Typology of the Negation in Welsh ICCS 2003 Dydd Iau 28ydd Awst 2003

Typology of the Negation in WelshICCS 2003 Dydd Iau 28ydd Awst 2003

Johannes Heinecke

Lannion, Brittanny, France

johannes(dot)heinecke(at)wanadoo(dot)fr

Johannes Heinecke, ICCS 2003 2

(Semantic) Negation

s Negation is not only a typical negation morpheme but each inversion of the truth value of the meaning of the utterance

s Predicate logics notationQpredicate(argument, argument, ...)Qpredicate(argument, predicate2(arguments))

s Example:QGwelodd Ioan y dyn yn y siop

e = see(Ioan, man) & in(e, shop) & reltime(e, past)

e = see(Ioan, man) & in(man, shop) & reltime(e, past)


Types of Negation

s Sentential Negation vs Constituent NegationQx: J(x) H(x) not(J(x) H(x))

John is happy not(John is happy) = it is not that John is happy

= John is not happy

Qx: J(x) H(x) J(x) not(H(x)) John is happy John is unhappy


Types of Negation (II)

s Ramat 1994QJohn does not like to work.

not(like(John, working)) (Sentential Negation)

QJohn does not like beer at lunch e = like(John, beer) not(at(e, lunch)) (Constituent

Negation)


Negation Markers: Particless Unmodified, syntactically fixed Elements, or

encompassing particlesQон не играем “he does not play” not(play(he))Qне игра

„do not play“ command(not(play(hearer)))Qон не дурак

„he is no idiot“ not(idiot(he))Qон не молод

„he is not young“ not(young(he))Qон не в комнате

„he is not in the room“ not(in(he, room))QDydy hi ddim yn braf.

N'eo ket brav. „it [the wheather) is not nice“ not(nice(x)

weather(x))


Negation Markers: (Bound) Morphemes

s Turkish Negation Suffix me/maQçocuklar uyudular çocuklar uyumadılarQsleep(children) not(sleep(children))

s Privative prefixesQgesund ungesundQiach afiachQtrefn anhrefn

(more later)


Negation Markers: Negation Verbs

s Auxiliaries which bear the semantic value “negative”Qluen en lue

read(speaker) not(read(speaker))

Qluet et lueread(hearer) not(read(hearer))

s Welsh: peidioQPaid (â) siarad lol!

command(not(waffle(hearer)))QMae‘n rhaid i ti beidio (â) mynd ymlaen fel ’na

necessity(not(continue))

(more later)


Scopes Negation Elements have different scopes

QI must drink waterobligation(speaker, drink(speaker, water))

QI must not drink beer Negation of mustobligation(speaker, not(drink(speaker, beer)))Negation of the argument of the obligation

QMae'n rhaid i fi yfed dŵr obligation(speaker, drink(speaker, water))

QDoes dim rhaid i fi yfed cwrw. Negation of bod yn rhaidnot(obligation(speaker, drink(speaker, beer))) Negation of the obligation

s For argument negation we need peidio:QMae'n rhaid i fi peidio ag yfed cwrw.Qobligation(speaker, not(drink(speaker, beer)))


Quantification/Double Negation

s Quantifiers open new positions for negationQarrive(John) John arrivesQarrive(not(John)) It is not John who arrivesQnot(arrive(John)) John does not arrive

Qchild: sing(child) all children are singingQnot( child): sing(child) not all children are singingQchild: not(sing(child) no child is singingQx not(child(x)): sing(x) all no-children are singing

s Double Negation: In logics: two negations = affirmation Qnot(not(P)) = P


Welsh Negations Negation+Time

QQ: Welaist ti Ioan ddoe? A: Naddo Q: question(e) e = see(hearer, Ioan) reltime(e, past)) A: (not(e) reltime(past, e)

s Verb/Auxiliary repetitionQQ: Ddaw hi 'fory? A: Na ddaw

Q: question(e) e = come(hearer) reltime(e, future)) A: (not(f = come(speaker)) reltime(future, f)

QQ: Weli di Mari? A: Na wnaf Q: question(e) e = see(hearer, Mari) reltime(e, future))

A: (not(f = make(speaker)) reltime(future, f)QQ: Wyt ti'n cysgu? A: Nac ydw Q: question(e) e = sleep(hearer)

A: (not(doing(speaker))


Scope

s Syntactically similar constructions vary in scopeQwrite(children, letter)

Mae 'r plant yn sgwennu llythyrQnot(write(children, letter)) (Sentential Negation)

Dydy'r plant ddim yn sgwennu llythyrQwrite(not(children), letter) (Constituent Negation)

Dim y plant sy 'n sgwennu llythyrQwrite(children, not(letter)) (Constituent Negation)

Dim llythyr y mae'r plant yn ei sgwennu


Prepositional Negation

s Negation changes the case of the patientQbuy(he, the book) Mi brynodd o'r llyfrQnot(buy(he, the book)) Phrynodd o ddim o'r llyfr

Qsee(I, he) Mi welais i oQnot(see(I, he)) Welais i ddim ohono fo

(> Welais i mohono)

Qна остановке нет автобуса not(located_at(bus, busstop))Q автобус на остановке

Q J‘ai pas bu de vin not(drink(speaker, some(wine))Qj‘ai bu du vin


Negative Temporal Grammemes

s Negation by anteriority markerQMae'r plant wedi bwyta'r mefus

e=eat(children, strawberries) reltime(e, anterior(now))QDydy'r plant ddim wedi bwyta'r mefus

e=not(eat(children, strawberries)) reltime(e, anterior(now))

