hubk jf~e ceea {je

‒ahs`fb‐ bhdf{gha nhs {je csgkle fcu{èa{ fak {fgb yg{ nhs {je ngek {suaagha

cftdube csgkle! Ga fkkg{gha" {jese |ft f dshtt {h|a |f{es {uaaeb dshttgal {je sg~es

kgflhafbbw jese" fak ha {je eft{ cfam {jese |ese {|h nseglj{ {uaaebt! Gag{gfbbw f

tgalbe befn cftdube |ft dhatgkesek nhs {jgt bhdf{gha cu{ Ek|fsk Ceaae{{ hn {je

Djgdflh Ybfa Dh``gttgha |ft flfgat{ tudj f ketgla cedfute g{ bfdmek {je

tw`è{sw hn f khucbe befn cftdube! [je dh`ysh`gte |ft {h dut{h` cugbk efdj befn

hn {je khucbe befn csgkle! Ha {je |et{ cfam" f jef~ges {jfa utufb dhua{es|eglj{

|ft utek {h ysh~gke nhs f tjhs{es sfkgut hn sh{f{gha |jgdj f~hgkek ga{esneseade |g{j

{je sfgbshfk *tee yjh{hlsfyjt ha {je fy fak nfd{ tjee{'! [je eft{ befn |ft tg`gbfs

{h yft{ csgklet" |g{j {je edey{gha hn thè hn {je nhuakf{gha ke{fgbt!

Ybfaagal fak ketgla |hsm celfa ga 6764 fak dhat{sud{gha t{fs{ek ga 6765!

Bfchs t{sgmet" dhus{ gaouad{ghat" fak `f{esgfb tjhs{flet fbb dha{sgcu{ek {h {je bhal

Gbbut{sf{gha 47? [je \et{ @hashe T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 659

dhat{sud{gha yesghk nhs {jgt csgkle! Gag{gfbbw" {je Uagha T{f{gha Dh`yfaw jfk

h~estglj{ setyhatgcgbg{w hn {je csgkle dhat{sud{gha! [je Djgdflh Kg~gtgha hn

Csgklet {hhm h~es {jgt setyhatgcgbg{w ga 676<!

Csgkle {eakes jhutet fse ybfdek ha {je thu{j|et{ fak ahs{jeft{ dhsaest hn {je

csgkle fak |ese secugb{ ga 399: *Gbbut{sf{gha 47'! [je ahs{jeft{ csgkle {eakes

jhute |ft t`fbbes cedfute hn g{t yshg`g{w {h {je Ngtjes Cugbkgal! Kedhsf{g~e

è{fb lufsk sfgbt lsfde {je hu{es ekle hn {je csgkle!

Gbbut{sf{gha ;9 tjh|t {je bgaet hn {je {sutt! [jgt {sutt gt thè|jf{ `hse

lsfdenub ga g{t bgaet {jfa {je yhaw {sutt f{ \et{ \ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk!

Gbbut{sf{gha ;9? F ^ge| {h {je Eft{ Fbhal {je \et{ @hashe T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 656

\et{ Fkf`t T{see{ Csgkle ha {je Thu{j Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 653

\et{ Fkf`t T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? T|gal Tyfa cugb{ ga 6:>7

Dussea{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? Fulut{ 3>" 673<

Ketglaest? [jh`ft L! Ygjbnebk{" Khafbk Cedmes" Ek|fsk Ceaae{{

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte [|h= Tgalbe Kedm= Kedm [suttet


Dbefs Tyfa? 6<4 nee{ *63{j bhalet{'

[suaagha-{h-[suaagha Tyfa? 677 nee{ *64{j

bhalet{'\gk{j? >; nee{ *69{j |gket{ — {gek |( \et{ Ofdmtha'

Befn \eglj{? 6999 {hat *et{!'


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 43"<47 *4sk `ht{'



Bft{ Secugb{? 677>

Dub{usfb? Ahae



[je Csgklet 654

[jgt dshttgal jft ceea ga ute nhs 647 wefst! [je ngst{ t|gal csgkle |ft cugb{

fshuak 6:>7! [je t|gal csgkle esf f{ \et{ Fkf`t eakek |jea {je dussea{ csgkle

hyeaek ha Fulut{ 3>" 673<!

