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JAMHURI YA MUUNGANO WA TANZANIA
OFISI YA MAKAMU WA RAIS
IDARA YA MAZINGIRA 2011
MWONGOZO WA MWEZESHAJI
MWONGOZO WA KUFUNDISHIAUHUSIANO KATI YA
UMASKINI NA MAZINGIRA
United Nations
TANZANIADelivering as One
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YALIYOMO
ORODHA YA MAJEDWALI .................................................... iv
ORODHA YA MICHORO ........................................................ v
ORODHA YA VISANDUKU .................................................... v
VIFUPISHO ........................................................................... vi
DIBAJI.................................................................................... vii
SHUKRANI ........................................................................... viii
UTANGULIZI ......................................................................... ixM�dhumun� y� K�t�n� ....................................................................... �xUfund�sh�j� ...................................................................................... xM��nu z� Ufund�sh�j� ....................................................................... xM�tokeo y�n�yot�r�j�w� ................................................................... x�W�lengw� W�n�okusud�w� ............................................................... x�M�rejeo .......................................................................................... x��
MODULI YA KWANZA ............................................................1Uhus��no w� Um�sk�n� n� M�z�ng�r� ................................................ 1M�sw�l� y� mj�d�l� ......................................................................... 15
MODULI YA PILI: .................................................................17Ut�w�l� n� Mch�k�to w� Ser� z� Nch� ............................................ 17
MODULI YA TATU: ...............................................................36N�dh�r�� y� mfumo-�koloj�� k�t�k� Uhus��no w� Um�sk�n� n� M�z�ng�r� ....................................................................................... 36
MODULI YA NNE .................................................................46Kugh�r�m�� Uh�f�dh� w� M�z�ng�r� ................................................ 46N�f�s� y� Ms��d� w� Ujuml� kup�t�� ��jet� kw� sekt� y� m�z�ng�r� .. 54
�v
ORODHA YA MAJEDWALI
Namba ya
JedwaliMaelezo ya Jedwali Ukurasa
1.1 M�eneo muh�mu y� kuy�f�ny�� k�z� k�ser� 14
2.1 H�tu� k�t�k� H�r�k�t� z� kul�nd� M�z�ng�r� 20
2.2 U��n�sh�j� w� m��nu z� k�ser� kuhusu M�z�ng�r�
23
2.3 Muht�s�r� w� m�lengo m�hsus� kuhusu M�z�ng�r� k�t�k� MKUKUTA
29
2.4 M�f�no y� m�k�k�t� y� utekelez�j� w� M�lengo y�n�yohus��n� n� m�z�ng�r� y�l�yopo k�t�k� MKUKUTA
30
2.5 M�z�ng�r� n� M�lengo y� M�endeleo y� M�len��
34
3.1 M�m�o y�n�yo�sh�r�� ust�w� w� j�m�� yenye m�t�t�zo k�m�ko�
42
ORODHA YA MICHORO
Namba yaMchoro Maelezo ya Mchoro Ukurasa
3.1 H�tu� z� kut�thm�n� m�fumo y� �k�loj�� 44
v
ORODHA YA VISANDUKU
Namba yaKisanduku Maelezo ya Kisanduku Ukurasa
1.1 M�sk�n� n� n�n�? 21.2 M�f�no y� uhus��no w� �d�d� y� w�tu,
um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�4
1.3 Mf�no: Kuh�f�dh� nj�� z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� n� m�z�ng�r� nch�n� T�nz�n��
8
1.4 M�f�no y� us�m�m�z� m�ovu w� m�z�ng�r� n� �th�r� z�ke k�t�k� uku�j� w� uchum�
9
1.5 M�eneo y� h�f�dh� n� w�tu m�sk�n�: ut�t� k�t�k� shughul� z� uh�f�dh�?
11
1.6 Kunuf��k� kutok�n� n� m�eneo y� h�f�dh� 122.1 Mf�no w� Uz�ng�t�fu w� ut�w�l� w�
k�m�z�ng�r� nch�n� T�nz�n��18
3.1 Nj�� endelevu z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� 383.2 V�uk�l�o muh�mu vy� ust�w� 394.1 B��dh� y� m�m�o y� ms�ng� juu y� m�fuko y�
m�z�ng�r� 48
4.2 K�nun� y� Mch�fuz� Kugh�r�m�� 494.3 Ch�ng�moto z� Utekelez�j� w� K�nun� 494.4 V�gezo vy� M�fuko y� M�z�ng�r� 514.5 Ch�ng�moto z� M�k�k�t� y� Kupunguz�
Um�sk�n�55
4.6 Mf�no w� t�t�zo l� ut�w�l� m�ovu k�t�k� us�m�m�z� w� m�l��s�l�
58
4.7 K�w�ngo ch� M�tum�z� y� Fedh� z� Umm� 594.8 T�fs�r� y� M�tum�z� y� Fedh� z� Umm� 60
v�
VIFUPISHO
UKIMWI - Upungufu w� K�ng� Mw�l�n�AZAKI - As�s� z� K�j�m��CPP - Mp�ngo w� Kush�nd�n�sh� M�r�d�AZAKI - As�s� z� K�j�m��DPs - W�sh�r�k� w� m�endeleoEIA - T�thm�n� y� Ath�r� kw� M�z�ng�r�GBS - Ms��d� w� Juml� k�t�k� B�jet�GDP - P�to l� T��f�VVU - V�rus� Vy� Uk�mw� FBO - M�sh�r�k� y� K�d�n�HBS - Ut�fit� w� B�jet� z� K�y�LGA - M�ml�k� y� Ser�k�l� z� M�t��MDAs - W�z�r�, Id�r� n� M�sh�r�k� y� Ser�k�l�M&E - Uperem��j� n� T�thm�n�MDG - M�lengo y� M�endeleo y� M�llen�� MKUKUTA - Mk�k�t� w� Kukuz� Uchum� n� Kuondo� Um�sk�n�MOFEA - W�z�r� y� Fedh� n� Uchum�NEMC - B�r�z� l� T��f� l� H�f�dh� n� Us�m�m�z� w� M�z�ng�r�AZISE - As�s� Z�s�zo z� Ser�k�l�NR - M�l��s�l�NSGRP - MKAKATI w� T��f� w� Kukuz� Uchum� n� Kuondo� Um�sk�n�PA - M�eneo y� H�f�dh�PER - M�p�t�o y� M�tum�z� y� Umm� k�t�k� sekt� y� M�z�ng�r�PES - Kugh�r�m�� Hudum� z�tok�n�zo n� m�z�ng�r�PRS - Mk�k�t� w� Kupunguz� Um�sk�n�SSA - Afr�k� y� Kus�n� mw� J�ngw� l� S�h�r�SWG - M�kund� y� H�r�k�t� z� K�m�z�ng�r�UNDP - Sh�r�k� l� M�endeleo l� Umoj� w� M�t��f�WHO - Sh�r�k� l� Afy� Dun��n�
v��
DIBAJI
Kuhu�sh� shughul� z� h�f�dh� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�p�ngo y� m�endeleo n� j�m�o l� kuz�ng�t�� �l� kuw� n� m�endeleo endelevu k�t�k� T��f�. H�po �w�l�, m�j�d�l� n� juhud� z� m�endeleo z�l�leng� z��d� k�t�k� kukuz� uchum� ��l� kuz�ng�t�� �th�r� z� shughul� z� m�endeleo k�t�k� m�z�ng�r�. Mwenendo huu ul�s�����sh� m�endeleo y�s�yo endelevu.
K�t�n� h�k� ch� m�funzo kuhusu Uhus��no k�t� y� Um�sk�n� n� M�z�ng�r� k�met�y�r�shw� kw� �j�l� y� kukuz� uelew� w� w�tend�j� k�t�k� ng�z� m��l�m��l� �l� w�weze kup�ng� n� kutekelez� m�p�ngo �n�yoz�ng�t�� h�f�dh� y� m�z�ng�r�. Juhud� z� kukuz� uchum� n� kuondo� um�s�k�n� h�z�n� �ud� kuwek� ��y�n� j�ns� m�tum�z� endelevu y� r�s�l�m�l� y�t�k�vyo�n�shw� k�t�k� ser�, progr�mu, m�k�k�t�, sher�� n� m�p�ngo y� m�endeleo.
D�r� y� T��f� y� M�endeleo kueleke� mw�k� 2025 n� Mk�k�t� w� Kukuz� Uchum� n� Kuondo� Um�sk�n� (MKUKUTA) n� juhud� z� Ser�k�l� k�t�k� kur�t��u m�p�ngo n� juhud� z� m�endeleo y� k�uchum� n� k�j�m�� kw� kuz�ng�t�� h�f�dh� y� m�z�ng�r� k�m� eneo mt�m�uk� �m��lo h�po �w�l� h�l�kuw� l�n�z�ng�t�w� k�t�k� m�p�ngo n� m�k�k�t� y� kuondo� um�sk�n� nch�n�. Kun� uhus��no w� moj� kw� moj� k�t� y� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� n� um�sk�n�. Uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� huch�ng�� kuongezek� kw� um�sk�n�, v�vyo h�vyo, um�sk�n� m�r� ny�ng� huch�ng�� k�t�k� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� kw� kuw� hukw�m�sh� juhud� z� j�m�� k�t�k� kus�m�m�� m�tum�z� endelevu y� r�s�l�m�l� z�o.
Ofis� y� M�k�mu w� R��s kw� kush�r�k��n� n� t��s�s� m��l�m��l� �me�nd�� k�t�n� h�k� kw� �j�l� y� kufund�sh� w�tend�j� h�s� k�t�k� m�ml�k� z� Ser�k�l� z� M�t��, �d�r� z� ser�k�l�, m�sh�r�k� y�s�yokuw� y� k�ser�k�l� n� w�d�u m��l�m��l� w�n�ohus�k� k�t�k� ut�y�r�sh�j� w� m�p�ngo n� progr�mu m��l�m��l� z� m�endeleo k�t�k� m�eneo y�o.
N� �m�n� y�ngu kuw� k�t�n� h�k� k�t�tum�k� �p�s�vyo �l� kukuz� uelew� kuhusu uhus��no k�t� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� n� kuch�ng�� juhud� z� kulet� m�endeleo endelevu.
Dkt. Therezya Luoga Huvisa, (MB)Waziri wa Nchi, Ofisi ya Makamu wa Rais - Mazingira
Machi, 2011
v���
SHUKRANI
Kuk�m�l�k� kw� m��nd�l�z� y� K�t�n� h�k� k�n�cho��n�sh� uhus��no k�t� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� n� m�tokeo y� juhud� z� t��s�s� n� w�t��l�m m��l�m��l� w�l�otum�� mud� n� ut��l�m w�o k�t�k� k�z� h��. P�moj� n� kuw� n� v�gumu kumt�j� k�l� mmoj� n� mch�ngo w�ke, n�pend� kuchuku� furs� h�� y� pekee kut�m�u� mch�ngo w� t��s�s� n� ���dh� y� w�t��l�m.
N�pend� kuto� shukr�n� kw� Ofis� y� W�z�r� Mkuu-T�w�l� z� M�ko� n� Ser�k�l� z� M�t��; n� W�z�r� y� Fedh� n� M�p�ngo. V�lev�le, n�t�m�u� ush�r�k� w� t��s�s� z�fu�t�zo: B�r�z� l� T��f� l� H�f�dh� n� Us�m�m�z� w� M�z�ng�r�, Chuo K�kuu ch� D�r es S�l��m–Id�r� y� Uchum� kw� m�ch�ngo y�o y� k�ufund� �l�yowezesh� kuk�m�l�k� kw� k�t�n� h�k�.
A�dh�, n�l�shukuru Sh�r�k� l� M�endeleo l� Umoj� w� M�t��f� (UNDP) T�nz�n�� kw� kugh�r�m�� zoez� h�l� kup�t�� Mr�d� w� Kuhu�sh� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� utekelez�j� w� MKUKUTA un�or�t���w� n� Ofis� y� M�k�mu w� R��s (OMR).
Shukur�n� z� pekee n�z�to� kw� t�mu y� w�t��l�mu w� Ofis� y� M�k�mu w� R��s w�l�osh�r�k� k�t�k� kus�m�m�� m��nd�l�z� y� k�t�n� h�k�.
Sazi SalulaKatibu Mkuu, Ofisi ya Makamu wa Rais
Machi, 2011
�x
UTANGULIZI
Madhumuni ya KitiniT�t�zo l� ms�ng� k�t�k� m��sh� y� ��n�d�mu n� j�ns� y� kuk�dh� m�h�t�j� meng� n� y�s�yokom� k�t�k� vy�nzo v�ch�che. Mk���l� w� w�n�uchum� kw� t�t�zo h�l� n� kuh�k�k�sh� kw�m�� m�h�t�j� h�y� y�n�t�m�zw� k�t�k� nj�� s�h�h� (��l� ku�th�r� mtu yeyote) n� yenye uf�n�s� (r�s�l�m�l� z�n�tum�k� k�t�k� nj�� �or� �l� kuz�l�sh� k��s� ch� kutosh�). Kuhus�sh� m�su�l� y� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� mk���l� w� w�n�uchum� kun�let� dh�n� y� uendelevu: n� kw� j�ns� g�n� m�h�t�j� y� ��n�d�mu w� leo y�n�wez� kut�m�zw� k�t�k� nj�� �m��zo h�z�t��th�r� uwezo w� kut�m�z� m�h�t�j� k�m� h�yo y� v�z�z� v�j�vyo.
