TYPES OF SOCIETIESChapter 3 Section 3

Preindustrial Societies• Food production is the focus of economic activity• Hunter-gatherer: collection of wild plants and hunting of

wild animals (nomadic)• Pastoral: domesticated herd animals provide food needs

(nomadic)• Horticultural: fruits and vegetables are raised in garden

beds that have been cleared from jungle or forest (Semi permanent)

• Agricultural: animals are used to pull plows, yields higher crop supplies, can support larger populations• Barter: the exchange of goods or services for other goods or

services

Industrial Societies• Emphasis shifts from the production of food to the

production of manufactured goods

• Production is carried out by machines, making it faster and available on a larger scale.

Postindustrial Societies• Economic emphasis shifts from the production of

manufactured goods to the provision of information and services

• Standard of living improves for entire population

• Technological advances are viewed as the key to future prosperity

Contrasting Societies• According to Durkheim-• Mechanical solidarity: people share the same values and

perform the same tasks, they become united as a common whole• Organic Solidarity: impersonal relationships that arise with

increased job specialization. Individuals can no longer provide for all of their own needs and become dependent on others for their survival

• According to Ferdinand Tӧnnies:• Gemeinschaft: most people know one another in a given

society, relationships are close and valued center on family and community

• Gesellschaft: most relationships are based on need and are impersonal and temporary, traditional values are weak and individual goals are more important than group goals

Homework: • Pg. 66 #1-6