[je bgèt{hae dbfk csgkle

{eakes jhutet fse f{ {je ahs{j|et{

fak thu{jeft{ dhsaest hn {je

csgkle! Gbbut{sf{gha ;3 tjh|t f

yjh{hlsfyj {fmea ha {je csgkle

tgke|fbm bhhmgal {h|fsk {je

ahs{j|et{ csgkle {eakes jhute!

[jete csgkle {eakes jhutet fse

djfsfd{esgt{gd hn Tedhak

Leaesf{gha csgklet![jgt csgkle |ft ga~hb~ek ga

thè yhbg{gdfb dha{sh~estw! Ga 6734" {jea dg{w ealgaees Fbefakes @uskhdj

tuyyhs{ek {je ute hn yf{ea{ek T{sfutt ketglaek csgkle dh`yhaea{t nhs ute ha {jgt

csgkle fak {je csgkle f{ Shhte~eb{ Shfk! \jgbe ute hn {jete yf{ea{t |ft tuyyhs{ek

Gbbut{sf{gha ;6? [je \et{ Fkf`t T{see{ Csgkle

G bbut{sf{gha ;3? F ^ge| {h {je \et{ ha {je \et{ Fkf`t T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 65;

cw {|h chfskt hn ealgaeest" {je nfd{ {jf{ Djgdflh jfk bht{ f yf{ea{ tug{ cshulj{ cw

{je T{sfutt Cftdube Csgkle Dh`yfaw ah khuc{ lf~e uyyes `fafleèa{ f aelf{g~e

~ge| hn jgt kedgtgha! [je Dh``gttghaes hn Yucbgd \hsmt ftmek @s! @uskhdj {h

djfale jgt kedgtgha! @s! @uskhdj kedbgaek fak |ft ngsek! Ohja Esgdtha" {je

nhsès dg{w ealgaees" |ft lg~ea {je ohc *hade flfga' fak T{sfutt yf{ea{t |ese ah{

utek ha {je csgkle!4<

4< ‒Tysflue Hut{t Dg{w Ealgaees Fn{es F Dbftj"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" @fw 67" 6734!



[je Csgklet 655

\et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk Csgkle ha {je Thu{j Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 65>

\et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? T|gal tyfa csgkle dh`ybe{ek ga 6:::

Dussea{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? Ofaufsw 37" 676>

Ketglaest? T{sfutt Cftdube Csgkle Dh`yfaw" Ek|fsk Ceaae{{

Dbfttgngdf{gha? Tedhak Leaesf{gha" Yjfte Hae= Tgalbe Kedm= Kedm [suttet


Dbefs Tyfa? 6<; nee{ *66{j bhalet{'


\gk{j? >; nee{ *69{j |gket{ — {gek |(\et{ Fkf`t'

Befn \eglj{? 6"999-3"999 {hat *et{!'


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 33"3:9 *;{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? :"799 *64{j `ht{'


Bft{ Secugbk? 6774

Dub{usfb? Ahae



[je Csgklet 65<

[je ngst{ csgkle f{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk |ft f t|gal csgkle cugb{ ga 6:::! [je

dussea{ csgkle |ft hyeaek ha Ofaufsw 37" 676>! [jgt csgkle |ft cugb{ cw {jeTfag{fsw Kgt{sgd{ cedfute {je Keyfs{èa{ hn Yucbgd \hsmt |ft h~es|jebèk |g{j

{je ohc hn seybfdgal hbk t|gal csgklet!

[jgt csgkle gt {je tedhak hbket{ hn {je lshuy" fn{es \et{ \ftjgal{ha

Chube~fsk! [je csgkle {eakes jhutet bhdf{ek ha {je thu{jeft{ fak ahs{j|et{

dhsaest hn {jgt csgkle fse ùdj `hse ebfchsf{e {jfa {jhte ha {je \ftjgal{ha

Chube~fsk csgkle! [je hd{flhafb tjfye fak fatfsk shhn senbed{t hsafèa{f{gha

hn {je Cefu-Fs{t t{wbe hn ketgla!

Bgme g{t aegljchs f{ \et{ Fkf`t

T{see{" {jgt csgkle utet kedm {suttet!

