TYPICAL OR COMMON FEEDS/FEEDSTUFFS 2008 Stephen R Schafer, EdD University of Nevada-Reno

TYPICAL OR COMMONTYPICAL OR COMMONFEEDS/FEEDSTUFFS FEEDS/FEEDSTUFFS

2008

Stephen R Schafer, EdD

University of Nevada-Reno

Partially Funded ByPartially Funded By

Ag Council of Nevada4 Hall LaneYerington, NV 89447

This presentation was developed for use as an educational resource and is provided as an educational service. User/purchase fees are not associated with this presentation.

Information DevelopmentInformation Development

Much effort and time was devoted to:developing accurate/current informationincorporating appropriate pictures/graphicsproviding proper credit of pictures/graphicsobtaining copyright/educational permission

Any and/or all errors, omissions, etc.are purely unintentional/accidental.

Information SourcesInformation Sources

Colorado State University (4-H Livestock Manuals)

Kansas State University (Forage Website)

National 4-H/4HCCS (4-H Livestock Manuals)

Oklahoma State University (Hay Judging)

United States Dept of Agriculture (Animal Nutrition)

University of Kentucky (Agripedia)

University of Wyoming (4-H Livestock Manuals)

Wikipedia {internet site} (Internet Encyclopedia)

TYPICAL OR COMMONTYPICAL OR COMMONFEEDS/FEEDSTUFFSFEEDS/FEEDSTUFFS

AuthorDr. Steve Schafer, University of Nevada-Reno

ReviewersDr. Steve Paisley, University of Wyoming

Mr. Alan Hogan, Louisiana State UniversityMr. Wayne Tatman, University of Wyoming

Feedstuff(s) Usage/PurposeFeedstuff(s) Usage/Purpose

In order to understand proper feeding and usage ofIn order to understand proper feeding and usage offeeds & feedstuffs, it is necessary to comprehend:feeds & feedstuffs, it is necessary to comprehend:

animal digestion systemsanimal digestion systems

animal growth patternsanimal growth patterns

Feedstuff(s) Usage/PurposeFeedstuff(s) Usage/Purpose

In order to understand proper feeding and usage of feeds & feedstuffs,In order to understand proper feeding and usage of feeds & feedstuffs,it is necessary to comprehend digestion systems & growth patterns.it is necessary to comprehend digestion systems & growth patterns.

Two types of digestive systems (non-ruminant/monogastric & ruminant). Two types of digestive systems (non-ruminant/monogastric & ruminant).

Ruminant animals (such as cattle, sheep, etc) have multi-part stomachs. This Ruminant animals (such as cattle, sheep, etc) have multi-part stomachs. This results in fermentation, and thus the digestion of grass/forage plants for the results in fermentation, and thus the digestion of grass/forage plants for the utilization/absorption of nutrients is possible and effective.utilization/absorption of nutrients is possible and effective.

Non-ruminant or mongastric animals (such as pigs) have a simple or single Non-ruminant or mongastric animals (such as pigs) have a simple or single compartment stomach, so grass/forage digestion/utilization is not efficient.compartment stomach, so grass/forage digestion/utilization is not efficient.

Animals first grow by building bone Animals first grow by building bone && muscle. As they age, bone muscle. As they age, bone & & muscle growthmuscle growthdecrease, decrease, & b& body maintenance/fat deposition needs increase . As result, protein isody maintenance/fat deposition needs increase . As result, protein isimportant in younger animals important in younger animals && energy is important in older/finishing animals. energy is important in older/finishing animals.

Nutrients of Feeds/FeedstuffsNutrients of Feeds/Feedstuffs

All feedstuffs contain many different nutrientsAll feedstuffs contain many different nutrients

All nutrients are important to animalAll nutrients are important to animal

Each nutrient serves a different purposeEach nutrient serves a different purpose

There are five types of nutrientsThere are five types of nutrientsenergy (carbohydrates energy (carbohydrates && fats) fats)proteinproteinvitaminsvitaminsmineralsmineralswaterwater

Purposes of NutrientsPurposes of Nutrients

Energy…used to fuel, power, and heat the bodyEnergy…used to fuel, power, and heat the bodycarbohydrates – sugars and starchescarbohydrates – sugars and starchesfats – fats – 2.52.5 times more energy than carbohydrates times more energy than carbohydrates

Protein…used to build the body (bone, muscle, tissue, etc)Protein…used to build the body (bone, muscle, tissue, etc)

Vitamins…important for chemical reactions in the bodyVitamins…important for chemical reactions in the body

