UCC Clarifies Note & Mortgage Owner November 2011

8/2/2019 UCC Clarifies Note & Mortgage Owner November 2011

1/17

XC~AXT AE TBC ^CX@KFCFT CDGTAXGKJ HAKXDEAX TBC

SFGEAX@ OA@@CXOGKJ OADC

K~^JGOKTGAF AE TBC SFGEAX@ OA@@CXOGKJ OADC TA_CJCOTCD G__SC_ XCJKTGFI TA @AXTIKIC FATC_

FAUC@HCX ;4* 8>;;

8>;; hw Tbc K`cxgokf Jky Gfstgttc kfdtbc Fktgafkj Oafecxcfoc ae Oa` gssgafcxs af Sfgeax _tktc Jkys&Kjj xgibts xcscxucd&


2/17

^CX@KFCFT CDGTAXGKJ HAKXD EAX TBC SFGEAX@ OA@@CXOGKJ OADC

ObkgxLabf K& _chcxt* Obgokia* GJ

Crcotguc Dgxcotax* Sfgeax` Jky Oa``gssgaf@c`hcxs

KJG DcsgifccsC& Okxajkf Hcxmjcw* ^bgjkdcj~bgk* ^KK`cjgk B& Hass* ^bgjkdcj~bgk* ^K_tc~bkfgc Bcjjcx* Hxaamjwf* FWJkfoc Jgch`kf* Fcy Waxm* FWDgxcotax* Tbc K`cxgokf Jky GfstgttcJgfdk L& Xsob* _~amkfc* YK_tcucf A& Ycgsc* Jas Kficjcs* OK

SJO DcsgifccsHaxgs Kcxhkob* Gfdgkfk~ajgs* GF^ktxgogk Hx`egcjd Exw* Cdicyaad* F@Okxjwjc O& Xgfi* Lx&* Yksbgfitaf* DOCdygf C& _`gtb* Hastaf* @KLk`cs L& Ybgtc* Kff Kxhax* @G

Dgxcotax ae XcsckxobFcgj H& Oabcf* Hxaamjwf* FW

JgkgsafsOkxtcx B& Mjcgf* Obgokia* GJKHK Hsgfcss Jky _cotgaf

Tcxcsk Y& Bkx`af* Obgokia* GJKHK Kdugsax

C`cxgts @c`hcxsYgjjgk` B& Bcffgfi* Tsokjaask* KJExcd B& @gjjcx* @gffck~ajgs* @F

Tbc K`cxgokf Jky Gfstgttc4>83 Obcstft _txcct^bgjkdcj~bgk* ^K ;7;>48;3-84?-;5>>yyy&kjg&axi

Sfgeax` Jky Oa` gssgaf;;; F& Ykhksb* _gtc ;>;>Obgokia* GJ 5>5>8?;8-43>-55>>yyy&fgeax`jkys&axi

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3/17

^XCEKOC

Gf ;75;* tbc K`cxgokf Jky Gfstgttc kfd tbc Sfgeax` Jky Oa``gssgaf* tbc axikfg|ktgafs tbktlagftjw s~afsax tbc Sfgeax` Oa``cxogkj Oadc* cstkhjgsbcd tbc ^cx`kfcft Cdgtaxgkj Hakxd eax tbcSfgeax` Oa``cxogkj Oadc "^CH'& Afc ae tbc obkxics ae tbc ^CH gs ta gssc oa``cftkxgcs (kfdatbcx kxtgojktgafs ks k~~xa~xgktc ta xcejcot tbc oaxxcot gftcx~xctktgaf ae tbc ]Sfgeax`Oa``cxogkjP Oadc kfd gssgfi tbc sk`c gf k `kffcx kfd kt tg`cs hcst okjojktcd ta kdukfoc tbcfgeax`gtw kfd axdcxjw dcucja~`cft ae oa``cxogkj jky&( _ob oa``cftkxgcs kfd atbcxkxtgojktgafs kxc gsscd dgxcotjw hw tbc ^CH xktbcx tbkf hw kotgaf ae tbc K`cxgokf Jky Gfstgttckfd tbc Sfgeax` Jky Oa` gssgaf&Tbgs Xc~axt ae tbc ^cx`kfcft Cdgtaxgkj Hakxd gs sob kf kxtgojktgaf* kddxcssgfi tbc k~~jgoktgafae tbc Sfgeax` Oa``cxogkj Oadc ta gsscs ae jcikj* coafa`go* kfd saogkj g`~axtkfoc kxgsgfiexa` tbc gsskfoc kfd txkfsecx ae `axtikic fatcs& K dxket ae tbgs Xc~axt yks `kdc kukgjkhjc tatbc ~hjgo eax oa``cft af @kxob 87*8>;;* kfd tbc oa``cfts tbkt ycxc xcocgucd bkuc hccftkmcf gfta kooaft gf ~xc~kxgfi tbc egfkj Xc~axt&

;;


4/17


5/17

~xskft ta tbc ucc kxc tw~gokjjw xcjcukft fdcx tbkt jky'& Kooaxdgfijw* tbgs Xc~axt sbajd hcfdcxstaad ks ~xaugdgfi igdkfoc afjw ks ta tbc gsscs tbc Xc~axt kddxcsscs&4Hkomixafd

Gsscs xcjktgfi ta tbc txkfsecx* ayfcxsbg~* kfd cfeaxoc`cft ae àxtikic fatcs kxc ~xg`kxgjwiaucxfcd hw tya Kxtgojcs ae tbc ucc< Gf okscs gf ybgob tbc àxtikic fatc gs k fciatgkhjc gfstx`cft&) Kxtgojc ? ae tbc oo)

~xaugdcs xjcs iaucxfgfi tbc ahjgiktgafs ae ~kxtgcs af tbc fatc 9 kfd tbc cfeaxoc`cft aetbasc ahjgiktgafs&

Gf okscs gfuajugfi cgtbcx fciatgkhjc ax faf-fciatgkhjc fatcs* Kxtgojc 7 ae tbc oo)oaftkgfs g`~axtkft xjcs iaucxfgfi bay ayfcxsbg~ ae tbasc fatcs `kw hc txkfsecxxcd* tbcceecot ae tbc txkfsecx ae ayfcxsbg~ ae tbc fatcs af tbc ayfcxsbg~ ae tbc àxtikicsscoxgfi tbasc fatcs* kfd tbc xgibt ae tbc txkfsecxcc* fdcx ocxtkgf ogxo`stkfocs* taxcoaxd gts gftcxcst gf tbc àxtikic gf tbc k~~jgokhjc xckj cstktc xcoaxdgfi aeegoc&

Tbgs Xc~axt cr~jkgfs tbc k~~jgoktgaf ae tbc xjcs gf hatb ae tbasc ucc Kxtgojcs ta ~xaugdcigdkfoc gf4&5 Croc~t eax Fcy Waxm* cucxw stktc "ks ycjj ks tbc Dgstxgot ae Oaj`hgk* ^cxta Xgoa* kfd tbc Sfgtcd _tktcs UgxigfGsjkfds' bks cfkotcd cgtbcx tbc ;77> Aeegogkj Tcrt ae Kxtgojc ? ax tbc fcycx 8>>8 Aeegogkj Tcrt "tbc jkttcx bkugfi hccfkda~tcd gf tcf stktcs ks ae tbc dktc ae tbgs Xc~axt'& Sfjcss gfdgoktcd ta tbc oaftxkxw kjj dgsossgafs ae ~xaugsgafs gfKxtgojc ? k~~jw c{kjjw ta hatb ucxsgafs& @ob ae tbc kfkjwsgs aeSOO Kxtgojc ? gf tbgs Xc~axt kjsa k~~jgcs fdcx tbcajdcx ucxsgaf ae Kxtgojc ? gfceecot gf Fcy Waxm* kjtbaib `kfw scotgaf f`hcxs dgeecx& Tbc Xc~axt dacs fatkddxcss tbasc ks~cots ae Fcy Waxm)s Kxtgojc ? tbkt kxc dgeecxcft exa` tbc ;77> ax 8>>8 tcrts&9 Gf tbgs Xc~axt* sob fatcs kxc sa`ctg`cs xcecxxcd ta ks (fciatgkhjc fatcs&(2 Sfjgmc Kxtgojc ? "ybgob bks fat hccf cfkotcd gf gts àdc` eax` gf Fcy Waxm'* tbc oxxcft ucxsgaf ae Kxtgojc 7 bkshccf cfkotcd gf kjj 3> stktcs* tbc Dgstxgot ae Oaj`hgk* kfd tbc Sfgtcd _tktcs Ugxigf Gsjkfds& _a`c stktcs bkuccfkotcd faf-fgeax ~xaugsgafs tbkt kxc icfcxkjjw fat xcjcukft ta tbc gsscs dgsosscd gf tbgs Xc~axt "ht scc fatc ?;ygtb xcs~cot ta afc xcjcukft faf-fgeax`gtw'& K jg`gtcd sct ae k`cfd`cfts ta Kxtgojc 7 yks k~~xaucd hw tbcK`cxgokf Jky Gfstgttc kfd tbc Sfgeax` Jky Oa``gssgaf gf 8>;>& Croc~t ks fatcd gf tbgs Xc~axt* tbasck`cfd`cfts "ybgob ~xaugdc eax k fgeax ceecotguc dktc ae Ljw ;* 8>;?' kxc fat icx`kfc ta tbc `kttcxs kddxcsscdgf tbgs Xc~axt&7 K fatc okf bkuc àxc tbkf afc ahjgiax& Gf sa`c okscs* tbgs gs hcoksc tbcxc gs àxc tbkf afc `kmcx "gf ybgob oksctbcw kxc lagftjw kfd scucxkjjw jgkhjc= scc SOO ?-jj5"k''& Gf atbcx okscs* tbcxc `kw hc kf gfdaxscx& Tbc ahjgiktgaf

