UH PACOM Energy Partnership

Presented to thePacific Operational Science and Technology Conference

March 21, 2012

Richard RocheleauDirector

Hawaii Natural Energy InstituteUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa

March 21, 2012

Outline of Talk

• Hawaii Energy Situation

• PACOM-UH-ONR and Energy

• Select UH Research Activities

Grid Systems and Storage

Hydrogen

Ocean Energy

Biofuels

Estimated US Energy Usage: 2010

• Oil provides 37% of all primary energy• Oil used for less than 1% of electricity generation• Renewables provides ~ 8% of all primary energy• Natural gas offers flexibility across energy sectors

Estimated HI Energy Usage: 2008

• Oil provides 84% of all primary energy (vs 37% US)• Oil provides 73% of electricity generation (vs 1% US)• Renewables provides 8% of all primary energy • Renewables for electricity ~10%

Electricity Production in Hawai‘i by Source, 2010

More Renewables than Demand but Grid Issues Limit use

1300MW

75MW

5MW

200MW

• Isolated grid systems with no interisland connections

•Significant transmission and distribution issues - sparse system, mountainous terrain.

• Intermittency of wind and solar and substantive difference between peak load and base load leads to curtailment of renewable energy sources

• Excellent test-bed for modern grid technologies

Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI) Rationale and Objectives

ObjectivesThe State of Hawaii and US DOE launched HCEI in January 2008 to help transform Hawaii to a 70% clean energy economy by 2030 and reap economic and environmental benefits:

• Increasing Hawaii’s economic and energy security

• Fostering and demonstrating Hawaii’s innovation

• Developing Hawaii’s workforce of the future

• Becoming the clean energy model for the U.S. and the world

RationaleHawaii is, by far, the most petroleum-dependent state in the U.S. Hawaii is burdened with high energy prices that have dramatic and potentially devastating impacts on the State’s economyHawaii is blessed with excellent renewable energy resources and climate

Hawaii The most petroleum-dependent state in the US is on track to increase its clean energy (efficiency and renewables) to 70% by 2030 and will have the greatest penetration of variable renewables on a grid in the US

HCEI RoadmapKey Strategic Planning Document

Four Energy Sectors aligned with HCEI Working Groups:

1.End-Use Efficiency

2.Electricity

3.Transportation

4.Fuels

-Overall energy-sector goals

-Accomplishments

-Strategic Pathways

-Interim Targets

-Near-term critical actions

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•End Use Sector

•30% Greater Energy Efficiency

by 2030

•Strategies:

•Align regulatory and policy framework

•Retrofit residential and commercial buildings

•Strengthen new constructions policies / building codes

•Identify non-building related energy efficiency measures

•Strategies:

•Accelerate EV and H2 vehicle and infrastructure deployment

•Increase renewable fuel use in the transportation sector

•Improve vehicle fleet efficiency

•Reduce vehicle miles traveled

•Strategies:

•Align regulatory and policy framework with clean energy goals

•Increase process certainty in developing new RE

•Deploy RE and grid infrastructure

•Explore next gen technologies and new applications

•Electricity Sector

•40% Renewable by 2030

•Transportation Sector

•Displace 70% Petroleum by 2030

•Fuels Sector

•Meet In-State Demand for

Renewable Fuels

•Strategies:

•Support development of local agricultural industry

•Invest in key infrastructure at scale

•Evaluate and develop renewable fuel processing infrastructure

•Match potential fuel supply with in-State demand

HCEI 70 % Clean Energy Goal Energy Sectors and HCEI Roadmap

•Island interconnection central to electricity and transportation goals

PACOM-UH-ONR and Energy• PACOM - Seeking energy solutions to meet federal mandates

• Energy goals well aligned with HCEI objectives• UH – HNEI serves as focal point for Energy Research at Univ.

of Hawaii at Manoa• Primary funding from Office of Naval Research and US

Department of Energy• UH-PACOM partnership – established 2011• ONR – Asia Pacific Technology and Education Program

• Promoting sustainability through alternative energy research, technologies development & education

• Providing a cleantech workforce by linking energy education & research institutes with cleantech companies

• Established in 1907• 3 universities & 7 community colleges• Over 53,000 students• Manoa is the largest and main research campus

– 14000 undergraduate students– 6000 graduate students

• Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI)– Organized research unit at UH Manoa– Established in statute to work with state to reduce use of fossil fuel

UH-PACOM Partnership“Strengthening Stability and Resilience in the Asia-Pacific: Opportunities in the Energy, Environment, and Disaster Management” (January 4, 2011)

- Senior Leadership from the U.S. Pacific (PACOM) and the University of Hawaii (UH) meet at East West Center, Honolulu to discuss topics on Energy, Environment and Water Security

- UH-DOD are two largest energy users in state

- UH-PACOM share common goals that could contribute to regional security in the areas of sustainability.

