ZEMAXOptical Design Program User's Guide August 1, 2006

ZEMAX Development Corporation support@zemax.com www.zemax.com

Important noticeZEMAX is a registered trademark of ZEMAX Development Corporation Copyright ZEMAX Development Corporation 1990-2006. All rights reserved. All other product names or trademarks are property of their respective owners. Information in this manual is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of the vendor. The software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The material in this manual is copyrighted and may not be reproduced or electronically distributed without written permission from the copyright holder. ZEMAX Development Corporation (ZDC) provides this publication "as is" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties or conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall ZDC be liable for any loss of profits, loss of business, loss of use or data, interruption of business, or for indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any kind, even if ZDC has been advised of the possibility of such damages arising from any defect or error in this publication or in the Software.

TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION Chapter 1About this document ............................................................................................................................... 33 What does ZEMAX do? .......................................................................................................................... 33 What doesn't ZEMAX do?....................................................................................................................... 33 Learning to use ZEMAX.......................................................................................................................... 34 System requirements .............................................................................................................................. 34 Multiple processor computers ..................................................................................................... 34 Installation procedure.............................................................................................................................. 34 Installing the key ......................................................................................................................... 34 Running ZEMAX ......................................................................................................................... 35 Policy on the key..................................................................................................................................... 35 Definition of support ................................................................................................................................ 35 Getting technical support ........................................................................................................................ 35 Policy on bug fixes .................................................................................................................................. 35

USER INTERFACE

Chapter 2

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 37 Types of windows ................................................................................................................................... 37 Main window operations ......................................................................................................................... 37 Editor windows operations ...................................................................................................................... 38 Graphic windows operations................................................................................................................... 38 Using the annotation feature ....................................................................................................... 40 Using pan and zoom ................................................................................................................... 41 Text windows operations ........................................................................................................................ 41 Dialog operations .................................................................................................................................... 42 Aborting long computations .................................................................................................................... 42 Summary of useful shortcuts .................................................................................................................. 42 Using the Windows clipboard.................................................................................................................. 44 ZEMAX file types by extension ............................................................................................................... 44

CONVENTIONS AND DEFINITIONS

Chapter 3

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 47 Active configuration................................................................................................................................. 47 Angular magnification ............................................................................................................................. 47 Apodization ............................................................................................................................................. 47 Back focal length..................................................................................................................................... 47 Cardinal planes ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Chief ray.................................................................................................................................................. 47 Coordinate axes...................................................................................................................................... 48 Diffraction limited .................................................................................................................................... 48 Edge thickness........................................................................................................................................ 48 Effective focal length............................................................................................................................... 49 Entrance pupil diameter .......................................................................................................................... 49 Entrance pupil position............................................................................................................................ 49 Exit pupil diameter .................................................................................................................................. 49 Exit pupil position .................................................................................................................................... 49 Extra data................................................................................................................................................ 49 Field angles and heights ......................................................................................................................... 49 Float by stop size .................................................................................................................................... 49

3

Ghost reflections ..................................................................................................................................... 50 Glasses ................................................................................................................................................... 50 Hexapolar rings....................................................................................................................................... 50 Image space F/# ..................................................................................................................................... 50 Image space numerical aperture (NA) .................................................................................................... 50 Lens units................................................................................................................................................ 50 Marginal ray ............................................................................................................................................ 50 Maximum field......................................................................................................................................... 50 Non-paraxial systems ............................................................................................................................. 51 Non-sequential ray tracing ...................................................................................................................... 51 Normalized field coordinates................................................................................................................... 51 Radial field normalization ............................................................................................................ 51 Rectangular field normalization................................................................................................... 52 Normalized pupil coordinates.................................................................................................................. 53 Object space numerical aperture ............................................................................................................ 53 Parameter data ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Paraxial and parabasal rays ................................................................................................................... 53 Paraxial image height ............................................................................................................................. 54 Paraxial magnification............................................................................................................................. 54 Paraxial working F/# ............................................................................................................................... 54 Primary wavelength ................................................................................................................................ 54 Radii........................................................................................................................................................ 54 Real propagation..................................................................................................................................... 54 Sagittal and Tangential ........................................................................................................................... 55 Semi-diameters....................................................................................................................................... 55 Sequential ray tracing ............................................................................................................................. 55 Strehl ratio............................................................................................................................................... 55 Surface apertures ................................................................................................................................... 56 System aperture...................................................................................................................................... 56 Tangential ............................................................................................................................................... 56 Thicknesses ............................................................................................................................................ 56 Total internal reflection (TIR) .................................................................................................................. 56 Total track ............................................................................................................................................... 56 Units........................................................................................................................................................ 56 Vignetting factors .................................................................................................................................... 56 Virtual propagation.................................................................................................................................. 58 Wavelength data ..................................................................................................................................... 58 Working F/#............................................................................................................................................. 58