8


6/17

Dctcx`gfgfi yba ayfs tbc xgibts xc~xcscftcd hw tbc fatc kfd àxtikic&Taictbcx* tbc ~xaugsgafs gf Kxtgojcs ? kfd 7 aetbc ucc "kjafi ygtb icfcxkj ~xgfog~jcs tbktk~~ckx gf Kxtgojc ; kfd tbkt k~~jw ta kjj txkfskotgafs iaucxfcd hw tbc Ucc' ~xaugdc jcikj xjcstbkt k~~jw ta tbcsc {cstgafs&j( @axcaucx* tbcsc xjcs dgs~jkoc kfw gfoafsgstcft oa`àf jkyxjcs tbkt `gibt bkuc atbcxygsc ~xcugasjw iaucxfcd tbc sk`c {cstgafs& ;;Tbgs Xc~axt dacs fat* baycucx* kddxcss kjj ae tbc xjcs gf tbc ucc xcjktgfi ta cfeaxoc`cft*txkfsecx* kfd ayfcxsbg~ ae àxtikic fatcs& Xktbcx* gt xcugcys tbc xjcs xcjktgfi ta eax s~cogego{cstgafs?& Tbcsc dgeecxcfocs da fat keecot tbc gsscs kddxcsscd gf tbgs Xc~axt& Eax sg`~jgogtw* tbgs Xc~axtscs tbc tcx` (`kmcx( ta xcecx ta hatb `kmcxs kfd gfdaxscxs&;> _hlcot ta jg`gtktgafs af tbc khgjgtw ta keecot tbc xgibts ae tbgxd ~kxtgcs* tbc ceecot ae tbcsc ~xaugsgafs `kw hc ukxgcdhw kixcc`cft& SOO ;-?>8& Ukxgktgaf hw kixcc`cft gs fat ~cx`gttcd ybcf tbc ukxgktgaf yajd dgsojkgàhjgiktgafs ae iaad ekgtb* dgjgicfoc* xcksafkhjcfcss* ax okxc ~xcsoxghcd hw tbc SOO ax ybcf tbc SOO atbcxygsc sagfdgoktcs "scc* c&i&* SOO 7-5>8'& Ht tbc `ckfgfi ae tbc stkttc gtscje okffat hc ukxgcd hw kixcc`cft& Tbs* eaxcrk`~jc* ~xguktc ~kxtgcs okffat `kmc k fatc fciatgkhjc fjcss gt oa`~jgcs ygtb SOO ?-;>4& _cc AeegogkjOa``cft ; ta SOO ;-?>8& _g`gjkxjw* ~kxtgcs `kw fat kuagd tbc k~~jgoktgaf aeSOO Kxtgojc 7 ta k txkfskotgaf tbktekjjs ygtbgf gts soa~c& _cc gd& kfd Aeegogkj Oa``cft 8 ta SOO 7-;>7&j;SOO ;-;>?"h'& Ks fatcd gf Aeegogkj Oa``cft 8 ta SOO ;-;>??"h'&

?


7/17

[cstgaf Afc - Ta Yba` gs tbc Ahjgiktgaf ta ^kw k @axtikic Fatc Aycd1Ge tbc àxtikic fatc gs k fciatgkhjc gfstx`cft&j)) Kxtgojc ? ae tbc ucc ~xaugdcs k jkxicjwoa`~jctc sct ae xjcs iaucxfgfi tbc ahjgiktgafs ae ~kxtgcs af tbc fatc* gfojdgfi bay ta dctcx`gfcyba `kw cfeaxoc tbasc ahjgiktgafs kfd* tbs* ta yba` tbasc ahjgiktgafs kxc aycd& Tbceajjaygfi dgsossgaf kfkjw|cs tbc k~~jgoktgaf ae tbcsc xjcs ta tbkt dctcx`gfktgaf gf tbc oaftcrtae àxtikic fatcs tbkt kxc fciatgkhjc gfstx`cfts& ;4Gf tbc oaftcrt ae àxtikic fatcs tbkt bkuc hccf sajd ax scd ks oajjktcxkj ta scoxc kf ahjgiktgaf*tbc ocftxkj oafoc~t eax `kmgfi tbkt dctcx`gfktgaf gs gdcftgegoktgaf ae tbc (~cxsaf cftgtjcd tacfeaxoc( tbc fatc& ;3 _cucxkj gsscs kxc xcsajucd hw tbkt dctcx gfktgaf& @ast ~kxtgojkxjw4 eax tbc xc{gxc`cfts tbkt `st hc ejegjjcd gf axdcx eax k ~kw`cft ahjgiktgaf ta {kjgew ks kfciatgkhjc gfstx`cft& Gtsbajd fat hc kss`cd tbkt kjj àxtikic fatcs kxc fciatgkhjc gfstx`cfts& Tbc gssc ae tbcfciatgkhgjgtw aek ~kxtgojkx àxtikic fatc* ybgob xc{gxcs k~~jgoktgaf ae tbc stkfdkxds gf UOO ?-;>4 ta tbc yaxdsae tbc ~kxtgojkx fatc* gs hcwafd tbc soa~c ae tbgs Xc~axt&;4 Jky atbcx tbkf Kxtgojc ?* gfojdgfi oaftxkot jky* iaucxfs tbgs dctcx gfktgaf eax faf-fciatgkhjc àxtikic fatcs&Tbkt jky gs hcwafd tbc soa~c ae tbgs Xc~axt&;3 Tbc oafoc~t ae (~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc( k fatc gs fat swfafwàs ygtb (ayfcx( ae tbc fatc& _cc AeegogkjOa``cft ; ta UOO ?-8>?& K ~cxsaf fccd fat hc tbc ayfcx ae k fatc ta hc tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc gt* kfdfat kjj ayfcxs ygjj {kjgew ks ~cxsafs cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc& Xjcs tbkt kddxcss txkfsecx ae ayfcxsbg~ ae k fatc kxckddxcsscd gf tbc dgsossgaf ae [cstgaf 8 hcjay&;5 UOO ?-4;8& "Ge tbc fatc bks hccf dgsbafaxcd* kfd kf gfdaxscx bks ~kgd tbc fatc ta tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxocgt* tbc `kmcx)s ahjgiktgaf xfs ta tbc gfdaxscx&';9UOO ?-5>8& Tbc jky ae kicfow gs k~~jgokhjc gf dctcx`gfgfi ybctbcx k ~kw`cft bks hccf `kdc ta k ~cxsafcftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc& _cc gd&* Aeegogkj Oa``cft ?& Fatc tbkt* gf stktcs tbkt bkuc cfkotcd tbc 8>>8 Aeegogkj Tcrt aeUOO Kxtgojc ?* UOO ?-5>8"h' ~xaugdcs tbkt k `kmcx gs kjsa dgsobkxicd hw ~kwgfi k ~cxsaf eax`cxjw cftgtjcd tacfeaxoc tbc fatc ge tbc `kmcx bks fat xcocgucd kdc{ktc fatgegoktgaf tbkt tbc fatc bks hccf txkfsecxxcd kfd tbkt~kw`cft gs ta hc `kdc ta tbc txkfsecxcc& Tbgs k`cfd`cft kjgifs tbc ~xatcotgaf keeaxdcd ta `kmcxs ae fatcs tbkt bkuchccf kssgifcd ygtb oa`~kxkhjc ~xatcotgaf keeaxdcd ta ahjgiaxs af atbcx ~kw`cft xgibts tbkt bkuc hccf kssgifcd&_cc* c&i&* UOO 7-4>5"k'= Xcstktc cft "_coafd'* Oaftxkots ??2";'&;2 _cc UOO ?-3>8& _cc kjsa UOO ?-5>8&

