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Viewing the row and column headings as a user scrolls through data in a large worksheet is not possible even with a large display area. For example, a user might have a worksheet containing monthly sales, expenses, and profits for several departments. As that user scrolls through the data, the headings for the months and/ or the departments may not be visible making the data less apparent to that user.Excel does provide a process in which the user can freeze the row and column headings so that as the user scrolls through the worksheet those headings will remain visible on the screen. That command, Freeze Panes is on the View tab.
Citation preview
V O
L U
M E
4
DASH DESIGNS CONSULTING
Technology Training and Consulting Services
Microsoft Microsoft
Excel 2007Excel 2007
Critical Data Critical Data
Analysis Using Analysis Using
FunctionsFunctions
Excel 2007 Critical Data Analysis Using Functions For The Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley - Dash Designs Consulting
Microsoft Excel 2007
Critical Data Analysis Using Functions
For
The Haas School of Business,
University of California
Copyrights and Trademarks
2007, Dash Designs Consulting, Jerry Maletsky
San Rafael, CA 94903
email: [email protected]
web site: www.dashdesignsconsulting.com
fax (415) 491-1490
Any mention or use of Microsoft, University of California, or any
third party products is hereby acknowledged by Dash Designs
Consulting to be for the sole purpose of editorial and educational use of this training manual and for the benefit of the mentioned
Dash Designs Consulting gives permission to the Haas School of
Business of the University of California at Berkeley to reprint this
training manual for internal use only. No re-sale of this material or renunciation of copyrights are granted by this author.
Revised: August 1, 2007
Excel 2007 Critical Data Analysis Using Functions For The Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley - Dash Designs Consulting
Excel 2007 Power of Calculations For The Haas School, UC Berkeley Dash Designs Consulting
Table of Contents
Reference Workbook: UC Excel 2007 - Data Analysis Workbook.xls
Managing Large Amounts Of Data
Freezing Worksheet Titles ................................... 2
Splitting Worksheet Windows .............................. 4
Display Magnification .......................................... 6
Conditional Formulas
Evaluating With IF Statements ............................ 8
Summing, Counting, Averaging Conditionally ..... 16
Retrieving Data With VLookup ........................... 20
Ranking Data With Functions ............................. 22
Analyzing With Date Functions ........................... 26 Examples Of Other Functions
Financial Functions ........................... 34
Text Functions ................................. 36
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1 Microsoft
Excel 2007 Data Analysis
With Functions For
Jerry Maletsky
Dash Designs Consulting
Technology Training And Consulting
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1
FREEZING WORKSHEET TITLES
Managing Large Amounts Of Data
Viewing the row and column headings as a user scrolls through
data in a large worksheet is not possible even with a large display
area. For example, a user might have a worksheet containing monthly sales, expenses, and profits for several departments. As
that user scrolls through the data, the headings for the months
and/ or the departments may not be visible making the data less
apparent to that user.
Excel does provide a process in which the user can freeze the row
and column headings so that as the user scrolls through the
worksheet those headings will remain visible on the screen. That
command, Freeze Panes is on the View tab.
Excel will display dark lines to the right of a frozen column and just
below a frozen row.
Steps:
Click into the cell below the column headings and/or the row
headings to be frozen
Click View tab: Freeze Panes command
To Freeze Worksheet Headings
Steps:
Click View menu: Unfreeze Panes command
To Un-Freeze Worksheet Headings
Reference Worksheet: Monthly Figures
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1 Managing Large Amounts Of Data in Excel 2007
FREEZING WORKSHEET TITLES
View Tab: Freeze Panes command
Before Freezing Panes
After Freezing Panes
(place cursor in cell below column headings and to the right of row
headings)
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1
SPLITTING WORKSHEET WINDOWS
Splitting the worksheet window provides the user with separate
scrollable windows within the same worksheet. Splitting allows the
user to scroll and view separate sections of the worksheet simultaneously. For example, a user could view 1st Qtr data in the
top half of the worksheet window and compare that with the 4th
Qtr data in the bottom half of the worksheet window.
The worksheet window can be split both vertically and horizontally. Shortcuts to activate the splits are located at the top of the Vertical
Scroll Bar and the far right of the Horizontal Scroll Bar.
