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NOMS2004

Ubiquitous Network: The Next Networking Paradigm beyond Internet

April 21, 2004

Tomonori Aoyama

The University of Tokyo

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Contents

Trend of IT Evolution

What is ubiquitous XXX ?

Examples of Ubiquitous Network Research

Direction of a New Network Paradigm

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Security

ＩＴ　Ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ

UbiquitousExpansion of Variety

BroadbandExpansion of BW

IPv6Expansion of Address

Digital Camera　Keitai with CameraDigital TVDigital Cinema

RFID Tag　Sensor

Robot　Consumer

Electronics

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What is Ubiquitous ?

-　Anytime, anywhere, anything Now, here, this !

-　Full mobility support

-　Terminals:　Computer & Communication devices

　 + Consumer electronic devices

　 + All kinds of goods, food, animals,・・・・

- Real world + Virtual world Super world ?

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　　　　　　　　　Desk-top PC Consumer Electronics

　　　　　Note PC　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Household System

　　　　PDA　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Car Navigation System

　　　　　　Server　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Robot

　　　　　　　Cellular Phone

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 IC Card

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　RFID

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Wearable Device

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Sensor

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　

　The devices to be connected will determine the ubiquitous network properties

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RFID　Sensor

Integration of the Real World with a Virtual World

　A ubiquitous society is a new environment that integrates the real world with a virtual world

Virtual World

Real World

Information and Services

Information and Services

Super World

Network

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Key Appliances in Ubiquitous Networks

RFID Tag

Sensor

Cellular Phone

Robot ( Actuator )

Impact on Network Architecture

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Sensor and Sensor network

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U3: sensor network testbedResearch of AML

• Wireless off-the-shelf sensor node

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Demo Video of U3

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Basic Structure of a Sensor Network

Ian F. Akyildiz etc,”A Survey on Sensor Networks”, IEEE Comm. Mag., pp.102-114, August 2002

•Wireless communication: Large errors

• Low power consumption• Low computational capacity,

small memory• Infinite number

A node called a sink collects the data

Users send queries to the sensor via the Internet or another network

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• The proliferation of mobile computing devices allows any user to fetch content and access services everywhere. On the other hand, the objective of context-aware computing aims at personalized services based on the user’s situation, preference, etc.

• In our project, we seek a new content delivery paradigm for mobile devices based on users’preference, environmental and physiological states.

• We monitor users’ context with a set of off-the-shelf worn sensors. The monitored context includes user’s location, environmental situation and physiological states. This information is then used to trigger a notification to the user’s content as well as the content selection.

Goal: A Context Aware Content Delivery Service

Sensor

NetworkContext

Contents

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Context Inference:sensor data abstraction on the resource limited devices

Accel. Meter•Used MICA•Wrists, Ankles, Waist•X�CY 2 axis 10bit in depth

Sensor Array•A/D Conversion using PIC•Record data in PC

GPS:To obtain locat ion

HumidityHumidityMotion

Alcohol

BrightnessUV

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Experiment:Context inference using tiny off-the-shelf sensors.

Acceleration Sensor

time

Moving A

verage

Environmental Sensor

time

Sensor Reaings

UVHumidityBrightnessTemp

I: RunningII: WalkingIII: Standing Still

user’s situation (a user is in indoor, outdoor, in the train, with the possibility of 95%)

stopping, walking, or running (90%). standing or sitting (100%)

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Application:A User Navigation system CoCo

• CoCo: a context-aware user navigation system – CoCo system aims at navigating users in Jimbo-cho, the largest book market of the

central Tokyo.