Mt�z�mo w� juml� w� k�t�n� h�k� ch� kufund�sh�� n� juu y� uhus��no ���n� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�.Lengo n� kuonesh� n� kw� j�ns� g�n� m���d�l�ko y� u�or� w� m�z�ng�r� y�n�w��th�r� w�tu w�n�oy�tegeme�. V�gezo v�kuu vy� um�sk�n� �m��vyo v�n�z�ng�t�w� n� nj�� z� kuj�p�t�� k�p�to, �fy� �or� n� ut�w�l� �or�. K�t�n� h�k� k�n� modul� nne �m��zo n�:-�) M�elezo y� Juml� y� Uhus��no w� Um�sk�n� n� M�z�ng�r��) Ut�w�l� n� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r� �s�l��c) N�dh�r�� y� mfumo w� �koloj�� k�t�k� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n�
m�z�ng�r�d) Ugh�r�m��j� w� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r�
K�t�n� k�me�nd�l�w� �l� k�tum�we n� w�tung� ser� n� w�d�u w� m�su�l� y� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� kuondo� um�sk�n�. Modul� z�mekusud�w� kufund�shw� k�t�k� w�rsh� �u m�eneo meng�ne y� m�funzo kw� nj�� �m��zo n� sh�r�k�sh�, �l� w�wezesh�j� n� w�sh�r�k� w�sh�r�k��ne k�t�k�, m�w�s�l�sho, m�h�dh�r� n� m�j�d�l�, k�m� nyongez� y� k�z� z� v�kund� n� m�w�s�l�sho y� m�f�no m�hsus�.
M�dhumun� y� ku�nd�� k�t�n� h�k� n� kuwezesh� h�r�k�t� h�l�s� z� mw�mko w� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� n� um�sk�n� k�t�k� ser�, m�p�ngo n�
x
m�ch�k�to y� us�m�m�z� w� M�z�ng�r� nch�n�, kw� kuonesh� uhus��no ul�opo ���n� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� kw� up�nde mmoj� n� uku�j� w� uchum� kw� up�nde mw�ng�ne.
Z��d� y� kuonesh� m�m�o muh�mu y� k�dh�n� y� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�, k�t�n� h�k�:�) K�n�to� m�rejeo y� dh�n�, m�k�k�t�, ser� n� m�ongozo;�) K�n�j�d�l� m�su�l� y� k�mk�k�t� y�n�yohus��n� n� m�p�ngo,
utekelez�j� n� t�thm�n� y� ser� n� m�k�k�t� y� m�z�ng�r� ;c) K�n����n�sh� w�hus�k� w�kuu w� shughul� z� uh�f�dh� n� w�d�u
weng�ne.
K�t�n� k�n�kusud��:�. Kuto� ujuz� un�oh�t�j�k� kw� w�tung� ser� n� w�d�u weng�ne �l�
kuch�ng�nu� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�;�. Kuw�t�m�ul�sh� w�d�u kw� m��nu m��l�m��l� z�n�zotum�k�
k�t�k� kuch�ng�nu� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�c. Ku���n�sh� k�z� n� m�jukumu y� w�hus�k� m��l�m��l� n� w�d�u
w� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� kuendelez� m�ch�k�to y� k�ser� �n�yohusu uhus��no k�t� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�;
d. Kus��d�� k�t�k� kueleze� v��sh�r�� vy� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� kw� �j�l� y� us�m�m�z� w� ser� n� m�k�k�t�,
e. Ku���n�sh� m��nu m��l�m��l� y� kup�t� vy�nzo vy� fedh� kw� �j�l� y� shughul� z� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r�.
UfundishajiK�l� k�p�nd� ch� modul� k�pewe mud� w� kutosh� �l� kuwezesh� ush�r�k��no ���n� y� w�wezesh�j� n� w�sh�r�k� w� m�funzo, y�k�wemo k�z�-m�zoez� y� v�kund� n� m�w�s�l�sho.
Mbinu za UfundishajiIn�sh�ur�w� kw�m�� w�kufunz� w�tum�e m��nu m��l�m��l� z�l�zozoelek� k�t�k� kufund�sh� n� kuongoz� v�p�nd� hus�k�. M�ongon� mw� m��nu h�zo n�:�) M�w�s�l�sho;
x�
�) M�h�dh�r�; c) K�z� z� v�kund� v�dogo v�dogo;d) M�j�d�l� k�t�k� v�kund� v�ku�w�; n�e) M�p�t�o y� m�f�no m�hsus� �n�yohus��n� n� k�p�nd� hus�k�.
N� muh�mu kw� w�kufunz� wote kuh�k�k�sh� w�n�ongoz� k�l� k�p�nd� k�t�k� n�mn� �m��yo kut�kuw� n� mt�r�r�ko w� k�m�nt�k�. H�l� l�n�wez� kuf�nyw� kw� kuch�gu� n� kutum�� m�k���l� �l�yozoelek� n� �n�yoku��l�k� k�t�k� ufund�sh�j�, k�m� v�le kuonesh� n� ku���n�sh� k�z� m�hsus� kw� k�l� modul�/k�p�nd�. B��dh� y� m�sw�l� y� mwongozo y�n�yowez� kutum�w� n� w�wezesh�j� k�t�k� kuf�n�k�sh� somo hus�k� y�n�p�t�k�n� mw�shon� mw� k�l� modul�. W�wezesh�j� w�n�h�m�zw� kutum�� m�sw�l� meng�ne y�n�yof��.
Matokeo yanayotarajiwaMw�sho w� m�funzo, w�sh�r�k� w�n�t�r�j�w�:�) Kuelew� n� kuth�m�n� dh�n� n� umuh�mu w� kuhus�sh� um�sk�n�
n� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�ch�k�to y� kuto� m��muz� ;�) Kuelew� mch�ngo w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� kukuz� uchum� w� t��f�; c) Kuelew� mch�k�to w� ku�un�, kutekelez� n� kut�thm�n� v��sh�r��
vy� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�;d) Kutum�� m��nu, nj�� m�hsus� n� m�f�no h�l�s� k�t�k� j�m��
z�n�zop�sw� kuz�ng�t�w� �l� kueleze� m�hus��no y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�;
e) Kuelew� juhud� n� m�k�k�t� y� k�t��f� n� k�m�t��f� k�t�k� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�;
f) Kuw� m�h�r� k�t�k� kuelez� uhus��no ���n� y� ut�w�l�, uh�f�dh� w� m�l��s�l� n� nj�� kuu z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k�; n�
g) Kuelew� m�k���l� m��l�m��l� n� ut�r�t��u un�owez� kutum�k� kugh�r�m�� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�.
Walengwa WanaokusudiwaK�uh�l�s��, uelew� w� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� un�mhusu k�r��u k�l� mtu, h�t� h�vyo k�t�n� h�k� k�n�w�leng� z��d� w�tung� ser�, w�to� m��muz� n� w�tekelez�j� w� ser� n� progr�mu z�n�zo�th�r�
x��
m�z�ng�r�. W�sh�r�k� w�l�okusud�w� w�n�jumu�sh� w�fu�t�o:- �) W�tung� ser� �u m�w�k�l� w� ser� ;�) M��fis� w� ser�k�l� (ser�k�l� kuu n� ser�k�l� z� m�t��) w�n�ohus�k�
n� utekelez�j� w� ser�;c) W��nd��j� w� progr�mu z� m�endeleo �u m�menej�;d) W��j�r�;e) M�sh�r�k� y� k�j�m�� (CBOs);f) As�s� z� k�j�m�� (AZAKI); n�g) M�sh�r�k� y� d�n� (FOBs).
MarejeoBojo, J, K-G M�ler �nd L. Unenmo. 1992. Environment and Development: An Economic Approach. Kluwer Ac�dem�c Pu�l�shers
Environment and Development Economics, C�m�r�dge Un�vers�ty Press
K�ss, A �nd D. Shelton. 1992. M�nu�l of Europe�n Env�ronment�l L�w, Grot�us Pu�l�c�t�ons, C�m�r�dge
Un�ted N�t�ons. 1992. Earth Summit Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action From Rio, Un�ted N�t�ons, New York
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MODULI YA KWANZA
Uhusiano wa Umaskini na Mazingira
Malengo ya Moduli
Kipindi cha KwanzaModul� h�� �n�kusud�� kuw�p� w�tung� ser� n� w�d�u, m�elezo y� juml� y� uhus��no w� ms�ng� ���n� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�eneo y� v�j�j�n� n� m�j�n�, p�moj� n� t�fs�r� y� k�ser� k�t�k� ng�z� z� ch�n�, z� k�t� n� z� juu. K�t�k� modul� h�� tun��ng�l�� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� kw� kut�thm�n� j�ns� m�z�ng�r� n� m���d�l�ko y� k�m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�eneo y� v�j�j�n� n� m�j�n� y�n�vyo�th�r� w�tu m�sk�n�, k�t�k� m�eneo m�kuu m�t�tu y� um�sk�n� �m��yo n� nj�� z� kuj�p�t�� k�p�to, �fy� �or� n� ut�w�l� �or�. Lengo n� kuw�p� w�sh�r�k� uelew� w� ���dh� y� dh�n� z� ms�ng� z� uhus��no huu.
Muda uliopendekezwaMud� us�oz�d� s�� t�tu ut�tum�k� kuw�s�l�sh� m�d� z�l�zoko k�t�k� modul� h�� �k�jumu�sh� �ng�l�u d�k�k� 30 z� ut�ngul�z� un�oeleze� h�l� h�l�s� y� m�z�ng�r� n� um�sk�n� nch�n� T�nz�n��.
Mbinu za ufundishajiK�t�k� k�p�nd� h�k� �n�sh�ur�w� kutum�� mch�ng�ny�ko w� m��nu, z�k�wemo m�w�s�l�sho m�fup�, k�z� z� v�kund� n� m�p�t�o y� m�f�no m�hsus� n� ny�r�k� z�f��zo p�moj� n� t��r�f� z� nyongez� kuhusu m�elezo y� juml� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� T�nz�n��.
Kazi za kufanya
Maelezo ya jumla ya umaskini na mazingira Kuj�d�l� h�l� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� nch�n� T�nz�n�� kw� k�p�nd� ch� m��k� 40 �u z��d� �l�yop�t�. W�eleze w�sh�r�k� h�tu� n� m�m�o
2
m��l�m��l� y�l�yof�nyw� t�ngu su�l� h�l� kuw� l� k�m�t��f�. Onyesh� h�tu� m��l�m��l� n� m�k�k�t� �l�yochukul�w� n� ser�k�l� n� w�d�u k�t�k� kushughul�k�� m�t�t�zo h�y�. • Kum�uk� kut�j� n� kuj�d�l� ���dh� y� m�m�o muh�mu y�fu�t�yo:-
Kisanduku Na. 1.1: Maskini ni nani?H�d� m��k� y� 1970, um�sk�n� kw� k�w��d� ul�t�fs�r�w� kuw� n� kushuk� kw� up�t�k�n�j� w� ch�kul�, k�p�to �u m�tum�z� ch�n� y� k�w�ngo ful�n�. Kw� mf�no Benk� y� Dun�� �mekuw� �k�tum�� k�w�ngo ch� Dol� moj� y� M�rek�n� kw� s�ku. Kw� s�s� mt�z�mo huu finyu h�uku��l�k� s�n� m�ongon� mw� w�n�s�y�ns� j�m�� m�sh�r�k� y� m�endeleo n� w�d�u. K�t�k� m��k� y� h�v� k�r��un� mt�z�mo w� j�ns� �m��vyo w�tu m�sk�n� w�n�vyouon� um�sk�n� n� j�ns� um�sk�n� un�vyot�fs�r�w� k�t�k� t�m�dun� tof�ut� umepew� umuh�mu mku�w�. Kw� s�s�, m�sk�n� �n�t�fs�r�w� k�m� mtu �m��ye h�wez� kuj�t�m�z�� m�h�t�j� y�ke muh�mu, k�m� y�n�vyoelewek� k�t�k� j�m�� hus�k�. H�� �n�jumu�sh� ukosefu w� m�h�t�j� muh�mu y� ��n�d�mu �k�l�ng�n�shw� n� r�s�l�m�l�, ukosefu w� us�l�m� n� uwezo w� kuto� m��muz� k�t�k� m�su�l� y�n�yomhusu. Kutok�n� n� mt�z�mo w� s�s� w� Benk� y� Dun��, “ um�sk�n� n� su�l� l� m�w�nd� m�p�n�, l�n�lojumu�sh� kukosek�n� kw� hudum� �or� z� �fy�, el�mu, p�moj� ny�nj� ny�ng�ne dh�h�n�� z� m��sh� k�m� v�le kukosek�n� kw� us�w� w� k�j�ns��, us�l�m�, kukosek�n� kw� uwezo w� kuf�ny� m��muz� n� kutengw� k�j�m��”. Sh�r�k� l� M�endeleo l� Umoj� w� M�t��f�, l�n�t�fs�r� m�endeleo kuw� n� “mch�k�to w� kuongez� furs� z� ��n�d�mu kuj�p�t�� k�p�to”. Kw�, mukt�dh� huu, um�sk�n� n� “kukosek�n� kw� furs� n� n�f�s� z� ms�ng� k���s� kw� m�endeleo y� ��n�d�mu – y�n�yohus��n� n� �fy�, m��sh� y� u�un�fu n� kufur�h�� k�w�ngo �or� ch� m��sh�, uhuru, utu, kuhesh�m�w� n� kuhesh�mu weng�ne.
