Tyre Chips Recycling

8/3/2019 Tyre Chips Recycling

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With more than 250 million tiresdiscarded annually (approximately onetire per person), and that number show-

ing no signs of declining, the scrap-tiremarket continues to search for newuses for old tires. One growing market

for recycled tires is the onsite waste-water treatment industry, which usesthem for aggregate in soil absorption

systems. Just one manufacturer in Geor-gia, for instance, processes more than10 million tires per year, and approxi-mately two-thirds of these chips areused as onsite system aggregate.

Using tire chips as aggregate forconventional septic systems has beenapproved by a number of states, in-

cluding South Carolina, New Mexico,Iowa, Virginia, and Arkansas. I thinkothers should give this a look, saidCarl Graves, environmental health spe-

cialist, Arkansas Department ofHealth, Little Rock, Arkansas. It reallysurprises me the number of wastetires you can use in a standard absorp-

tion system. An average system withfive, 60-foot lines, for example, would

Waste Tire MarketsMarkets exist for more than 75 per-

cent of the nations waste tires, accord-ing to South Carolinas 2001 WasteTire Management Report. Some ofthese markets include tire-derived fuel,

playground cover, running surfaces, soilamendments, flooring and matting,roofing shingles, road-fill applications,

and rubber-modified asphalt.

Tire Chip Performance ResearchResearch has proven tire chips are a

viable alternative to gravel. (See Analy-sis of Tire Chips as a Substitute forStone Aggregate in Nitrification Trench-

es of Onsite Septic Systems: Status andNotes on the Comparative Macrobiolo-gy of Tire Chip Versus Stone AggregateTrenches, in this issue ofSmall Flows

Quarterly, page 18.)Systems that fail using tire chips as

aggregate would be treated the sameas systems that fail using gravel as ag-

gregate. I sincerely doubt it would bea fire threat to leave tire chips in thedrainfield of a failed system as long as

use approximately 1,400 to 1,500used tires. As an environmentalist, Ithink using that many tires for just onesystem is a good deal.

Scrap Tire LawsHistorically, waste tires took up

space in landfills or became breeding

grounds for mosquitoes and rodents

when stockpiled or illegally dumped.This changed in 1985 when Minnesotaenacted the first state law for managing

scrap tires. Since 1985, all but twostates, Alaska and Delaware, have en-acted a similar state law. The threeareas that states have generally focused

on are program management for scraptires, creation of market developmentprograms, and stockpile abatement.

According to the Rubber Manufactur-ers Association, 38 states ban wholetires from landfills, 35 states allow

shredded tires to be placed in landfills,11 states ban all scrap tires from land-fills, 17 states allow processed tires tobe placed into monofills, and 8 stateshave no landfill restrictions.

NSFC STAFF WRITER

Caigan M. McKenzieA Growing Trend as Aggregatein Soil Absorption Systems


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the shreds do not exceed 10 feet deep.Typically, tire chips in a drain mediumare no more than 3 feet deep, and

thats just not enough to build up a criti-cal mass of heat to cause a fire, saidMichael Blumenthal, senior technical di-rector, Rubber Manufacturers Associa-

tion, Washington, D.C.

Cost ConsiderationsSources indicate that aggregate

costs can be reduced by 10 to 90 per-cent when tire shreds are used inplace of gravel. Savings depend upon

a number of variables, including howplentiful gravel is, distributors sellingprice, and freight costs (both distanceand weight; a cubic yard of gravel

weighs about 2,800 pounds, as com-pared with a cubic yard of tire chips,which weighs only 800 pounds).

We use a ton of gravel for everyseven feet of trench. A ton of tire

chips goes 21 feet, said Bob Ar-doyno, tire chip distributor and septic

system installer in Waycross, Georgia.In a job that is 3 lines, 70 feet long,Id use one truck load of tire chips. If Iused gravel, Id need two truckloads.

It costs me more travel time, morefuel costs, more wear and tear on mytruck (a job requiring 75 tons of gravel

can be done with 25 tons of tirechips), and more money for aggre-gate, said Ardoyno. My profits dou-bled when I made the switch.

Increased profit is one reason Ar-doyno expanded his system installa-tion business to include distributing

tire chips. One of my customersspent $150,000 for gravel, money fora driver to haul it 125 miles, and pur-chased a big truck to carry the load.

