u3

• Why 600?• Islam bursts on the scene• End of the Post Classical Era• Trade dramatically increases• Why 1450?• Cut off before the world becomes globally

connected– European exploration

• Big Picture snapshots of this time period• Trade increases on the Silk Road, Indian Ocean and Trans

Saharan– Silk, Sand, Sea

• Technology increases trade– Saddles, ships, gold

• Trade impacts new cities (Swahili City States, Timbuktu)– Major cities are made by trade

• Calicut• Malacca • Tenochtitlan• Baghdad

• Islam dramatically effects history– Consider the breadth of the empire

• Mongols– Largest land empire in history

• Western Europe turns feudal and is compared to feudal Japan– Decentralized

• Byzantine Empire– Highly centralized

• China and its second golden age (Sui, Tang, Song dynasties)

• Aztec and Inca comparison in the Americas– Not connected to global trade– Will receive the Europeans

• Mali in Africa• Oceana– Polynesian migrations

• Catalysts of Change during this time period• Catalyst = something that causes a change• Islam• Schism in Christianity• Manufacturing in Song China• Chinese and Middle Eastern technology• Mongols• Camels• Black Death

• Comparisons• Justinian Code/Hammurabi’s Code• Aztecs/Incas• Turks/Vikings/Mongols• Eastern/Western world development

600 to 1450 CE: Islam, Part 1

• Islam symbol (crescent moon)• Monotheistic religion like Judaism and

Christianity– Super-monotheistic– Challenges Christianity as being really

monotheistic

• Accepts Abraham, Moses and Jesus as prophets– Accepts prophets of the past (Jesus was a prophet)

• Joins Buddhism and Christianity as a universalizing religion (easily adapted to other cultures)

• Islam means “submission”– Muslim means “one who submits”

• Started by Muhammad (600s)• Place of worship: Mosque• Holy book: Koran

• Five Pillars– Prayer (5 times)– Fasting during Ramadan (Holy month)– Give charity – Confess there is one God

• Make trip to Mecca (Pilgrimage) – Moves people to a new place– Makes lots of interactions– Mansa Musa from Mali (Africa)• Goes to Mecca and gives tons of gold• Turns Mali (Timbuktu) into a great Muslim learning city

– Ibn Battuta (Morocco)• Went to Mecca, all over Muslim areas• Can compare him to Marco Polo

• By 711, (80 years) Islam reaches both India and Spain– Think of how far that is

• Spread by merchants, missionaries and conquering due to weaker surrounding areas

• Dar Al Islam• House of Islam– Islam is not just in one area, the house is everywhere

• Territory of Islam includes the Middle East, North Africa and Spain

• When Muhammad dies, Abu Bakr is named Caliph (in charge of Muslim religion and government)– Ali becomes Caliph– Sunni (majority) Muslims must select the next Caliph– Shia (minority) Caliph must be related to Muhammad

• Spread to Southeast Asia by Indian Ocean trade– Indonesia is the most populated Muslim country in the

world today• Islam is a perfect example of religious diffusion

600 to 1450 CE: Islam, Part 2

• Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE)• First Islamic Dynasty • Islam expands and the capital is Damascus– Spiritual capital is always Mecca

• All Islamic areas share Arabic Language

• Jizya is a tax on non-Muslims used in Islamic empires• “Head tax”• Shows religious tolerance • Al-Andalus:• Means “Islamic Spain”• Spanish Muslims = “Moors” • Mosque at Cordoba, Spain great example of diffusion of culture• Center of Islamic learning with free education, medicine and

preservation of Greek and Roman learning• Later turned into a Christian church• Really good example of diffusion

• Charles Martel defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours– Islam was moving through Spain and into France– What if Muslims won?• Would you be Muslim today?

• Followed by the Reconquista – Catholic Church made all Jews and Muslims get

out of Spain– Very different than Jizya, right?

• Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE)• Golden Age of Islam• Capital moves to Baghdad– Other major cities• Cordoba, Spain and Cairo, Egypt

• Trade flourishes on Silk Road

• Credit used by merchants– Bills, receipts– Helps trade grow

• Abbasid = Trading and Learning• Accomplishments include: Arabic numerals,

advancements in algebra, geometry and trigonometry, perfection of the astrolabe, astronomical observatories, optic surgery, medical encyclopedias, and literature like the Arabian Nights.