1.1.1 Kw� kuz�ng�t�� m�w�nd� h�y� m�p�n� y� um�sk�n�, k�p�mo h�l�s� ch� m�sk�n� n� n�n� h�k�wez� ku�sh�� kwenye k�p�mo ch� um�sk�n� w� k�p�to, ��l� p�� k�z�ng�t�e m�kund� y� k�j�m�� k�m� v�le j�ns��,
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m�k���l�, m�z�ng�r� w��sh�o, h�l� y� nj�� z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� n.k. Tof�ut� p�� y�wez� kuwekw� k�t� y� w�tu w�l�o k�t�k� um�sk�n� sugu (um�sk�n� w� mud� mrefu) n� w�le �m��o w�po k�t�k� um�sk�n� w� mp�to. Um�sk�n� w� mp�to un�wez� kutok�n� n� m�t�t�zo y� �s�l� �u y� k�uchum�. K�y� z�l�zo k�t�k� um�sk�n� sugu z�n�wez� p�� kuwekw� k�t�k� m�kund�, kutegeme�n� n� t���� z�o m�hsus� n� s����u z�s�zo r�sm�. Kund� moj�w�po l� um�sk�n� sugu l�wez� kuw� m�sk�n� k�t�k� ny�nj� k�dh��; kw� mf�no, m�kund� y�l�yotengw� k�j�m��, w�tu wenye ulem�vu, w�k�m��z� n� w�tu w�l�ol�z�m�k� kuh�m� m�k�z� y�o, w�gonjw� w� UKIMWI n.k. Kund� j�ng�ne n� l� w�le w�l�o k�t�k� um�sk�n� sugu ul�os�����shw� n� kukos� uwezo w� kup�t� vy�nzo vy� uz�l�sh�j� m�l�.
Viashiria vya umaskini: Tanzania Bara1990 2000/
2001 2007
AsilimiaW�st�n� w� �d�d� y� w�tu w��sh�o ch�n� y� k�w�ngo ch� Um�sk�n� w� kup�t� m�h�t�j� y�o muh�mu
39 36 33.2
W�st�n� w� �d�d� y� w�tu w�n�o�sh� ch�n� y� k�w�ngo ch� um�sk�n� w� kup�t� ch�kul�
22 19 16.5
Uhusiano wa umaskini na mazingira umefupishwa katika sentensi maarufu isemayo: “Umaskini ni sababu na matokeo ya uharibifu wa mazingira.”
Mwezesh�j� �j�d�l� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� mt�z�mo un�ojumu�sh� y�fu�t�yo: �) Um�sk�n� un���d�l�k� kw� kutegeme� m�eneo y� k�j�ogr�fi�,
k�w�ngo n� t���� z� k�uchum�, k�j�m�� n� k�ut�m�dun� z� mtu mmoj� mmoj�, k�y� n� m�kund� y� k�j�m��;
�) Kw�m�� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� un�h�t�j� kuch�m�u� kw� und�n� n� kuw� n� uelew� mp�n� w� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�;
c) Z��d� y� yote onesh� kw�m�� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� un�j����n�sh� vem� k�t�k� shughul� z� t��s�s� z� k�m�z�ng�r� �l� kut�m�z�
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ch�ng�moto kuu m��l� z�n�zohus��n�:- �. Umuh�mu w� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r� �l� y�weze kuch�ng��
k�t�k� kulet� m�endeleo endelevu��. Umuh�mu w� kuwepo kw� us�w� n� uh�k�k� k�t�k�
up�t�k�n�j� w� nj�� z� uz�l�sh�j� m�l� kw� w�tu m�sk�n�, n� f��d� �m��zo w�n�wez� kuz�p�t� k�t�k� kuongez� furs� z� j�m�� kuj�ongeze� k�p�to, kuj�p�t�� hudum� z� �fy�, el�mu n� kupunguz� uwezek�no w� ku�th�r�w� n� m�j�ng� y� k�m�z�ng�r�;
d) Onesh� kw�m�� mk���l� huu w� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� kupunguz� um�sk�n� un�h�t�j� m���d�l�ko y� k�ser� n� k�t��s�s� k�t�k� sekt� m��l�m��l�;uhus�sh�j� w� w�tend�j� weng� k�t�k� sekt� y� umm�,sekt� ��n�fs� n� m�sh�r�k� y� k�j�m��. A�dh�, mk���l� huu un�h�t�j� ush�r�k� w� nch� z�n�zoendele� n� z�le z�l�zoendele�;
e) Onesh� kw�m�� p�moj� n� m�f�n�k�o k�t�k� m�eneo k�dh��, msukumo k�t�k� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r� un�z�d� kuongezek� dun��n�, uk���u� ch�ng�moto kuu k�t�k� m�t�r�j�o y� kupunguz� um�sk�n� n� kukuz� m�endeleo y� k�uchum� k�t�k� nch� z�n�zoendele�;
f) Onesh� kw�m�� u�or� w� m�z�ng�r� n� up�t�k�n�j� w� m�l��s�l� m��l�m��l� n� muh�mu k�t�k� kuw�wezesh� w�tu m�sk�n� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� z�o;
g) J�d�l� kuw� ��n� tof�ut� z� kuj�p�t�� k�p�to n� muh�mu kw�n� w�tu m�sk�n� w�n�h�t�j� kuw� n� furs� m��l�m��l� �l� kupunguz� utegemez� kwenye m�l��s�l� pekee z�n�zop�t�k�n� kwenye m�eneo y�o.
Kisanduku Na. 1.2: Mifano ya uhusiano wa idadi ya watu, umaskini na mazingiraUm�sk�n� un��th�r� �d�d� y� w�tu kutok�n� n�:• Kupungu� kw� uwezo w� w�tu kup�t� m�j� s�fi n� s�l�m�, kut�fut�
m��nu z� kupunguz� m�h�t�j� y� nguvu-k�z� kun�ongez� h�j� y� kuz�� w�toto �l� w�s��d�e shughul� m��l�m��l�.
• Ms�ng� m�ovu w� r�s�l�m�l� un�ongez� h�j� y� kuz�� w�toto weng� �l� kufid�� nguvu- k�z� p�le weng�ne w�n�poumw� �u kuzeek�.
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• Ukosefu w� el�mu un�m��n�sh� mw�mko mdogo w� nj�� z� kup�ng� uz�z�, h�s� kw� w�n�w�ke. H�dh� ndogo y� w�n�w�ke �n�m��n�sh� kw�m�� w�n�m��muz� m�dogo k�t�k� su�l� l� uz�z�.
Id�d� y� w�tu �n�ongez� Um�sk�n� kutok�n� n�:• Kuongezek� kw� ukosefu w� �rdh� – m�eneo y�l�yor�th�w�
y�n�g�w�nyw� n� kug�w�nyw� m�ongon� mw� w�toto w�n�oz�l�w�.
• Kuz�s�m��z� kul�ko k�w��d� hudum� z� k�j�m��, shule, v�tuo vy� �fy�, v�tuo vy� �fy� y� uz�z�, m�j� n� m�undom��nu y� m�j�-t�k� �l�yopo.
Id�d� y� w�tu �n��th�r� M�z�ng�r� kutok�n� n�:• Kuongez� m�tum�z� y� �rdh�, m�tum�z� y� �rdh� n� m�s�tu
y�l�yoz�d� m�p�k�, ufug�j� w� m�fugo ul�op�t�l�z�.• Mmomonyoko w� udungo.• Uh�m��j� w� w�tu k�t�k� m�t�� yenye msong�m�no, m�t�t�zo y�
m�j� n� m�fumo y� m�j�-t�k�, h�t�r� z� t�k� z� v�w�nd�n�, uch�fuz� w� hew� m�jum��n�, m�poromoko y� �rdh�.
Um�sk�n� k�m� s����u y� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� kutok�n� n�:• Eneo dogo l� kul�f�ny�� m�p�ngo (l�n�lowez� kuf�ny�w� k�z� z�
k�l� s�ku z� kuwezesh� w�tu ku�sh�).• Utegemez� w� k�w�ngo ch� juu w� vy�nzo vy� n�sh�t�
�s�yoj�d�d�k�.• Mt�j� mdogo kw� �j�l� y� m�tum�z� endelevu y� r�s�l�m�l�
(utegemez� kw� teknoloj�� dun�).Uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� k�m� ch�nzo ch� um�sk�n�, n� kutok�n� n�:• R�s�l�m�l� ch�che z� k�m�z�ng�r�, h�vyo k�p�to k�dogo.• M�z�ng�r� y�l�yoch�ful�w� hus�����sh� m�t�t�zo y� k��fy�, h�vyo
uz�l�sh�j� mdogo.• Kupungu� kw� rutu�� y� �rdh� kun�s�����sh� uz�l�sh�j� mdogo,
n� h�vyo k�p�to k�dogo.
6
Viumbehai na maliasili. �) Onesh� kw�m�� m�l��s�l� �n�wez� kuw� ch�nzo ch� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k�
�u kuongez� k�p�to n� up�t�k�n�j� w� m�h�t�j� muh�mu y� k�y�. To� v�elelezo k�dh�� juu y� v�w�ngo vy� utegemez� w� m�l��s�l� kw� w�tu m�sk�n� k�t�k� m�eneo y� v�j�j�n�.
�) T�j� n� reje� d�t� z� m�tokeo y� t�fit� y�n�yoto� ush�h�d� w� j�ns� k�y� m�sk�n� z� v�j�j�n� z�n�vyoj�p�t�� k��s� k�ku�w� ch� v�p�to vy�o kutok�n� n� m�l��s�l�.
c) M�m�o m�w�l� y�n����n�k� k�t�k� m�ch�p�sho m��l�m��l�:-• W�tu m�sk�n� z��d� nd�yo hutegeme� z��d� m�z�ng�r� �l�
kup�t� k�p�to dun�.• L�k�n� w�tu w�l�o �or� nd�yo hutum�� z��d� m�l��s�l� �l�
kup�t� k�p�to �or�.d) T�j� n� j�d�l� kw�m�� uh�r���fu w� m�l��s�l� un��th�r� z��d� w�tu
m�sk�n�. Onyesh� h�t� h�vyo kw�m��, kuongezek� kw� k�p�to kun�ongez� m�tum�z� y� m�l��s�l�.
e) To� ush�h�d� kw�m�� uku�j� w� uchum� h�ut�punguz� msukumo w� k�m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� mukt�dh� huu. Mf�no un�wez� kutolew� w� nch� z�l�zoendele� n� nch� zenye k�p�to ch� w�st�n�.
f) T�j� n� j�d�l� kw�m�� uh�r���fu w� m�l��s�l� n� upote�j� w� v�um�e �nuw�� v�n�punguz� up�t�k�n�j� w� r�z�k� n� m��ny� y� up�t�k�n�j� w� r�z�k� kw� v�z�z� v�j�vyo vy� w�tu m�sk�n�. M�f�no �n�wez� kutolew� y� m�fumo y� k�l�mo.
g) Uh�r���fu w� �rdh� n� vy�nzo vy� m�j�.h) Upotevu w� m�egu z� m�z�o n� m�fugo �n�yoh�m�l� w�dudu n�
uk�me n� t�sh�o ku�w� k�t�k� ku�oresh� uz�l�sh�j� w� k�l�mo �m��o n� tegemeo l� m��sh� y� w�tu weng� m�sk�n� w�l�opo v�j�j�n�, n� n� muh�m�l� w� m�k�k�t� y� kupunguz� um�sk�n� k�t�k� nch� ny�ng�.