4


8/17

ucc _cotgaf ?-?>; ~xaugdcs afjw tbxcc ykws gf ybgob k ~cxsaf `kw {kjgew ks tbc ~cxsafcftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc k fatc* tya ae ybgob xc{gxc tbc ~cxsaf ta hc gf ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc "ybgob`kw gfojdc ~asscssgaf hw k tbgxd ~kxtw tbkt ~asscsscs gt eax tbc ~cxsaf'+(;"h'"8;'"K'*xc{gxcs tbkt tbc ~cxsaf hc gf ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc kfd cgtbcx "g' tbc fatc gs ~kwkhjc tatbkt ~cxsaf ax "gg' tbc fatc gs ~kwkhjc ta hckxcx& Dctcx`gfgfi ta yba` k fatc gs ~kwkhjcxc{gxcs crk`gfktgaf fat afjw ae tbc ekoc ae tbc fatc ht kjsa ae kfw gfdaxsc`cfts& Tbgsgs hcoksc tbc ~kxtw ta yba` k fatc gs ~kwkhjc `kw hc obkficd hw gfdaxsc`cfx)( sa tbkt*eax crk`~jc* k fatc ~kwkhjc ta tbc axdcx ae k fk`cd ~kwcc tbkt gs gfdaxscd gf hjkfm hwtbkt ~kwcc hcoa`cs ~kwkhjc ta hckxcx& 8;

Tbc scoafd ykw tbkt k ~cxsaf `kw hc tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc k fatc gs ta hc k(fafbajdcx gf ~asscssgaf ae tbc ]fatcP yba bks tbc xgibts ae k bajdcx&(

a Bay okf k ~cxsaf yba gs fat tbc bajdcx ae k fatc bkuc tbc xgibts ae k bajdcx1Tbgs okf aoox hw a~cxktgaf ae jky atsgdc tbc ucc* sob ks tbc jky aeshxaiktgaf ax cstktc kd`gfgstxktgaf* hw ybgob afc ~cxsaf gs tbc soocssax ta axko{gxcs kfatbcx ~cxsaf)s xgibts&88 Gt okf kjsa aoox ge tbc dcjgucxw ae tbc fatc tatbkt ~cxsaf oafstgttcs k (txkfsecx( "ks tbkt tcx` gs dcegfcd gf ucc _cotgaf ?-8>?*scc hcjay' hcoksc txkfsecx ae k fatc (ucsts gf tbc txkfsecxcc kfw xgibt ae tbctxkfsecxax ta cfeaxoc tbc gfstx`cft&**8? Tbs* ge k bajdcx "yba* ks sccf khauc* gs k~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc k fatc' txkfsecxs tbc fatc ta kfatbcx ~cxsaf* tbkt atbcx~cxsaf "tbc txkfsecxcc' ahtkgfs exa` tbc bajdcx tbc xgibt ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc cucf getbc txkfsecxcc dacs fat hcoa`c tbc bajdcx "ks gf tbc crk`~jc hcjay'& _g`gjkxjw* k

;7 _cc cc ;-;>?"h' "fjcss dgs~jkocd hw ~kxtgojkx ~xaugsgafs ae tbc cc* tbc jky ae* gftcx kjgk* ~xgfog~kj kfdkicft s~~jc`cfts tbc ~xaugsgafs ae tbc cO'&_cc kjsa cc ?-48>* Oa``cft ; "(Dcjgucxw ta kf kicft ]ae k~kwccP gs dcjgucxw ta tbc ~kwcc&('& Fatc tbkt (dcjgucxw( aek fciatgkhjc gfstx`cft gs dcegfcd gf cc ;-8>;"h'";3'ks uajftkxw txkfsecx ae ~asscssgaf& Tbgs Xc~axt dacs fat kddxcss tbc dctcx`gfktgaf ae ybctbcx k ~kxtgojkx ~cxsaf gskf kicft ae kfatbcx ~cxsaf fdcx tbc jky ae kicfow kfd tbc kicfow jky g`~jgoktgafs ae sob k dctcx`gfktgaf&8> (Gfdaxsc cft*( ks dcegfcd gf cc ?-8>4"k'* xc{gxcs tbc sgifktxc ae tbc gfdaxscx& Tbc jky ae kicfowdctcx`gfcs ybctbcx k sgifktxc `kdc hw k ~cxsaf ~x~axtgfi ta kot ks k xc~xcscftktguc hgfds tbc xc~xcscftcd ~cxsaf&cc ?-4>8"k'= scc fatc ;8* s~xk& Kf gfdaxsc`cft `kw k~~ckx cgtbcx af tbc gfstx`cft ax af k sc~kxktc ~gcoc ae~k~cx "skjjw xcecxxcd ta ks kf kjjafic' keegrcd ta tbc gfstx cft& _cc cc ?-8>4"k' kfd Oa``cft ;* ~kx& 4&(oo _cotgaf ?-8>3 oaftkgfs tbc xjcs oafocxfgfi tbc ceecot ae ukxgas tw~cs ae gfdaxsc`cft af tbc ~kxtw ta yba`k fatc gs ~kwkhjc& Cgtbcx k (s~cogkj gfdaxsc`cft( "scc cc ?-8>3"k'' ax k (hjkfm gfdaxsc`cft( "scc cc ?-8>3"h'' okf obkfic tbc gdcftgtw ae tbc ~cxsaf ta yba` tbc fatc gs ~kwkhjc& K s~cogkj gfdaxsc`cft gs kf gfdaxsc`cfttbkt gdcftgegcs tbc ~cxsaf ta yba gt `kmcs tbc fatc ~kwkhjc* ybgjc k hjkfm gfdaxsc`cft gs kf gfdaxsc`cft tbkt dacsfat gdcftgew sob k ~cxsaf kfd xcsjts gf tbc gfstx`cft hcoa`gfi ~kwkhjc ta hckxcx& Ybcf kf gfstx cft gs gfdaxscdgf hjkfm "kfd* tbs* gs ~kwkhjc ta hckxcx'* gt `kw hc fciatgktcd hw txkfsecx ae ~asscssgaf kjafc ftgj s~cogkjjwgfdaxscd& cc ?-8>3"h'&88 _cc Aeegogkj Oa``cft ta cc ?-?>;&8? cc ?-8>?"h'&

3


9/17

shsc{cft txkfsecx ygjj xcsjt gf tbc shsc{cft txkfsecxcc hcgfi k ~cxsaf cftgtjcdta cfeaxoc tbc fatc&

a Sfdcx ybkt ogxo`stkfocs dacs dcjgucxw ae k fatc {kjgew ks k txkfsecx1 Ks stktcdgf cc _cotgaf ?-8>?"k'* k fatc gs txkfsecxxcd (ybcf gt gs dcjgucxcd hw k ~cxsafatbcx tbkf gts gsscx eax tbc ~x~asc ae igugfi ta tbc ~cxsaf xcocgugfi dcjgucxw tbcxgibt ta cfeaxoc tbc gfstx`cft&( Eax crk`~jc* kss`c tbkt tbc ~kwcc ae k fatcscjjs gt ta kf kssgifcc* gftcfdgfi ta txkfsecx kjj ae tbc ~kwcc)s xgibts ta tbc fatc* htdcjgucxs tbc fatc ta tbc kssgifcc ygtbat gfdaxsgfi gt& Tbc kssgifcc ygjj fat{kjgew ks k bajdcx "hcoksc tbc fatc gs stgjj ~kwkhjc ta tbc ~kwcc' ht* hcoksc tbctxkfskotgaf hctyccf tbc ~kwcc kfd tbc kssgifcc {kjgegcs ks k txkfsecx* tbc kssgifccfay bks kjj aetbc ~kwcc)s xgibts ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc kfd tbcxchw {kjgegcs ks tbc~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc gt& Tbs* tbc ekgjxc ta ahtkgf tbc gfdaxsc`cft ae tbc~kwcc dacs fat ~xcucft k ~cxsaf gf ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc exa` hcgfi tbc ~cxsafcftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc gt* ht dcàfstxktgfi tbkt stkts gs àxc dgeegojt& Tbgs gshcoksc tbc ~cxsaf gf ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc `st kjsa dcàfstxktc tbc ~x~asc aetbc dcjgucxw ae tbc fatc ta gt gf axdcx ta {kjgew ks tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc& 84