“UH-PACOM Collaboration agreement signed at PACOM headquarters (May 3, 2011)”

–Formalized collaboration in alternative energy, water, and disaster management.

– Energy Focus on:

• Grid systems and Storage

• Ocean Energy

• Biofuels

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Hawaii Natural Energy Institute

• Basic and applied research (R&D) across many energy technologies

• Testing and evaluating (T&E) renewable generation technologies

• Supporting State of Hawaii energy assessments and policy development

• Establishing public-private partnerships to validate technologies in real world (on-grid) settings

• Contributing to STEM and workforce development

HNEI programs are multi-disciplinary efforts with strong collaboration and cost share with industry and DOD

Organized research unit in School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University

of Hawaii at Manoa

HNEI Program Areas• Hydrogen:

• Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park

• Fuel Cells:• Materials and component development

• Photovoltaics:• Thin film solar cells, deployment, testing, and analysis

• Electrochemical Power Systems:• Batteries and electric vehicles

• Ocean Resources: • Seabed methane hydrates, ocean thermal and wave energy

• Biofuels and biotechnology: • Biomass conversion - solid, liquid and gaseous fuels• Biofuels fit-for-use

• Grid Analysis and Smart Grids• Technology Validation, Energy Assessment and Policy

Hawaii Island Integration Studies

• Quantify impacts of high penetration renewables including interconnecting islands via undersea cable• Identify solutions to mitigate impacts of variability from renewables• Inform decision making through groundbreaking use of analytical tools (GE)

Smart Grid & Grid Storage Demo

• DOE Maui Smart Grid Demonstration Project• NEDO Smart Grid • Solar Energy Grid Integration (DOE)• Grid scale Li-ion battery evaluation

Coconut Island Smart Microgrid

•Test advanced microgrid technologies: PV, building controls, efficiency

•Unique learning environment

•High-visibility project within state

Policy Support• Analysis to support decisions by PUC, RSWG, DBEDT, and legislature•EV integration, Smart grid, Interconnection Standards, RPS

Hawaii Grid Analysis

Hawaii Island Integration Studies

• Develop rigorous analytic models of electricity grids on each island

• Analyze alternative scenarios for deployment of new energy systems including additional renewables, end-use efficiency, and new transportation systems

• Identify and analyze mitigating technologies (e.g., DSM, storage, advanced controls, forecasting) to address systems integration issues (e.g. stability) and intermittency of wind and solar renewable technologies

• Develop demonstration projects to validate proposed technology solutions

Largest 1hr wind dropScenario 5

Baseline 2014

7 days

3

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Kauai Energy Roadmap - Future roadmap for possible increased penetration of renewable energy.

Oahu Grid Study -• Oahu Wind Integration Transmission Study –

island interconnection via undersea cable• Analysis of high penetration solar

Maui Grid Study• Validated power systems model used to address

impacts of increased wind and the necessary mitigation technologies

• Smart Grid Demonstration Projects• Analysis of high penetration solar

Big Island Energy Roadmap• Identify strategies for increased energy security

and the penetration of renewable energy• Battery storage demonstration project• Hydrogen integration for grid management

Hawaii Island Integration Studies

Analysis, testing, and evaluation,

HELCO Grid SystemInitial Study Site (2007)

• Isolated grid, ~ 200MW peak demand• High penetration of renewables including geothermal, wind, and

solar• Imbalances between demand and generation results in frequency

error• Small frequency bias, 2-3.5 MW/0.1 Hz• Loss of generation can result in underfrequency load shed• Increased renewables (intermittent) reduces availability of units to

regulate voltage and frequency• Limited or no forecasting available• Impacts of intermittend renewables are system and operator

dependent

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 320059.85

59.9

59.95

60

time [s]

[Hz]

Frequency comparison

fnom

fnom+real storage

fnom+inf storageNo storage

Storage (

No storageStorage (60MWs)

Storage (inf MWs)

No storageStorage (60MW-sec)

Big Island Energy Storage - Fast Storage Mitigates

Negative Effects of Increased Wind Penetration

No storageStorage (1 MW, 60 seconds)Storage (1 MW, infinite)

Hz

Time (seconds)

Significant Wind Fluctuation on May 23rd 2007

Energy Storage/Demand Control for Generation Smoothing, Frequency Regulation, and Power Quality

Research, Test & Evaluate (RT&E) Energy Storage Systems to validate performance and assess value of grid-scale storage to address power quality and control issues for high penetration

distributed energy generation and advanced EVs

• Select and deploy grid-scale energy storage systems as operational test beds

• Develop and deploy closed-loop control systems (CCS) and algorithms to support research into power quality, reliability, and power management

1MW, 250kW-hr Li-ion titanate battery energy storage system located at Hawi Renewable Development’s 10.6 MW wind farm