Minerals…needed for the various life processes of bodyMinerals…needed for the various life processes of body

Water…is the largest component of most living things, asWater…is the largest component of most living things, asresult, it is the most important/needed nutrientresult, it is the most important/needed nutrient

Feedstuff(s) CategoriesFeedstuff(s) Categories

Feedstuffs can be divided into two major categories:Feedstuffs can be divided into two major categories:

Concentrates….grains such as corn, oats, wheat, barley, Concentrates….grains such as corn, oats, wheat, barley, milo, soybeans, etc….provide much energy…the milo, soybeans, etc….provide much energy…the protein varies, soybean meal and cottonseed meal is protein varies, soybean meal and cottonseed meal is high (41-44%) but corn and oats is lower (9-12%)high (41-44%) but corn and oats is lower (9-12%)

Roughages….forages such various types of hay, alfalfa, Roughages….forages such various types of hay, alfalfa, clover, etc….provide much fiber…the protein content clover, etc….provide much fiber…the protein content varies, alfalfa is higher (15-19%, and sometimes even a varies, alfalfa is higher (15-19%, and sometimes even a little higher) but grass hay is lower (6-8%).little higher) but grass hay is lower (6-8%).

Feed SupplementsFeed Supplements

Along with the two major divisions of feedstuffs, otherAlong with the two major divisions of feedstuffs, otheringredients are also used when formulating a feed rationingredients are also used when formulating a feed ration

Typically, there are two other types of ingredients:Typically, there are two other types of ingredients:

Nutrition Supplement…a mixture of vitamins andNutrition Supplement…a mixture of vitamins andminerals designed to ensure proper nutrition and minerals designed to ensure proper nutrition and

balance that meets/exceeds minimum requirementsbalance that meets/exceeds minimum requirements

Medical Supplement…provides some sort ofMedical Supplement…provides some sort oftreatment and/or prevention through the animal treatment and/or prevention through the animal

eating/consuming the feed ration providedeating/consuming the feed ration provided

Feed LabelFeed Label

Information on Feed Label:

Intended Species

Intended Purpose

Ingredients

Protein Percent

Withdrawal Time

Warnings/Precautions

Feeding Instructions

Company Contact Info

Photo: Ohio State University

See a connection to previous slides?See a connection to previous slides?

Feedstuff(s) QualityFeedstuff(s) Quality

Regardless of the feedstuff (concentrate or roughage),Regardless of the feedstuff (concentrate or roughage),the quality of the ingredient is of utmost importance.the quality of the ingredient is of utmost importance.

Quality can be assessed by:Quality can be assessed by:color…is it the proper colorcolor…is it the proper colorodor…does it smell correctly/pleasantodor…does it smell correctly/pleasantvisual…are foreign objects presentvisual…are foreign objects present

If is has wrong color, has unpleasant odor, contains mold,If is has wrong color, has unpleasant odor, contains mold,contains other objects/weeds, etc…the quality is low contains other objects/weeds, etc…the quality is low

Hay QualityHay Quality

The quality of hay can be assessed/evaluated via:The quality of hay can be assessed/evaluated via:

Maturity (stems/seed heads)Maturity (stems/seed heads)Spoilage (moldy/dusty)Spoilage (moldy/dusty)Heat (odorous/dark color)Heat (odorous/dark color)Content (objects/weeds)Content (objects/weeds)Color (greenish)Color (greenish)Freshness (smells good)Freshness (smells good)

Hay QualityHay Quality

Good (leafy/color/etc)Good (leafy/color/etc) Questionable (stems/etc)Questionable (stems/etc)

Issues (color/heatIssues (color/heat{?}{?}/etc)/etc)Mature (seed heads/etc)Mature (seed heads/etc)

Photos: Unknown Sources

Forage/Pasture/Hay Forage/Pasture/Hay (leafy)(leafy)

LespedezaLespedeza

Photo: Unknown Source

AlfalfaAlfalfa

VetchVetch

Red CloverRed Clover


Photo: University of Kentucky


Forage/Pasture/Hay Forage/Pasture/Hay (grass)(grass)

FescueFescue


HaylageHaylage

TimothyTimothy


Green Feed Green Feed (pasture and chop)(pasture and chop)

Photos: University of Kentucky

Green Pasture Green Pasture (any forage)(any forage)

Green Chop Green Chop (fresh)(fresh)