Tbcxc gs k tbgxd `ctbad ae {kjgewgfi ks k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc k fatc tbkt* fjgmc tbc~xcugas tya `ctbads* dacs fat xc{gxc ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc& Tbgs `ctbad gs {gtcjg`gtcd - gt k~~jgcs afjw gf okscs gf ybgob (tbc ~cxsaf okffat xcksafkhjw ahtkgf~asscssgaf ae tbc gfstx`cft hcoksc tbc gfstx`cft yks dcstxawcd* gts ybcxckhatsokffat hc dctcx`gfcd* ax gt gs gf tbc yxafiej ~asscssgaf ae kf fmfayf ~cxsaf ax k~cxsaf tbkt okffat hc eafd ax gs fat k`cfkhjc ta scxugoc ae ~xaocss&1( Gf sob k oksc* k~cxsaf {kjgegcs ks k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc ge tbc ~cxsaf dcàfstxktcs fatafjw tbkt afc ae tbasc ogxo`stkfocs gs ~xcscft ht kjsa dcàfstxktcs tbkt tbc ~cxsaf ykseax`cxjw gf ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc kfd cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc gt ybcf tbc jass ae ~asscssgafaooxxcd kfd tbkt tbc jass ae ~asscssgaf yks fat ks k xcsjt ae txkfsecx "ks dcegfcd khauc'ax jkyej scg|xc& Ge tbc ~cxsaf ~xaucs tbasc ekots* ks ycjj ks tbc tcx`s ae tbc fatc* tbc~cxsaf gs k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc kfd `kw sccm ta cfeaxoc gt cucf tbaib gt gsfat gf ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc*85 ht tbc oaxt `kw fat cftcx ldi`cft gf ekuax ae tbc

84 Ge tbc fatc yks txkfsecxxcd eax ukjc kfd tbc txkfsecxcc dacs fat {kjgew ks k bajdcx hcoksc ae tbc jkom aegfdaxsc cft hw tbc txkfsecxax* (tbc txkfsecxcc bks k s~cogegokjjw cfeaxockhjc xgibt ta tbc f{kjgegcd gfdaxsc cft aetbc txkfsecxax&( _cc cc ?-8>?"o'&83 cc ?-?>7"k'"ggg' ";77> tcrt'* ?-?>7"k'"?' "8>>8 tcrt'& Tbc 8>>8 tcrt iacs af ta ~xaugdc tbkt k txkfsecxcc exa`tbc ~cxsaf yba jast ~asscssgaf ae k fatc `kw kjsa {kjgew ks k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc gt& _cc cc ?-?>7"k'";'"H' "8>>8'& Tbgs ~agft yks tbaibt ta hc g`~jgogt gf tbc ;77> tcrt* ht yks xclcotcd gf sa`c okscs gf ybgobtbc gssc yks xkgscd& Tbc xcksafgfi ae tbasc okscs yks xclcotcd gf Aeegogkj Oa``cft 3 ta cc 7-;>7 kfd tbc~agft yks `kdc cr~jgogt gf tbc 8>>8 tcrt ae Kxtgojc ?&85 Ta ~xcukgj tbc ~cxsaf `st cstkhjgsb fat afjw tbkt tbc ~cxsaf gs k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc ht kjsa tbcatbcx cjc`cfts ae tbc `kmcx)s ahjgiktgaf ta ~kw sob k ~cxsaf& _cc icfcxkjjw cc ?-?>7"h'* ?-4;8& @axcaucx*ks gs tbc oksc ygtb xcs~cot ta tbc cfeaxoc`cft ae kjj xgibts fdcx tbc cc* tbc ~cxsaf cfeaxogfi tbc fatc `st kot gfiaad ekgtb gf cfeaxogfi tbc fatc& cc ;-?>4&

5


10/17

~cxsaf fjcss tbc oaxt egfds tbkt tbc `kmcx gs kdc{ktcjw ~xatcotcd kikgfst jass tbkt`gibt aoox ge tbc fatc shsc{cftjw xck~~ckxs& 89

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8& @kmcx gsscd k fciatgkhjc àxtikic fatc ~kwkhjc ta tbc axdcx ae ^kwcc& ^kwcc gfdaxscdtbc fatc gf hjkfm kfd ikuc ~asscssgaf ae gt ta Txkfsecxcc& Txkfsecxcc gs tbc bajdcx ae tbcfatc kfd* tbcxceaxc* gs tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc gt& ucc ;-8>;"h'"8;'"K'*?-?>;"g'&

?& @kmcx gsscd k fciatgkhjc àxtikic fatc ~kwkhjc ta tbc axdcx ae ^kwcc& ^kwcc sajd tbcfatc ta Txkfsecxcc kfd ikuc ~asscssgaf ae gt ta Txkfsecxcc eax tbc ~x~asc ae igugfiTxkfsecxcc tbc xgibt ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc& ^kwcc dgd fat* baycucx* gfdaxsc tbc fatc&Txkfsecxcc gs fat tbc bajdcx ae tbc fatc hcoksc* ybgjc Txkfsecxcc gs gf ~asscssgaf ae tbcfatc* gt gs ~kwkhjc fcgtbcx ta hckxcx fax ta Txkfsecxcc& ucc ;-8>;"h'"8;'"K'&Fafctbcjcss* Txkfsecxcc gs k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc& Tbgs gs hcoksc tbc fatcyks txkfsecxxcd ta Txkfsecxcc kfd tbc txkfsecx ucstcd gf Txkfsecxcc ^kwcc)s xgibt tacfeaxoc tbc fatc& ucc ?-8>?"k'-"h'& Ks k xcsjt* Txkfsecxcc gs k fafbajdcx gf~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc ygtb tbc xgibts ae k bajdcx kfd* kooaxdgfijw* k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd tacfeaxoc tbc fatc& ucc ?-?>;"gg'&

4& _k`c ekots ks Gjjstxktgafs 8 kfd ?* croc~t tbkt "g' fdcx tbc jky ae kicfow* Kicft gs tbckicft ae Txkfsecxcc eax ~x~ascs ae ~asscssgfi tbc fatc kfd "gg' gt gs Kicft* xktbcx tbkfTxkfsecxcc* ta yba` kotkj ~bwsgokj ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc gs igucf hw ^kwcc& Gf tbcekots ae Gjjstxktgaf 8* Txkfsecxcc gs k bajdcx ae tbc fatc kfd k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc gt&Gf tbc oaftcrt ae Gjjstxktgaf ?* Txkfsecxcc gs k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc&Ybctbcx Kicft `kw cfeaxoc tbc fatc ax àxtikic af hcbkje ae Txkfsecxcc dc~cfds gf ~kxtaf tbc jky ae kicfow kfd* gf tbc oksc ae tbc àxtikic* xckj ~xa~cxtw jky&

3& _k`c ekots ks Gjjstxktgaf 8* croc~t tbkt ketcx ahtkgfgfi ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc* Txkfsecxccjast tbc fatc kfd gts ybcxckhats okffat hc dctcx`gfcd& Txkfsecxcc gs k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd tacfeaxoc tbc fatc cucf tbaib Txkfsecxcc dacs fat bkuc ~asscssgaf ae gt& ucc ?-?>7"k'&Ge Txkfsecxcc hxgfis kf kotgaf af tbc fatc kikgfst @kmcx* Txkfsecxcc `st cstkhjgsb tbctcx`s ae tbc fatc kfd tbc cjc`cfts ae @kmcx)s ahjgiktgaf af gt& Tbc oaxt `kw fat cftcxldi`cft gf ekuax ae Txkfsecxcc* baycucx* fjcss tbc oaxt egfds tbkt @kmcx gs kdc{ktcjw~xatcotcd kikgfst jass tbkt `gibt aoox hw xcksaf ae k ojkg` ae kfatbcx ~cxsaf "sob ks tbcegfdcx ae tbc fatc' ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc& ucc ?-?>7"h'&

89 _cc gd& ucc ?-?>7"h' iacs af ta stktc tbkt (Kdc{ktc ~xatcotgaf `kw hc ~xaugdcd hw kfw xcksafkhjc `ckfs&(9


11/17

[cstgaf Tya - Ybkt _tc~s @st hc Tkmcf eax tbc Ayfcx ae k @axtikic Fatc ta TxkfsecxAyfcxsbg~ ae tbc Fatc ta Kfatbcx ^cxsaf ax Ssc tbc Fatc ks Oajjktcxkj eax kf Ahjgiktgaf1Gf tbc dgsossgaf ae [cstgaf Afc* tbgs Xc~axt kddxcsscs gdcftgegoktgaf ae tbc ~cxsaf yba gscftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc k fatc& Tbkt dgsossgaf dacs fat kddxcss yba (ayfs( tbc fatc& Ybgjc* gf`kfw okscs* tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc k fatc gs kjsa gts ayfcx* tbgs fccd fat hc tbc oksc& Tbcxjcs tbkt dctcx`gfc ybctbcx k ~cxsaf gs k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc k fatc da fat xc{gxc tbkt~cxsaf ta hc tbc ayfcx ae tbc fatc*82 kfd k obkfic gf ayfcxsbg~ ae k fatc dacs fat fcocsskxgjwhxgfi khat k oafoa`gtkft obkfic gf tbc gdcftgtw ae tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc& Tbgs gshcoksc tbc xjcs tbkt dctcx`gfc yba gs cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc k fatc kfd tbc xjcs tbkt dctcx`gfcybctbcx tbc fatc* ax kf gftcxcst gf gt* bkuc hccf ceecotgucjw txkfsecxxcd scxuc dgeecxcft efotgafs;* ybgob ~xaugdcs* gf xcjcukft ~kxt* tbkt (K ~cxsaf `kw hc k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbcgfstx`cft cucf tbaib tbc ~cxsaf gs fat tbc ayfcx ae tbc gfstx`cft &&&& (87 ucc 7-;>7"k'"G'&?> Ygtb ocxtkgf jg`gtcd croc~tgafs fat icx`kfc ta tbgs Xc~axt* Kxtgojc 7 iaucxfs tbc skjc ae kooafts* obkttcj ~k~cx*~kw cft gftkfighjcs* kfd ~xa gssaxw fatcs& ucc 7-;>7"k'"?'& Tbc tcx` (~xa`gssaxw fatc( gfojdcs fat afjwfatcs tbkt ejegjj tbc xc{gxc cfts ae k fciatgkhjc gfstx cft fdcx ucc ?-;>4 ht kjsa fatcs tbkt da fat ejegjjtbasc xc{gxc`cfts ht fafctbcjcss kxc ae k (tw~c tbkt gf axdgfkxw hsgfcss gs txkfsecxxcd hw dcjgucxw ygtb kfwfcocsskxw gfdaxsc cft ax kssgif cft&( _cc ucc 7-;>8"k'"53' "dcegfgtgaf ae (~xa gssaxw fatc(' kfd 7-;>8"k'"49'"dcegfgtgaf ae (gfstx`cft( ks tbc tcx` gs scd gf Kxtgojc 7'&