QMae'r plant heb fwyta ('r mefus)e=not(eat(children, strawberries)) reltime(e,

anterior(now))


Real Double Negation

s Cases, where negations neutralise mutuallyQDydy'r plant ddim heb fwyta

not(not(eat(children, something))) = eat(children, something) QDoes neb yn peidio ag ysmygu

not x: not(smoke(x)) = x: smoke(x)

QDydy hwn ddim yn anfantais not(not(advantage))


Quantification

s Affirmative:QCyrhaeddodd QCanodd y plant i gyd

s Negated:Qnot(arrive(John)) Chyrhaeddodd Ioan ddimQarrive(not(John)) Nid Ioan a gyrhaeddodd

Qnot( child): sing(child) Nid y plant i gyd a ganodd Qchild: not(sing(child) Chanodd y plant i gyd ddim Qx not(child(x)): sing(x) ?Ganodd y di-blant


Quantification II

s All-QuantifierQwrite(all, letter) Mae pawb yn sgwennu llythyrQnot(write(all, letter)) Does neb yn sgwennu llythyrQwrite(not(all), letter) Dydy pawb ddim [wrthi] yn ysgrifennu llythyrQwrite(all, not(letter)) Dydy pawb ddim yn sgwennu llythyr


Quantification IIIs “not everybody wrote a letter“

Qe = write(not(all), letter) reltime(e, anterior(now))–Nid ysgrifenodd pawb lythyr–Ni fu pawb [wrthi] yn ysgrifennu llythyr–Ni fu i bawb ysgrifennu llythyr–Ni ddarfu i bawb ysgrifennu llythyr

–[Ni] Ddaru pawb ddim 'sgrifennu llythyr–[Ni] wnaeth pawb ddim 'sgrifennu llythyr

s “Not everybody has written a letter.“Qe = write(not(all), letter) reltime(e, anterior(now))

–Nid yw pawb wedi ysgrifennu llythyr written form

–Dydy pawb ddim wedi 'sgrifennu llythyr

written forms


The Finnish Way: Negation Verb

s peidio âQpaid! command(not(do(hearer)))Qpeidiwch â chyffwrdd! command(not(touch(hearer, it)))Qdywedais wrtho am beidio â mynd

say(speaker, he, f) f = command(not(go(he)))

s gwadu (relativated truth value)QMi wadod o ei fod wedi gweld Mair neithiwrQsay(he, not(x)) (x = (p = see(he, Mair) time(p, yesternight))

s methuQMi fethodd o orffen ei waith

not(able(he, x)) (x = finish(he, work))

s cf. gwrthod, pallu


To continue with: erioed and byth

s Do they express the direction of the neagtional scope?QNi welais i erioed neb fel GwynQI have never met somebody like Gwyn

QNi ddaeth o byth yn ôl

Time

NEGE

Time

NEGE


Lexical Negation: P(x)not(P(x))s Derivating

Qtrefn ditrefn Order chaoticQcalon digalon Heart sadQdiolch diddiolch thank ungratefulQdeall diddeall understand dumb

s Simple NegationQiach afiach healthy disgustingQmantais anfantais advantage disadvantageQiawn aniawn correct wrongQtrefn anhrefn order anarchyQcofio anghofio remember forgetQcytuno anghytuno agee disagreeQcloff disgloff lame not lameQmawr nemor (< nemawr) big hardly anything


ReferencesBorsley, Robert D. und Jones, Bob Morris: 2000. „The syntax of Welsh negation“. Transactions of the

Philological Society. 98-1: 15-47.Dahl, Östen: 1979. „Typologie of sentence negation“. Linguistics. 17-1: 79-106.Dahl, Östen: 1993. „Negation“. Syntax. Hrsg. v. Joachim Jacobs, Joachim, Arnim von Stechow, Arnim,

Wolfgang Sternefeld und Theo Vennemann. Berlin. Mouton de Gruyter. 914-923.Heinecke, Johannes: 1999. Temporal Deixis in Welsh and Breton. Heidelberg. Winter. (Anglistische

Forschungen 272).Jones, Morris: 1970. „The items ‘byth’ and ‘erioed’“. Studia Celtica. 7: 93-119.Jones, Robert M.: 1966. „Tympau'r Modd Mynegol“. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies. 22-I: 1-9.Klima, Edward L.: 1964. „Negation in English“. The Structure of Language: Readings in the Philosophy

of Language Hrsg. v. Jerry A. Fodor und Jerrold Jacob Katz. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall. 246-323.

McCawley, James D.: 1981. Everything that linguists have always wanted to know about logic, but were ashamed to ask. Chicago. University of Chicago Press. 2nd edition.

Payne, John R.: 1985. „Negation“. Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Hrsg. v. Timothy Shopen. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 197-242.

Ramat, Paolo: 1994. „Negation“. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Hrsg. v. Ronald E. Asher. Oxford. Pergamon Press. 2769-2774.

Reichenbach, Hans: 1940. Elements of Symbolic Logic. New York. MacMillan, The Free Press.


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Typology of the Negation in Welsh ICCS 2003 Dydd Iau 28ydd Awst 2003