�) To� ush�h�d� kw�m�� w�tu m�sk�n� w�n��th�r�k� n� uh�r���fu w� m�l��s�l� n� upotevu w� v�um�e �nuw�� z��d� y� w�tu �m��o s� m�sk�n�, kw� s����u y� r�s�l�m�l� ch�che w�l�zon�zo n� utegemez� w�o mku�w� k�t�k� vy�nzo vy� k�w��d� vy� kuj�p�t�� k�p�to.
j) T�j� n� j�d�l� v�um�e �nuw�� n� hudum� z� mfumo w� �koloj�� . k) Onyesh� kw�m�� mfumo w� �koloj�� k�m� v�le m�s�tu, m�fumo y�
�koloj�� y� k�l�mo, uk�nd� w� m�ug�, m�j� s�fi n� m�fumo y� �koloj��
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y� ��h�r�n� (p�moj� n� m��m�� y� m�tum��we) n� v�um�e �nuw�� v�l�vyomo nd�n� y�ke v�n�to� mch�ngo muh�mu” un�wezesh� shughul� z� uz�l�sh�j� m�l�.
Kipindi cha Pili
Kuhusianisha mazingira na umaskiniW�wezesh�j� w�j�d�l� m�su�l� y�n�yohus��n� n� um�sk�n� n� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�: n� j�ns� g�n� m�z�ng�r� n� m���d�l�ko y� h�l� y� m�z�ng�r� y�n�vyow��th�r� w�tu m�sk�n�; w�n�ume, w�n�w�ke n� w�toto, k�t�k� v��sh�r�� v�kuu v�t�tu vy� um�sk�n� w� w�tu:-a) Njia kuu za kuweza kuishi: w�tu m�sk�n� hutegeme� z��d�
m�z�ng�r� y�o n� m�l��s�l� n� kw� h�yo, w�n��th�r�k� z��d� m�z�ng�r� y�n�poh�r���w� �u w�n�popotez� uwezo w� kup�t� r�s�l�m�l�;
b) Afya: w�tu m�sk�n� hu�th�r�k� z��d� �rdh�, m�j� n� hew� w�vut�yo �n�poch�ful�w�. H�t�r� z� k�m�z�g�r� n� moj�w�po y� vy�nzo v�kuu vy� m�gonjw� k�t�k� nch� z�n�zoendele�;
c) Uwezekano wa kudhuriwa: w�tu m�sk�n� w�n�wez� ku�th�r�k� z��d� m��f� y� k�m�z�ng�r� n� m�gogoro �n�yohus��n� n� m�z�ng�r�. P�� w�n� uwezo mdogo w� kumudu n� kuchukul��n� n� h�l�, p�nd� m��f� y� k�m�um��le n� m�gogoro �n�potoke�.• M�m�o k�dh�� k�m� h�y� y�fu�t�yo y�n�wez� kutum�k�:-
�. Mmoj� k�t� y� w�tu w�t�no dun��n� �n��sh� k�t�k� um�sk�n�;
�. Uwezo w� dun�� kuw�h�f�dh� w�tu ��l�on� 6 n� kup�t� r�s�l�m�l� w�n�zoz�h�t�j� �l� ku�sh� un�z�d� kupungu�;
c. Mkut�no w� Joh�nnes�urg w� 2002 ul�kum�ush� kw�m�� m�endeleo endelevu n� muh�mu k�t�k� kupunguz� um�sk�n�;
d. M�lengo y� M�endeleo y� M�llenn�� n� Mk�k�t� w� NSGRP w� T�nz�n�� un�t�m�u� umuh�mu w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� kuondo� um�sk�n�;
e. B�l� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� uf��o h��t�wezek�n� kuz�l�sh� ch�kul� k�n�choh�t�j�k� kuondo� t�t�zo l� nj��, kupunguz� �d�d� y� w�toto w�n�okuf� kw� m�gonjw�
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y��m�uk�zw�yo kw� nj�� y� m�j� �u kuondo� m�l�r�� k�t�k� h�l� y�ke y� s�s� k�m� ugonjw� un�ou� z��d� k�t�k� nch� z� Afr�k� kus�n� mw� j�ngw� l� S�h�r�.
Kisanduku Na. 1.3Mfano: Kuhifadhi njia za kujipatia riziki na mazingira nchini Tanzania
1.1.2 Nj�� z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� z�l�kuw� k�t�k� h�t�r� y� kupote� k�t�k� v�j�j� vy� uk�nd� w� pw�n� w� mko� w� T�ng� nch�n� T�nz�n�� kutok�n� n� uvuv� us�okuw� endelevu, kushuk� kw� th�m�n� y� s�m�k� w�l�ovul�w� n� us�m�m�z� dun� w� sher��. Sh�r�k� l� m�s��d� l� Irel�nd n� Sh�r�k� l� uh�f�dh� w� M�l��s�l� Dun��n� (IUCN) z�l�sh�r�k��n� n� w�n�nch� n� m�ml�k� z� m�ko� n� w�l�y� kw� z��d� y� m��k� 10 �l� kuw�wezesh� w�n�nch� n� t��s�s� kuh�f�dh� n� kul�nd� r�s�l�m�l� z� ��h�r�n�. • Upunguz�j� mku�w� w� m��nu h�r���fu z� uvuv�;• U�m�r�sh�j� w� h�l� y� m��m�� y� m�tum��we n� �d�d� y� s�m�k�;• Ku�nz�shw� kw� nj�� m��d�l� z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� (k�m� v�le k�l�mo
ch� mw�n�);• W�l�y� kuendelez� kugh�r�m�� shughul� z� uh�f�dh� r�s�l�m�l� z�
pw�n�;• El�mu y� m�z�ng�r� kutolew� k�t�k� shule kw� �j�l� y� v�z�z�
v�j�vvyo vy� w�vuv�;• Ser� z� ser�k�l� z�l�zo�oreshw� z� uendelez�j� w� uvuv� sh�r�k�sh�.
Ukuaji wa Uchumi na MazingiraKun� m�f�no m�ng� y� j�ns� us�m�m�z� m�ovu w� m�z�ng�r� un�vyowez� kud�d�m�z� uku�j� w� uchum�.
Mwezesh�j� �f�f�nue uhus��no ���n� y� uku�j� w� uchum� n� ser� z� m�z�ng�r� n� j�ns� �m��vyo uhus��no huo n� muh�mu k�t�k� kupunguz� um�sk�n�; mwezesh�j� �toe ush�h�d� k�l� �n�powezek�n�.
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Mwezesh�j� �s�s�t�ze y�fu�t�yo:-�) Nch� z�n�wez� kuw� n� v�w�ngo v�ku�w� vy� uku�j� w� uchum�
n� m��nu �or� z� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�. H�kun� m���d�l�sh�no s�h�l� k�t� y� uku�j� w� uchum� n� m�z�ng�r�;
�) Kupuuz� umuh�mu w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� uku�j� w� uchum� kun��th�r� w�tu m�sk�n� kw� mud� mfup�, n� kun�d�d�m�z� kw� mud� mrefu uku�j� w� uchum� n� um�dhu�ut� w�ke k�t�k� kupunguz� um�sk�n�;
c) U�or� w� k�w�ngo ch� uku�j� w� uchum� n� muh�mu. K�ms�ng� u�or� w� m�m�o y�husuyo uku�j� w� k�uchum� n� m�k�k�t� y� s�s� y� kuondo� um�sk�n� un�jengw� k�t�k� m�eneo y� uku�j� w� k�uchum�.
d) N�mn� m��l�m��l� z� ukuz�j� w� uchum� z�n�wez� kuhus��n� n� �th�r� tof�ut� tof�ut� z� k�m�z�ng�r�.
Kisanduku Na. 1.4Mifano ya Usimamizi Mbovu wa Mazingira na Athari Zake Katika Ukuaji wa Uchumi• Kuporomok� kw� k�l�mo k�t�k� nch� ny�ng� kutok�n� n� �rdh�
kuw� n� chumv� �l�yos�����shw� n� shughul� z� k�l�mo ch� umw�g�l��j� – kw� mf�no, nch�n� P�k�st�n� �m��po �l�k�d�r�w� kw�m�� k�r��u �s�l�m�� 16 y� �rdh� y�ke �me�kuw� n� chumv� chumv� kutok� k�t�k� v�s�m� vy� k�w�ngo ch� ch�n� n� t�r�t��u dun� z� umw�g�l��j�. Uh�r���fu huu un��gh�r�mu nch� h�yo z��d� y� dol� z� M�rek�n� m�l�on� 200 kw� mw�k� z�n�zotok�n� n� uz�l�sh�j� mdogo (Benk� y� dun�� 1996�).
• Kuh�r���k� kw� m�p�t�o y� m�to kun�kotok�n� n� ku��d�l�k� kw� m�tum�z� y� �rdh� k�t�k� v��nz�o vy� m�to h�yo – uhus��no ���n� y� m�tum�z� y� �rdh� k�t�k� vy�nzo vy� m�to n� m�to h�yo kuj�� m�ch�ng� n� m�fur�ko n� ch�ng�m�no s�n�; upo ush�h�d� w� m�m�o h�yo kuhus��n�. Kw� mf�no, ser�k�l� y� Ch�n� �l�h�t�m�sh� kw�m�� m�fur�ko m�ku�w� y� mw�k� 1998 y�l�s�����shw� kw� k��s� k�ku�w� n� uk�t�j� ovyo w� m�t� k�t�k� m�eneo y� m�l�m� y� mto Y�ngtze (Benk� y� dun�� 2002d).
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• Shughul� z� ufug�j� w� s�m�k� kw� nj�� z�s�zo s�h�h� n� uz�l�sh�j� w� uduv� ul�s�����sh� m�gonjw� kutok�n� n� nj�� dun� z� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r� nch�n� T��w�n� n� kus�����sh� h�s�r� y� z��d� y� dol� z� M�rek�n� ��l�on� moj� k�t�k� As�� k�t�k� m��k� y� 1990.
W�k�t� �k�to� m�f�no h��, mwezesh�j� �f�nye y�fu�t�yo:-�) As�s�t�ze kw�m�� w�tu m�sk�n� w�n�p�sw� kuchukul�w� kuw�
sehemu y� suluh�sho n� s� sehemu y� m�t�t�zo;�) As�s�t�ze kw�m�� juhud� z� ku�oresh� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� n�mn�
�m��yo �t�ch�ng�� m�endeleo endelevu n� kupunguz� um�sk�n� �n�p�sw� ku�nz� kw� kuw�p� k�p�um�ele w�tu m�sk�n�;
c) Aonyeshe kw�m�� k�t�k� sehemu ny�ng� ser� z�n�endele� kueleme� m�w�zo y�s�yof�� juu y� w�tu m�sk�n� n� uhus��no w�o n� m�z�ng�r�;
d) As�s�t�ze kw�m�� p�� juhud� z�n�zof�nyw� n� w�tu m�sk�n� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r� z�n�w�p� ch�ng�moto w�tu w�n�ow�l�umu m�sk�n� kw� kus�����sh� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� n� p�� n� ch�ng�moto kw� ser� z�n�zotunz� m�z�ng�r� kw� gh�r�m� y� m��sh� y� m�sk�n�.
Uhifadhi wa Mazingira unavyochangia Maendeleo ya watu MaskiniM�eneo m�nne y� kus�s�t�zw� k�t�k� h�l� n�:-a) Njia za kujipatia kipato – w�tu m�sk�n� hutegeme� s�n� m�l��s�l�
kup�t� ch�kul�, m�l�z� n� k�p�to.b) Afya – h�l� y� m�z�ng�r� �n�ch�ng�� sehemu ku�w� y� t�sh�o l� �fy�
z� w�tu m�sk�n�. M�z�ng�r� m��ovu y� k��fy� nd�yo hus�����sh� h�t�r� z� k��fy� kw� w�tu m�sk�n�. Sh�r�k� l� Afy� Dun��n� l�l�k�d�r�� mw�k� 2002 kw�m�� �s�l�m�� 21 y� mz�go w� gh�r�m� z� m�t����u dun��n� kote hus�����shw� n� m��f� y� k�m�z�ng�r�-- juml� y� s�ku z�l�zotum�k� k�t�k� ugonjw� n� v�fo v�l�vyos�����shw� n� m�gonjw� (WHO, 2002).
c) Majanga ya asili – w�tu m�sk�n� huw� n� uwezek�no mku�w� w� ku�th�r�w� n� m�j�ng� y� k�m�um��le, m�dh�r� y� m���d�l�ko y�
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k�m�z�ng�r� n� m�t�t�zo meng�ne y� k�m�z�ng�r� y�n�yoh�r��u nj�� z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� n� up�t�k�n�j� w� ch�kul�.
d) Huduma za mifumo-ikolojia – w�tu m�sk�n� w�n�tegeme� z��d� shughul� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo-�koloj�� k�m� v�le delt�, m�s�tu y� m�koko, n� m�eneo y� h�f�dh�.
Kisanduku Na. 1.5Maeneo ya Hifadhi na Watu Maskini: utata katika uhifadhi wa mazingira?