•Grid-connected on low side of 1.5MVA 480V/34.5V transformer•Team developing closed-loop control system and real time algorithms to optimize wind smoothing and frequency regulation•Analysis

– SCADA (grid) and battery performance data– BESS Performance and Health characterizations– Power quality characteristics (SEL 735) including high resolution

waveform capture, and interruptions, sags, swells, harmonics, and unbalance

– Wind and frequency spectra analysis with ALTI-ESS connected and disconnected from grid to assess ESS as tool to manage intermittency

Wind-Smoothing/Frequency Regulation

Grid-connected Battery Projects

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Altairnano (ALTI)1 MW/250kWhr Battery Energy Storage

System

BESS Specifications

• Power Performance • Ability to respond to full power dispatches• Guaranteed less than 1% degradation per year

• Energy – sustain full power with minimum of 250kW-hr. • Round-trip Efficiency – 80% or better at 480V PCS output• State-of-Health Test – capacity and impedance health

measurements of all cells• Discharge / Charge Sequence – no limit on ramp rate or

number of cycles

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•Monthly and Tri-annual Field Tests, Data Collection, Assessment, and Reports

•Monthly and Tri-annual Field Tests, Data Collection, Assessment, and Reports

HELCO/Hawi Project Schedule Overview

BESSVendor selected (Altairnano and Parker)Agreements signed, equipment ordered and pre-shipment testing completed – 2/10/12

Site Ground Breaking at Hawi Site – 3/29/12Site commissioning – 3Q 2012Acceptance Testing – 3Q 2012

Control Algorithm

Control system development - 3Q/4Q 2012, Operational by late 4Q 2012

AnalysisData collection, analysis, and assessment thru 4Q 2015

ALTI 1MW, 250kW-hr Li-ion titanate battery energy storage system at Waiawa Substation on distribution line with high

penetration (900KW) distributed PV

•Grid-connected, sited on low side of 1.2MVA 480V/12.47 KV transformer

•Closed-loop control system and real-time algorithms to optimize:

– Voltage and frequency regulation,

– VAR injection,

– Load Tap Change control, and

– Power quality

Ancillary Services for Distributed PV

HECO Project Schedule Overview

BESS Vendor selected (Altairnano and Parker)Equipment ordered Pre-shipment testing – 2Q 2012

Site Ground Breaking at Waiawa Site – 3Q 2012Site Commissioning – 4Q 2012Equipment Acceptance Testing – 4Q 2012

Control Algorithm RT&E

Control System development in 3Q/4Q 2012, Operational by late 4QData Collection, Analysis, Assessment, and reports and publications through 4Q 2015

Electrolyzers as Grid Management Tools

Service Electrolyzer Battery

Up Reserve Yes Yes

Down Reserve Yes Yes

Up Regulation Yes Yes

Down Regulation Yes Yes

Fuel Production Yes No

Voltage/VAR Support No Yes

• Electrolyzers to be operated dynamically to assess any degradation and loss in performance

• Test protocols based on BESS experiments

Big Island Hydrogen Infrastructure

Geothermal Powered Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen Dispensing under Grid Management

Program

Hydrogen Delivery Trailer with cascade fill process that eliminates

onsite compressor

Hydrogen Dispensing under Hawaii Power Park

Program

H2-fueled shuttle buses

Maui Smart Grid Projects

•Maui Smart Grid Demonstration Project (DOE to HNEI)• DOE Renewable Distributed Systems Integration (RDWI)

project• In-home smart-grid management and utility storage

•Japan-US Island Grid Initiative (NEDO to Hitachi)• Result of US-Japanese ……• NEDO funded Hitachi led consortium• Focus on PV, Smart Inverters, and EV management

• Smart Grid Enabled PV Inverters• Demonstration of advanced grid functionality in smart

grid environment

Three projects have partners in common and propose to share hardware, results, and lessons learned

Sentech, Inc.

DOE RDSI MAUI SMART GRID PROJECT

•Key Objectives:

•Reduce peak demand 15%

•Improve reliability and power quality

•Inform consumer decision making

•Integrate variable renewables

•Project will use 2 circuits @ Wailea Sub.