[jete {|h csgklet fse {je habw

tgalbe kedm csgklet ga {je lshuy {h

ute {jgt {sutt dhanglusf{gha!

Gbbut{sf{gha ;; tjh|t f yjh{hlsfyj

{fmea ha {je csgkle! Dha{sft{ {jgt

~ge| |g{j {je ~ge| ha {je \et{

\ftjgal{ha Chube~fsk Csgkle *Gbbut{sf{gha 45= y 6;9'!

[jese |ft habw hae ae|tyfyes t{hsw nhuak ketdsgcgal fa uautufb {sfnngd

Gbbut{sf{gha ;4? \et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk Csgkle

Gbbut{sf{gha ;;? F ^ge| Fbhal {je \et{ Ofdmtha Chube~fsk

Bhhmgal \et{



[je Csgklet 65:

fddgkea{ f{ {jgt csgkle ga 674<!4: Kue {h f uagvue te{ hn dgsdu`t{fadet" {je |et{

befn hn {je csgkle |ft kh|a fak {je eft{ befn hn {je csgkle |ft uy! Uanhs{uaf{ebw"

{je |fsagal tglafbt |ese ah{ hyesf{ghafb fak {je dfs fak g{t ksg~es ybualek hnn {je

|et{ befn ga{h fchu{ {|ea{w-ng~e hn |f{es! [je ksg~es |ft mgbbek!

4: ‒Csgkle [sflekw gt Bfgk {h Tju{ Tfne{w Ke~gdet=‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" @fsdj 65" 674<!



[je Csgklet 657

\et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{ Csgkle ha {je Thu{j Csfadj hn {je Djgdflh Sg~es



[je Csgklet 6>9

\et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{ Csgkle Nfd{t

Ngst{ Dshttgal? Yha{hha Csgkle cugb{ ga 6:;7

Dussea{ Csgkle

Kf{e Hyeaek? Kede`ces 5" 675>


Dbfttgngdf{gha? Nhus{j Leaesf{gha= Tgalbe Kedm= Sfgb Jeglj{ [suttetLshuy Fle Sfamgal *6 0 hbket{'? 65

Dbefs Tyfa? 6:3 nee{ *7{j bhalet{'


\gk{j? >7 nee{ *7{j |gket{'

Befn \eglj{? 6"999-3"999 {hat


F~esfle Kfgbw Nhh{ [sfnngd *6777'? 4"699 *6>{j `ht{'

F~esfle Kfgbw ejgdubfs [sfnngd *399>'? >"<99 *6>{j `ht{'



Dub{usfb? @h~ge - [je Kfsm Maglj{ *399:'



[je Csgklet 6>6

[jgt dshttgal jft ceea ga ute nhs 657 wefst! [je ngst{ nbhf{gal csgkle |ft

gat{fbbek ga 6:;7! [je t|gal csgkle esf celfa ga {je 6:>9t! [je Lsef{ Ngse

ket{shwek {je csgkle ga 6:<6 fak g{ |ft secugb{ cw {je eak hn 6:<3! [je cftdube

csgkle esf celfa ga 6:7;" |jea f Tdjeszes shbbgal bgn{ cftdube csgkle |ft cugb{

jese!

[je dussea{ csgkle seybfdek {je Tdjeszes shbbgal bgn{ csgkle ga 675>! Gbbut{sf{gha

;> tjh|t f ~ge| fbhal {je tgke|fbm fak {je csgkle {eakes jhute!

Gbbut{sf{gha ;5? [je \et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 6>3

[je tgalbe csgkle {eakes jhute gt bhdf{ek f{ {je thu{jeft{ dhsaes hn {je csgkle!

[jgt sed{falubfs jhute gt khae ga {je `hkesa t{wbe |g{j t{fsm bgaet fak ah

fkhsaèa{![jese |ese {|h t{hsget fchu{ {jgt csgkle yucbgtjek ga {je Djgdflh

[sgcuae! [je ngst{ ga~hb~ek f tg{uf{gha ysghs {h {je dh`ybe{gha hn {je csgkle" |jese

fa gakg~gkufb dbg`cek {h {je {hy hn f befn fak {jsef{eaek {h ou`y! Je |ft ga {je

bgèbglj{ nhs fchu{ {|h jhust" cenhse f ysget{ {fbmek jg` ga {h dh`gal kh|a!47 Ga

67<5" f yht{fb |hsmes |ft cef{ea" shccek" fak {jsh|a hnn {je csgkle {h jgt kef{j

kusgal fn{es ahha sutj jhus! [je {|h èa setyhatgcbe" |ese fsset{ek!;9

47 ‒Yesdjet 699 n{! Uy Ha Csgkle ga Befy [jsef{"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Oubw 3:" 675>!;9 ‒3 Tegzek ga Tbfwgal ha Csgkle"‐ Djgdflh [sgcuae" Kede`ces 4" 67<5!