Additionally, the command can be activated in the View tab: Split
command.
Steps:
Drag or Double-Click the Split Bar on either scroll bar
Or...
Click into the cell below the column headings and/or the row
headings to be split
Click View tab: Split command
To Split The Worksheet Window
Steps:
Drag or Double-Click the Split Bar on either scroll bar
Or...
Click View tab: Split command (it toggles the command on or off)
To Un-Split The Worksheet Window
Managing Large Amounts Of Data
Reference Worksheet: Monthly Figures
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1
SPLITTING WORKSHEET WINDOWS
Split Worksheet Window
Managing Large Amounts Of Data
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1
CHANGING THE DISPLAY MAGNIFICATION
A large worksheet can be easier to work with when magnification is
applied. Magnification can be increased or decreased using the
Zoom Slider. The default is set at 100% and can be increased to about 400% or decreased to 10%.
This allows the user to view more data on the screen as well as
make the data easier to see during a presentation.
Steps:
TO GENERALLY SET THE MAGNIFICATION
Click into the Zoom Slider
Slide the Zoom Slider bar to preferred value
TO FOCUS ON A SPECIFIC GROUP OF CELLS
Select the preferred cells
Slide the Zoom Slider bar to preferred value
TO RE-SET THE MAGNIFICATION
Click into the Zoom Slider
Slide the Zoom Slider bar to 100%
Managing Large Amounts Of Data
Reference Worksheet: Monthly Figures
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CHANGING THE DISPLAY MAGNIFICATION
Worksheet Magnified to 75%
Worksheet Magnified to Selection
Managing Large Amounts Of Data
Zoomed to selected cells (i.e. 150%)
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2 Conditional Formulas Reference Worksheet: Conditional Formulas
EVALUATE CONDITIONS WITH THE IF STATEMENT FUNCTION
Suppose you want to offer a discount to customers that reach a specified goal as
an incentive. Normally, you would have to monitor that data constantly and update the worksheet when a discount is applicable. With an If statement you
can have that discount calculated automatically when the customers revenue reaches its goal.
The If Statement Function allows you to automatically evaluate a condition in another cell (or cell range) and place a result in the formula cell depending on
whether that condition is evaluated True or False. For example, if a sales rep
exceeds their quota, you can have Excel place a calculation in the formula cell that calculates a bonus for that sales rep; if not, you can have Excel place a zero
(0) in the formula cell.
The condition (also know as the Logical Test) must be something that can be evaluated to be True or False using a comparison operator (see table below).
The True Result or the False Result can be a number, a calculation, or text
(text must be placed in quotation marks).
The syntax of the IF Function is as follows:
=IF(Logical Test, Value IF True, Value IF False)
Comparison Operator Description
= Equal To
< > Not Equal To
> Greater Than
< Less Than
>= Greater Than Or Equal To
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2 Conditional Formulas
EVALUATE CONDITIONS WITH THE IF STATEMENT FUNCTION
IF Function Examples What They Mean
=IF(D14>50,E14*1.25,0) If the value in cell D14 is Greater Than 50, then take the value in E14 and add 25% (1.25) to it; if not, just place a zero (0) in the result cell.
=IF(Average(J25:J45
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2 Conditional Formulas
Reference Worksheet: Conditional Formulas
ANALYZING DATA USING MULTIPLE IF STATEMENT FUNCTIONS
You can nest multiple IF functions (up to 7) to evaluate more than
one condition within the same function. For example, if you were able
to get a discount based on unit purchases, you would want to calculate a formula that calculated the total cost based on how many units. If
the first condition in the IF function is not true, you can evaluate
whether another condition is true before a result is selected. In this
way, you can have more control in the result that is placed into the formula result cell.
Some examples of multiple If Statement functions are:
=IF(I8=A,H8*10%,IF(I8=B,H8*5%,H8*2%))
=IF(B5>=500,A,IF(B5>=400,B,IF(B5>=300,C,IF(B5>=200,D,F))))
Note: In a multiple nested IF Statement Function you type a closing
parenthesis for each IF Statement you created (up to 7).