FILE MENU

Chapter 4

New......................................................................................................................................................... 61 Open ....................................................................................................................................................... 61 Save........................................................................................................................................................ 61 Save As................................................................................................................................................... 61 Use Session Files ................................................................................................................................... 61 Program Mode ........................................................................................................................................ 61 Insert Lens .............................................................................................................................................. 62 Preferences............................................................................................................................................. 62 Address ....................................................................................................................................... 62 Directories ................................................................................................................................... 63 Graphics...................................................................................................................................... 63 Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................. 64 Editors ......................................................................................................................................... 65 Printing ........................................................................................................................................ 66

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Colors.......................................................................................................................................... 67 Buttons 1-16, Buttons 17-32, Buttons 33-48 ............................................................................... 67 Status Bar ................................................................................................................................... 68 Exit .......................................................................................................................................................... 68 Recently used files.................................................................................................................................. 68

EDITORS MENU

Chapter 5

Lens Data................................................................................................................................................ 69 Inserting and deleting surfaces ............................................................................................................... 69 The surface number display........................................................................................................ 69 Cutting, copying, and pasting surface data ................................................................................. 69 Entering surface comments ........................................................................................................ 70 Entering radii data ....................................................................................................................... 70 Entering thickness data............................................................................................................... 70 Entering glass data ..................................................................................................................... 70 Entering semi-diameter data ....................................................................................................... 70 Entering conic data ..................................................................................................................... 70 Entering parameter data ............................................................................................................. 70 The Surface Properties dialog box.............................................................................................. 70 Surface properties type tab ......................................................................................................... 71 Surface Type ................................................................................................................... 71 Surface DLL .................................................................................................................... 71 Surface Color .................................................................................................................. 71 Surface Opacity............................................................................................................... 71 Row Color........................................................................................................................ 71 Make Surface Stop.......................................................................................................... 71 Make Surface Global Coordinate Reference................................................................... 71 Surface Cannot Be Hyperhemispheric ............................................................................ 71 Ignore This Surface ......................................................................................................... 72 Surface properties draw tab ........................................................................................................ 72 Hide Rays To This Surface ............................................................................................. 72 Skip Rays To This Surface.............................................................................................. 72 Do Not Draw This Surface............................................................................................... 72 Do Not Draw Edges From This Surface .......................................................................... 72 Draw Edges As................................................................................................................ 72 Mirror Substrate and Thickness ...................................................................................... 73 Surface properties aperture tab .................................................................................................. 73 Aperture type and other aperture controls....................................................................... 73 Aperture type codes and parameters .............................................................................. 74 Aperture projection on non-plane surfaces ..................................................................... 74 Aperture decenters and pickups...................................................................................... 74 User defined apertures and obscurations ....................................................................... 74 The UDA file format......................................................................................................... 75 UDA Examples ................................................................................................................ 76 Surface properties scattering tab ................................................................................................ 77 Surface scattering settings .............................................................................................. 78 Surface tilt/decenter tab .............................................................................................................. 78 Using the Coordinate Return........................................................................................... 79 Surface physical optics tab ......................................................................................................... 79 Surface coating tab ..................................................................................................................... 79 Setting and removing solves ....................................................................................................... 80 Setting and removing variables................................................................................................... 80 Menu options............................................................................................................................... 80 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 80