M�lengo y� M�endeleo y� M�llenn�� y�n�eleze� m�f�n�k�o k�t�k� kum�l�z� um�sk�n� n� p�� kuh�f�dh� v�um�e �nuw��. Nj�� moj�w�po y� kuh�f�dh� v�um�e �nuw�� n� kw� ku�nz�sh� m�eneo y� h�f�dh�. J�m�� �m��zo h�po �w�l� z�l�tegeme� m�eneo h�yo y� h�f�dh� k�m� r�s�l�m�l� z�o z�n��th�r�k� kutok�n� n� kuz�potez� r�s�l�m�l� h�zo, n� h�vyo kuz�d�sh� um�sk�n� k�m�, h�tu� z�f��zo z� kuw�fid�� z�s�pochukul�w�. Kupotezw� kw� r�s�l�m�l� h�zo kun�wez� kus�����sh� m�m�o y�fu�t�yo:• Kupote� kw� k�p�to ch� fedh� z�l�zokuw� z�k�tok�n� n� m�uzo
y� ��dh�� z�l�zop�t�k�n� k�t�k� m�eneo h�yo y�l�yoh�f�dh�w�.• Kupote� kw� ��dh�� z�l�zop�t�k�n� moj� kw� moj� kutok�
k�t�k� m�eneo h�yo y�l�yoh�f�dh�w�.• Kupote� kw� �rdh� �m��yo s�s� �n�onek�n� kuw� n� sehemu y�
h�f�dh�.
M�f�no:�) H�f�dh� y� z�w� M�uro nch�n� Ug�nd� j�m�� z�n�zozunguk�
h�f�dh� h�yo z�l�l�pw� n� M�ml�k� y� H�f�dh� y� z�w� h�lo k��s� ch� dol� z� M�rek�n� 230,000 kw� mw�k� mmoj� tu w� 1998 w�k�t� h�s�r� w�l�yo�p�t� kutok�n� n� u�nz�shw�j� w� h�f�dh� h�yo �n�k�d�r�w� kufik�� dol� z� M�rek�n� 700,000. H�s�r� h�yo �l�kuw� n� uw��no w� 0.3 h�vyo w�l��sh� m��sh� dun� s�n� w�k�t� w� uwepo w� h�f�dh� h�yo kul�ko w�l�vyo�sh� k��l�.
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�) Serenget� m�gh�r��� nch�n� T�nz�n�� w�k�z� w�ke w�l�l�pw� dol� z� M�rek�n� 75,000 tu k�t� y� zote z�l�zop�t�k�n� k�t�k� ut�l��, l�k�n� w�k�p�t� uh�r���fu w� h�d� dol� z� M�rek�n� m�l�on� moj� ul�of�nyw� n� w�ny�m� por�, uw��no w� h�s�r� w�l�yo�p�t� uk�w� n� 0.07.
Kisanduku Na. 1.6 Kunufaika kutokana na maeneo ya hifadhi
H�t�j� l� ms�ng� k�t�k� kupunguz� m�gogoro n� ku�h�k�k�sh� kw�m�� k�l� up�nde un� n�� njem� n� u�nz�shw�j� w� h�f�dh� n� kw� uw��no w� m�nuf�� kw� p�nde zote hus�k� kuw� ku�w� kul�ko y� juml� y� h�f�dh�.H�� �n�m��n�sh� kw�m��:-�) Kuh�k�k�sh� m�eneo y� h�f�dh� kw� ujuml� y�n�f�ny�w� t�thm�n�
y� h�s�r� n� f��d� z�ke;�) Kuh�k�k�sh� gh�r�m� n� f��d� z�n�g�w�nyw� kw� j�ns� �m��yo
k�l� up�nde un�p�t� m�nuf�� kutok�n� n� kuwepo kw� h�f�dh�.
Ut�fit� w� h�f�dh� ku�w� y� P�nd� nch�n� Ch�n� un�onesh� j�ns� w�k�z� w�n�vyowez� kunuf��k� n� uwepo w� h�f�dh�. Ut�fit� huu ul����n�sh� p�nde zote �m��zo m�sl�h� y�ke y�n�p�sw� kuz�ng�t�w� k�t�k� u�nz�shw�j� w� h�f�dh� h�yo. P�nde h�z� z�l�kuw� n�: (�) w�t�l�� w� h�f�dh� y� P�nd�, (�) w�t�l�� w� Ch�n� �m��o w�l�kuw� r�dh� kuch�ng�� k�fedh� u�nz�shw�j� w� h�f�dh� y� P�nd�, l�k�n� h�w�kuw� n� mp�ngo w� ku�tem�ele� h�f�dh� h�yo, (c) w�h�f�dh�, w�n�h�r�k�t� w� nd�n� n� nje w� uh�f�dh�, (d) j�m�� z��sh�zo kuzunguk� m�eneo y� h�f�dh� n� w�kul�m� m�sk�n� �m��o w�l�p�sw� kupotez� �rdh� z�o kutok�n� n� shughul� z� uh�f�dh�, n� (e) w��ng�l�z� w� h�f�dh� w�l�ol�pw� msh�h�r� mdogo �m��o w�l�kuw� n� jukumu l� kuw�l�nd� P�nd� h�o �m��o w�l�chuk�w� s�n� n� w�kul�m�. Uchunguz� m�k�n� w� ut�y�r� w� w�t�l�� kuch�ng�� shughul� z� uh�f�dh� kw�
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(�) kup�nd�sh� �d� y� ku�ng�� k�t�k� h�f�dh� n� (�) kul�p�� stempu y� P�nd� kwenye h�t� z� kus�fir�� z�l�zotolew� n� ser�k�l� ul�onyesh� kw�m�� k��s� k�ku�w� ch� m�m�l�on� y� dol� k�ngewez� kukus�nyw� k�l� mw�k�. B�jet� y� k�r��un� y� h�f�dh� �l�kuw� n� dol� ro�o m�l�on� kw� mw�k�. Kw� kuw� w�t�l�� w�l�kuw� r�dh� kul�p��, h�kukuw� n� m�t�t�zo m�ku�w�: f��d� w�l�yo�p�t� n� kut�m�ul�w� kw�m�� w�l�ch�ng�� k�t�k� u�nz�shw�j� w� h�f�dh� y� P�nd�.
W�n�h�r�k�t� w� m�z�ng�r� w�ngewezeshw� z��d� kutok�n� n� mfuko w� h�f�dh�. T�fit� p�� z�l�onyesh� kw�m�� w�t�l�� w�l�kuw� r�dh� kuch�ng�� m�l�po y� z��d� w�k�ju� kw�m�� m�l�po h�y� y�t�tum�k� kuw�fid�� w�kul�m� w�l�o�sh� k�t�k� m�eneo h�yo. Kw� h�yo h�t� w�kul�m� w�ngenuf��k�. Mw�sho, fedh� h�zo z�ngewezesh� w��ng�l�z� w� h�f�dh� kul�pw� m�sh�h�r� m�zur� z��d� w�k�t� �m��po fid�� kw� w�kul�m� �ngeondo� chuk� w�l�zokuw� n�zo w�kul�m� h�o dh�d� y� w��ng�l�z� w� h�f�dh�. H�f�dh� z�n�zoz�ng�t�� m�sl�h� y� wote, huw�nuf��sh� p�� w�tu m�sk�n�.
Kuz�f�ny� p�nde m��l�m��l� kuku��l��n� n� m�p�ngo k�m� h�yo s� j�m�o r�h�s�. H�tu� y� kw�nz� n� ku���n�sh� w�d�u wote. H�tu� y� p�l� n� kuh�k�k�sh� kuw� kun� m�l�po y� n�mn� ful�n� y�t�k�yoz�nuf��sh� p�nde zote. K�t�k� kuz�ng�t�� dh�m�r� kuu y� t��r�f� h��, mg�o w� f��d� un�p�sw� kueleme� u�nz�shw�j� w� r�s�l�m�l� mpy�. Kug�w�n� m�p�to tu h�kuwez� kufid�� kw� uh�l�s�� upotevu w� r�s�l�m�l� kw� w�n�j�m�� w��sh�o k�t�k� m�eneo hus�k�. H��t�wezek�n� k�l� m�r� kuteng� f��d� kw� n�mn� h��, n� �n�wezek�n� z��d� k�m� kun� sp�sh� �u mfumo w� �koloj�� z� k�pekee, kw� s����u kun� uh�k�k� w� m�p�to p�nd� h�f�dh� �t�k�po�nz�shw�. L�k�n� k�nun� z� kug�w�n� f��d� h�z�n� �ud� kuz�ng�t�w�.
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Jedwali Na. 1.1: Maeneo ya msingi yanayohitaji uandaaji wa sera ili kuboresha matokeo ya mahusiano ya umaskini na mazingira.Ku�oresh� ut�w�l�
• Am��t�n�sh� m�m�o y�husuyo um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� n� m�p�ngo y� m�endeleo y� t��f�
• Im�r�sh� ug�w�n�j� w� m�jukumu k�t�k� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�
• Y�pe uwezo m�sh�r�k� y� k�j�m��, n� h�s� y� w�tu m�sk�n� n� w�l�otengw�
• Z�ng�t�� m�hus��no y� k�j�ns�� k�t�k� m�hus��no y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�
• Im�r�sh� juhud� z� kup�m��n� n� ufis�d� k�t�k� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r�
• Kupunguz� m�gogoro �n�yohus��n� n� m�z�ng�r�• Boresh� us�m�m�z� n� t�thm�n� y� m�hus��no y�
um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�.Ku�oresh� r�s�l�m�l� z� w�tu m�sk�n�
• Im�r�sh� h�k� z� w�tu m�sk�n� kum�l�k� r�s�l�m�l�• S��d� uwezo w� w�tu m�sk�n� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r�• P�nu� up�t�k�n�j� w� teknoloj�� r�fik� kw�
m�z�ng�r� hus�k�• Punguz� uwezek�no w� m�sk�n� kudhur�w� n�
m�z�ng�r�.Ku�oresh� uku�j� w� uchum�
• Ung�n�sh� m�m�o y�husuyo m�hus��no y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� n� m���d�l�ko y� ser� z� k�uchum�
• Ongez� m�tum�z� y� th�m�n� y� m�z�ng�r�• h�m�z� ush�r�k�shw�j� w� sekt� ��n�fs� z�n�zohus�k�
k�t�k� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� y� w�tu m�sk�n�• f�ny� m���d�l�ko muh�mu y� ser� z�husuzo
m�z�ng�r� y� w�tu m�sk�n�Kuf�ny�� m�geuz� ser� z� k�m�t��f� n� kulet� m�geuz� y� k�v�w�nd�
• f�ny�� m�geuz� ser� z� k�m�t��f� n� k�v�w�nd� z� ���sh�r� z� nch�
• f�ny� uwekez�j� w� moj� kw� moj� tok� nje kuw�nuf��sh� m�sk�n� n� kul�nd� m�z�ng�r�
• s��d�� m�ch�ngo y� m�k�t��� y� k�m�t��f� y� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� kupunguz� um�sk�n�
• h�m�z� uz�l�sh�j� n� m�tum�z� endelevu• h�m�z� uf�n�s� w� m�sh�r�k� y� m�endeleo n�
ms�m�h� w� m�den�.
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Ch�nzo: WB (2002) Kuhus��n�sh� H�r�k�t� z� Kupunguz� Um�sk�n� n� Utunz�j� w� M�z�ng�r�: Ch�ng�moto n� M�f�n�k�o y� Ser�
Maswali ya mjadala�) Je, uhus��no w� m�su�l� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� ut��ng�zw�je
k�t�k� m�p�ngo y� m�endeleo y� t��f�?�) N� kw� j�ns� g�n� tun�wez� kug�w�ny� m�jukumu y� shughul� z�
uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�? c) N� kw� j�ns� g�n� tun�wez� kuy�p� nguvu m�sh�r�k� y� k�j�m��
n� h�s� y�le y�f�ny�yo k�z� kw� �j�l� y� w�tu m�sk�n� n� w�l�otengw�?
d) N� kw� j�ns� g�n� tun�wez� ku���n�sh� m�su�l� y� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� k�j�ns��?
e) N� kw� j�ns� g�n� tun�wez� ku�m�r�sh� v�t� dh�d� y� ufis�d� k�t�k� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� h�k� z� w�tu m�sk�n�?
f) N� kw� j�ns� g�n� tun�wez� kudh���t� n� kut�thm�n� uhus��no �or� w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�?
g) N� kw� j�ns� g�n� tun�w�wezesh� w�tu m�sk�n� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r� y�o?
h) N� kw� j�ns� g�n� tun�wez� kupunguz� uwezek�no w� w�tu m�sk�n� kudhur�w� n� m�j�ng� y� k�m�z�ng�r�?
�) N� kw� j�ns� g�n� tun�wez� ku�ng�z� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m���d�l�ko y� ser� z� k�uchum�?
MarejeoN�ny�y�r�n, D, R. P�tel, K. Sch�fft, A. R�dem�cher �nd S. Koch-
Schulte. 2000. Vo�ces of the Poor: C�n ANYONE He�r Us? Oxford Un�vers�ty Press, New York
Thom�s V., M. D��l�m�, A. Dh�reshw�r, D. K�upfm�nn, N. K�shor, R. Lopez n� Y. W�ng. 2000. The Qu�l�ty of Growth, Oxford Un�vers�ty Press.