After I explained how he could reducecosts while increasing profit by usingtire chips, he sold the truck, droppedthe driver, and increased his profit by

more than $75,000 doing the sameamount of work he had done the pre-vious year. But even stories such as his

dont impress some people. Some ofour mom and pop corporations havebeen burned trying new things in thepast, so they like sticking to the old

way, Ardoyno said.Tire chips increase the drainfield

storage capacity by 30 percent be-cause the void space between tire

chips (62 percent) is greater than thevoid space for gravel (44 percent).Drainfield size is unaffected.

End-User Rebate ProgramsSome states have end-user rebate

programs, including processors inLouisiana and Oklahoma, and end-users

in Utah, Virginia, Colorado, Iowa, andNebraska. Virginias end-user rebateprogram began in 1997, and, accordingto Allan Lassiter, manager of Virginias

waste tire management program for theDepartment of Environmental Quality,

Richmond, Virginia, they have no plansto stop it.

The way the program works in Vir-ginia is that the end user is reimbursedup to $22.50 a ton for tires originating

from a tire retailer and $100 a ton fortires recovered from a certified stockpilein the state, Lassiter said. We track itthrough a certificate that the retailer is-

sues to the hauler at the time the wastetires are picked up. The certificate hasfour duplicate pages. The top sheet has

a signature line for the tire retailer, tire

hauler, tire collector, and tire processor.As the certificate moves from retailer toprocessor, each signs the top sheet and

retains a duplicate copy of the certificate.After the certificate has all the nec-

essary signatures, the installer submitsthe form to the Department of Environ-

mental Quality and is reimbursed forthe cash value of the certificate. Some-times, installers share the money with

the processors and the homeowners.We even pay installers from other

states, as long as they use Virginia tires.North Carolina, for instance, processes

a substantial number of our tires, Las-siter said, and if an installer from anoth-er state buys our tires from them, wellcut a check for them, too.

Iowa Experiments with TireChips in Sand Filters andConstructed Wetlands

Brent Parker, senior environmental

engineer, Department of Natural Re-sources, with the state of Iowa, award-ed money from his waste managementaccount to Appanoose, Davis, Lucas,

and Monroe (ADLM) Counties so thatthey could put in some experimental

systems using tire chips as aggregate.ADLM has soil with a high clay content

(Armstrong, Shelby, Garra, and Edina),so instead of soil absorption trenches,they use sand filters. Tire chips replaced

rock in the distribution and collectionareas. They also used tire chips in con-structed wetlands, Parker said.

Bill Milani, a sanitarian in ADLM,

used tire chips in 24 systems, a combi-nation of sand filters and constructedwetlands. We started using tire chipsin 1999, but weve only completed

one year of our two-year continuouswater sampling tests because of con-struction delays. In another year, well

have conclusive results about the sys-tems performance. So far, tire chipsare working well in the subsurfacesand filters, Milani said.

Because of freight costs, it wasntas cost-effective as we had hoped. Riverrock in this part of Iowa is inexpensive

and plentiful ($9 a ton, washed). Onthe other hand, because tire chips areso light, you get a lot more for your dol-lar than you do with river rock.

As construction grows and riverrock supplies decrease, it might makesense to use tire chips more frequent-ly. There are some changes Id make,

A subsurface-flow constructed wetland cell in Iowa uses tire chips as aggregate. Photo by Bill Milani.


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Top: Bottom layer of trench with 6 inchesof chips and 4-inch pipe. Middle: Pipe cov-ered with 2 inches of chips Bottom: Tire

chips covered with geotextile material.Job ready for inspection by health depart-ment. Photos courtesy of Bobs Septic Tank

Company, Waycross, Georgia.

Quality ControlWhen I first started distributing

tire chips, I told the processor ourbusiness relationship wasnt going towork without strict quality control,

Ardoyno said. I cant ship junk topeople. It would never pass thehealth departments inspection. I

turned down five loads recentlywhen the processor brought in a

new manager. It took a lot of work toget it right, but now the quality is

good, Ardoyno said.When Ardoyno sells tire chips to

installers for the first time, he prefers

to go on a job with them and showthem the best way to work withthem. In small rural towns, yourname can become pretty mucked up

if you dont do things right, Ardoynosaid. For example, you might havesome people down at the local cof-fee shop talking about their installa-

tion, saying tire chips were left allover their property. Now whats aproperty owner going to do with a

half ton of tire chips. The wires fromthe chips could slice their foot openif they arent wearing heavy shoes.

I cant have that happen. If in-

stallers dont want to do it right, Iwont sell to them.

Ardoyno points out that tire chipsneed to be covered with a geotextile

material rather than the treated paperused to cover gravel because thewire would rip the paper, allowing

dirt to get into the trenches.