2


12/17

ht kjsa tbc xgibt ae k hwcx ae k ~kw`cft xgibt gf k txkfskotgaf iaucxfcd hw Kxtgojc 7&?;_g`gjkxjw* dcegfgtgafkj oafucftgafs dcfa`gfktc tbc scjjcx ae sob k ~kw`cft xgibt ks tbc (dchtax*(tbc hwcx ks tbc (scoxcd ~kxtw*( kfd tbc sajd ~kw`cft xgibt ks tbc (oajjktcxkj&t))( Ks k xcsjt* eax~x~ascs ae Kxtgojc 7* tbc hwcx ae k ~xa`gssaxw fatc gs k (scoxcd ~kxtw( tbkt bks ko{gxcd k(scoxgtw gftcxcst( gf tbc fatc exa` tbc (dchtax*( kfd tbc xjcs tbkt k~~jw ta scoxgtw gftcxcsts tbktscoxc kf ahjgiktgaf icfcxkjjw kjsa k~~jw ta txkfskotgafs gf ybgob k ~xa`gssaxw fatc gs sajd&_cotgaf 7-8>?"h' ae tbc Sfgeax` Oa``cxogkj Oadc ~xaugdcs tbkt tbxcc oxgtcxgk `st hc ejegjjcdgf axdcx eax tbc ayfcx ae k `axtikic fatc ceecotgucjw ta oxcktc k (scoxgtw gftcxcst( "cgtbcx kfgftcxcst gf tbc fatc scoxgfi kf ahjgiktgaf ax tbc atxgibt skjc ae tbc fatc ta k hwcx' gf gt&

Tbc egxst tya oxgtcxgk kxc stxkgibteaxykxd - (ukjc( `st hc igucf?? kfd tbc dchtax!scjjcx`st bkuc xgibts gf tbc fatc ax tbc ~aycx ta txkfsecx xgibts gf tbc fatc ta k tbgxd ~kxtw& ?4

Tbc tbgxd oxgtcxgaf `kw hc ejegjjcd gf cgtbcx afc ae tya ykws& Cgtbcx tbc dchtax!scjjcx`st (ktbcftgoktc**?3 k (scoxgtw kixcc`cft)t( tbkt dcsoxghcs tbc fatc?9 ax tbc scoxcd~kxtw `st tkmc ~asscssgaf ( ae tbc fatc ~xskft ta tbc dchtax)s scoxgtw kixcc`cft&j(

?; _cc ucc ;-8>;"h'"?3' ]ucc ;-8>;"?9' gf stktcs tbkt bkuc fat wct cfkotcd tbc 8>>; xcugscd tcrt ae uccKxtgojc ;P& "Eax xcksafs tbkt kxc fat k~~kxcft* ybcf _atb Okxajgfk cfkotcd tbc ;772 xcugscd tcrt ae ucc Kxtgojc 7*ybgob gfojdcd kf k`cfd`cft ta ucc ;-8>; ta cr~kfd tbc dcegfgtgaf ae (scoxgtw gftcxcst( ta gfojdc tbc xgibt aek hwcx ae k ~xa`gssaxw fatc* gt dgd fat cfkot tbc k`cfd`cft ta ;-8>;& Tbgs Xc~axt dacs fat kddxcss tbc ceecot aetbkt a`gssgaf&' Tbc jg`gtktgaf ta txkfskotgafs iaucxfcd hw Kxtgojc 7 xcecxs ta tbc crojsgaf* gf okscs fat icx`kfc tatbgs Xc~axt* ae ocxtkgf kssgif`cfts ae ~kw`cft xgibts exa` tbc xckob ae Kxtgojc 7&?8 ucc 7-;>8"k'"82'"H'= 7-;>8"k'"98'"D'= 7-;>8"k'";8'"H'&?? ucc 7-8>?"h'"G'& ucc ;-8>4 ~xaugdcs tbkt igugfi (ukjc( eax xgibts gfojdcs fat afjw ko{gxgfi tbc` eaxoafsgdcxktgaf ht kjsa ko{gxgfi tbc gf xctxf eax k hgfdgfi oa``gt`cft ta crtcfd oxcdgt* ks scoxgtw eax ax gfoa`~jctc ax ~kxtgkj sktgsekotgaf ae k ~xccrgstgfi ojkg`* ax hw kooc~tgfi dcjgucxw ae tbc` fdcx k ~xccrgstgfi oaftxkoteax tbcgx ~xobksc&?4 ucc 7-8>?"h'"8'& Jg`gtcd xgibts tbkt kxc sbaxt ae ejj ayfcxsbg~ kxc seegogcft eax tbgs ~x~asc& _cc AeegogkjOa``cft 5 ta ucc 7-8>?&?3 Tbgs tcx` gs dcegfcd ta gfojdc sgifgfi kfd gts cjcotxafgo c{gukjcft& _cc ucc 7-j>8"k'"9'&?5 K (scoxgtw kixcc`cft( gs kf kixcc`cft tbkt oxcktcs ax ~xaugdcs eax k scoxgtw gftcxcst "gfojdgfi tbc xgibts ae khwcx kxgsgfi ~af tbc atxgibt skjc aek ~kw`cft xgibt'& _cc ucc 7-;>8"k'"9?'&?9 Kxtgojc 7)s oxgtcxgk eax dcsoxg~tgafs ae ~xa~cxtw gf k scoxgtw kixcc`cft kxc {gtc ejcrghjc& Icfcxkjjw s~ckmgfi* kfwdcsoxg~tgaf seegocs* ybctbcx ax fat s~cogego* ge gt xcksafkhjw gdcftgegcs tbc ~xa~cxtw& _cc ucc 7-j>2"k'-"h'& K(s~cxicfcxgo( dcsoxg~tgaf oafsgstgfi sajcjw ae yaxds sob ks (kjj ae tbc dchtax)s ksscts( ax (kjj ae tbc dchtax)s~cxsafkj ~xa~cxtw( gs fat seegogcft* baycucx& ucc 7-;>2"o'& K fkxxaycx dcsoxg~tgaf* jg`gtgfi tbc ~xa~cxtw ta k~kxtgojkx oktciaxw ax tw~c* sob ks (kjj fatcs*( gs seegogcft& Eax crk`~jc* k dcsoxg~tgaf tbkt xcecxs ta (kjj ae tbcdchtax)s fatcs( gs seegogcft&?2 _cc ucc 7-?;?& Ks fatcd gf Aeegogkj Oa``cft ? ta ucc 7-?;?* (gf dctcx gfgfi ybctbcx k ~kxtgojkx ~cxsafbks ~asscssgaf* tbc ~xgfog~jcs ae kicfow k~~jw&( Gf kddgtgaf* ucc 7-?;? kjsa oaftkgfs tya s~cogkj xjcs fdcxybgob ~asscssgaf hw k faf-kicft `kw oafstgttc ~asscssgaf hw tbc scoxcd ~kxtw& Egxst* ge k ~cxsaf yba gs fat kfkicft gs gf ~asscssgaf ae tbc oajjktcxkj kfd tbc ~cxsaf ktbcftgoktcs k xcoaxd komfayjcdigfi tbkt tbc ~cxsaf bajds tbcoajjktcxkj eax tbc scoxcd ~kxtw)s hcfcegt* ~asscssgaf hw tbkt ~cxsaf oafstgttcs ~asscssgaf hw tbc scoxcd ~kxtw&ucc 7-?;?"o'& _coafd* k scoxcd ~kxtw tbkt bks ~asscssgaf ae oajjktcxkj dacs fat xcjgf{gsb ~asscssgaf hwdcjgucxgfi tbc oajjktcxkj ta kfatbcx ~cxsaf "atbcx tbkf tbc dchtax ax k jcsscc ae tbc oajjktcxkj exa` tbc dchtax gf tbcaxdgfkxw oaxsc ae tbc dchtax)s hsgfcss' ge tbc dcjgucxw gs kooa`~kfgcd hw gfstxotgafs ta tbkt ~cxsaf ta bajd~asscssgaf ae tbc oajjktcxkj eax tbc hcfcegt ae tbc scoxcd ~kxtw ax xcdcjgucx gt ta tbc scoxcd ~kxtw& ucc 7-?;?"b'&