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Solves ......................................................................................................................................... 81 Options........................................................................................................................................ 81 Help............................................................................................................................................. 81 Merit Function ......................................................................................................................................... 81 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 81 Tools ........................................................................................................................................... 82 Help............................................................................................................................................. 82 Multi-Configuration.................................................................................................................................. 82 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 82 Solves ......................................................................................................................................... 83 Tools ........................................................................................................................................... 83 Help............................................................................................................................................. 84 Tolerance Data ....................................................................................................................................... 84 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 84 Tools ........................................................................................................................................... 85 Help............................................................................................................................................. 85 Extra Data ............................................................................................................................................... 85 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 86 Solves ......................................................................................................................................... 86 Tools ........................................................................................................................................... 86 Help............................................................................................................................................. 86 Non-Sequential Components.................................................................................................................. 86 Menu options............................................................................................................................... 86 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 86 Solves ......................................................................................................................................... 87 Errors .......................................................................................................................................... 88 Detectors..................................................................................................................................... 88 Database..................................................................................................................................... 88 Tools ........................................................................................................................................... 88 Help............................................................................................................................................. 88 Undo, Redo, and Recover ...................................................................................................................... 88 Undo: None ................................................................................................................................. 88 Undo: Memory 1 Step ................................................................................................................. 88 Undo: Disk Multi Step.................................................................................................................. 88

SYSTEM MENU

Chapter 6

Update .................................................................................................................................................... 91 Update All ............................................................................................................................................... 91 General ................................................................................................................................................... 91 Aperture ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Aperture Type.................................................................................................................. 91 Aperture Value ................................................................................................................ 92 Apodization Type............................................................................................................. 92 Uniform apodization ........................................................................................................ 92 Gaussian apodization...................................................................................................... 92 Cosine cubed apodization ............................................................................................... 92 User defined apodization................................................................................................. 93 Apodization Factor .......................................................................................................... 93 Telecentric Object Space ................................................................................................ 93 Afocal Image Space ........................................................................................................ 93 Iterate Solves When Updating......................................................................................... 94 Units ............................................................................................................................................ 94 Lens Units ....................................................................................................................... 94 Source Units.................................................................................................................... 94

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Analysis Units.................................................................................................................. 95 Afocal Mode Units ........................................................................................................... 95 Title/Notes ................................................................................................................................... 95 Lens Title......................................................................................................................... 95 Notes ............................................................................................................................... 96 Glass Catalogs............................................................................................................................ 96 Ray Aiming.................................................................................................................................. 96 Ray Aiming ...................................................................................................................... 96 Use Ray Aiming Cache ................................................................................................... 97 Robust Ray Aiming (slow) ............................................................................................... 97 Pupil Shift: X, Y, and Z .................................................................................................... 97 Environment (ZEMAX-EE only)................................................................................................... 97 Adjust Index Data To Environment.................................................................................. 97 Temperature in degrees C .............................................................................................. 98 Pressure in ATM.............................................................................................................. 98 Polarization (ZEMAX-EE only) .................................................................................................... 98 Unpolarized ..................................................................................................................... 98 Jx, Jy, X-Phase, Y-Phase................................................................................................ 98 Convert thin film phase to ray equivalent ........................................................................ 99 Method ............................................................................................................................ 99 Files............................................................................................................................................. 99 Coating File ..................................................................................................................... 99 Scatter Profile.................................................................................................................. 99 ABg Data File .................................................................................................................. 99 GRADIUM Profile ............................................................................................................ 99 Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................. 99 Reference OPD ............................................................................................................... 99 Paraxial Rays ................................................................................................................ 100 Semi Diameter Margin (lens units) ................................................................................ 100 Semi Diameter Margin % .............................................................................................. 100 Global Coordinate Reference Surface .......................................................................... 101 Method To Compute F/# ............................................................................................... 101 Fast Asphere Trace....................................................................................................... 102 Fast Semi-Diameters..................................................................................................... 102 Check GRIN Apertures.................................................................................................. 102 Turn Off Threading ........................................................................................................ 103 Dont Print Coordinate Break Data ................................................................................ 103 Non-Sequential ......................................................................................................................... 103 Maximum Intersections Per Ray ................................................................................... 103 Maximum Segments Per Ray........................................................................................ 103 Maximum Nested/Touching Objects ............................................................................. 103 Minimum Relative Ray Intensity .................................................................................... 103 Minimum Absolute Ray Intensity ................................................................................... 104 Glue Distance In Lens Units.......................................................................................... 104 Missed Ray Draw Distance in Lens Units ..................................................................... 104 Maximum Source File Rays In Memory ........................................................................ 104 Simple Ray Splitting ...................................................................................................... 104 Retrace Source Rays Upon File Open .......................................................................... 104 Fields .................................................................................................................................................... 104 Vignetting factors ...................................................................................................................... 105 Saving and loading field data .................................................................................................... 105 Wavelengths ......................................................................................................................................... 105 Saving and loading wavelength data ........................................................................................ 106 Next Configuration ................................................................................................................................ 106