Gbbut{sf{gha ;>? F ^ge| Bhhmgal Eft{ Fbhal {je \et{ ^fa Cusea T{see{ Csgkle



[je Csgklet 6>4

Dhadbutgha

Th {jese whu jf~e g{" eglj{eea csgklet ga {je tyfa hn {|h `gbet fak fb`ht{ hae

juaksek wefst! @w ysg`fsw hcoed{g~e nhs {jgt yshoed{ |ft {h dhbbed{ {je nfd{t"

ngluset" fak {gkcg{t nhs {jete csgklet ga{h f tgalbe eftw-{h-ute ~hbuè nhs nebbh|

ea{jutgft{t hn Djgdflh fak g{t csgklet!

Ft G |ft ‒djftgal‐ csgkle hyeagalt ga {je Tysgal hn 399:" G jfk thè {gè {h

hctes~e {je {husgt{ {sfnngd ha {je sg~es! G |ft tusysgtek fak kgtfyyhga{ek f{ {je bfdm

hn kgtduttgha {jete csgklet sedeg~ek ha {je {hus chf{t! @fwce {jgt gta,{ {hh

tusysgtgal ft csgklet fse ah{ fk`gsek(fyysedgf{ek cw fbb" fak `ht{ hn {jefsdjg{ed{use {hust fse `hse ga{eset{ek ga tmwtdsfyest! Cu{ |jf{ sefbbw tusysgtek è

|ft {je gakgnneseade" e~ea ft f csgkle |ft hyesf{gal fch~e {je` — f tglj{ {jf{,t

jfsk {h glahse!

[jete csgklet fse fa ga{elsfb yfs{ hn {je Djgdflh bfaktdfye fak jf~e ybfwek fa

g`yhs{fa{ yfs{ ga {je ke~ebhyèa{ hn Djgdflh! G jhye {je ganhs`f{gha lf{jesek

jese |gbb ce utek {h eyfak fsdjg{ed{usfb {hust" jeby setgkea{t befsa `hse fchu{

{jegs dg{w" fak tjh| ~gtg{hst fah{jes lsef{ yfs{ hn Djgdflh!

\g{j faw budm" f dhatevueade hn {jgt yshoed{ |gbb ce {h sfgte *yua ga{eakek' {je

~gtgcgbg{w hn {jete csgklet {h f |gkes fukgeade!



Cgcbghlsfyjw Cgcbghlsfyjw 6>;

Csgkle Kf{f

◈ Cefsk" E! @gdjfeb fak Dsfgl Jhbèt" Djgdflh Cftdube Csgklet-@fga Csfadj-Djgdflh"

yht{es= 6777= |||!esshblsfyjgdt!dh`!

◈ Nekesfb Jglj|fw Fk`gagt{sf{gha" 399< Af{ghafb Csgkle Ga~ea{hsw FTDGG Ngbet"

j{{y?((|||!nj|f!kh{!lh~(csgkle(acg(ftdgg!dn`8wefs0399<!

◈ Nekesfb Jglj|fw Fk`gagt{sf{gha" Af{ghafb Csgkle Ga~ea{hsw Sedhsk Nhs`f{" 399<"

◈ j{{y?((|||!nj|f!kh{!lh~(csgkle(acg(nhs`f{!dn`!

◈ Lfatea" Ogbb" DK SH@ hn @gtdebbfaehut Ealgaeesgal Ksf|galt hn Csgklet"

Dg{w hn Djgdflh Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha" Kg~gtgha hn Ealgaeesgal" 399<!

◈ @htmfb" Sgdjfsk" Csgklet ga @h~get" Djgdflh Ngb` Dh``gttgha" E-`fgb kf{ek 69(67(399<!