7


13/17

a Tbs* ge tbc scoxcd ~kxtw "gfojdgfi k hwcx' tkmcs ~asscssgaf ae tbc àxtikicfatc ~xskft ta tbc scoxgtw kixcc`cft ae tbc dchtax "gfojdgfi k scjjcx'* tbgsoxgtcxgaf gs sktgsegcd cucf ge tbkt kixcc`cft gs axkj ax atbcxygsc fat cugdcfocd hwkf ktbcftgoktcd xcoaxd&

a Kjtcxfktgucjw* ge tbc dchtax ktbcftgoktcs k scoxgtw kixcc`cft dcsoxghgfi tbc fatc*tbgs oxgtcxgaf gs sktgsegcd cucf ge tbc scoxcd ~kxtw dacs fat tkmc ~asscssgaf ae tbcfatc& "Fatc tbkt gf tbgs sgtktgaf* gf ybgob tbc scjjcx ae k fatc `kw xctkgf~asscssgaf ae gt* tbc ayfcx ae k fatc `kw hc k dgeecxcft ~cxsaf tbkf tbc ~cxsafcftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc&l)(

_ktgsekotgaf ae tbcsc tbxcc oxgtcxgk ae _cotgaf 7-8>?"h' xcsjts gf tbc scoxcd ~kxtw "gfojdgfi khwcx ae tbc fatc' ahtkgfgfi k ~xa~cxtw xgibt "ybctbcx atxgibt ayfcxsbg~ ax k scoxgtw gftcxcst tascoxc kf ahjgiktgaf' gf tbc fatc exa` tbc dchtax "gfojdgfi k scjjcx ae tbc fatc'=(GjjstxktgafsKs fatcd gf tbc dgsossgaf ae [cstgaf Afc* ~kw`cft hw tbc `kmcx ae k fciatgkhjc fatc ta tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd tacfeaxoc gt dgsobkxics tbc `kmcx)s ahjgiktgafs af tbc fatc& cc ?-5>8& Tbgs gs tbc oksc cucf ge tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcdta cfeaxoc tbc fatc gs fat gts ayfcx& Ks hctyccf tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc kfd tbc ayfcx ae tbc fatc*tbc xgibt ta tbc àfcw ~kgd hw tbc `kmcx gs dctcx`gfcd hw tbc cc kfd atbcx k~~jgokhjc jky* sob ks tbc jky aeoaftxkot kfd tbc jky ae xcstgttgaf* ks ycjj ks kicfow jky& _cc* c&i&* cc ?-?>5 kfd 7-?;3"k'"8'& Ks fatcd gfoa``cft ? ta cc ?-5>8* (ge tbc axgigfkj ~kwcc ae tbc fatc txkfsecxs ayfcxsbg~ ae tbc fatc ta k tbgxd ~kxtw htoaftgfcs ta scxugoc tbc ahjgiktgaf* tbc jky ae kicfow `gibt txckt ~kw`cfts `kdc ta tbc axgigfkj ~kwcc ks ~kw cfts`kdc ta tbc tbgxd ~kxtw&(4;Eaxokscs gf ybgob kfatbcx ~cxsaf ojkg`s kf gftcxcst gf tbc fatc "ybctbcx ks k xcsjt ae kfatbcx uajftkxw txkfsecxhw tbc dchtax ax atbcxygsc'* xcecxcfoc ta Kxtgojc 7)s xjcs iaucxfgfi ~cxecotgaf kfd ~xgaxgtw ae scoxgtw gftcxcsts `kwhc xc{gxcd gf axdcx ta xkfm axdcx tbasc ojkg`s "kfd* gf sa`c okscs* dctcx`gfc ybctbcx k ~kxtw bks tkmcf tbc fatc exccae oa`~ctgfi ojkg`s ta tbc fatc'& Gf tbc oksc ae fatcs tbkt kxc fciatgkhjc gfstx`cfts* tbc Kxtgojc ? oafoc~t ae(bajdcx gf dc oaxsc( "scc cc ?-?>8' sbajd hc oafsgdcxcd ks ycjj* hcoksc k bajdcx gf dc oaxsc tkmcs gtsxgibts gf kf gfstx`cft excc ae oa`~ctgfi ~xa~cxtw ojkg`s ta gt "ks ycjj ks excc ae àst dcecfscs ta ahjgiktgafs af gt'&_cc cc ?-?>3 kfd ?-?>5& Ygtb xcs~cot ta dctcx`gfgfi ybctbcx tbc ayfcx ae k fatc bks ceecotgucjw txkfsecxxcd k~xa~cxtw gftcxcst ta k txkfsecxcc* baycucx* tbc ~cxecotgaf kfd ~xgaxgtw xjcs kxc jkxicjw gxxcjcukft& "Tbc k~~jgoktgaf aetbc ~cxecotgaf kfd ~xgaxgtw xjcs okf xcsjt gf tbc xgibts ae tbc txkfsecxcc cgtbcx hcgfi shaxdgfktc ta tbc xgibts ae koa`~ctgfi ojkg`kft ax hcgfi crtgfigsbcd hw tbc xgibts ae tbc oa ~ctgfi ojkg`kft& _cc* c&i&* cc 7-?;9"h'* 7-?88"k'* 7-??>"d'* kfd 7-??;"k'&'48Eax tbgs Gjjstxktgaf* ks ycjj ks Gjjstxktgafs 9-;;* tbc kfkjwsgs fdcx cc Kxtgojc 7 gs tbc sk`c ybctbcx tbcàxtikic fatc gs fciatgkhjc ax faf-fciatgkhjc& Tbgs gs hcoksc* gf cgtbcx oksc* tbc àxtikic fatc ygjj {kjgew ks k(~xa gssaxw fatc( kfd* tbcxceaxc* kf (gfstx`cft( fdcx cc Kxtgojc 7& _cc cc 7-;>8"k'"49'* "53'&

;>


14/17

cfeaxockhjc scoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc fatc& cc 7-8>?"h'& Tbgs gs tbc oksc cucf ge^kwcc)s kixcc`cft gs axkj ax atbcxygsc fat cugdcfocd hw kf ktbcftgoktcd xcoaxd& ^kwccgs fa jaficx k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc "hcoksc ^kwcc gs fa jaficx gf~asscssgaf ae gt kfd gt bks fat hccf jast* stajcf* ax dcstxawcd'& cc ?-?>;& Efdcx gs k~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc ge cgtbcx "g' ^kwcc gfdaxscd tbc fatc hw hjkfmgfdaxsc`cft ax hw k s~cogkj gfdaxsc`cft gdcftgewgfi Efdcx ks tbc ~cxsaf ta yba` tbcgfdaxsc`cft `kmcs tbc fatc ~kwkhjc "hcoksc* gf sob okscs* Efdcx yajd hc tbc bajdcxae tbc fatc'* ax "gg' tbc dcjgucxw ae tbc fatc exa` ^kwcc ta Efdcx oafstgttcs k txkfsecx aetbc fatc fdcx cc ?-8>? "hcoksc* gf sob oksc* Efdcx yajd hc k fafbajdcx gf~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc ygtb tbc xgibts aek bajdcx'& _cc kjsa cc ;-8>;"h'"8;'"K'* ?-8>3"k'-"h'* kfd ?-?>;"g'-"gg'&

9& @kmcx gsscd k àxtikic fatc ~kwkhjc ta tbc axdcx ae ^kwcc& ^kwcc haxxaycd àfcwexa` Efdcx kfd* gf k sgifcd yxgtgfi tbkt xcksafkhjw gdcftgegcd tbc fatc "ybctbcxs~cogegokjjw ax ks ~kxt ae k oktciaxw ax k tw~c ae ~xa~cxtw dcegfcd gf tbc Scc'*ixkftcdEfdcx k scoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc fatc ta scoxc ^kwcc)s xc~kw`cft ahjgiktgaf& ^kwcc*baycucx* xctkgfcd ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc& Efdcx bks kf kttkobcd kfd cfeaxockhjcscoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc fatc& cc 7-8>?"h'& Ge tbc fatc gs fciatgkhjc* ^kwcc xc`kgfstbc bajdcx kfd tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc hcoksc ^kwcc gs gf ~asscssgaf ae gtkfd gt gs ~kwkhjc ta tbc axdcx ae ^kwcc& cc ;-8>;"h'"8;'"K'* ?-?>;"g'&