CornCorn

Whole EarWhole Ear


Gluten MealGluten Meal

ShelledShelled


CottonseedCottonseed

WholeWhole


MealMeal

HullsHulls

MilletMillet

Whole PlantWhole Plant



GrainGrain(proso variety)(proso variety)

GrainGrain(pearl variety)(pearl variety)


Milo or SorghumMilo or Sorghum

Growing PlantGrowing Plant

Photos: Unknown Sources GrainGrain

Plant HeadPlant Head(close up)(close up)


OatsOats


Whole PlantWhole Plant RolledRolledGrainGrain

SoybeanSoybean


PodPod

MealMeal

Grain/BeanGrain/Bean



WheatWheat


PlantPlant


BranBran

GrainGrain

Meals Meals (various types)(various types)

CottonseedCottonseed


SoybeanSoybeanFishFish

FeatherFeatherCorn GlutenCorn Gluten

Meat & BoneMeat & Bone

Grain SourceGrain SourceAnimal SourceAnimal Source

MineralsMinerals

Plain SaltPlain Salt


DicalciumDicalciumPhosophatePhosophate

Steamed Bone MealSteamed Bone Meal

DeflourinatedDeflourinatedPhosophatePhosophate

Trace MineralTrace Mineral(TM) Salt(TM) Salt

LimestoneLimestone

Identify…Identify…

Red CloverRed Clover



Ear Corn/Whole Ear CornEar Corn/Whole Ear Corn



Whole CottonseedWhole Cottonseed



Oats: Whole PlantOats: Whole Plant



Timothy GrassTimothy Grass



Wheat: Whole PlantWheat: Whole Plant



Fescue GrassFescue Grass



Soybeans: PodsSoybeans: Pods



AlfalfaAlfalfa



Millet: Whole PlantMillet: Whole Plant



Milo/Sorghum: Plant HeadMilo/Sorghum: Plant Head



Shelled CornShelled Corn



Oats: GrainOats: Grain



Wheat: GrainWheat: Grain



Cottonseed HullsCottonseed Hulls



Millet: GrainMillet: Grain



Milo/Sorghum: GrainMilo/Sorghum: Grain



Soybeans: Grain/BeansSoybeans: Grain/Beans



Rolled OatsRolled Oats



Meals: Plant SourcesMeals: Plant Sources


In actual practice, identification is much easier due to the ability of the observer to check for identifiers such as cotton fibers, part of the grain, color of meal, smell of meal, and other similar factors.

CottonseedCottonseed Corn GlutenCorn GlutenSoybeanSoybean


Meals: Animal SourcesMeals: Animal Sources


In actual practice, identification is much easier due to the ability of the observer to check for identifiers such as parts (feather pieces), color of meal, smell of meal (fishy), and other similar factors.

Meat & BoneMeat & Bone FeatherFeather

FishFish


Plain SaltPlain Salt


DicalciumDicalciumPhosphatePhosphate

Steamed Bone MealSteamed Bone Meal

DeflourinatedDeflourinatedPhosphatePhosphate

Trace MineralTrace Mineral(TM) Salt(TM) Salt

LimestoneLimestone

MineralsMinerals

Reply…Reply…

1. What is the main ingredient in this feed supplement?

Plant Protein Products

2. What is the active drug ingredient in this product?

Monensin

3. What is the intended use or purpose of this product?

Growing/Finishing Beef Cattle


Reply…Reply…

1. What is the minimum crude fat level of this product?

1.00%

2. What is the minimum crude protein level of this product?

52.00%

3. What is fiber content of this product?

Maximum of 10.00%



Good (leafy/color/etc)Good (leafy/color/etc) Questionable (stems/etc)Questionable (stems/etc)

Issues (color/heatIssues (color/heat{?}{?}/etc)/etc)Mature (seed heads/etc)Mature (seed heads/etc)

Photos: Unknown SourcesHay QualityHay Quality

Other ItemsOther Items

There are many other items that could have been included in this presentation; and maybe some of them should have been included, and maybe some of those that were included should have been excluded.

Regardless of your thoughts and opinions concerning the inclusion/exclusion of the various items, it can be agreed that consensus would be difficult to achieve.

Other ItemsOther Items

Given the thoughts stated on the previous slide, it is recommended that additional items be identified for additional review and study.

Conducting an internet search for animal feeds, animal nutrition, forages, hay, pasture, or specific types of grains (barley, corn, milo/sorghum, oats, soybean, wheat, etc) is an excellent starting point.

Documents

TYPICAL OR COMMON FEEDS/FEEDSTUFFS 2008 Stephen R Schafer, EdD University of Nevada-Reno