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Last Configuration................................................................................................................................. 106

ANALYSIS MENU

Chapter 7

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 107 Layout ................................................................................................................................................... 107 2D Layout.................................................................................................................................. 107 3D Layout.................................................................................................................................. 108 The orientation indicator................................................................................................ 109 Ray errors...................................................................................................................... 109 Configuration data ......................................................................................................... 110 Raylist file format........................................................................................................... 110 Wireframe.................................................................................................................................. 110 Solid Model ............................................................................................................................... 111 Shaded Model ........................................................................................................................... 111 ZEMAX Element Drawing ......................................................................................................... 112 Special characters......................................................................................................... 114 ISO Element Drawing................................................................................................................ 114 Summary of ISO 10110 symbols and codes ................................................................. 114 Diameters and bevels.................................................................................................... 115 Tolerance data .............................................................................................................. 115 NSC 3D Layout ......................................................................................................................... 115 NSC Shaded Model .................................................................................................................. 117 NSC Object Viewer ................................................................................................................... 117 Fans ...................................................................................................................................................... 117 Ray Aberration .......................................................................................................................... 117 Evaluating results at intermediate surfaces................................................................... 118 Optical Path............................................................................................................................... 119 Pupil Aberration......................................................................................................................... 119 Spot Diagrams ...................................................................................................................................... 120 Standard.................................................................................................................................... 120 Through Focus .......................................................................................................................... 122 Full Field.................................................................................................................................... 122 Matrix ........................................................................................................................................ 122 Configuration Matrix .................................................................................................................. 122 MTF....................................................................................................................................................... 123 FFT MTF ................................................................................................................................... 123 FFT Through Focus MTF .......................................................................................................... 124 FFT Surface MTF...................................................................................................................... 125 FFT MTF vs. Field..................................................................................................................... 125 Comment about vignetting factors................................................................................. 126 FFT MTF Map ........................................................................................................................... 126 Huygens MTF............................................................................................................................ 127 Huygens Through Focus MTF .................................................................................................. 128 Huygens Surface MTF .............................................................................................................. 129 Geometric MTF ......................................................................................................................... 129 Geometric Through Focus MTF ................................................................................................ 130 Geometric MTF vs. Field........................................................................................................... 130 Geometric MTF Map ................................................................................................................. 130 PSF ....................................................................................................................................................... 131 FFT PSF.................................................................................................................................... 131 Assumptions used in the FFT PSF calculation.............................................................. 132 Discussion of the FFT method and sampling issues..................................................... 133 FFT PSF Cross Section ............................................................................................................ 134 FFT Line/Edge Spread.............................................................................................................. 135