2& @kmcx gsscd k àxtikic fatc ~kwkhjc ta tbc axdcx ae ^kwcc& ^kwcc sajd tbc fatc taEfdcx* igugfi ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc ta Efdcx gf crobkfic eax tbc ~xobksc ~xgoc& Tbcskjc ae tbc fatc gs iaucxfcd hw Kxtgojc 7 kfd tbc xgibts ae Efdcx ks hwcx oafstgttc k(scoxgtw gftcxcst&( cc 7-;>7"k'"?'* ;-8>;"h'"?3'& Tbc scoxgtw gftcxcst gs kttkobcdkfd gs cfeaxockhjc& cc 7-8>?"h'& Tbgs gs tbc oksc cucf ge tbc skjcs kixcc`cft yksaxkj ax atbcxygsc fat cugdcfocd hw kf ktbcftgoktcd xcoaxd& Ge tbc fatc gs fciatgkhjc*Efdcx gs kjsa k ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc* ybctbcx ax fat ^kwcc gfdaxscd gt*hcoksc cgtbcx "g' Efdcx gs k bajdcx ae tbc fatc "ge ^kwcc gfdaxscd gt hw hjkfmgfdaxsc`cft ax hw k s~cogkj gfdaxsc`cft gdcftgewgfi Efdcx ks tbc ~cxsaf ta yba` tbcgfdaxsc`cft `kmcs tbc fatc ~kwkhjc' ax "gg' Efdcx gs k fafbajdcx gf ~asscssgaf ae tbcfatc "ge tbcxc gs fa sob gfdaxsc`cft' yba bks ahtkgfcd tbc xgibts ae ^kwcc hw txkfsecx aetbc fatc ~xskft ta cc ?-8>?& _cc kjsa cc ;-8>;"h'"8;'"K'* ?-8>3"k'-"h'* kfd?-?>;"g'-"gg'&

7& @kmcx gsscd k àxtikic fatc ~kwkhjc ta tbc axdcx ae ^kwcc& ^xskft ta k sgifcd yxgtgfitbkt xcksafkhjw gdcftgegcd tbc fatc "ybctbcx s~cogegokjjw ax ks ~kxt ae k oktciaxw ax k tw~cae ~xa~cxtw dcegfcd gf tbc Scc'*^kwcc sajd tbc fatc ta Efdcx& ^kwcc* baycucx*xctkgfcd ~asscssgaf ae tbc fatc& Tbc skjc ae tbc fatc gs iaucxfcd hw Kxtgojc 7 kfd tbcxgibts ae Efdcx ks hwcx oafstgttc k (scoxgtw gftcxcst&( cc ;-8>;"h'"?3'& Tbcscoxgtw gftcxcst gs kttkobcd kfd gs cfeaxockhjc& cc 7-8>?"h'& Ge tbc fatc gsfciatgkhjc* ^kwcc xc`kgfs tbc bajdcx kfd tbc ~cxsaf cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc fatc "cucftbaib* ks hctyccf ^kwcc kfd Efdcx* Efdcx ayfs tbc fatc' hcoksc ^kwcc gs gf

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15/17

~asscssgaf ae gt kfd gt gs ~kwkhjc ta tbc axdcx ae ^kwcc& ucc ;-8>;"h'"8;'"K'* ?-?>;"g'&

[cstgaf Tbxcc - Ybkt gs tbc Ceecot ae Txkfsecx ae kf Gftcxcst gf k @axtikic Fatc af tbc@axtikic _coxgfi Gt1Ybkt ge k fatc scoxcd hw k àxtikic gs sajd "ax tbc fatc gs scd ks oajjktcxkj ta scoxc kfahjgiktgaf'* ht tbc ~kxtgcs da fat tkmc kfw kddgtgafkj kotgafs ta kssgif tbc àxtikic tbkt scoxcs~kw`cft ae tbc fatc* sob ks crcotgaf aek xcoaxdkhjc kssgif`cft ae tbc àxtikic1 ucc_cotgaf 7-8>?"i' cr~jgogtjw ~xaugdcs tbkt* gf sob okscs* tbc kssgif`cft aetbc gftcxcst aetbcscjjcx ax atbcx ixkftax ae k scoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc fatc kta`ktgokjjw txkfsecxs k oaxxcs~afdgfigftcxcst gf tbc àxtikic ta tbc kssgifcc< (Tbc kttkob`cft ae k scoxgtw gftcxcst gf k xgibt ta~kw`cft ax ~cxeax`kfoc scoxcd hw k scoxgtw gftcxcst ax atbcx jgcf af ~cxsafkj ax xckj ~xa~cxtwgs kjsa kttkob`cft ae k scoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc scoxgtw gftcxcst* àxtikic* ax atbcx jgcf&( "Ksfatcd ~xcugasjw* k (scoxgtw gftcxcst( gf k fatc gfojdcs tbc xgibt ae k hwcx ae tbc fatc&'Ybgjc tbgs {cstgaf bks ~xauamcd sa`c focxtkgftw kfd bks igucf xgsc ta sa`c ldgogkj kfkjwsgstbkt dgsxcikxds tbc g`~kot ae Kxtgojc 7*4?tbc ucc gs fk`hgias< tbc skjc aek àxtikic fatc"ax atbcx ixkft ae k scoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc fatc' fat kooa`~kfgcd hw k sc~kxktc oafucwkfoc aetbc àxtikic scoxgfi tbc fatc dacs fat xcsjt gf tbc àxtikic hcgfi scucxcd exa` tbc fatc& 44Gtgs g`~axtkft ta fatc gf tbgs xcikxd* baycucx* tbkt ucc _cotgaf 7-8>?"i' kddxcsscs afjwybctbcx* ks hctyccf tbc scjjcx ae k àxtikic fatc "ax k dchtax yba scs gt ks oajjktcxkj' kfd tbchwcx ax atbcx scoxcd ~kxtw* tbc gftcxcst ae tbc scjjcx "ax dchtax' gf tbc àxtikic bks hccfoaxxcs~afdgfijw txkfsecxxcd ta tbc scoxcd ~kxtw& ucc _cotgaf 7-?>2"c' iacs af ta stktc tbkt* getbc scoxcd ~kxtw)s scoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc fatc gs ~cxecotcd* tbc scoxcd ~kxtw)s scoxgtw gftcxcst4?_cc* c&i&* tbc dgsossgaf ae tbgs gssc gf Ss& Hkfm u& Ghkfc|* 432 @kss& 5?9 kt 538-3?*74; F&C&8d 4> kt 3?-34"8>;;'& Gf tbkt dgsossgaf* tbc oaxt ogtcd @ksskobsctts oa`àf jky ~xcocdcfts ~xc-dktgfi tbc cfkot`cft ae tbcoxxcft tcrt ae Kxtgojc 7 ta tbc ceecot tbkt k àxtikic dacs fat eajjay k fatc gf tbc khscfoc ae k sc~kxktc kssgif`cftae tbc àxtikic* ht dgd fat kddxcss tbc ceecot ae @ksskobsctts)s shsc{cft cfkot`cft aeSOO 7-8>?"i' af tbasc~xcocdcfts& Sfdcx tbc xjc gf SOO 7-8>?"i'* ge tbc bajdcx ae tbc fatc gf{cstgaf dcàfstxktcd tbkt gt bkd kfkttkobcd scoxgtw gftcxcst "gfojdgfi tbc gftcxcst aek hwcx' gf tbc fatc* tbc bajdcx ae tbc fatc gf {cstgaf yajd kjsabkuc k scoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc àxtikic scoxgfi tbc fatc cucf gf tbc khscfoc aek sc~kxktc kssgif`cft ae tbcàxtikic& "Tbgs Xc~axt dacs fat kddxcss ybctbcx* fdcx tbc ekots ae tbc Ghkfc| oksc* tbc bajdcx ae tbc fatc bkd kfkttkobcd scoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc fatc kfd* tbs* {kjgegcd eax tbc k~~jgoktgaf aeSOO 7-8>?"i'& @axcaucx* cucf getbc bajdcx bkd kf kttkobcd scoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc fatc kfd* tbs* bkd k scoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc àxtikic* tbgs yajdfat* ae gtscje* `ckf tbkt tbc bajdcx oajd cfeaxoc tbc àxtikic ygtbat k xcoaxdkhjc kssgif`cft ae tbc àxtikic tatbc bajdcx& Ybktcucx stc~s kxc xc{gxcd gf axdcx ta cfeaxoc k àxtikic gf tbc khscfoc ae k xcoaxdkhjc kssgif`cft kxctbc ~xaugfoc ae xckj ~xa~cxtw jky& Tbc `kttcx gs kddxcsscd* gf ~kxt* gf tbc dgsossgaf ae [cstgaf 4 hcjay&'44 Aeegogkj Oa``cft 7 ta SOO 7-8>? oafegx`s tbgs ~agft< (_hscotgaf "i' oadgegcs tbc oa`àf-jky xjc tbkt ktxkfsecx ae kf ahjgiktgaf scoxcd hw k scoxgtw gftcxcst ax atbcx jgcf af ~cxsafkj ax xckj ~xa~cxtw kjsa txkfsecxs tbcscoxgtw gftcxcst ax jgcf&( ^xskft ta SOO ;-?>8"k'* tbc ~kxtgcs ta tbc txkfskotgaf `kw kixcc tbkt kf gftcxcst gf tbcàxtikic scoxgfi tbc fatc dacs fat kooa`~kfw tbc fatc* ht sob kf kixcc`cft gs fjgmcjw& _cc* c&i&* Xcstktc`cft"?d'* ^xa~cxtw "@axtikics' 3&4* oa``cft k "(Gt gs oafocgukhjc tbkt af xkxc aooksgafs k àxtikicc ygjj ygsb tadgskssaogktc tbc ahjgiktgaf kfd tbc àxtikic* ht tbkt xcsjt sbajd eajjay afjw ~af cugdcfoc tbkt tbc ~kxtgcs ta tbctxkfsecx sa kixccd&('&