Thulow, J n� P. WOBST 20006. “Not All Growth �s Equ�lly Good for the Poor: The C�se of Z�m���” Journal of African Economies,
16
Volume 15, Num�er 4, pp. 603 – 625 Decem�er.
Un�ted N�t�ons. 1992. Earth Summit Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action From Rio, Un�ted N�t�ons, New York
URT. 2008 �. “2007 Household Budget Survey Prel�m�n�ry D�t�” N�t�on�l Bure�u of St�t�st�cs, D�r es S�l��m, Septem�er.
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MODULI YA PILI:
Utawala na Mchakato wa Sera za Nchi
Malengo ya ModuliK�t�k� modul� h�� w�sh�r�k� w�t�elekezw� m�su�l� k�dh�� y� k�ut�w�l� y�n�yohusu uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� upunguz�j� w� um�sk�n�. P�� w�sh�r�k� w�t�el�m�shw� kuhusu ser� n� m�k�k�t� m��l�m��l� n� umuh�mu w�ke k�t�k� kupunguz� um�sk�n� n� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r�. Modul� h�� �n�kusud�w� kuw�s��d�� w�sh�r�k� kuelew� m�su�l� y� ut�w�l� n� j�ns� y�n�vyohus��n� n� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� kupunguz� um�sk�n�.
Muda uliopendekezwa kutumikaMud� us�oz�d� m�s�� m�t�tu ut�tum�k� kuw�s�l�sh� n� kup�t�� m�su�l� y� k�pengele h�k�. H�� �t�jumu�sh� �ng�l�u d�k�k� 30 z� m�w�s�l�sho �l� kuw�wezesh� w�sh�r�k� kuelew� h�l� h�l�s� nch�n� T�nz�n��.
Njia za ufundishaji M�tum�z� y� nj�� z��d� y� moj� y�t�f�� k�t�k� kufund�sh�� modul� h��. Nj�� z�n�zopendekezw� kutum�k� n� p�moj� n� m�h�dh�r�, k�z� z� v�kund�, m�j�d�l� n� m�f�no h��. Nj�� h�z� z�t�w�wezesh� w�sh�r�k� kush�r�k��n� m�ongon� mw�o.
Kipindi cha kwanzaUtawala na Uhifadhi wa MazingiraMwezesh�j� �s�s�t�ze umuh�mu w� ut�w�l� n� j�ns� un�vyowez� ku�th�r� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� kupunguz� um�sk�n�:-�) J�ns� g�n� ut�w�l� �or� un�wez� kup�t�k�n�.�) Mch�ngo w� ut�w�l� �or� k�t�k� kulet� uh�f�dh� endelevu w�
m�z�ng�r� n� kupunguz� um�sk�n�.
B��dh� y� m�m�o y�n�yowez� kujumu�shw� k�t�k� mj�d�l� n� p�moj� n�:-�) Ush�r�k� w� w�tu m�sk�n� n� m�kund� y�l�yotengw� k�t�k� m�ch�k�to
18
y� m��nd�l�z� y� ser� n� m�p�ngo n� muh�mu �l� kuh�k�k�sh� kw�m�� m�su�l� muh�mu y� k�m�z�ng�r� y�n�yow��th�r� y�n�shughul�k�w� �p�s�vyo. Lengo l�n�p�sw� kuw� kujeng� uwezo w� w�tu m�s�k�n� kup�t� t��r�f� z�n�zohusu m�z�ng�r� �l� kukuz� uw�z� n� uw�j���k�j�.
��) H�j� y� ku�m�r�sh� mfumo w� m�h�k�m� k�m� t��s�s� huru �l� kus��d�� ush�r�k� w� t��s�s� n� �s�s� z� k�r��� k�t�k� kusuluh�sh� m�gogoro.
���) M�jukumu n� uhus��no w� k�j�ns�� k�t�k� m�su�l� y� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� up�t�k�n�j� w� r�s�l�m�l� z� k�m�z�ng�r� n� k�gezo muh�mu k�n�chop�sw� kuz�ng�t�w�.
Kuimarisha juhudi za kupambana na ufisadi ili kuwasaidia wananchi maskini na kuhifadhi mazingiraMwezesh�j� �s�s�t�ze y�fu�t�yo:-�) Ufis�d� n� t�t�zo ku�w� k�t�k� ut�w�l� n� m�endeleo, n� kw�m��
l�n�s�����sh� us�m�m�z� m�ovu w� m�z�ng�r�, h�s� k�t�k� uvun�j� holel� w� m�l��s�l�, udh���t� w� uch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r�, n.k. K�elelezo ch� m�z�ng�r� endelevu (K�s�nduku N�. 2.1) k�n����n�sh� kw�m�� ufis�d� un�ch�ng�� kw� k��s� k�ku�w� k�t�k� us�m�m�z� m�ovu w� m�z�ng�r�.
�) U�nd��j�, uto�j� n� us�m��z�j� mzur� w� t��r�f� z�n�zof��, mfumo un�of�� w� k�sher�� p�moj� n� m�tum�z� y� v�kw�zo v�n�vyowez� kupunguz� m�tum�z� y�s�yo endelevu y� r�s�l�m�l�.
Kisanduku Na. 2.1 Mfano: Mfumo wa usimamizi wa mazingira na uzingatiaji wa sheria nchini Tanzania
K�m� �l�vyo kw� nch� ny�ng� z�n�zoendele� �m��zo z�n� ut�j�r� mku�w� w� m�l��s�l�, T�nz�n�� �n�k���l��n� n� ch�ng�moto z� k�ut�w�l�, h�s� k�t�k� kuwek� m�p�ngo juu y� um�l�k� n� m�tum�z� y� m�l��s�l� h�z�. Kw� mf�no, r�pot� y� h�v� k�r��un� �n�k�d�r�� kw�m�� m�p�to y� ser�k�l� kutok�n� n� m�z�o y� m�s�tu y�n�p�t�k�n� kup�t�� us�fir�sh�j�
19
w� m�gogo k�t�k� m�ko� y� kus�n� mw� T�nz�n�� n� k�t� y� �s�l�m�� 4- 15 tu, (M�lledge, Gelv�s, n� Ahrends 2007). R�pot� h��, p�moj� n� v�chw� vy� h���r� vy� m�g�zet� v�n�vyofichu� us�fir�sh�j� h�r�mu w� m�gogo kwend� nje y� nch� v�me��u� m�j�d�l� n� kuch�g�z� kuwepo kw� juhud� z� z��d� z� ser�k�l� n� nch� w�f�dh�l� kul�shughul�k�� t�t�zo h�l� l� uwezo mdogo w� ukus�ny�j� m�p�to kutok� k�t�k� m�z�o y� m�s�tu. Um�k�n� p�� umewekw� k�t�k� m�eneo meng�ne yenye us�m�m�z� dun� w� r�s�l�m�l� z� m�z�ng�r�, �k�jumu�sh� udh���t� mdogo w� uvuv� h�r�mu (mf�no: m�tum�z� y� m��omu, m�kokoro n� sumu) n� uw�nd�j� h�r�mu. Kuwek� ms�s�t�zo k�t�k� ch�ng�moto k�t�k� ut�w�l� w� k�m�z�ng�r�, T�nz�n�� �mef�n�k�w� ku���n�sh� m�hus��no y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� mk�k�t� w� kupunguz� um�sk�n� p�moj� n� kuteng� fedh� kwenye ��jet� �l� kufik�� m�lengo m�hsus� y� sekt� h��.
Mchango wa Mashirika ya Maendeleo katika UtawalaMwezesh�j� �s�s�t�ze umuh�mu w� m�sh�r�k� y� m�endeleo n� m�su�l� muh�mu y�n�yot�k�w� �l� ku�oresh� ut�w�l�. A�dh�, umuh�mu w� h�r�k�t� z� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� ush�r�k��no w� k�m�endeleo ng�z� y� j�m�� n� t��f� p�moj� n� v�p�um�ele v�s�s�t�zwe. . W�k�t� nch� z�n�zoendele� z�n� k�z� ku�w� y� kuf�ny� kuondo� ufis�d�, nch� z�l�zoendele� p�� z�n� w�j��u w� kus��d��. H�� n� kw� s����u �m� z�n�wez� kuw� k�m��l�o l� m�fis�d� �u z�n�wez� kuh�m�s�sh� v�tendo vy� ��n� h�yo. H�vyo ush�r�k��no w� k�m�t��f� n� muh�mu kwenye h�f�dh� y� m�z�ng�r�.
Kipindi cha PiliUs�m�m�z� w� M�z�ng�r� As�l�� Mwezesh�j� �s�s�t�ze umuh�mu w� m�m�o y�fu�t�yo:�) Ku�ng�z� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�k�k�t� y� kupunguz�
um�sk�n� n� m�p�ngo m�ng�ne y� k�t��f� y� k�m�endeleo. �) Ku�m�r�sh� ut�w�l� k�t�k� m�m�o y�n�yohusu m�z�ng�r� – h��
�n�jumu�sh� ku�m�r�sh� t��s�s� z� w�k�z� w� m�eneo hus�k� n�
20
kuw�sh�r�k�sh� k�t�k� h�k� z�o n� um�l�k� w� m�l��s�l� n� k�t�k� uh�f�dh� w�ke.
c) Ku�m�r�sh� uwezo w� ser�k�l� kus�m�m��, kutung� sher�� n� kudh���t� m�z�o y� m�l��s�l�.
d) Kuw�wezesh� n� kuw�vut�� w�tu m�sk�n� kuwekez� k�t�k� uto�j� w� hudum� z� umm�. H�� �n�jumu�sh� upendeleo k�t�k� uto�j� w� hudum� z� m�kopo n� z� k����sh�r� k�t�k� m�eneo y� h�f�dh�, n� h�tu� z� kuh�m�z� us�w� k�t�k� um�l�k� n� up�t�k�n�j� w� r�s�l�m�l� k�m� z� m�j� n� m�z�o y� m�s�tu.
e) Kuwezesh� m�sh�r�k� y� m�endeleo kup�t� r�s�l�m�l� z��d� n� h�k�k�sh� kw�m�� k��s� k�ku�w� ch� r�s�l�m�l� h�z� k�n�tum�k� k�t�k� shughul� z� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r� n� kupunguz� um�sk�n�.
f) Kujeng� n� sh�r�k��n� n� m�t�nd�o n� jumu�y� m��l�m��l� �l� ku���n�sh� n� kushughul�k�� uhus��no ul�opo ���n� y� m�z�ng�r� n� upunguz�j� w� um�sk�n�. W�sh�r�k� w� shughul� h�z� w�n�p�sw� kuw� m�sh�r�k� y� m�endeleo, t��s�s� z� el�mu, �s�s� z�s�zo z� ser�k�l� (AZISE), n� m�sh�r�k� y� k�j�m�� k�t�k� nch� z�l�zoendele� n� z�le z�n�zoendele�.
Jedwali 2.1: Hatua za Kushughulikia Masuala ya MazingiraAwamu ya maandalizi Kubainisha tatizo: Uhusiano wa Umaskini na Mazingira
Awamu ya 1:Kuingiza masuala ya mazingira katika mikakati ya maendeleo ya nchi
Awamu ya 2:Kujenga uwezo wa utekelezaji
T�thm�n� y� �w�l� • Ush�h�d� m�hsus� kw� nch� hus�k�
• Ku�ng�z� t�thm�n� y� mfumo-�koloj��
• Uch�m�uz� w� k�uchum�
• Udh���t� w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�
• V�gezo n� ukus�ny�j� w� t�kw�mu
B��n�sh� uhus��no w� ms�ng� ���n� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�
21
Onesh� umuh�mu w� uhus��no w� k�m�z�ng�r� n� um�sk�n�
• Kuchoche� m�ch�k�to y� uund�j� w� ser�
• M�ch�k�to y� k�t��f� –MKUKUTA/M�lengo y� M�len��
• M�ch�k�to y� k�ser� n� y� w�k�z� wenyewe
• Ku��jet� n� kugh�r�m�� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r�
• M�ch�k�to y� kup�ng� ��jet� n� nj�� z� ugh�r�m��j�
• Kuh�m�s�sh� umm� n� kukuz� weled�.
• M�ku��l��no y� k�t��f� n� dh�m�r� y� kwel�.
U�ng�l��j� k�t� w� k�ser� n� u�nz�shw�j� w� progr�mu, m�k�k�t� n� m�geuz� y� k�ser�
• Utekelez�j� w� ser� n� progr�mu
• Utekelez�j� w� k�sekt� n� w� k�j�m��
T�thm�n� y� m�h�t�j� y� k�t��s�s� n� y� kuj� uwezo
• M�endeleo y� k�t��s�s� n� y� k�uwezo
• Kuongez� uwezo w� k�mk�k�t�
• M�endeleo y� k�t��s�s� n� k�uwezo
• Ku�m�r�sh� h�l� y� ���d�ye
Vy�nzo: UNDP/UNEP (2006) Gu�d�nce Note on M��nstre�m�ng
Vipengele vya Kisera vinavyohusianisha na umaskini na mazingiraK�ms�ng� kun� m�kund� m�kuu m�w�l� y� m��nu z�n�zowez� kutum�k� k�t�k� utekelez�j� w� ser�. M��nu h�z� n�: �) M��nu z�n�zoeleme� soko (MBIs) - z�n�tum�� m���d�l�ko y� �e�
kutok� k�t�k� �e� z� k�w��d�. �) M��nu z� ku�muru n� kudh���t� (Comm�nd �nd Control-CAC)-
�m��zo z�n�ongoz� m�hus��no y� mdh���t� n� mdh���t�w�.