•Maui Meadows: 650+ homes

•Other circuit with resorts and commercial

Maui Smart Grid

Kahului

Maui

Wailea

•Wailea Substation

•Maui MeadowsKihei

DOE RDSI Maui Smart Grid

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SSN Data Center

•Internet

MECO Data Center

•DMS

•MECO•Backhaul

Wailea Sub

Station

•Maui Meadows•SSN Mesh

•Voltage

•Monitor

•Areva EMS

•Solar PV monitoring•Solar PV monitoring •Smart Thermostat

•Smart Thermostat

•Load Control

Switches

•Load Control

Switches

•In-home display

•In-home display

Home Area Network• Demand response• Monitor PV• Customer feedback

•Current monitoring

device

•Current monitoring

device

Distribution Monitoring Current measurements

• Two-way comms• Voltage monitoring• Outage detection

BatteryEnergyStorageSystem

Distribution Management System

• Aggregate DER• Decision support • Volt / VAr Control• Improve visibility

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

RDSI Project Schedule Overview

AMI, HAN Back office setup started, equipment ordered and shipping, installations begin in late March

BESS Vendor selected, system operational late 2012

Outreach.Siting

Ongoing outreach for community acceptanceOver 100 volunteer homes (goal is 200)

DMS System development in Q1/Q2 2012, Operational by late Q2

•DOE Solar Energy Grid •Integration Systems (SEGIS)

Development and Demonstration of Smart Grid-Enabled PV Inverters

Reactive power supply• Fixed power factor value • Power dependent control• Voltage dependent control algorithms• Remote controlled reactive power

Frequency dependent behaviour

Dynamic behaviour during faults

Remote power reduction

Martin Heidl 1st Inverter and PV System Technology Forum 2011

Fronius Inverters with Advanced Grid Functionality (AGF)

Fronius IG Plus

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PV Inverters Integrated into Home Area Network (HAN)

enabling two-way communication and grid support features

Smart Grid-Enabled InverterSSN

Smart Meter

Fronius Inverter: 3 kW - 5 kW

Grid support features developed to meet German grid codes

Integrate into Utility

Software Applications

Taking advantage of advanced inverter development in Europe

SEGIS-AC Project Schedule Overview

Year 1(2012)

Design, integrate, test, and assess Smart Inverter communications hardware, software, and firmware. Detailed scoping of demonstration sites.

Year 2(2013)

Field deployments of new systems at Japan-US Island Grid Project site and at Oklahoma Gas and Electric

Year 3(2014)

Field tests, data collection, analysis, assessment, and reports and publications

Japan-US Island Grid Initiative

•e-Parking

•Rent cars

•Utility Operations •Control Center

•Power•Transmission Grid

•G

•Substation

•EV/PHEV

•EV/PHEV

•DMS

•Distribution Grid

•Distribution Grid

•Power•Information

•μ-DMS

•Photovoltaic•Wind turbine

•Task (I)Electric Vehicle (EV) Based Remote Island Smart Grid Model on Maui

•Substation

•Task (II)Smart Grid Model at a Substation with One Distribution Grid Level

•Task (III)Smart Grid Project for Low-voltage Transformer Level Systems

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•Information

Elements of Biomass Research

at the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute

Corn

Sweet Sorghum

Sugarcane

Guinea Grass

Banagrass

Eucalyptus

Leucaena

Jatropha

Kukui

MicroAlgae

Soybean

Peanut

Sunflower

Oil Palm

Cassava FermentationHydrolysis

Sugars

Starch

Fiber

Oil

Hydrolysis

Transesterification

Combustion

Gasification

Pyrolysis

Ethanol

Biodiesel

Electricity&

Heat

Synthetic Diesel, and

Other Fuels, Chemicals, & Biomaterials

WasteCooking

Oil

Blue – Commercial in HawaiiGreen – Commercial elsewherePink – Grown commercially in HawaiiOrange – Under Development

Pathways for Bioenergy Systems

CropsIntermediate

ProductsConversion Technologies

Bioenergy Products

IntermediateUpgrading

and/or Synthesis

Research and the Bioenergy Industry Value Chain

FeedstockProduction

FeedstockLogistics

Conversion Distribution End Use

Agriculture ---- Industry ---- Investors ---- Government ---- Community

•Feedstock Production - CTAHRGasification & Contaminant Removal - HNEI

•Technology Assessments HC&S

•Fuel Fit for Purpose – ONR

•Resource Assessment – DOE•GIS Tools Development

•Life Cycle Assessment – NSF Center for Bioenergy Research & Development

TechnologyDevelopment

Current Biofuels Activities

• Resource Assessment/Planning– Hawaii Bioenergy Master plan– GIS-based analysis of bioenergy production potential

• Technology Development– Thermochemical and biochemical processing– Separations– High value product development

• Biofuel Evaluation (Fit-for-use)– Microbial Activity– Corrosion– Storage Stability

• Life Cycle Analysis– Assessment of supply chain elements– Feedstock production

Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center

Facilitate development of Wave Energy Conversion devices

•Support grid connected in-water testing by developers to achieve higher TRLs; •Support developers with resource data and models for concept and design evaluation; environmental characterization•Working with DOE and Navy develop Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) at Marine Corps Base HI •NavFAC sponsored Industry Day, March 26, 2012

Reduce Risk of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Component Technologies

• Testing of innovative heat exchangers at NELHA by Makai Ocean Engineering •Resource and environmental assessments to support industry