;8


16/17

gf tbc àxtikic scoxgfi tbc fatc gs kjsa ~cxecotcd&( ygtb xcsjt tbkt tbc xgibt ae tbc scoxcd~kxtw gs scfgax ta tbc xgibts ae k ~cxsaf yba tbcf ax jktcx hcoa`cs k jgcf oxcdgtax ae tbc scjjcx ae"ax atbcx ixkftax aek scoxgtw gftcxcst gf' tbc fatc& Fcgtbcx aetbcsc xjcs* baycucx* dctcx`gfcstbc xkfmgfi ae xgibts gf tbc fdcxjwgfi xckj ~xa~cxtw gtscje* ax tbc ceecot ae xcoaxdktgaf ax faf-xcoaxdktgaf gf tbc xckj ~xa~cxtw xcoaxdgfi swstc` af cfeaxoc`cft ae tbc àxtikic& 45Gjjstxktgaf& _k`c ekots ks Gjjstxktgaf 7& Tbc sgifcd yxgtgfi yks sgjcft ygtb xcs~cot ta tbc àxtikicscoxgfi tbc fatc kfd tbc ~kxtgcs `kdc fa atbcx kixcc`cft ygtb xcs~cot ta tbc àxtikic&Tbc kttkob`cft ae Efdcx)s gftcxcst gf tbc xgibts ae ^kwcc gf tbc fatc kjsa oafstgttcskttkob`cft ae kf gftcxcst gf tbc xgibts ae ^kwcc gf tbc àxtikic& ucc 7-8>?"i'&

[cstgaf Eax - Ybkt Kotgafs @kwk ^cxsaf ta Yba` kf Gftcxcst gf k @axtikic Fatc BksHccf Txkfsecxxcd* ht Yba Bks fat Tkmcf k Xcoaxdkhjc Kssgif`cft ae tbc @axtikic*Tkmc gf Axdcx ta Hcoa`c tbc Kssgifcc ae Xcoaxd ae tbc @axtikic _coxgfi tbc Fatc1Gf sa`c stktcs* k ~kxtw ygtbat k xcoaxdcd gftcxcst gf k àxtikic `kw fat cfeaxoc tbc àxtikicfaf-ldgogkjjw& Gf sob stktcs* cucf tbaib tbc hwcx ae k àxtikic fatc "ax k oxcdgtax ta yba` kscoxgtw gftcxcst gf tbc fatc bks hccf ixkftcd ta scoxc kf ahjgiktgaf' kta`ktgokjjw ahtkgfsoaxxcs~afdgfi xgibts gf tbc àxtikic=( tbgs `kw hc gfseegogcft ks k `kttcx ae k~~jgokhjc xckjcstktc jky ta cfkhjc tbkt hwcx ax scoxcd oxcdgtax ta cfeaxoc tbc àxtikic ~af dcekjt ae tbc`kmcx ge tbc hwcx ax scoxcd oxcdgtax dacs fat bkuc k xcoaxdkhjc kssgif`cft& Tbc hwcx ax atbcxscoxcd ~kxtw `kw kttc`~t ta ahtkgf sob k xcoaxdkhjc kssgif`cft exa` tbc scjjcx ax dchtax kt tbctg`c gt sccms ta cfeaxoc tbc àxtikic* ht sob kf kttc`~t `kw hc fsoocssej& 42Kxtgojc 7 ae tbc ucc ~xaugdcs sob k hwcx ax scoxcd oxcdgtax k `cobkfgs` hw ybgob gt okfxcoaxd gts gftcxcst gf tbc xckjtw xcoaxds gf axdcx ta oafdot k faf-ldgogkj eaxcojasxc& ucc_cotgaf 7-5>9"h' ~xaugdcs tbkt (ge fcocsskxw ta cfkhjc k scoxcd ~kxtw ]gfojdgfi tbc hwcx ae kàxtikic fatcP ta crcxogsc &&& tbc xgibt ae ]gts txkfsecxaxPta cfeaxoc k àxtikic fafldgogkjjw*(tbc scoxcd ~kxtw `kw xcoaxd gf tbc aeegoc gf ybgob tbc àxtikic gs xcoaxdcd "g' k oa~w ae tbcscoxgtw kixcc`cft txkfsecxxgfi kf gftcxcst gf tbc fatc ta tbc scoxcd ~kxtw kfd "gg' tbc scoxcd43 _cc Aeegogkj Oa``cft 5 ta SOO 7-?>2* ybgob kjsa ahscxucs tbkt (tbgs xcsjt bcj~s ~xcucft tbc sc~kxktgaf ae tbcàxtikic "ax atbcx jgcf' exa` tbc fatc&( Fatc kjsa tbkt* ks cr~jkgfcd gf Aeegogkj Oa``cft 9 ta SOO 7-;>7* (Gtkjsa eajjays exa` ]SOO 7-;>7"h'P tbkt kf kttc`~t ta ahtkgf ax ~cxecot k scoxgtw gftcxcst gf k scoxcd ahjgiktgaf hwoa`~jwgfi ygtb faf-Kxtgojc 7 jky* ks hw kf kssgif cft ae xcoaxd aek xckj-~xa~cxtw àxtikic* yajd hc gfceecotguc&(45 _g`gjkxjw* Aeegogkj Oa``cft 5 ta SOO 7-?>2 stktcs tbkt (tbgs Kxtgojc dacs fat dctcx`gfc yba bks tbc ~aycx taxcjcksc k àxtikic ae xcoaxd& Tbkt gssc gs dctcx`gfcd hw xckj-~xa~cxtw jky&(49 _cc dgsossgaf ae [cstgaf Tbxcc* s~xk&42 Gf sa`c okscs* tbc scjjcx ax dchtax `kw fa jaficx hc gf hsgfcss& Gf atbcx okscs* gt `kw sg`~jw hc fxcs~afsguc taxc{csts eax crcotgaf ae dao`cfts ygtb xcs~cot ta k txkfskotgaf gf ybgob gt fa jaficx bks kf coafa`go gftcxcst&@axcaucx* gf okscs gf ybgob àxtikic fatc yks oajjktcxkj eax kf ahjgiktgaf aycd ta tbc scoxcd ~kxtw* tbc dcekjtgfidchtax `kw sg`~jw hc fygjjgfi ta kssgst gts scoxcd ~kxtw& _cc Aeegogkj Oa``cft 2 ta SOO 7-5>9&

;?


17/17

~kxtw)s syaxf keegdkugt gf xcoaxdkhjc eax` stktgfi tbkt dcekjt bks aooxxcd)G) kfd tbkt tbc scoxcd~kxtw gs cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc àxtikic faf-ldgogkjjw& 3>Gjjstxktgaf& @kmcx bks dcekjtcd af tbc fatc kfd àxtikic kfd Efdcxyajd jgmc ta cfeaxoc tbc àxtikic faf-ldgogkjjw& Gf tbc xcjcukft stktc* baycucx* afjw k~kxtw ygtb k xcoaxdcd gftcxcst gf k àxtikic `kw cfeaxoc gt faf-ldgogkjjw& Efdcx `kwxcoaxd gf tbc xcjcukft àxtikic xcoaxdgfi aeegoc k oa~w ae tbc sgifcd yxgtgfi ~xskft taybgob tbc fatc yks sajd ta Efdcx kfd k syaxf keegdkugt stktgfi tbkt @kmcx bks dcekjtcdkfd tbkt Efdcx gs cftgtjcd ta cfeaxoc tbc àxtikic faf-ldgogkjjw& SOO 7-5>9"h'&

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Documents

UCC Clarifies Note & Mortgage Owner November 2011