Everyone WinsUsing tire chips as aggregate for

drainfields is a great way to recycletires. It saves the homeowner money

and increases the installers profit.Because rock quarries are com-

monplace in Alabama, the cost differ-

ence between tire chips and gravel isnegligible. In a recent presentation topublic officials and wastewater pro-fessionals in Alabama, Ardoyno ex-

plained that using tire chips as aggre-gate would completely eradicate Al-abamas waste tire problem. Thenumber of onsite septic systems in-

stalled in 1998 in Alabama was26,500 with an average drainfield lin-ear footage of 275, or 825 square

feet. The average number of rubber tiresused in an average drainfield was 1,100.This means that one ton of rubber tire

chips will provide 10 inches of aggre-gate for a drainfield that is approximate-ly 26 linear feet long and 36 incheswide. Based on the average drainfield

size, 4,600 septic tanks would totallyeliminate the 5,048,600 tires discardedin Alabama in 1999, said Ardoyno.

Future of Tire Chips as AggregateMost installers that have used tire

chips say they wouldnt go back to tradi-tional materials. There are a number of

reasons why tire shreds are becomingwidely accepted by the septic systemconstruction industry.

Tire chips contain 62 percent void

space, as compared to 44 percent withstone. This allows tire chips to holdmore water than stone. Tire chips arelighter than stone, making it easier to

work with the tire chips, cutting installa-tion time in half and enabling installersto put in twice as many units a day.

Freight costs are drastically reduced be-cause of the variance in weight betweentire chips and gravel. Tire chips are lessexpensive than stone, sometimes even

hundreds of dollars less, and in somestates, installers are awarded with a re-bate for using tire chips. Tire chips donot significantly compact, therefore 12

inches of tire chips is equivalent to 12inches of washed gravel. Stories aboutcompaction are few and involve sandy

soil. Using tire chips helps the environ-ment by eliminating the need to exca-vate natural rock and provides an alter-native to tire disposal.

Using tire chips as aggregate in on-site systems has gained favor in manyparts of the country. While tire chipshave been proven to be a viable alterna-

tive to gravel, expanding their usethroughout the country will be basedon approval from appropriate state

agencies and economics. In areas of thecountry where tire chips are less expen-

sive than stone and where state regula-tions do not restrict this application, it is

expected that this market will expand.For more information contact

Graves, Arkansas DOH, (501) 661-2584; Blumenthal, Rubber Manufactur-

ers Association, (202) 682-4800; Ar-doyno, Bobs Septic Tank Company,(912) 283-6727; Lassiter, Virginias DEQ,

(804) 698-4215; Parker, Iowas Dept. ofNatural Resources, (515) 725-0337; Mi-lani, Iowa (641) 437-1909; and Baxley,South Carolina DOH and Environmental

Control (843) 248-1506.


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monolandfills) (10). Because of the

high volume of waste tires, problemsassociated with their disposal, aesthet-ic problems, and the expansion and in-novation of reuse of used tire products

is being addressed aggressively.Chipped or shredded tires are beingused for a wide variety of products, in-cluding playground covers, doormats,

roadbed, fill, shoes, and aggregate sub-stitute in septic system drainfields. This

Analysis of Tire Chips as a Substitutefor Stone Aggregate in NitrificationTrenches of Onsite Septic Systems:

Note: This white paper has been reviewed by North Carolinas OnSite Wastewater Section

Department of Environmental Health (DEH-OSWS) and approved for publication. Approval does not

signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of DEH-OSWS. The mention of trade

names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for use.

paper will describe and analyze the cur-

rent available information on the use oftire chips as a substitute for stone ag-gregate in septic system drainfields.

In more than 17 states, tire

chips/shreds are currently permitted foruse or are under experimental evalua-tion as an aggregate substitute for stoneaggregate in septic system drainfields.

Some of the scrap tires in North Carolinaare being chipped and exported to

By Barbara Hartley Grimes, Ph.D., Steve Steinbeck, P.G., and Aziz Amoozegar, Ph.D.

It is estimated that at least 250 mil-

lion tires (about one tire per person)are discarded annually in the UnitedStates (21). This high number of usedtires presents a significant problem fordisposal and has led to intense re-

search and development for reusingand recycling tires. In a two-year peri-od (1999 and 2000), counties in

North Carolina reported receiving 9.5million tires (136,536 tons in

Status and Notes on the Comparative Macrobiologyof Tire Chip Versus Stone Aggregate Trenches

A tire chip processor in actioCameron, North Carolina.Photo courtesy of Tim Warren


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South Carolina for use in septic systems.Tire chips have recently been approved

as an aggregate for septic systems inNorth Carolina. (See Approval: www.

deh.enr.state.nc.us/oww ).The number of discarded tires used

in onsite systems can be significant. Forexample, approximately 2.3 million pas-senger tire equivalents in Georgia, 300

tons of tire chips in Iowa, 100 million

tires in Florida, and about 30 percent ofused tires in Oklahoma are being usedin septic systems.