• Content recommendation using the user context and preference

40Bookshop2

60Bookshop1

80Cafe2

100Cafe1

ContentsRank

Context_Preference_Vector = (pref1, pref2, pref3, … ,Context1, Context2,… )

Context Preference Vector

Relevance Table…055…10300Bookshop2

……51000Bookshop1

…-10005…00105Cafe2

…-10005…00510Cafe1

…Context3 Context2Context1 …Preference4

Preference3

Preference2

Preference1

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Prototype Implementation:

•objective of the visit•preference•time of the day•Location•context

CalculateContentsRank

Contents / Navigation map

Accel SensorLaptopPCIn the bag

Arrival of the contents is notified with a beep sound

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Ubiquitous　Monster: Ubimon

Virtual World

Real world

Players catch monsters moving in real world

Monsters live in virtual world

Monsters are controlled by real world data

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Acquisition of data for game

Detction of real world Detction of player’s

action

Detction of players(Spider)

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Demo Video of Ubiquitous Monster: Ubimon

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RFID in ubiquitous Networks

OperationStore information related to a product in a database together with the tag identifier attached to the productControl the reader to obtain the tag identifier within the transmission rangeUse the tag identifier to obtain the information for the product to which the tag is attached from the database

RFID Tag Reader

Antenna

id

query: id

information

id

command

id

interrogation

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Demo Video of RFID

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Key Functions required for Ubiquitous Networks

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Ubiquitous Network Middleware：STONE

User requirement

Interface-basedService Description

(Service Graph)

Service resolver network

SRSR

SRSR

SRSR

Internet

User requirement is converted Into service graph

Functional objects

Service

Dynamic binding

自動登録 Synthesized Service

Proposal by AML

Name resolving and Routing

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Service Synthesis

Collect appropriate modules / components

Connect themThe InternetThe Internet

Multiple NamingSystem

ServiceSynthesizer

Name Resolution

Name ServiceComponent

CameraFO

DisplayFO

DisplayFO

CameraFO

Transcoder

ComposedService

Service Graph　for Video Conference System

Use “Naming”

Ubiquitous Network Middleware：STONE

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Merits of name-based routing

“The nearest displayto the user” Data (JPEG Image, etc…)

MNSS

MNSS

MNSS

MNSS

MNSS

MNSS

MNSS

SenderFO

• Even if the nearest display has changed, the sender FO need not to be aware of the change of the destination FO.

Example: Display presentation image at the nearest display　　　　　　　Sender FO (Power Point Sender) sends the following packet.

Resolver routes the packet to the destination FO while resolving names in the packet's header.

FO: Functional Object

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Current service access

Please give me the contents Y on the address X.

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Ubiquitous Service Access

Please give me the contents Y.

Server

Replica/Cache

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Demo Video of STONE

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　 Session management is separated fromdata transfer process

Association

ApplicationPresentation

TransportNetwork

Data LinkPhysical

Session Session

Service Handoff

Data Channels

Session layer protocol maintains services regardless of heterogeneity

Proposed by AML

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構成図

ApplicationLayer

Session Layer

Transport /Network

Layer

Control Channel Data Channel

SLLibrary

Application

TCP/ UDP - IP

SLSocket

Socket

Management Terminal Data Terminal

TCP/ UDP - IP

Socket Manager

Session Manager

Socket Socket

Synchronize Session Information

SessionTable

ReferRegisterUpdate

Inform Inform

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Mobile communication is one of the key

technologies for ubiquitous network

What is 4G ?

　 - 4G means high speed physical layer. Yes

-　4G means all IP-based cellular phone. Yes

- 4G means seamless mobile environment to cover

heterogeneous networks. Yes

- 4G means a mobile network with ubiquitous networking

capability. Yes

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Direction of 4G

A. Mobile Ubiquitous with Ubiquitous Gateway

over IP-based Network DoCoMo Proposal

B. End-to-end IP over Cellular Network Infra.

C. Connection of WiFi with End-to-end IP

D. Combination of A, B and/or C

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4G Radio Access

4G Network Network

Ubiquitous WorldUbiquitous World

　 4G Architecture using Ubiquitous GW

Mobile WorldMobile World GW

GW

GW

GW

GW

Extend 4G Network putting Gateway (GW) on its edge Source: NTT DoCoMo

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　　　 Integration of broadband Internet

　　 and 4G cellular core network

WLAN

Broadband Internet

・　・　・　　・　・　・

Sensor

Network

FTTH

4G Cellular

　　Divergence　＆　Convergence

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A video to show ubiquitous applications

in 2008

Small Stories in 2008

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Characteristics of Ubiquitous Networking

Variety of Contents　　⇒　from 100 b to１Tb

　　 Human handling machine　⇒　goods, food, animals, etc.