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Huygens PSF ............................................................................................................................ 135 Huygens PSF Cross Section..................................................................................................... 137 Wavefront.............................................................................................................................................. 137 Wavefront Map.......................................................................................................................... 137 Interferogram............................................................................................................................. 138 Foucault Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 139 Surface.................................................................................................................................................. 140 Surface Sag .............................................................................................................................. 140 The Contour Format String............................................................................................ 141 Surface Phase........................................................................................................................... 141 RMS ...................................................................................................................................................... 142 RMS vs. Field............................................................................................................................ 142 Comments about RMS wavefront computations ........................................................... 143 RMS vs. Wavelength................................................................................................................. 143 RMS vs. Focus.......................................................................................................................... 144 Encircled energy ................................................................................................................................... 145 Diffraction .................................................................................................................................. 145 Geometric.................................................................................................................................. 146 Geometric Line/Edge Spread.................................................................................................... 147 Extended Source....................................................................................................................... 147 Illumination............................................................................................................................................ 149 Relative Illumination .................................................................................................................. 149 Effective F/# .................................................................................................................. 150 Vignetting Plot ........................................................................................................................... 150 Illumination XY Scan ................................................................................................................. 150 Illumination 2D Surface ............................................................................................................. 152 Image Analysis...................................................................................................................................... 152 Geometric Image Analysis ........................................................................................................ 152 The IMA format.............................................................................................................. 154 The BIM format.............................................................................................................. 154 How rays are chosen for analysis ................................................................................. 154 Calculating efficiency of multi-mode fibers .................................................................... 155 Text output .................................................................................................................... 156 Geometric Bitmap Image Analysis ............................................................................................ 156 Diffraction Image Analysis......................................................................................................... 158 Comment about the coherent optical transfer function.................................................. 161 Extended Diffraction Image Analysis ........................................................................................ 161 IMA/BIM File Viewer.................................................................................................................. 163 Biocular Analysis................................................................................................................................... 163 Field of View.............................................................................................................................. 163 Dipvergence/Convergence........................................................................................................ 164 Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................................... 166 Field Curvature/Distortion ......................................................................................................... 166 Computing distortion when using real image height as the field type ........................... 168 Grid Distortion ........................................................................................................................... 168 Footprint Diagram ..................................................................................................................... 170 Longitudinal Aberration ............................................................................................................. 171 Lateral Color.............................................................................................................................. 171 Y-Ybar Diagram ........................................................................................................................ 172 Chromatic Focal Shift................................................................................................................ 172 Dispersion Diagram................................................................................................................... 172 Glass Map ................................................................................................................................. 173 Internal Transmittance vs. Wavelength..................................................................................... 173 System Summary Graphic ........................................................................................................ 174

9

Conjugate Surface Analysis ...................................................................................................... 174 Power Field Map ....................................................................................................................... 175 Aberration coefficients .......................................................................................................................... 176 Seidel Coefficients .................................................................................................................... 176 Seidel Diagram.......................................................................................................................... 178 Zernike Fringe Coefficients ....................................................................................................... 178 Subaperture computations ............................................................................................ 179 Strehl ratio approximation ............................................................................................. 180 Zernike Standard Coefficients................................................................................................... 181 Zernike Annular Coefficients ..................................................................................................... 184 Calculations .......................................................................................................................................... 187 Ray Trace.................................................................................................................................. 187 Fiber Coupling Efficiency .......................................................................................................... 188 YNI Contributions ...................................................................................................................... 189 Sag Table.................................................................................................................................. 190 Cardinal Points.......................................................................................................................... 191 Glass and Gradient Index ..................................................................................................................... 191 Dispersion Diagram................................................................................................................... 191 Glass Map ................................................................................................................................. 191 Internal Transmittance vs. Wavelength..................................................................................... 192 Grin Profile ................................................................................................................................ 192 Gradium Profile...................................................................................................................... 193 Universal Plot........................................................................................................................................ 193 New Universal Plot.................................................................................................................... 193 Polarization ........................................................................................................................................... 195 Polarization Ray Trace.............................................................................................................. 195 Polarization Pupil Map .............................................................................................................. 195 Modeling interference between configurations.............................................................. 196 Transmission............................................................................................................................. 196 Phase Aberration ...................................................................................................................... 197 Transmission Fan...................................................................................................................... 197 Coatings................................................................................................................................................ 198 Reflection vs. Angle .................................................................................................................. 198 Transmission vs. Angle ............................................................................................................. 199 Absorption vs. Angle ................................................................................................................. 199 Diattenuation vs. Angle ............................................................................................................. 199 Phase vs. Angle ........................................................................................................................ 199 Retardance vs. Angle................................................................................................................ 199 Reflection vs. Wavelength......................................................................................................... 199 Transmission vs. Wavelength ................................................................................................... 200 Absorption vs. Wavelength ....................................................................................................... 200 Diattenuation vs. Wavelength ................................................................................................... 200 Phase vs. Wavelength .............................................................................................................. 200 Retardance vs. Wavelength ...................................................................................................... 201 Physical Optics ..................................................................................................................................... 201 Paraxial Gaussian Beam........................................................................................................... 201 Limitations of the analysis ............................................................................................. 201 Overview of Gaussian beams ....................................................................................... 201 Default beam parameters.............................................................................................. 202 Propagating the embedded beam ................................................................................. 202 The quality factor........................................................................................................... 203 Interactive analysis........................................................................................................ 203 Skew Gaussian Beam............................................................................................................... 203 Physical Optics Propagation ..................................................................................................... 204