Specifications and Definitions:General Description of Tire Chips

Tires can be cut into small pieces

called tire chips or tire shreds by vari-ous techniques. The New York StateRoundtable defines chips as A classi-

fied scrap tire . . . which is generally

two inches (50.8mm) or smaller and

has most of the wire removed andshreds as Pieces of scrap tires that . . .

are generally between 50mm (1.97)

and 305 mm (12.02) in size(11). Thephysical characteristics of the tirechips, such as size, wire protrusion,

and fines are controllable factors inthe processing of tire chips. Based onthis, the term tire chips is more suit-

able as a substitute for stone aggre-gate than the term tire shreds.

According to the Texas NaturalResource Council Commission

(TNRCC), while passenger tires mayvary in size and shape, they have simi-

lar general physical and chemical char-acteristics and are composed approxi-

mately of 85 percent carbon, 10 to 15percent ferric material, and 0.9 to 1.25percent sulfur (20). (More specific infor-

mation on rubber, metals, and othercompounds in tires can be found inAppendix I.) For example, studies haveshown that new versus used tire chips

have similar performance when used asaggregate in septic systems (18).

The relatively stable structure oftire chips makes them a suitable sub-

stitute for stone aggregate in the sep-tic system. In addition, tire chips arethree times lighter than stone aggre-

gate (e.g., a cubic yard of stone aggre-gate is 2,800 pounds and a cubic yardof tire shreds is 800 pounds). Also, inmany cases, tire chips have shown to

be one-third the cost of stone aggre-gate for use in septic systems (18).

Regulations in states where tirechips are approved as a substitute for

stone aggregate in onsite systems re-quire them to be of similar size as

stone aggregate (approx 2 inches),with wire protrusion of 0.5 inches or

less. These regulations also require ano fines limit and geotextile fabricto cover the tire chips before groundcovering. This is a general overview,

and examples of specific regulationsin some southeastern states can be

found in Appendix II.The major differences in state reg-

ulations are in the percent of tirechips meeting specification required(80 percent, 90 percent, etc.) and the

oversight, inspection and /or certifica-tion of the tire chip specifications(Appendix II). Few states address thebead wires, cleanup, and any limits on

depth to groundwater, other thanstandard installation requirements.

Main Issues in Tire Chip Substi-tution (Demonstration/Experi-mental Projects)

Concerns for tire chip use includestorage, handling of chips with protrud-ing wires, post-installation cleanup ofstray tire chips, potential for compres-

sion or compaction, and durability ofthe chips. In storage, the accumulationof dirt and stray materials needs to be

prevented. Persons handling the chipsshould use care, wear thick gloves andappropriate clothing (including thick-soled shoes), and have current tetanus

protection. Cleanup must be addressedin the post-installation inspection.

Research has shown that com-paction is not a significant problem, and

our inspection of tire chips in the trench-es of a number of 8-year-old drainfieldsin South Carolina revealed that the tirechips were not degraded or damaged

by wear. These demonstrate the durabili-

ty of tire chips in septic system drain-fields. Recommendations have been

made from several research/demonstra-tions projects that tire chips should befirmly compacted prior to covering withgeotextile fabric.

One field survey conducted in SouthCarolina did not show a significant num-ber of failures in tire chip systems thatwere greater than 10 years old or evi-

dence of settling problems over thedrainfields. Porosity was found to behigher with tire chips than stone (60 per-

cent for tire chips; 40 percent for stone)

(13, 1618).

Sewage Distribution, Performance,and Biomat Formation

Performance studies comparingstone aggregate drainlines and tirechip aggregate drainlines in various

combinations of alternating drainfieldsand alternating drainlines show in allcases equivalent or similar wastewater

dispersal to the soils within the trenchesfilled with stone aggregate and tire chipsdrainfields (2,13,1618). Permeability oftire chips was found to be equal to

that of stone aggregate. In some cases,less ponding was recorded in the tirechip systems than systems that wereconstructed using stone aggregate

(13,1618).Waste treatment efficiency in all

studies using tire chips was equivalent

to that achieved in stone aggregatedrainfields. Wastewater treatment test-ing in more than one project examinedBOD5, COD, TSS, ammonia-nitrogen,

nitrate, fecal coliforms, and pH, andshowed equivalent treatment, except

Top: Tire chips before installation. Bottom:Tire chips excavated from system eight yearslater shows growth of biofilm and lack oftire chip decomposition. Photos courtesy ofBarbara Grimes.