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2 Conditional Formulas
ANALYZING DATA USING MULTIPLE IF STATEMENT FUNCTIONS
Multiple If Statements Using the Maximum of 7
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2
IF FUNCTIONS ANALYZING DATA USING MULTIPLE AND CONDITIONS
The AND condition in an IF Statement Function allows you to test
multiple conditions. In order for the IF statement function to return a
True result all conditions in the function must evaluate to True.
You can have up to 30 conditions in the AND function. Each condition
must be separated by a comma!!
An example of multiple And conditions in an If Statement functions:
=IF(AND(B6
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2
IF FUNCTIONS ANALYZING DATA USING MULTIPLE OR CONDITIONS
The OR condition in an IF Statement Function allows you to test
multiple conditions. In order for the IF statement function to return
a True result only one of the conditions in the function must evaluate to True.
You can have up to 30 conditions in the OR function. Each
condition must be separated by a comma!!
An example of multiple OR conditions in an If Statement functions:
=IF(OR(B6
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2
USING THE ISERROR FUNCTION
The ISERROR function can be used within an If Statement
Function to replace error messages that might result from data in
the worksheet with an alternative result.
The ISERROR function returns a logical True in an IF statement if
any of the error values such as:
Error Value Description
#N/A Occurs when a value is not available to a function or
formula.
#VALUE Occurs when the wrong type of argument or operand is
used.
#REF Occurs when a cell reference is not valid.
#DIV/0 Occurs when a number is divided by zero (0).
#NUM Occurs with invalid numeric values in a formula or
function.
#NAME Occurs when Microsoft Excel doesn't recognize text in a
formula.
#NULL Occurs when you specify an intersection of two areas
that do not intersect. The intersection operator is a space between references. For example, not placing a
colon (:) in between a cell range (i.e., C10:C14) or
not placing a comma to separate arguments in a
formula (i.e., =Sum(C6:C12,F6:F12).
An example of the ISERROR function is:
=IF(ISERROR(Average(F8:F13)),No Data,Average(F8:F13))
(See Next Page for Worksheet example)
Reference Worksheets: ISERROR Statements
Conditional Formulas
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USING THE ISERROR FUNCTION
2
Worksheet With ISERROR Statement
Worksheet Without ISERROR Statement
Conditional Formulas
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SUMMING DATA CONDITIONALLY
Suppose you want to add data within a range only if it meets certain
conditions. Excels SumIf function allows you to do just that. Where Sum will only add all the values in the specified cell range, SumIf will add values in a cell range depending on whether those values fall within
the specified conditions.
2 Conditional Formulas
Reference Worksheet: SumIF, AverageIF, and CountIF
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COUNT VALUES CONDITIONALLY
The Count function counts the number of cells within a given range.
Suppose you want to count values within a range only if those val-
ues meet certain conditions. For example, you may want to count the number of customers who have exceeded given goals. Excels CountIF function allows you count values in a cell range depending
on whether those values fall within the specified conditions.
2 Conditional Formulas
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Reference Worksheet: SumIF, AverageIF, and CountIF 2 Conditional Formulas
AVERAGING VALUES CONDITIONALLY
The Average function finds the average value within a given range.
Suppose you want to average values within a range only if those values
meet certain conditions. For example, you may want to average revenue for orders where they meet certain conditions.
Excels AverageIF function allows you count values in a cell range depending on whether those values fall within the specified conditions.
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2 Conditional Formulas
CALCULATING VALUES BASED ON MULTIPLE CONDITIONSCONDITIONALLY
Excels SumIF, CountIF, and AverageIF functions calculate a range of cells based on one set of conditions. However, in addition to these func-
tions, Excel 2007 provides the ability to calculate a range of cells based on multiple conditions with the SumIFS, CountIFS, and AverageIFS
functions. These functions can contain up to 127 ranges and conditions.
Note: Criteria has to be evaluated as an And condition. That is, they can not be mutually exclusive.
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2
RETRIEVING DATA WITH THE VLOOKUP FUNCTION
As you collect data the need to analyze that information in a spreadsheet will become
important. The VLookup function enables you to retrieve data that exists in a list in another part of your workbook, or another workbook so you wont have to copy that data yourself. The VLookup function requires that you have a list in which the first column
of the list contains the value that matches a value already in your worksheet.