Mbinu zinazoelemea soko (Market Based Instruments-MBIs)W�k�t� mw�ng�ne h�z� hu�tw� m��nu z� k�uchum� kw�n� z�n��th�r� gh�r�m� n� f��d� y� m��nu ny�ng�ne �m��zo z�ngetum�w� n� m�sh�r�k� y� m�endeleo, n� h�t�m�ye kuw� m�zoe� kw� j�ns� �m��yo �l�yokusud�w� kuku��l�k� n� m�z�ng�r�. Kw� m�neno meng�ne, m��nu h�z� z�n��tw� z� k�uchum� kw� s����u z�n�husu m�su�l� y� k����sh�r� kw� ku��d�l�sh� gh�r�m� y� k�w��d� �l�yozoelek� n� m�sh�r�k� y� k�m�t��f�. M��nu h�z�
22
z�n�p�t�k�n� kw� w�ng� k�t�k� m�ch�p�sho, y��n�: �) Kutozw� f��n� kw� kuch�fu� m�z�ng�r�: m�l�po y� moj� kw� moj�
kw� w�ch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r�;�) Gh�r�m� z� w�tum��j�: m�l�po y� hudum� z� umm� k�m� v�le
ukus�ny�j� t�k� n� uh�f�dh� w� m�j�-t�k�;c) Gh�r�m� z� ��dh��: gh�r�m� z�n�zotozw� ��dh�� z�n�zos�����sh�
uch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r� w�k�t� w� utengenez�j� w�ke, utum��j� �u m���k� y�ke ���d� y� m�tum�z�;
d) M�l�po y� m�l��s�l�: m�l�po y� m�tum�z� y� m�l��s�l� k�m� v�le uch�m��j� w� m�d�n�, m�fut�, m�j� n� m�tum�z� y� r�s�l�m�l� �nuw��;
e) Mfumo w� kuwek� n� kul�p� fid��: �d�/m�l�po y�n�yof�nyw� w�k�t� w� kununu� ��dh��. M�l�po y�n�rud�shw� p�le ��dh�� �l�yotum�k� �n�porejeshw� �u k�f�� ch�ke ch� kuh�f�dh�� k�t�k�porud�shw�;
f) Ushuru w� kuk�uk� m�sh�rt�: ushuru kw� w�ch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r� w�n�osh�ndw� kutekelez� sher�� ful�n� (kw� mf�no f��n�, �dh��u n.k.);
g) Ruzuku: n�mn� zote z� m�s��d� y� k�fedh� kw� w�tunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r� �u w�tum��j� w� m�l��s�l� (kw� mf�no, m�s��d�, m�kopo n�fuu, m�s�m�h� y� kod�);
h) Kod� z� m�z�ng�r�: kod� �n�yotozw� kw� k�l� shughul� n� p�� �n�wez� kuhus�shw� n� k��s� ch� uz�l�sh�j� �u gh�r�m� z� uz�l�sh�j�.
MBIs z�n��th�r� gh�r�m� z� k�w��d� (gh�r�m� y� uz�l�sh�j�- f��d� y� uz�l�sh�j�) �m��zo shughul� z� uchum� huk���l��n� n�zo. Gh�r�m� z� k�w��d� hu�th�r� muelekeo w� m��muz� y�n�yofik�r�w� n� w�w�nd��j� w� ser�.
M��nu z� k�uchum� z�n�h�t�j�k� kug�w�nyw� k�t�k� m�kund� m�kuu m�w�l�: m�kund� h�y� n�: Tozo za mazingira: �) Kund� h�l� l�n�jumu�sh� ��n� zote z� kod� n� gh�r�m� z� mtum��j�
p�moj� n� mfumo w� kuwek� n� kul�p�. Kund� h�l� nd�lo l�l�lo m��rufu z��d� h�t� k�t�k� nch� z�n�zoendele�.
Vibali/mikopo ya biashara:�) Kw� k�w��d� hu�nz�shw� �l� kuk���l��n� n� m�t�t�zo y� h�k� m�l�k�.
W�tu wenye v���l� w�n�wez� ku��d�l�sh�n� v���l� h�vyo kul�ng�n� n� tof�ut� k�t�k� m�undo y� gh�r�m� z� uz�l�sh�j�.
23
Mbinu za kuamuru na kudhibitiKund� h�l� l� m��nu z� ser� z� m�z�ng�r� n� p�n� n� l�n�jumu�sh� sher�� n� t�r�t��u z�:-�) K�w�ngo ch� juu k�n�choruhus�w� k�t�k� uz�l�sh�j�, �) M�reke��sho k�t�k� mch�k�to n�/�u v�f��,c) M�rufuku, ug�w�j� w� k�nd� n.k. W�k�t� mw�ng�ne t�r�t��u h�z�
huwekw� k�m� v�le: • v�w�ngo vy� tek�noloj��: k�w�nd� h�k�ko huru kuch�gu�
h�tu� z� ku�oresh� m�z�ng�r� • v�w�ngo vy� uz�l�sh�j�: k�w�nd� k�n�wez� kuch�gu�
tek�noloj�� y� kutum�� mr�d� tu �n� uwezo w� kuto� ��dh�� z� k�w�ngo k�l�chowekw�.
Jedwali 2.2: Uainishaji wa mbinu za sera za mazingiraTaratibu za kulazi-misha na kudhibiti
Mchango wa moja kwa moja wa serikali
Kuzihusi-sha sekta binafsi na za umma
Kutumia soko
Kujitafutia masoko
•• v�w�ngo•• m�rufuku•• v���l� n� m�fungu(Quotas)•• ug�w�j� w� k�nd�•• dh�m�•• fid�� y� k�sher��•• t�r�t��u z�n�zo ��d�-l�k� ��d�l�k�
••m�un-dom��nu y� m�z�ng�r�•• k�nd� �u m�eneo y� k�uchum� n� k����sh�r�•• m�ug� z� w�ny�m�,h�f�dh� z� t��f�,n� m�eneo y� st�rehe•• uk�r���t� w� mfumo w� �koloj��
•• ush�r�k�-shw�j� w� umm�••ug�w�j� w� m�ju-kumu•• uto�j� w� t��r�f�•• uwek�j� w� le�o z� k�uchum�•• m�ku��l��no y� h�y�r�•• ush�r�k� w� t��s�s� z� umm� n� z� ��n�fs�
•• kukome-sh� ruzuku z�s�zost�h�l�••kod� n� ushuru w� m�z�ng�r�•• gh�r�m� z� mtum��j�•• m�fumo y� kuwek� n� kurud-�sh�w�•• ruzuku z�l�zoku-sud�w�•• udh���t� ��n�fs�(k�m� v�le ISO14000)
•• h�k� m�l�k�•• v���l� n� h�k� z�n�zo�-�d�l�sh�k�•• progr�mu mpy�•• m�nunuz� y�n�yoh�t�j�k�•• m�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� n� y� uwekez�j�•• m�fuko y� m�egu n� up-endeleo•• ul�p�j� w� gh�r�m� z� hudum� z� m�fumo y� �koloj��
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Sera na MikakatiMwezesh�j� �n�p�sw�:�) Kuto� ush�h�d� kutok� k�t�k� m�k�k�t� y� k�t��f�, v�p�um�ele n�
ser� z� kupunguz� um�sk�n� j�ns� z�n�vyohus��n� n� m�z�ng�r�.�) Kuto� orodh� y� ser� z� m�z�ng�r� n� k�sekt� z�n�zohus��n� n�
m�z�ng�r�.
M�f�no:Sera ya Taifa ya Mazingira (1997)Mwezesh�j� �n�p�sw� kuw�s�l�sh� v�pengele muh�mu vy� ser� h��:�) In����n�sh� kuw� m�endeleo endelevu n� su�l� l� ms�ng� k�t�k�
ser� y� t��f� y� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r�.�) In�onyesh� dh�m�r� y� dh�t� y� ser�k�l� kuhusu m�endeleo endelevu
k�t�k� v�p�nd� vyote. c) In����n�sh� m�t�t�zo s�t� y� k�m�z�ng�r� �m��yo n� y� ms�ng�. d) In�z�ng�t�� uhus��no ���n� y� um�sk�n� n� m���d�l�ko y� �d�d�
y� w�tu k�m� s����u kuu �n�yoch�ng�� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� nch�n�.
Sheria ya Usimamizi wa Mazingira (2004)Sher�� �n�t�m�u� m�su�l� y� m�fumo y� �koloj�� n� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� k�m� �n�vyo���n�k� h�p� ch�n�:a) Kifungu cha 18 y� sher�� �n�to� uwezo w� kuf�ny� uk�guz�
ut�k�os��d�� uh�f�dh� mzur� w� m�z�ng�r�, kuf�ny� n� kur�t��u t�fit�, uchunguz� n� uk�guz� w� m�z�ng�r�, kukus�ny� n� kus�m��z� t��r�f� kuhusu m�tokeo y� t�fit�, kuch�p�sh� n� kus�m��z� v�t�n�, m��ko �u m�ongozo y� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� y� kuzu�� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r�.
b) Kifungu cha 47 y� sher�� �n�to� m�ml�k� kw� w�z�r� mwenye dh�m�n� y� m�z�ng�r� kul�t�ng�z� eneo lolote lenye m�l��s�l� y� k�pekee kuw� h�f�dh� y� t��f�.
c) Kifungu cha 48 y� sher�� �n�to� uwezo w� kuwezesh� t�fit� z� k�s�y�ns� kw� �j�l� y� kuendelez� j�t�h�d� z� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� kuendelez� m�p�ngo y� m�fumo y� �koloj�� y� m�eneo y� h�f�dh�.
25
d) Kifungu cha 55 y� sher�� �n�to� m�ml�k� y� kuto� m�ongozo n� kut�thm�n� h�tu� z� utunz�j� w� fukwe z� ��h�r�, m�to n� m�z�w�.
e) Kifungu cha 58 �n�to� uwezo w� ku���n�sh� n� kutunz� m�l�m�, m��nuk� n� m�eneo y�l�yo k�t�k� h�t�r� y� kuh�r���w�.
f) Kifungu cha 108 y� sher�� �n�to� uwezo w� kuf�ny� t�fit� juu y� h�l� y� s�s� y� k�tek�noloj�� �l� ku�nu� juhud� z� p�moj� z� kuzu�� uch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r�, udh���t� n� ufu�t�l��j� w� m�endeleo y� k�tek�noloj�� k�t�k� kuzu�� n� kupunguz� uch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r� un�os�����shw� n� t�k� z�tok�n�zo n� tek�noloj�� h�zo.
g) Kifungu cha 173 y� sher�� �n�to� uwezo w� kukus�ny� n� kuch�m�u� t�kw�mu z�l�zopo n� t��r�f� z�husuzo m�z�ng�r� n� m�l��s�l� n� kus�m��z� t��r�f� kw� w�tum��j� w� umm� n� ��n�fs� n� tume y� t�fit� y� m�z�ng�r� n� �th�r� z� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�su�l� y� m�endeleo.
h) Kifungu cha 174 �n�to� uwezo w� ku�nz�sh� n� kuendelez� mfumo mkuu w� t��r�f� z� m�z�ng�r� �m��o ut�h�f�dh� m�tokeo y� t�fit� m��l�m��l�, d�t� n� t�kw�mu z�l�zotolew� n� t��s�s� z� umm� �u z� ��n�fs� k�t�k� uh�f�dh� n� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r�.
i) Kifungu cha 177 ya sher�� �n�to� uwezo w� kuk�gu� n� kut�fit� juu y� h�l� y� m�z�ng�r� n� kut���r� m���d�l�ko y� m�z�ng�r� n� t�fit� ny�ng�ne z�n�zowez� kus��d�� k�t�k� u�nd��j� w� ser� n� m�k�k�t� y� uh�f�dh� n� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r�.
Sera za kisektaMwezesh�j� �n�p�sw� kuj�d�l� kw� ufup� ser� z� k�sekt� kw� lengo l� kuonesh� n� j�ns� g�n� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� n� kupunguz� um�sk�n� y�l�vyoshughul�k�w�.M�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� y�n�shughul�k�w� k�t�k� n�mn� m��l�m��l� �k�w� n� p�moj� n�:�) Ush�r�k� w� sekt� ny�ng�ne k�t�k� uh�f�dh� n� us�m�m�z� w�
m�z�ng�r��) Ush�r�k�shw�j� w� w�n�w�ke n� m�kund� meng�ne y� j�m�� k�t�k�
shughul� z� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�.c) Uendelez�j� w� tek�noloj�� r�fik� kw� m�z�ng�r� n� m�fumo-�koloj��
endelevu.