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that the wastewater treatment efficien-cy in tire chip trenches sometimestook several months to reach the same

rates. Conductivity profiles demon-strated little precipitation in either typeof aggregate (13,1618).

Biomat formation and macrobiolo-

gy of tire chips in comparison to stoneaggregate systems examined in NorthCarolina and South Carolina (Appendix

III) demonstrated a thicker biomat anda surprising level of supported inverte-brates in the tire chip trenches. Onlynematodes were found in a two-year-

old system in North Carolina. demon-strating an aerated system that allowsthem to provide an additional treat-ment of waste constituents.

In the South Carolina systems (olderthan 8 years), we found more trophiclevels (feeding types) of micro- and

macro-organisms, which indicated a sta-ble ecological wastewater treatmentcommunity (1, 5, 14, 15, 22). The or-ganisms included grazers, saprophytic

feeders, and filter feeders. This complex-ity and diversity of organisms demon-strates the potential for additional levelsof wastewater treatment in tire chip ag-

gregate, keeps the biomat pores open,promotes healthy biomat regrowth bygrazing, and indicates a healthy and di-

verse ecosystem in the tire chip trench-es (1, 5, 14, 15, 22).

In comparison, only a few proto-zoa were found in a stone aggregate

system in South Carolina. Evaluation of

both stone aggregate and tire chip sys-

tems that were overloaded (i.e. high

level of ponding) showed that thehealthy ecosystem was not present intire chip trenches when overloaded.

A Question of LeachatesMajor in-depth studies of leachate

from tire chip versus stone aggregate

drainfields, include: Amoozegar andRobarg, 1999 (2) in North Carolina;

Burnell and Omber, 1997 (3);Envirologic, 1990 (6); Liu. Mead, and

Stacer, 1998 (8); Robinson, 2000 (13);Sengupta and Miller, 1999 and 2000(16, 17); and Spagnoli, Weber, andZicari, 2001 (18).

One of the major questions raisedin using tire chips as a substitution forstone aggregate is the potential leach-

ing of various constituents from thetire chips. Bench studies and field test-ing have examined tire chip leachateunder normal and worst case sce-

nario conditions (2, 3, 6, 8, 13, 16,

17, 18). The pollutants of interest inthese studies indicate that volatile andsemi-volatile compounds do not enter

the leachate. Other studies havedemonstrated that ground rubber andtire chips actually remove some of the

organic compounds from fluids perco-lating through them (7, 18).

Studies under typical septic sys-tem conditions have shown that tire

chip leachate and stone aggregateleachate contain high concentrationsof iron (16, 17). The levels of iron,

which is a secondary drinking watercontaminant (aesthet-ic), however, does notseem to pose a health

problem. The studiesat the Chelsea Centershowed that tire chipswere actually a sink for

iron when comparedto the influent concen-tration (16, 17).

In some studies,manganese (secondarydrinking water stan-

dards) was higher inthe tire chip leachatethan in the aggregateleachate (18). In theChelsea Center studies,

on the other hand,manganese concentra-tion was mostly con-

stant in the effluent inthe D-box, but was ofequivalent concentra-tions in stone aggre-

gate and tire chips in

the trenches although fluctuating inbothbeing sometimes higher in theaggregate and sometimes higher in thetire chips (16, 17).

In the Chelsea studies, zincleachate was lower than secondarydrinking water standards; in bothtrench types, zinc concentrations were

lower than in the distribution box whileparalleling D-box fluctuations (17).

As for the effluent macrobiologyin the trenches, it appears that the ironin the presence of some unknown fac-tor(s) in tire chips enhances macrobio-logical growth. Accumulation of harm-

ful trace metals does not appear tooccur as evident by the biologicalgrowth in the South Carolina systems.

Overall, it appears that tire chip

substitution for stone aggregate is anexcellent alternative for onsite systemsin regard to wastewater treatment,

durability, and economics. Using tirechip aggregate in septic systems alsoprovides a viable solution to recyclingused tire waste. As a result of the data,

a 1:1 substitution was recommendedand approved for use in NorthCarolina. Because of the biologicalstudies (and other researchers recom-

mendation (18) and, we do not recom-mend tire chips be used for areas withseasonal high water tables, using less

than one foot separation for Group 1(sand, loamy sand) (1.5 feet in sandysoils), or conditions (e.g., undersizing)that result in overloading the drain-

fields. Additionally, physical hazards,worker safety, and compliance with thespecifications must be addressed.