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Comments about beam projection ................................................................................ 206 Beam File Viewer ...................................................................................................................... 207

TOOLS MENU

Chapter 8

Optimization .......................................................................................................................................... 209 Optimization .............................................................................................................................. 209 Global Search ........................................................................................................................... 209 Hammer Optimization ............................................................................................................... 209 Merit Function Listing ................................................................................................................ 209 Remove All Variables................................................................................................................ 209 Glass Substitution Template ..................................................................................................... 209 Tolerancing ........................................................................................................................................... 210 Tolerancing ............................................................................................................................... 210 Tolerance Listing....................................................................................................................... 210 Tolerance Summary.................................................................................................................. 210 Test Plates ............................................................................................................................................ 211 Test Plate Fitting ....................................................................................................................... 211 Test Plate Lists.......................................................................................................................... 212 Catalogs................................................................................................................................................ 212 Glass Catalogs.......................................................................................................................... 212 Glass Compare ......................................................................................................................... 213 Lens Catalogs ........................................................................................................................... 213 Coatings................................................................................................................................................ 216 Edit Coating File........................................................................................................................ 216 Reload Coating File................................................................................................................... 217 Add Coatings to All Surfaces .................................................................................................... 217 Coating Listing .......................................................................................................................... 217 Scattering.............................................................................................................................................. 217 ABg Scatter Data Catalogs ....................................................................................................... 217 Wavelength scaling of ABg data ................................................................................... 218 Scatter Function Viewer ............................................................................................................ 219 Apertures .............................................................................................................................................. 220 Convert Semi-Diameters to Circular Apertures......................................................................... 220 Convert Semi-Diameters to Floating Apertures ........................................................................ 220 Remove All Apertures ............................................................................................................... 220 Replace Vignetting With Apertures ........................................................................................... 221 Fold Mirrors........................................................................................................................................... 221 Add Fold Mirror ......................................................................................................................... 221 Limitations of reversing surfaces following the fold mirror............................................. 221 Delete Fold Mirror ..................................................................................................................... 222 Export Data ........................................................................................................................................... 222 Export IGES/SAT/STEP Solid................................................................................................... 222 Export IGES Line Work ............................................................................................................. 224 Export 2D DXF File ................................................................................................................... 226 Export 3D DXF File ................................................................................................................... 226 Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................................... 227 Reverse Elements..................................................................................................................... 227 Tilt/Decenter Elements.............................................................................................................. 227 Scale Lens ................................................................................................................................ 227 Make Focal................................................................................................................................ 228 Quick Focus .............................................................................................................................. 228 Quick Adjust .............................................................................................................................. 228 Convert to NSC Group .............................................................................................................. 229 Ghost Focus Generator............................................................................................................. 230

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Performance Test...................................................................................................................... 232 Lock/Unlock All Windows .......................................................................................................... 232 Slider ......................................................................................................................................... 232