◈ Shute" Kfsswb" Csgkle Bgn{t ga 399>" Dg{w hn Djgdflh Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha" Cusefu hn

Csgklet fak [sfatg{" Nfz kf{ek 69(67(399<!

Csgkle Jgt{hsw

◈ Cedmes" K! A!" Ke~ebhyèa{ hn {je Djgdflh [wye Cftdube Csgkle" Fèsgdfa Thdge{w hn Dg~gb

Ealgaeest [sfatfd{ghat" Yfyes Ah! 333>" Necsufsw 67;4!

◈ Dea{sfb @faunfd{usgal Kgt{sgd{ hn Djgdflh" Djgdflh Sg~es Csgklet {h Se`fga `h~fcbe"

Dea{sfb @faunfd{usgal Kgt{sgd{ @flfgae= hb! Z= Ah! 4" yy35-3>" 673>!

◈ Djgdflh Dg{w @faufb 6763" Uy Nsh` Shye Nessw {h Jglj Csgkle" Djgdflh Cusefu hn

T{f{gt{gdt fak @uagdgyfb Bgcsfsw" 6763!

◈ Djsgt{eatea" K!" Ekg{hs" Djgdflh Yucbgd \hsmt? F Jgt{hsw Djgdflh" Sfak @dAfbbw .

Dh`yfaw" 67<4!

◈ Dbefsw" S! B!" Csgklet" \!\! Ahs{ha . Dh`yfaw" GTCA9-474-<464>-<" 399<!

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbi/ascii.cfm?year=2007

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbi/format.cfm



http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbi/ascii.cfm?year=2007



6>5

Csgkle Jgt{hsw *dha{gauek'

◈ Keyfs{èa{ hn Yucbgd \hsmt" Cusefu hn Ealgaeesgal" [je @h~fcbe Csgklet hn Djgdflh"

F Csgen Jgt{hsw" Dg{w hn Djgdflh" 67:4!

◈ Keyfs{èa{ hn Yucbgd \hsmt" Cusefu hn Ealgaeesgal" Cf{ffa-Dhsselgkhs @e`hsgfb

Csgkle" Dg{w hn Djgdflh" 67;7!

◈ Ksfyes" O! E!" Djgdflh Csgklet" Djgdflh Keyfs{èa{ hn Yucbgd \hsmt" 67:;!

◈ Lsgnneajflea . ftthdgf{et" b{k" Tu``fsw fak hu{bgae hn {je seyhs{ ha {je Djgdflh

Sg~es csgkle tus~ew ha {je vuet{gha hn ngzek ~t! `h~fcbe csgklet" 6734-6735 ?

tuc`g{{ek {h {je `fwhs fak Dg{w dhuadgb hn {je dg{w hn Djgdflh" Ouae 65" 6735" Nsek

O! Sgalbew Dh!" ysga{est" 6735!

◈ Jett" O! F!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgklet Ke~ebhyèa{ hn @h~fcbe Csgkle

[edjahbhlw ga Djgdflh" 6:79-6769" Jgt{hsgd Fèsgdfa Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn

Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB-666" 6777"

j{{y?((è`hsw!bhd!lh~(f`è`(dhbbed{ghat(jfctXjfes(!

◈ Jh{j" Af{jfa" Jgt{hsgd Csgklet hn @gdjglfa fak Ebte|jese" 399<"

j{{y?((|||!jgt{hsgdcsgklet!hsl( !

◈ Ygjbnebk{" [! L!" ‒Csgklet"‐ Dg~gb Tes~gde Ae|t" Ygd{hsgfb T{hsw hn Djgdflh,t Yucbgd

\hsmt" Ealgaeesgal \hakest hn {je \hsbk Nef{usgal Djgdflh,t Djfs{es Oucgbee

6:4<-674<" 674<!