• Arabesques– Mosques use of geometric patterns– No pictures– Never pictures of Muhammad (against Koran)

• Mosques– 4 minarets • Towers where someone goes to the top and calls for

prayer five times a day

• Sufis• Mystical Muslims• Mix of Islam w/ tribal religions• Spread a lot of Islam

• Women in Islam• Better treatment under the Quran– Equal protection under religion – Not like Hinduism (women not getting moksha)

• Society takes a lot of those protections away– Harem, 4 wives, – Veiling – Show patriarchal society

• End unit 3 part 1

600 to 1450 CE: Byzantine Empire and Western Europe, Part 1

• Byzantine Empire• Eastern part of the Roman Empire• Why split? Too big to rule• Other part is Holy Roman Empire– West falls to the Goths (476)

• East will survive until 1453

• Justinian (Most important Byzantine Emperor)– Gotta compare Justinian’s Code to Hammurabi’s• Influenced later law codes

– Builds Hagia Sophia (church)• Converted to mosque by Muslims

• Started making silk– Outside of China

• Well defended by walls, forts

• Highly centralized while western Europe is very decentralized

• 1054 Holy Roman Church splits with Byzantine Church (Great Schism)– Because of icons used by Byzantine Church– Becomes the Eastern Orthodox Church– Compare Schism to Sunni/Shia split and

Catholic/Protestant split (Luther)

• Eastern Orthodox Church– Icons– Bible in vernacular– Priests could marry• Compare all of that to Luther

• Huge influence on Russia– EO moves to Russia after Muslims take over– Moscow becomes “Third Rome” (After Rome and

Constantinople)

• Western Europe• Decentralized– Roman Empire never comes back• Charlemagne tries in 800, fails• Stays completely divided into separate countries• Compare to India/China

• Franks most powerful group to emerge– Charles Martel stopped Muslims at Tours• Charlemagne’s grandpa

• Charlemagne attempts to bring back the Roman Empire in the 800s.– Can't control the land• Loose connection

• Comparison of European and Japanese feudalism: • Knight/Samurai• Chivalry/Bushido• Lords/Daimyo• Women in Europe mainly midwives and healers/ Some

Japanese Samurai– European women were damsels in distress, in the home

• SEPPUKU! (Hari-kiri) – ritual suicide if you dishonor the daimyo

• Chivraly only for knights, bushido for men and women

600 to 1450 CE: Byzantine Empire and Western Europe, Part 2

• Western Europe– Decentralized government but centralized religion

• Glue that holds it together

• Gothic Architecture– Tall spires, flying buttresses, stained glass

• Pointing up to God, look @ heaven

• Churches– Places of learning

• Not allowed to dissect like Muslims– Banned by Church

• Vikings:• From Scandinavia, (Norway, Sweden) raided coastal

areas not large urban centers• Use of longships to raid coastal areas– They were sea-fairing – Longship with dragon head on front

• End up converting to Christianity and become docile • William the Conqueror 1066– Viking that took over England

• Crusades:• Catholic Church wants to get the Muslims out of Holy Lands

– After 1054 Schism• Wants to show that the Church was powerful and together• Wouldn't let Muslims hurt the Church like EO did

• Won the first Crusade, lost all the others• Began in 1095 CE, tried but failed to bring unity to the Christian

world• Lasting impact was the return of knowledge from the Middle East

to Europe– Antiquity works– Astrolabe, compass– Will spark the Renaissance

• Black Death:• Began in China and spread through trade routes– Silk Roads

• Big part of spreading disease• Mongols played a big part

• Killed 1/3 of European population (circa 1348 CE)• Collapses feudalism because serfs become more

valuable

• Nation states develop:• England: William the Conqueror -1066 , Magna Carta -1215 and

Parliament– King can’t raise taxes w/o consent of ppl

• Germany and Italy are city-states (NOT COUNTRIES UNTIL 1880s)• France: 100 Years War

– ENG v. FR over ENG taking FR land• FR wins w/ help of Joan of Arc

• Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella, Reconquista and their use of Catholicism– Country completely based on religion

• Russia: Mongol Horde eventually lose power, Moscow emerges

• Economics – Hanseatic League• North Sea (Atlantic) trading alliance of countries• Leads Netherlands and England to become strong due

to trade

• Reasons why Europe is lifted from the Middle Ages into the Renaissance– Gunpowder, longbow, Crusades, Marco Polo’s

Travels, Black Death and the Printing press.