Barbara Hartley Grimes, Ph.D., isthe NonPoint Source PollutionProgram coordinator and SteveSteinbeck, P.G., NonPoint Source

Pollution Program team leader withthe Onsite Wastewater Section of theDivision of Environmental Health,

North Carolina Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources.Aziz Amoozegar, Ph.D., is a professorin the Department of Soil Science at

North Carolina State University.

References1. Ali, Arshad, Moh Leng Kok-Yokomi, and J.

Bruce Alexander. 1991. Vertical Distribu-tion ofPsychoda alternata (Diptera: Psy-chodidae) in Soil Receiving WastewaterUtilized for Turf Cultivation. J. of MosquitoControl Association: Volume 12, Number2:287 289.

2. Amoozegar, Aziz and Wayne P. Robarge.1999. Evaluation of Tire Chips as a Substi-tute for Gravel in the Trenches of SepticSystems. Final Report for the Division ofPollution Prevention and Environmental

This demonstration installation of tire chips in a septic systemin North Carolina featured the use of a steel brace for support-ing the distribution pipe while the chips were loaded into the

trench. Photo courtesy of Tim Warren.


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General Tire Composition(Modified 1999 TNRCC Fact Sheet):Weight: Passenger Tire 18.720.0 pounds

Truck tire about 100 poundsVolume:

Number of Tires Needed for One cubic yard:

Car Tires 10

Truck Tires 3Shredded car tires (1 pass) 33Shredded truck tires (1 pass) 7Shredded car tires (2 inch chips) 47

Basic Ingredients:

Fabric: Steel, nylon, aramid fiber, rayon, fiberglass, or polyester(usually a combination)

Rubber: Natural and synthetic (hundreds of polymer types)Reinforcing chemicals: Carbon black, silica, resinsAnti-degradants: Antioxidants/ozonants, paraffin waxes

Adhesion Promoters: Cobalt salts, brass on wire, resins on fabricsCuratives: Cure accelerators, activators, sulfurProcessing aids: Oils, tackifiers, peptizers, softeners

Composition of One Popular All-Season Passenger Tire:Weight : 21 poundsComposition: 30 different synthetic rubbers 5 lbs

8 types of natural rubber 4 lbs

8 types of carbon black 5 lbssteel cord for belts 1 lbpolyester and nylon 1 lb

steel bead wire < 1 lb40 chemicals, waxes, oils, etc 3 lbs

Approximate composition Percentages:85% carbon

10-15% ferric material0.9-1.25% sulfur

Typical Percentages of Rubber Mix in Some Types of Tires:Synthetic Rubber Natural Rubber

Passenger tire 55% 45%Light Truck Tire 50% 50%

TRNCC Information :Using Tire Shreds in Onsite Sewage Facilities (Septic Systems)

Shreds are three times lighter than stone aggregate:Cubic yard of stone aggregate: 2,800 poundsCubic yard of tire shreds: 800 pounds

APPENDIX I

Assistance; Department of Environmentand Natural Resources and ChathamCounty Board of Commissioners. 133 pp.http://www.p2pays.org/ref/03/02627.pdf

3. Burnell, B.N. and McOmber, G. 1997.Used Tires as a Substitute for DrainfieldAggregate: Site Characterization and De-sign of On-site Septic Systems. ASTM STP1324: MS Bedinger, JS Fleming, & AI John-son, Eds. Am. Society for Testing Materials.

4. Daniels, Joe and Bruce Bird , 1993 . A Re-port on the Use of Scrap Tire Shreds as

Soil Absorption Media. Prepared for theKansas Department of Health an Environ-ment Local Protection Plan Grant. 8 pp.

5. Feuchen, McGarry, and Marc eds. InWater Wastes and Health in Hot Cli-mates. Flies causing Nuisance and Allergy1977 John Wiley, New York p. 291-298.

6. Envirologic, Inc. (1990), A Report on theUse of Shredded Scrap Tires in On-SiteSewage Disposal Systems, by Envirologic,Inc., Brattleboro, Vermont, for Departmentof Environmental Conservation, State ofVermont, 9 p.

7. Gunasekara, A. S., J. A. Donovan, and B.Xing. 2000. Ground discarded tires removenaphthalene, toluene, and mercury fromwater. Chemosphere 2000 Oct.41(8):1155-60.

8. Liu, H.S., Mead, J.L., and Stacer, R.G.(1998).Environmental Impacts of RecycledRubber in Light Fill Applications: Summaryand Evaluation of Existing Literature. Tech-nical Report #2. Plastics Conversion Pro-ject. Chelsea Center for Recycling and Eco-nomic Development, University of Massa-chusetts, Lowell. 18 p.