◈ Tdh{{" D!= Fbezfakes" N!= Agdhbfw" O!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgkle" Hu{es Ksg~e"

Jgt{hsgd Fèsgdfa Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB-5;" 67:>"


http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/habs_haer/

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/habs_haer/



6>>

Csgkle Jgt{hsw *dha{gauek'

◈ Tdh{{" D!= Fbezfakes" N!= Agdhbfw" O!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgkle" Dbfsm T{see{"

Jgt{hsgd Fèsgdfa Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB->;" 67:>"


◈ Tdh{{" D!= Fbezfakes" N!= Agdhbfw" O!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgkle" \et{ Fkf`t

T{see{"

Jgt{hsgd Fèsgdfa Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB-56" 67:>"


◈ Tdh{{" D!= Fbezfakes" N!= Agdhbfw" O!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgkle" Ofdmtha

Chube~fsk"

Jgt{hsgd Fèsgdfa Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB-55" 67:>


◈ Tdh{{" D!= Fbezfakes" N!= Agdhbfw" O!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgkle" Bf Tfbbe T{see{"

Jgt{hsgd Fèsgdfa Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB->>" 67:>"


◈ Tdh{{" D!= Fbezfakes" N!= Agdhbfw" O!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgkle" @gdjglfa F~eaue"

Jgt{hsgd Fèsgdfa Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB-4<" 67:>"


◈

Tdh{{" D!= Fbezfakes" N!= Agdhbfw" O!" Ng{tg`hat" L= Csudmea" D!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube

Csgkle" \ftjgal{ha T{see{" Jgt{hsgd Fèsgdfa Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett"

JFES Ah! GB-4:" 6773" j{{y?((è`hsw!bhd!lh~(f`è`(dhbbed{ghat(jfctXjfes( !



6><

Csgkle Jgt{hsw *dhadbukek'

◈ Taekkha" @! [!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgkle" \fcftj F~eaue" Jgt{hsgd Fèsgdfa

Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB-;:" Ouae 6777"


◈ Taekkha" @! [!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgkle" \ebbt T{see{ Csgkle" Jgt{hsgd

Fèsgdfa Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB-53" 6777"


◈

Taekkha" @! [!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgkle" @hashe T{see{" Jgt{hsgd Fèsgdfa

Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB-54" Ouae 6777"


◈ Taekkha" @! [!" Djgdflh Sg~es Cftdube Csgkle" Nsfambga-Hsbefat T{see{" Jgt{hsgd

Fèsgdfa Ealgaeesgal Sedhsk Bgcsfsw hn Dhalsett" JFES Ah! GB->5" Ouae 6777"




6>:

Csgkle Yf{ea{t

◈ Jfs`fa" \" Csgkle" Yf{ea{ Ah! 4:4"::9" U!T! Yf{ea{ fak [sfke`fsm Hnngde" Ouae 5"

6:::!

◈ Tdjeses" \! *Ked,k — F! J! Tdjeses" Fk`gagt{sf{hs'" Bgn{ Csgkle" Yf{ea{ Ah! 566"<64"

U!T! Yf{ea{ fak [sfke`fsm Hnngde" Kede`ces 3>" 3:74!

◈ Tdjeses" F! J! fak Mfakebes" D! N! [!" Cftdube Csgkle" Yf{ea{ Ah! <36"76:" U!T! Yf{ea{

fak [sfke`fsm Hnngde" @fsdj 4" 6794

◈

T{sfutt" O! C!" Csgkle" Yf{ea{ Ah! 775":64" U!T! Yf{ea{ fak [sfke`fsm Hnngde" Ouae 39"

6766

◈ ^ha Cfch" F! N! B!" [suaagha Cftdube Csgkle" Yf{ea{ Ah! 6"996":99" U!T! Yf{ea{ fak

[sfke`fsm Hnngde" Fulut{ 37" 6766!

◈ \fkkebb" O! F! B!" Bgn{ Csgkle" Yf{ea{ Ah! 59>"5<6" U!T! Yf{ea{ fak [sfke`fsm Hnngde"

Hd{hces 69" 6:74!

Djgdflh Kf{f

◈ Djgdflh Nfd{ Chhm Dhaths{gu`" Bhdfb dh`ùag{w nfd{ chhm ? Djgdflh è{shyhbg{fa

fsef ? cftek ha {je 6779 deatut" Uag~estg{w hn Gbbgahgt f{ Djgdflh" 6775!

◈ Be~ga" [essw" Kfgbw [sfga [sfnngd Fdshtt Csgklet f{ \ebbt fak Bfme" Djgdflh [sfatg{

Fu{jhsg{w" E-`fgb kf{ek 9:(39(399<!