600 to 1450 CE: China

• Spread of Buddhism from India to China, Korea and then to Japan

• China:• Sui Dynasty (Grand Canal)• Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)

– Expands Chinese territory– Kowtow shows Chinese dominance over places like Korea– Second Golden Age of the Silk Road– Letters of Credit (Flying money)– Gunpowder developed– Champa rice from Vietnam fuels population surge

• Song Dynasty:• Iron manufacturing makes China manufacturing

giant of the world at this time• Largest cities in the world• Golden Age of innovation with the compass and

printing• Neo-Confucianism combines both Buddhism

and Confucianism• Foot binding shows patriarchal society

• Yuan Dynasty– Mongol rule in China (prejudice towards the

Chinese )• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE)– Kicked out the Mongols and Chinese culture

reemerges

• Japan– Shinto– Feudal Japan and Feudal Europe comparison– Shogun held all the power while the Emperor was a

figurehead• India– Delhi Sultanate

• Islamic rule in Northern India

– Hinduism remains a constant especially in Southern India

600 to 1450 CE: The Mongols

• Mongol Must Know Information:– Largest continuous land empire in world history• Loss to Japan (tsunami) in East

– JPN never attacked again until 1945– Thought gods protected them with Kamikaze (Divine Winds)

• Ogedei died in Austria in West– All Mongols have to return to Mongolia to choose new Khan

• Nomadic and pastoral– Stunts Mongol culture (religion, written language

etc)– Because w/o crops, culture is harder to foster– Think of culture as flowers growing in a garden• No garden = no flowers

• Facilitated the 3rd Golden Age of the Silk Road (Pax Mongolica)– Mongol peace

• Religiously tolerant• Government = meritocracy– High positions come from good works, (nepotism)

not who you know

• Mongol Khanates– Golden Horde- Russia– China- Yuan dynasty• Forbade the Chinese from marrying Mongols and

learning the Mongol language

• Important Mongols• Genghis Khan (Chinggis)

– Started it– Kahn means “Ruler of the universe”

• Ogedei Khan– Genghis’ son– Died in Austria

• Kublai Khan– Genghis’ grandson– Focused on taking China

• Yuan Dynasty • Receives Marco Polo

•

600 to 1450 CE: Africa

• Two areas where Christianity remained in Africa was Egypt and Ethiopia– Coptic Christianity

• Remember gold and salt as the major products of Africa– Salt for flavor and to replenish your body from sweating

• See, it’s hot in Africa and you sweat a lot.

• East Africa– Swahili is a mixture of Bantu and Arabic language– Swahili city states thrived due to trade (gold, salt, ivory)

• Kilwa, Mombasa, Sofala, Mozambique

• Trans Saharan trade– Camel saddle in the 300s CE and the motivation of

gold accelerated trade• Sub Saharan Africa– Bantu migrations• Iron technology, farming techniques, influence of

language

• Stateless societies (kinship groups)– Civilizations w/o formal governments (IMPORTANTE`!)

• Diffusion of bananas from Malaysia increases population– Major food

• Ghana– Islam and Gold

• Mali– Sundiata– Mansa Musa (pilgrimage)– Mosque at Jenne-Jenno

• Songhai– Sonni Ali (Founder)– Took large area– Took Timbuktu

600 to 1450 CE: The Americas & Oceania

• Americas– Llama: only large domesticated beast of burden• Kept Americas from large scale agriculture and trade

– Plows, transportation

• Lack of agriculture stunts culture growth– See Mongols

• Maya (1000 BCE – 1500CE)– Very southern Mexico and Guatemala – Warring city states– Major cities– Tikal and Chichen Itza

• Aztec (1200 – 1500)– Capital Tenochtitlan – Central Mexico (Mexico City)– Expansionistic, warriors prized– Very capitalistic

• Trade encouraged by government • Few trade restrictions

– Chinampas showed agriculture advancement• Floating gardens in lakes• Like growing plants on lily pads

– Like Mongols, collected tribute from conquered groups

• Incas (1200 – 1500)• In Peru• Major city: Machu Picchu• No written language (Quipu instead)

– Like Mongols• Terrace farming

– Because the land was mountains• Expansionistic• Established a bureaucracy unlike the Aztecs• State controlled all commerce (communistic)• Like Romans, built many roads and bridges

• Oceania– Polynesian migrations (600 CE)• Fiji, Tahiti, Hawaii and New Zealand

– People migrating around these areas– Not connected to the rest of the world

• Agricultural and fishing based• Regional kingdoms established