9. North Carolina Solid Waste ManagementAnnual Report (1996- June, 1997) March1998. Published by: Division of WasteManagement; Division of Pollution Preven-tion and Environmental Assistance, andDepartment of Environment and NaturalResources 25 pp.

10.North Carolina Solid Waste ManagementAnnual Report (1999- June, 2000) March2001. Published by: Division of WasteManagement; Division of Pollution Preven-tion and Environmental Assistance, andDepartment of Environment and NaturalResources 25 pp. http://wastenot.enr.state.nc.us/swhome/annrep.htm

11.NYS Roundtable Consensus on Tire Man-agement Parameters for Legislative Devel-opment: March, 2000. http://www.rma.org

/scrap_tires/state_issues/index.cfm12.Onsite Wastewater SectionDivision of En-

vironmental HealthNC Department of En-vironment and Natural Resources WebPage: Rules, Information, Programs, Innov-

ative and Experimental Approvals/ Applica-tions, etc. http://www.deh.enr.state.nc.us/oww/

13. Robinson, Sharon J. (Feb.) 2000. The Useof Chipped Tires as Alternate Aggregate inSeptic System Leach Fields, MS thesis inCivil Engineering. State University if NY.Syracuse.234pp

14. Scott, Harold George. 1961. Filter FlyControl at Sewage Plants. The Sanitarian:Vol. 24(1): 14-17.

15. Steinhaus, E. H. and F. J. Brinley, 1957.Some relationships between bacteria andcertain sewage-inhabiting insects. MosquitoNews 17:299-302.

16. Sengupta, S and H. Miller, 1999. Prelimi-nary Investigation of Tire Shred for Use in

Residential Subsurface Leaching Field Sys-tems: A Field Scale Study. Technical Re-port #12. Chelsea Center for Recyclingand Economic Development, Universityof Massachusetts, Lowell. 12 p.

17. Sengupta, S and H. Miller, 2000. Investi-gation of Tire Shred for Use in ResidentialSubsurface Leaching Field Systems: AField Scale Study. Technical Report #32.Chelsea Center for Recycling and Eco-nomic Development, University of Massa-chusetts, Lowell. 33 p.

18. Spagnoli, J, AS Weber, and LP Zicari, Sep-tember 2001. The Use of Tire Chips inSeptic System Leachfields. Center for Inte-grated Waste Management, University atBuffalo, Buffalo, New York. 92pp.

19. TNRCC Information: The Composition ofa Tire: Waste Tire Recycling Program Of-fice of Permitting, Texas Natural ResourceConservation Commission , P.O Box13087. Austin, Texas 78711-3087.Septem-ber 1999

20. TNRCC Information: Using Tire Shreds inOn-Site Sewage Facilities (Septic Systems)11-3087. September 1999.

21. USEPA, August, 1999. A Quick ReferenceGuide. 1999 Update. EPA-530-B-99-002.

22. Usinger, R. L. and W. R. Kellen, 1955. The

Role of Insects in Sewage Disposal Beds.Hilgardia. J. of Agricultural Science (Cali-fornia Agricultural Experiment Station).Vol. 23(10): 263-321.


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searchers and the general public, planners, man-

agers, state officials, public health officials, and fi-nance officers.

The cost of this book is $19.50. Request item

#FMBKGN210.

Everything You Always Wanted To KnowAbout Septic SystemsBut Didnt KnowWho To Ask!Homeowner Version 1.0

Environmental Health, Volusia County Health Depart-

ment

This interactive CD ROM educates homeownersabout conventional onsite systems. The CD is divid-ed into six main sections, including

the history of the modern septic system,

public health issues,

effluent characteristics,

failures and repairs,

frequently asked questions, and

Web sites for additional information.

The septic tank anddrainfield are further de-tailed through an ex-tensive video/slide

show that coverssuch topics as

septic tank re-quirements,

use of dos-ing tanks,types of

tanks to use,aerobic treat-ment units,drainfield loca-

tion, what aggre-

Small Community Wastewater Solutions:A Guide to Making Treatment, Man-agement, and Financing Decisions