◈

Lfatea" Ogbb" 6777 Dea{sfb Cutgaett Kgt{sgd{ Yeket{sgfa Dhua{t" Dg{w hn Djgdflh

Keyfs{èa{ hn [sfatyhs{f{gha" Kg~gtgha hn Ealgaeesgal" E-`fgb kf{ek 9:(6<(399<!



6>7

Djgdflh Jgt{hsw

◈ Fakseft" F![!" Jgt{hsw hn Djgdflh? Nsh` {je Efsbget{ Yesghk {h {je Ysetea{ [gè —

hb 6 Eakgal |g{j {je Wefs 6:5<" yy67<-393" F! [! Fakseft" Djgdflh" GB" 6::;!


^hb 3 Nsh` 6:5< Ua{gb {je Ngse hn 6:<6" yy >9->5" F! [! Fakseft" Djgdflh" GB" 6::;!


^hb 4 Nsh` {je Ngse hn 6:<6 ua{gb 6::5" yy63:-643" F! [! Fakseft" Djgdflh" GB" 6::;!

◈

Dfafb Dhssgkhs Ftthdgf{gha" Gbbgahgt fak @gdjglfa Dfafb" j{{y?((|||!dfafbdhs!hsl( !

◈ Djgdflh Dg{w @faufb 6763" [je @fmgal hn T{f{e T{see{" Djgdflh Cusefu hn T{f{gt{gdt

fak @uagdgyfb Bgcsfsw" 6763!

◈ Djgdflh Kfgbw [sgcuae" Efsbw Djgdflh Se`gagteadet hn Yjgbh Dfsyea{es fak Ebg C!

\gbbgf`t" YshVuet{ Jgt{hsgdfb Ae|tyfyest Djgdflh [sgcuae *6:;7-67:>' " 9<(66(6::9

◈ Djgdflh Kfgbw [sgcuae" [je Bed{use" YshVuet{ Jgt{hsgdfb Ae|tyfyest Djgdflh [sgcuae

*6:;7-67:>'" 95(9:(6:<>!

◈ Djgdflh Kfgbw [sgcuae" Tdeaet hn H{jes Kfwt [f~esa Bgne ga {je Djgdflh hn {je

Jgt{hsgd [jgs{get" YshVuet{ Jgt{hsgdfb Ae|tyfyest Djgdflh [sgcuae *6:;7-67:>'"

9:(93(6:76

◈ Djgdflh Kfgbw [sgcuae" Bfme T{! Hade Jebk Ybfde ft Vueea hn Dg{w" YshVuet{

Jgt{hsgdfb Ae|tyfyest Djgdflh [sgcuae *6:;7-67:>'" 66(37(6754!

◈ Fmest" K|glj{ B!" Ek!" Yshyhtek Chak Gttue nhs Csgklet" [je Dg{w Dbuc Cubbe{ga= ^hb!

G^= Ah! >" 6766!



6<9

Djgdflh Jgt{hsw *dha{gauek'

◈ Ksusw" Ohja" Hbk Djgdflh Aegljchsjhhkt — Aefs \et{ Tgke" Bfakbhsk,t Lugke" ^hb 4:=

Ah! <= yy63-6:" 67;<!

◈ Ksusw" Ohja" Hbk Djgdflh Aegljchsjhhkt — Aefs Ahs{j Tgke" Bfakbhsk,t Lugke" ^hb

47= Ah! ;= yy>-:=44-4;" 67;:!

◈ Nekesfb \hsmt Fleadw - \hsm Yshoed{t Fk`gagt{sf{gha" Gbbgahgt? F Ketdsgy{g~e fak

Jgt{hsgdfb Lugke" F! D! @dDbusl . Dh!" Djgdflh" GB" 6747!

◈

Lhkkfsk" Dhaage fak Csude Jf{{ha Chwes" [je Lsef{ Djgdflh [sg~gf fak Nfd{ Chhm "

Du`cesbfak Jhute Aftj~gbbe" [eaaettee" 677>!