The list should also be sorted on that first column in Ascending order.
The VLookup function consists of four arguments. The first three are required.
An example of the VLookup Function: =VLOOKUP(D6,Customers,5,FALSE)
Argument Description
Lookup Value (D6)
Cell Address, Number, or Text String that is found in your
worksheet and matches a value in the first column of the list.
Table_Array (Customers)
Cell Range or Name of cell range that makes up the cell
range of your list.
Col_Index_Num (5)
The number that represents the column in the list that
contains the value that you want to retrieve. For example, if
the value that you want is in the 5th column of the list, the value you enter is 5.
Range_Lookup (False)
A Logical value of True or False. True (or left empty) asks
Excel to find the closest lowest value if it cannot find an
exact match to your Lookup_Value. False asks Excel to only find an exact match to your Lookup_Value or else return an
error message (#N/A)
Retrieving Data With VLookup Function Reference Worksheet: Orders
Supporting Worksheets: Inventory, Customers
Customer List Table named
Customers Sorted in Ascending Order
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RETRIEVING DATA WITH THE VLOOKUP FUNCTION
Retrieving Data With The VLookup Function
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FINDING A VALUE BASED ON A PERCENTAGE VALUE
The Percentile function returns a value in a range that corresponds
with a specified percentile ranking. For example, if you wanted to only
market to customers who fall above the 50% percentile of a group of sales data, you can use the Percentile function to establish what that
value would be.
Example: =PERCENTILE(B5:B12,0.5)
Ranking Data With Functions 2 Reference Worksheet: Ranking Data
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RANKING THE PERCENTILE OF A VALUE
The PercentRank function will return a percentage based on a specified
value in a given cell range. For example, if you use the PercentRank function
to evaluate Japans percentile ranking from the sales data below you would find that Japan falls into the 57.1 percentile in the year 2000.
Example: =PERCENTRANK(B5:B12,B9,3)
2 Ranking Data With Functions
Reference Worksheet: Ranking Data
Note: The Significance argument refers to the number of decimal places to calculate to in this function. If no significance is specified, then it is assumed to be calculated to 3 deci-mal places.
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FINDING THE QUARTILE OF A RANGE OF VALUES
The Quartile function returns a value based on a cell range that
corresponds with a specified variable that divides the distribution of the
variable into four groups having equal frequencies. For example, if you wanted to find what revenue value corresponded to the 25th, 50th, or
75th percentile of a group of sales data, you can use the Quartile function
to establish what that value would be.
Example: =QUARTILE(B5:B12,3)
Ranking Data With Functions
2 Reference Worksheet: Ranking Data
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ESTABLISHING THE RANK OF A VALUE
The Rank function will return a value based on a specified value rank within
a given cell range. For example, if you use the Rank function to evaluate the
European Union ranking from the sales data below, you would find that the EU revenue (12.30) ranks 2 (in descending order) in the year 2000.
Example: =RANK(B7,B5:B12) or =RANK(C7,C5:C12,1)
2 Ranking Data With Functions
Reference Worksheet: Ranking Data
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ANALYZING DATA WITH DATE FUNCTIONS
When you enter a date into a cell, Excel automatically formats that cell as
a date and considers it a number so you can execute calculations on it.
Excel recognizes a variety of date formats that you might type in a cell. For example, 10/15/2004, 10-Oct, 10/2004, 10-4, etc.
Below are some important date functions you might find useful in
analyzing data.
Function Description
=Today( )
=Now( )
Automatically displays the current date in the cell.
Automatically displays the current date and time in the cell.
=Date
(Year,Month,Day)
Displays the date based on the arguments you enter. For example, if
you enter ... =Date(2004,10,15) the result displayed will be 10/15/2004.
Important: Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or
as results of other formulas or functions. Problems can occur if dates
are entered as text.
=Days360(StartDate,EndDate)
Calculates the number of days between the two dates, based on a
360-day year.