REPORTS MENU

Chapter 9

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 235 Surface Data ......................................................................................................................................... 235 System Data ......................................................................................................................................... 235 Prescription Data .................................................................................................................................. 235 Comments on computing element volumes .............................................................................. 236 System Check....................................................................................................................................... 236 Report Graphics 4/6.............................................................................................................................. 236

MACROS AND EXTENSIONS MENUS

Chapter 10

Edit/Run ZPL Macros............................................................................................................................ 239 Refresh Macro List................................................................................................................................ 239 Macro Names........................................................................................................................................ 239 Extensions ............................................................................................................................................ 239 Refresh Extensions List ........................................................................................................................ 240 Extension Names.................................................................................................................................. 240

SURFACE TYPES

Chapter 11

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 241 Parameter data ..................................................................................................................................... 241 Extra data.............................................................................................................................................. 241 Summary of surface types .................................................................................................................... 241 User defined surfaces ............................................................................................................... 241 Surface types ............................................................................................................................ 242 ABCD .................................................................................................................................................... 244 Alternate Even ...................................................................................................................................... 244 Alternate Odd........................................................................................................................................ 245 Atmospheric Refraction......................................................................................................................... 245 Biconic .................................................................................................................................................. 245 Biconic Zernike ..................................................................................................................................... 246 Binary Optic 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 247 Binary optic coefficients sign conventions................................................................................. 248 Binary Optic 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 248 Binary optic coefficients sign conventions................................................................................. 249 Binary Optic 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 249 Binary optic coefficients sign conventions................................................................................. 251 Birefringent In and Birefringent Out ...................................................................................................... 251 Defining the index ..................................................................................................................... 253 Defining the crystal axis for homogeneous materials................................................................ 253 Defining the crystal axis for inhomogeneous materials............................................................. 253 Determining which ray is traced ................................................................................................ 254 Accounting for phase rotation ................................................................................................... 254 Transmission and other properties of birefringent surfaces ...................................................... 254 Sample ZEMAX files ................................................................................................................. 255 Conjugate.............................................................................................................................................. 255 Coordinate Break .................................................................................................................................. 256 Cubic Spline.......................................................................................................................................... 257 Comments about spline surfaces.............................................................................................. 257 Cylinder Fresnel.................................................................................................................................... 258

12

Diffraction Grating ................................................................................................................................. 259 Elliptical Grating 1 ................................................................................................................................. 259 Elliptical Grating surface shape................................................................................................. 260 Elliptical Grating 2 ................................................................................................................................. 260 Even Asphere ....................................................................................................................................... 261 Extended Asphere ................................................................................................................................ 261 Extended Cubic Spline.......................................................................................................................... 262 Extended Fresnel.................................................................................................................................. 262 Extended Odd Asphere......................................................................................................................... 263 Extended Polynomial ............................................................................................................................ 264 Extended Toroidal Grating .................................................................................................................... 265 Filter ...................................................................................................................................................... 266 Fresnel .................................................................................................................................................. 266 Generalized Fresnel.............................................................................................................................. 267 Gradient 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 268 Discussion on maximum step size for GRIN surfaces .............................................................. 268 Restrictions on surfaces following GRIN surfaces .................................................................... 268 Gradient 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 269 Gradient 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 269 Gradient 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 269 Gradient 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 270 Gradient 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 271 Gradient 7 ............................................................................................................................................. 272 GRADIUM ......................................................................................................................................... 272 GRADIUM profile file format...................................................................................................... 272 Gradient 9 ............................................................................................................................................. 274 Gradient 10 ........................................................................................................................................... 275 Grid Phase ............................................................................................................................................ 275 Using the shear distance........................................................................................................... 276 Phase coefficients sign conventions ......................................................................................... 276 Grid Sag................................................................................................................................................ 276 Importing grid data .................................................................................................................... 277 Bicubic spline vs. linear interpolation ........................................................................................ 277 Suggestions for using the Grid Sag surface.............................................................................. 277 Hologram 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 278 Hologram 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 279 Irregular................................................................................................................................................. 279 Jones Matrix.......................................................................................................................................... 280 Lenslet Array......................................................................................................................................... 280 Non-Sequential Components................................................................................................................ 280 Odd Asphere......................................................................................................................................... 281 Odd Cosine ........................................................................................................................................... 281 Optically Fabricated Hologram.............................................................................................................. 282 Defining the substrate shape .................................................................................................... 282 Defining the construction optics ................................................................................................ 282 Optimizing the construction and playback optics ...................................................................... 283 Selecting the hologram type...................................................................................................... 283 Paraxial ................................................................................................................................................. 283 Setting the OPD Mode .............................................................................................................. 283 Paraxial XY ........................................................................................................................................... 284 Periodic ................................................................................................................................................. 285 Polynomial ............................................................................................................................................ 285 Radial Grating ....................................................................................................................................... 285 Radial NURBS ...................................................................................................................................... 286