◈ Lshtt`fa" Ofèt S!= Mef{gal" Faa Kusmga= fak Segnn" Ofagde B" [je Eadwdbhyekgf hn

Djgdflh" [je Uag~estg{w hn Djgdflh Ysett" 399; *chhm fak |ectg{e -

j{{y?((|||!eadwdbhyekgf!djgdflhjgt{hsw!hsl( '!

◈ Jhbbfak" Shces{ F" Djgdflh ga @fyt" Sghbg Ga{esaf{ghafb Yucbgdf{ghat" AW" 3995!

◈ Jhb{" Lbea E! fak Kh`gagd F! Yfdwlf" Djgdflh? F Jgt{hsgdfb Lugke {h {je

Aegljchsjhhkt [je Bhhy fak {je Thu{j Tgke" yy64-3<" Djgdflh Jgt{hsgdfb Thdge{w"

67<7!

◈ Oeatea" Lehsle Ye{es" Jgt{hsgd Djgdflh Tg{et" Dsef{g~e Ea{esysgtet" Djgdflh" 6754!

◈ Mhlfa" Jes`fa fak Dsh`ge" Shces{" [je Lsef{ Ngse Djgdflh 6:<6" L! Y! Yu{af`,t

That" 67<6!

◈ @dDbuse" Ofèt C" Djgdflh ? fa gat{sud{g~e fak ea{es{fgagal jgt{hsw hn f |hakesnub

dg{w ? |g{j f utenub t{sfales,t lugke" Sjhket . @dDbuse" 6:::!



6<6

Djgdflh Jgt{hsw *dhadbukek'

◈ Yfdwlf" Kh`gagd fak Ebbea Tmesse{{" Djgdflh? Dg{w hn Aegljchsjhhkt — Jgt{hsget fak

[hust" Bhwhbf Ysett" 67:>!

◈ Ygesde" C! B!" F Jgt{hsw hn Djgdflh? ^hb 6 [je celgaagal hn f Dg{w 6><4-6:;: "

Uag~estg{w hn Djgdflh Ysett" 674<!

◈ Ygesde" C! B!" F Jgt{hsw hn Djgdflh? ^hb 3 Nsh` [h|a {h Dg{w 6:;:-6:<6" Uag~estg{w hn

Djgdflh Ysett" 67;9!

◈

Ygesde" C! B!" F Jgt{hsw hn Djgdflh? ^hb 4 Sgte hn f @hkesa Dg{w 6:<6-6:74 "

Uag~estg{w hn Djgdflh Ysett" 675<!

◈ Ygesde" C! B!" Ekg{hs" Ft H{jest Tee Djgdflh G`ysettghat hn ^gtg{hst 6><4-6744"

Uag~estg{w hn Djgdflh Ysett" 6744!

◈ Yucbgd \hsmt Jgt{hsgdfb Thdge{w" Djgdflh" fa gakut{sgfb lugke ( Yucbgd \hsmt

Jgt{hsgdfb Thdge{w" Yucbgd \hsmt Jgt{hsgdfb Thdge{w" 6776!



6<3

Ealgaeesgal Cghlsfyjgdfb Kf{f

◈ Cohsm" Meaae{j" Tflf ga T{eeb fak Dhadse{e? Ahs|elgfa Ealgaeest ga Fèsgdf"

yy639-649 *Ygjnebk{'" Ahs|elgfa-Fèsgdfa Jgt{hsgdfb Ftthdgf{gha" 67;< *Ezdesy{ f{?

j{{y?((ae|tfsdj!shh{t|ec!dh`({j(sefk(AHS\FW(3994-9;(6959>:4<43'!

◈ Behafsk" Ohja \gbbgf` fak @fsvugt" Fbces{ Aebtha" [je chhm hn Djgdflhfat ? f

cghlsfyjgdfb kgd{ghafsw hn befkgal bg~gal èa hn {je dg{w hn Djgdflh " *Ceaae{{'" F!A!

@fsvugt" 6795-676<" 676<!

◈

Behafsk" Ohja \gbbgf` fak @fsvugt" Fbces{ Aebtha" [je chhm hn Djgdflhfat ? f

cghlsfyjgdfb kgd{ghafsw hn befkgal bg~gal èa hn {je dg{w hn Djgdflh " *Esgdtha'" F!A!

@fsvugt" 6795-676<" 6766!

Documents

Two Miles - Eighteen Bridges A walk along the Chicago River