=NetWorkDays(StartDate,EndDate, Holidays)
Returns the number of whole working days between start_date and
end_date. Working days exclude weekends and any dates identified in holidays.
=Year(Date)
=Month(Date)
Returns the year portion of a date in a given cell (i.e. 2006).
Returns the month portion of a date in a given cell (i.e. 12)
Reference Worksheet: Trade Show Dates
Analyzing With Date Functions 2
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USING DATE FUNCTIONS
Example of the NOW( ) function:
Example of the TODAY( ) function:
Example of a complex date calculation:
2 Analyzing With Date Functions
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KEEPING DATES CURRENT IN EXCEL
When entered into a cell, the Today and the Now functions will return
the current date and/or time from the computers clock each time that workbook is opened. Note, that although these functions have no arguments you must include the opening and closing parenthesis ( ).
Example: =Today( )
=Now( )
ENTERING A DATE USING THE DATE FUNCTION
Although you can enter a date by simply typing it into a cell (i.e.
6/7/2007) Microsoft maintains that dates should be entered by using
the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or functions. Problems can occur if dates are entered as text.
Example: =Date(2007,3,15) returns 3/15/2007
Reference Worksheet: Trade Show Dates
Analyzing With Date Functions
2
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CALCULATING THE DAYS IN A 360-DAY CALENDAR YEAR
The Days360 function calculates the number of days between the two
dates, based on a 360-day year. Although there are typically 365 days
in a year many companies base their calendar year on a 360 day period.
Example: =Days360(StartDate,EndDate,Method)
Note: CurrentDate in the above calculation is a Named Range that refers to the value in cell A4.
2 Analyzing With Date Functions
Reference Worksheet: Trade Show Dates
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Note: CurrentDate in the above calcula-tion is a Named Range that refers to the value in cell A4. Holidays is a Named
Range that refers to the values in cells B11:B25.
CALCULATING ONLY WORKDAYS BETWEEN TWO DATES
NetWorkDays calculates the number of whole working days between
start_date and end_date. Working days exclude weekends and any
dates identified in holidays
Example: =NetWorkDays(StartDate,EndDate,Holidays)
Reference Worksheet: Trade Show Dates
Analyzing With Date Functions
2
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2 Analyzing With Date Functions
Reference Worksheet: Trade Show Dates
CALCULATING ONLY WORKDAYS BETWEEN TWO DATES
YearFrac calculates the number of years (and partial years) between a
start_date and end_date.
Example: =YearFrac(StartDate,EndDate)
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EXTRACTING THE YEAR FROM A DATE
The Year function returns the year portion of a date in a given cell. For
example, if a cell contained the date, 4/17/2006 the year function
would return 2006.
Examples: =Year(Date)
Reference Worksheet: Product Launch Dates
Analyzing With Date Functions
2
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EXTRACTING THE MONTH FROM A DATE
The Month function returns the month portion of a date in a given cell.
For example, if a cell contained the date, 4/17/2006, the month
function would return 4. In addition, you can extract the month name using the Text Function (converts numbers to text format).
Examples: =Month(Date) =Text(Value,Format)
2 Analyzing With Date Functions
Reference Worksheet: Product Launch Dates
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FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
Excel provides a variety of financial functions that make calculating
fiscal data more efficiently.
These include:
Reference Worksheet: Financial Functions
3 Examples Of Other Functions
Function Description
PMT Returns the periodic payment of an annuity
NPV Returns the Net Present Value based on a series
of periodic cash flows and discount rate
RATE Returns the interest rate per period of an annu-
ity
FV Calculates the Future Value of an investment
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3 Examples Of Other Functions
Reference Worksheet: Financial Functions
FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
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TEXT FUNCTIONS
Reference Worksheet: Text Functions
3 Examples Of Other Functions
Text functions allow the user to extract information from a larger
entry in a cell.
These include:
Function Description
LEFT Returns the Leftmost characters from a cell entry
RIGHT Returns the Rightmost characters from a cell entry
MID Returns a specific number of characters from a
text string starting at the position you specify
PROPER Capitalizes the first character of each word in a cell
entry
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3 Examples Of Other Functions
Reference Worksheet: Text Functions
TEXT FUNCTIONS