13

Retro Reflect ......................................................................................................................................... 287 Standard ............................................................................................................................................... 287 Modeling an ellipse with the standard surface .......................................................................... 288 Modeling an axicon with the standard surface .......................................................................... 288 Superconic ............................................................................................................................................ 288 Tilted ..................................................................................................................................................... 289 Toroidal ................................................................................................................................................. 290 Toroidal Grating .................................................................................................................................... 291 Toroidal Hologram ................................................................................................................................ 291 Toroidal NURBS ................................................................................................................................... 292 User Defined ......................................................................................................................................... 293 The UDS DLL............................................................................................................................ 293 Refractive and reflective UDS DLLs.......................................................................................... 294 Gradient index UDS DLLs......................................................................................................... 295 Diffractive UDS DLLs ................................................................................................................ 295 Lenslet arrays using DLLs......................................................................................................... 295 User defined surface apodization using DLLs........................................................................... 295 Polarization and coating data using DLLs................................................................................. 295 Error handling and UDS ............................................................................................................ 296 Sample DLLs............................................................................................................................. 296 Variable Line Space Grating ................................................................................................................. 300 Zernike Fringe Phase............................................................................................................................ 300 Zernike Fringe Phase coefficients sign conventions ................................................................. 301 Zernike Fringe Sag ............................................................................................................................... 301 Zernike Standard Phase ....................................................................................................................... 302 Zernike Standard Phase coefficients sign conventions............................................................. 303 Zernike Standard Sag ........................................................................................................................... 303 Zone Plate............................................................................................................................................. 304

NON-SEQUENTIAL COMPONENTS

Chapter 12

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 307 Paraxial data and ray tracing with NSC ................................................................................................ 307 Optimization with NSC .......................................................................................................................... 308 The two methods of using NSC ray tracing .......................................................................................... 308 NSC with ports .......................................................................................................................... 308 NSC without ports ..................................................................................................................... 308 Combining NSC with and without ports..................................................................................... 308 Overview of NSC ray tracing with ports ................................................................................................ 309 The entry port ................................................................................................................ 309 The exit port .................................................................................................................. 309 Getting rays in ............................................................................................................... 310 Tracing rays within the NSC.......................................................................................... 310 Getting rays out ............................................................................................................. 310 Overview of NSC ray tracing without ports ........................................................................................... 310 Getting rays in ............................................................................................................... 311 Tracing rays within the NSC.......................................................................................... 311 Detecting rays ............................................................................................................... 311 Launching rays for analysis........................................................................................... 311 NSC Objects ......................................................................................................................................... 311 Annular Aspheric Lens .............................................................................................................. 315 Annular Volume......................................................................................................................... 315 Annulus ..................................................................................................................................... 316 Aspheric Surface....................................................................................................................... 316 Aspheric Surface 2.................................................................................................................... 317

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Axicon Surface .......................................................................................................................... 318 Biconic Lens.............................................................................................................................. 318 Biconic Surface ......................................................................................................................... 319 Making a hyperhemispheric surface.............................................................................. 320 Binary 1 ....................................................................................