Ken Olsen, Bridget Chard, Doug

Malchow, and Don HickmanThis publication aims to help

property owners become criti-cal thinkers with respect to the

information, concerns, andrecommendations that willsurface as they begin theprocess of solving their

wastewater problems.It also provides thetools small communi-ties need to access

this data and to make

independent, in-formed judgments

and choices. The firstchapter offers a quickgrounding in waste-water problems; fol-

lowed by a chapter-by-chapter roadmap to small community

wastewater treatment solutions. It explains what the

people in a community will need to do, includingwhat they need to know before making any deci-sions, sewage treatment system options, wastewatermanagement options, community organizational

structure options, financing wastewater systems,

working with professionals, and finally, implementa-tion of the plan. There is a glossary and several ap-pendices that include sample surveys, a summary of

treatment options, scientific abbreviations andmeasurements, and a guide to common acronyms.The book is a comprehensive guide to making com-

munity wastewater treatment decisions. Local offi-cials and other community leaders will find it partic-ularly useful, and it is a good resource for re-

Please note that shipping charges apply to all orders,even if the product itself is free.


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N E W P R O D U C T S

how to prevent system failure; and where to go for

additional information. This booklet will be useful topublic health officials, contractors/developers, andthe general public.

The cost of this booklet is 65 cents. Requestitem #WWBLPE75.

State Onsite Wastewater Regulatorsand Captains of Industry Conferences:Interactive CD ROM

National Small Flows Clearinghouse

This interactive CD-ROM documents the pro-ceedings of the 2002 State Onsite Wastewater Reg-ulators and Captains of Industry Conferences heldin Newport, RI, in March 2002. From each of the

conference agendas, several full-text papers and/orpresentations as well as opening remarks can beviewed on screen or downloaded and printed. Top-ics include the status of onsite systems, pathogen

and nutrient treatment and transport in soils, anoverview of Capacity Development work, clustersystems, onsite wastewater planning and zoning, a

model onsite system ordinance project, and U.S.EPA onsite wastewater initiatives. The CD also in-cludes a photo gallery, lists of attendees and pre-senters with their contact information, and addition-

al resources, along with a follow-up article from theSmall Flows Quarterly. The CD-ROM will be of par-ticular interest to those wastewater professionals in-volved with onsite wastewater regulations, including

government officials with regulatory oversight, localofficials, public health officials, engineers, manufac-

turers, and consultants. To access the files on thisCD, you will need the following software: MicrosoftWindows (the CD is not Mac compatible), a Webbrowser (Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Nav-igator, etc.), a media player, Adobe Acrobat Reader,

Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, MicrosoftExcel, and Corel WordPerfect. For some links, suchas QuickTime 6, you will also need a live Internetconnection.

The cost of this CD is $10.00. Request item#WWCDRG68.

Low-Pressure Pipe

Sewage SystemInstallation andDesign

Theo B. Terry

Design and installa-tion methods are crucialfor obtaining proper low-

pressure pipe (LPP) sys-tem performance. TheLincoln Trial DistrictHealth Department (Ken-

tucky) prepared this man-ual, which is intended to

be used as a voluntary reference for installers, in-spectors, and users of LPP sewage disposal systems.The table, charts, figures, and instructions in thismanual give detailed step-by-step procedures to use

when designing LPP systems. A video titled Low-pressure Pipe Sewage Disposal System, Design and

Installation, also a National Small Flows Clearing-

house product (#WWVTDM100) can be used inconjunction with the manual as a tool to train in-spectors and certified installers. This manual will behelpful to engineers, planners, managers, public

health officials, operators, and contractors/develop-ers.

The cost of this booklet is $4.00. Request item#WWBLDM101.

Pumping Your Septic Tank

Teri King and Jodie Holdcroft

Septic maintenance

can extend the life ofyour septic sys-tem, protectwater quality,

and also helpprotect publichealth. This

brochure explainswhy it is necessary toregularly pump your sep-tic tank. It lists the infor-

mation that the pumpershould include on a receipt,such as tank size, construction,and number of compartments;

effluent levels, tank condition, andscum and sludge levels; baffle con-dition; outlet baffle effluent filter;

pump chamber and pump; drainfieldcondition; sewage disposal location; andany abnormal findings. The brochure includes abrief description about watertight septic tanks.

Homeowners, public health officials, and local offi-cials will find this information useful.

The cost of this brochure is 40 cents. Request item#WWBRPE71.

Landscaping Your Septic TanksTeri King and Jodie Holdcroft

In developing a site, it is important for homeowners

to prepare a comprehensive plan for the property.This brochure describes different ways to plan alandscape design for optimum septic tank opera-tion. Information is provided about such topics as

knowing your septic components for easy access,choosing the right plants, and a plant list. Thisbrochure will be useful for homeowners as they

landscape the area around their septic system.The cost of this brochure is 40 cents. Request item#WWBRPE72.

Documents

Tyre Chips Recycling