　　 Traffic 　⇒　A few percent of total users occupy

80-90 % of total traffic.

Scale of Web ⇒　Huge Portal Site to Tiny Home Page

　　　　　　　　　 World of Power Law p(k) = k - γ

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K M GTraffic [pages/day]

K

M

G

T

P

Yahoo300 M pages/day

Internet TV Guide11 M pages/day

Expansion of the World Wide Web

Con

tent

Cap

acity

SDTV relayDVD=Several GB

Web average=10 kB/page

MP3=Several MB/db

DigitalCinema=Several hundred GB

Content commerce

Digital delivery

HDTV relay

Cinema delivery

B2C

B2B

[bit]

Ubiquitous Society Content

Expansion of sensor networks

S2M

P2P

38BW requirements

#users

C

A

B

ADSL GigE

A. Lightweight users, browsing, mailing, home useNeed full Internet routing, one to many

B. Business applications, multicast, streaming, VPN’s, mostly LANNeed VPN services and full Internet routing, several to several + uplink

C. Special scientific applications, computing, data grids, virtual-presenceNeed very fat pipes, limited multiple Virtual Organizations, few to few

ΣA ≈ 20 Gb/s

ΣB ≈ 40 Gb/s

ΣC ≈ 100 Gb/s

Source: Cees de Laat, UvA

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Heterogeneous Networking Environment

Cellular PhonePortability AnytimeConnectivity Anywhere

Wireless LANHot-sot connectivityLow cost base station

Sensor NetworkConnection between real world and virtual world Small data, but large number of sensors

Ad-hoc NetworkTemporal networking for special purposes such as emergency occasions, military applications, etc.

Personal Area NetworkBluetooth, Zigbee, IrDA, ・・・

　　　　　　　　　 Short reachLow cost

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World of Power Law　　　　　　Power Law appears in the critical phenomena

　 Solid　⇒　Liquid　⇒　Gas

　　　　　　Magnetization

　　　　　　Super Conductive State　　　　　　

Critical Phenomena is appearing in the Internet　！

　　　　　

Random Scale-free

Ｐ（ｋ）＝k－γ

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Direction of a new network paradigm

Reach ability

Physical layer : Sensor network, 4G, PAN, ・・・

Aggregation : Aggregation other than packet is needed.

　　　　Flow-based control, Optical Burst、・・・

Collaboration among protocol layers

Improvement of service performance and quality

Overlay network

Rich middleware

Service mobility support in heterogeneous networks

Naming system

Security functions

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Structure of JGN II

NW-A : OAM NW

NW-B : Tera b/s core networking

GMPLS Control

10G (1G×8)

10G

Kitakyushu Kanazawa

10G10G

10G×2

10G Tsukuba

Otemachi

CRL Keihanna

CRLKoganei

10G

10G

CRLKashima

10G

Sendai

Sapporo

1G

1G

Nagano

Kochi Nagoya1G 1G

1GFukuoka

Dojima

10G (1G×8) 10G

(1G×8)

1G

Okinawa

10G10G

(1G×8)

Okayama

CRLKobe

1G

Kanazawa

Kanazawa

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Dojima

Dojima

Okayama

Otemachi

Kitakyushu

CRLKeihanna Tsukuba

CRLKashima

TsukubaOtemachiDojima

CRLKeihannna

Dark Fiber NW : Photonic Networking

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　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Conclusion

- Power law is occupying Internet

- Uncontrollable using single architecture

and protocol

- New network paradigm is required

- Ubiquitous Network Beyond IP

44Thank you for your Attention !

Univ. of Tokyo

Campus

Thank you for your attention　！

http://www.mlab.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Univ. of Tokyo

Hongo Campus