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d) U�nz�sh�j� n� utekelez�j� w� t�thm�n� y� �th�r� kw� m�z�ng�r� (EIA) k�t�k� m�r�d� y� m�endeleo k�m� m��nu muh�mu; n�
e) Utum��j� w� k�nun� y� mch�fuz� kul�p� k�m� m��nu y� k�uchum� k�t�k� kudh���t� uch�fuz� n� kuh�k�k�sh� kuwepo kw� hew� s�fi n� vy�nzo �or� vy� m�j� n� us�m�m�z� w� m�j�-t�k�.
Ser� z�n�zohus��n� n� m�z�ng�r� n� p�moj� n�:�. Ser� y� Ardh�; ��. Ser� y� w�ny�m� por�; ���. Ser� y� M�d�n�; �v. Ser� y� M�s�tu; v. Ser� y� Uvuv�; v�. Ser� y� K�l�mo n� M�fugo; v��. Ser� y� Ut�l��; v���. Ser� y� M�endeleo endelevu y� V�w�nd�; �x. Ser� y� N�sh�t�; x. Ser� y� M�j�; x�. Ser� y� Ujenz�;x��. Ser� y� Us�fir�sh�j�; x���. Ser� y� Afy�; x�v. Ser� y� M�fugo ; n� xv. Ser� y� M�endeleo y� M�k�z�.
Kipindi cha Tatu
Kujumuisha Masuala ya Mazingira katika Mikakati ya Kupunguza Umaskini Nchini Tanzania
Mwezesh�j� �n�p�sw� ku�nz� k�p�nd� h�k� kw� kuto� f�s�l� y� dh�n� y� u�ng�zw�j� w� m�su�l� mt�m�uk� k�t�k� m�k�k�t� y� kuondo� um�s�k�n�, n� k�sh� �endelee kw� ku���n�sh� kw�m�� m�k�k�t� y� �w�l� h��kuz�ng�t�� s�n� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� k�m� �n�vyoj����n�sh� k�t�k� MKUKUTA ku�nz�� mw�k� 2000. P��, ����n�she kw�m�� �ng�w� ser�k�l� �met�m�u� umuh�mu w� m�z�ng�r� n� �mejumu�sh� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�ch�k�to m�ng� muh�mu, ch�ng�moto kuu �n���k� kuw� n� kw� j�ns� g�n� ser�k�l� �t�wekez�
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k�t�k� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r� �l� kulet� m�endeleo n� kupunguz� um�sk�n� k�m� �l�vyop�ngw� k�t�k� D�r� y� M�endeleo y� 2025.
Ujumuishaji wa mazingira katika mipango ya kitaifaDh�n� y� ujumu�sh�j� k�t�k� mukt�dh� huu �n�m��n�sh� ku�ng�z� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�p�ngo n� ��jet� k�t�k� ng�z� tof�ut� k�m� v�le:�) W�z�r�, m�sh�r�k� n� �d�r��) Ser�k�l� z� m�t�� (LGAs)c) Ug�w�j� w� r�s�l�m�l�d) M�p�t�o y� m�tum�z� y� umm�
MKUKUTA na Mazingira
Malengo ya mazingira katika MKUKUTA
P�t�� kw� ufup� m�kund� y�l�yopo k�t�k� MKUKUTA
Eneo la 1: Maendeleo na kupungua kwa umaskini wa kipatoM�endeleo m�ku�w� n� y�l�yo n� us�w� y�n�p�t�k�n� n� kuendelezw�
Eneo la 2: Ubora wa maisha na ustawi wa kijamii�) U�or� w� m��sh� n� ust�w� w� k�j�m��, kw� kuz�ng�t�� s�n�
u�oresh�j� w� h�l� z� w�tu m�sk�n� n� m�kund� y�l�yo k�t�k� h�t�r�.
�) Kupunguz� kutokuwepo kw� us�w� k�t�k� m�tokeo (mf�no: el�mu, nj�� z� ku�sh�, �fy�) k�t�k� j�ogr�fi�, k�p�to, umr�, j�ns�� n� m�kund� meng�ne.
Eneo la 3: Utawala na uwajibikaji�) Kuongezek� kw� �m�n�, utul�vu w� k�s��s�, umoj� n� msh�k�m�no
w� k�t��f��) Demokr�s�� n� uvum�l�vu w� k�s��s� n� k�j�m��c) Ut�w�l� �or� n� ut�w�l� w� sher��
Uw�j���k�j� w� v�ongoz� n� w�tum�sh� w� umm�.
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Mwezesh�j� ����n�she m�lengo y�n�yohusu m�z�ng�r� y�l�yopo k�t�k� MKUKUTA�) Kupunguz� ku�th�r�k� kw� m�z�ng�r� n� vy�nzo vy� w�tu kuj�p�t��
r�z�k�.�) Kuongezek� kw� mch�ngo w� uvuv� n� m�s�tu k�t�k� k�p�to ch�
w�k�z� w� v�j�j�n�.c) Kupunguz� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� n� upote�j� w� v�um�e
�nuw��.d) Kuh�f�dh� m�l��s�l� n� m�fumo y� �koloj�� �n�yotegemew� n� w�tu
k�t�k� shughul� z� uz�l�sh�j� m�l�.e) Kupunguz� t�k� h�t�r� z� v�w�nd�n� n� kwenye m�ferej� y�
umw�g�l��j� m�sh�m��n�.f) Ku�oresh� utup�j� w� t�k� kw� 95% kufik�� mw�k� 2010 n�
kupunguz� uwezek�no w� kudhur�k� n� m�j�ng� y� k�m�z�ng�r�.g) Kupunguz� uwezek�no w� w�tu ku�th�r�w� n� m�j�ng� y� �s�l�.
K�t�k� mj�d�l�, ���n�sh� ���dh� y� m�lengo y� k�m�z�ng�r� y�l�yo w�z� y�l�yopo k�t�k� MKUKUTA, uk�z�ng�t�� kw�m�� k�t� y� m�lengo 108 y� MKUKUTA, z��d� y� m�lengo 15 y�n�hus��n� moj� kw� moj� n� m�z�ng�r� n� m�l��s�l�, n� k�t�k� m�lengo meng�ne meng� m�lengo y�n�tegemew� kus��d�� k�t�k� kut�m�zw� kw� m�lengo h�yo.
Mw�ng�l��no k�t� y� m�lengo y� kudh���t� uch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r�, kupunguz� v�fo vy� �k�n� m�m� w�j�w�z�to n� w�toto w�dogo, l�she dun� n� m�gonjw�.
Uhus��no ���n� y� m�z�ng�r�, uku�j� w� uchum� n� kupunguz� um�sk�n� w� k�p�to un�s�w�r�w� s�n� k�t�k� m�k�k�t� y� m�lengo y� kund� l� kw�nz�. Kw� mf�no, ch�n� y� lengo l� kus��d�� kup�t�k�n� kw� uku�j� mp�n� w� uchum� �m��o n� endelevu, kun� mk�k�t� w� kukuz� p�to l� t��f� kw� 6-8% kufik�� mw�k� 2010. K�t�k� kuf�n�k�sh� h�l� MKUKUTA un��ng�l�� k�t�, k�t�k� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r� n� us�m�m�z� endelevu w� vy�nzo vy� m�j� �l� kuh�k�k�sh� up�t�k�n�j� w� hudum� z� m�j� n� n�sh�t� kw� �j�l� y� shughul� z� k�uchum� n� w�tu.
29
L� muh�mu z��d� n� kw�m�� u�ng�l��j� k�t�, k�t�k� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� un�t�r�j�w� kuch�ng�� kuf�n�k�shw� kw� m�lengo y�l�yopo k�t�k� kund� l� 3 l�n�lohusu ut�w�l� n� uw�j���k�j�. Kw� mf�no, kun� u�ng�l��j� k�t�k� um�l�k� n� udh���t� w� m�z�ng�r� n� m�l��s�l�, n� k�t�k� juhud� z� kupunguz� ufis�d� kwenye sekt� z� m�l��s�l� (mf�no, us�fir�sh�j� h�r�mu w� m�gogo).
Jedwali la 2.3 Muhtasari wa malengo maalumu yanayohusiana na mazingira yaliyomo kwenye MKUKUTAENEO LA 1: UKUAJI WA KIPATO NA UPUNGUZAJI WA UMASKINI WA KIPATOMalengo Mikakati2. Kus��d�� uku�j�
w� uchum� n� m�endeleo endelevu.
• Kupungu� kw� �th�r� k�t�k� m�z�ng�r� n� kw� m��sh� y� w�tu.
• Kupungu� kw� uh�r���fu w� �rdh� n� v�um�e �nuw��.
4. Kupunguz� um�sk�n� w� k�p�to kw� w�n�ume n� w�n�w�ke w��sh�o v�j�j�n�
• Ongezeko l� m�ch�ngo �n�yotok� k�t�k� sekt� z� w�ny�m�por�, m�s�tu n� uvuv� k�t�k� p�to l� j�m�� z� v�j�j�n�.
ENEO LA 2: UBORESHAJI WA MAISHA NA HALI YA KIJAMIIMalengo Mikakati3. J�m�� �n�wez�
kup�t� m�j� s�fi n� s�l�m�, us�m�m�z� �or� w� m�j�-t�k�, m�k�z� �or� n� m�z�ng�r� s�l�m� n� endelevu, n� kw� j�ns� h�yo kupunguz� uwezek�no w� kudhur�k� n� m��f� y� k�m�z�ng�r�.
• Kuongez� �d�d� y� w�k�z� w� v�j�j�n� w�p�t�o m�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� kutok� �s�l�m�� 53 mw�k� 2003 h�d� �s�l�m�� 80 mw�k� 2009/10 n� kupunguz� kw� mud� un�otum�w� n� k�t�k� kut�fut� m�j�. N� kutok� �s�l�m�� 73 h�d� �s�l�m�� 90 kw� w�k�z� w� m�j�n� k�t�k� k�p�nd� h�cho h�cho.
• Kuongez� �d�d� y� w�tu w�n�otum�� m�fumo y� m�j�-t�k� kutok� �s�l�m�� 17 mw�k� 2003 h�d� �s�l�m�� 30 mw�k� 2010 k�t�k� m�eneo y� m�j� hus�k�.
• Kupunguz� �d�d� y� k�y� z��sh�zo k�t�k� m�k�z� dun� y�s�yokuw� n� hudum� muh�mu z� k�j�m��.
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Malengo Mikakati• As�l�m�� 100 y� shule z�we n� mfumo �or�
w� m�j�-t�k� kufik�� mw�k� 2010.• �s�l�m�� 95 y� w�tu w�we n� uwezo w�
kutum�� m�fumo muh�mu y� m�j�-t�k� kufik�� mw�k� 2010.
• Kupunguz� nusu y� m�l�puko y� k�p�ndup�ndu kufik�� mw�k� 2010.
• Kupunguz� k�w�ngo ch� uch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r� un�ohus��n� n� m�j� kutok� �s�l�m�� 20 mw�k� 2003 h�d� �s�l�m�� 10 mw�k� 2010.
• Kupunguz� t�k� h�t�r� z� v�w�nd�n� n� kwenye m�ferej� y� umw�g�l��j� m�sh�m��n�.
• Kupunguz� uwezek�no w� kudhur�k� n� m�j�ng� y� k�m�z�ng�r�.
• Kupunguz� uh�r���fu w� �rdh�, m�s�tu n� m�fumo y� �koloj�� y� ��h�r�n� �m��yo w�tu hu�tegeme� kw� �j�l� y� uz�l�sh�j� m�l� n� kuz�l��n�.
• Kupungu� kw� uh�r���fu w� �rdh� n� v�um�eh��.
Jedwali Na. 2.4: Mifano ya mikakati ya utekelezaji wa Malengo yanayohusiana na mazingira yaliyopo katika MKUKUTAEneo la 1 –Lengo la 2:Kuendeleza ukuaji wa uchumi endelevuMalengo MikakatiKupungu� �th�r� z� m�z�ng�r� n� m��sh� y� ��n�d�mu
kuendelez� shughul� z�n�zoz�ng�t�� h�tu� z� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�p�ngo n� m�k�k�t�.ku���n�sh� n�mn� y� utekelez�j� w� sher�� y� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r�.
31
Eneo la 1 –Lengo la 4:Kupunguza umaskini wa kipato miongoni mwa wanaume na wanawake wa vijijiniOngezeko l� m�ch�ngo kutok� k�t�k� sekt� z� w � n y � m � p o r � , m�s�tu, n� uvuv� k�t�k� k�p�to ch� w�k�z� w� v�j�j�n�.
Ku�nz�sh� progr�mu z� kuongez� ush�r�k�sh� w� w�k�z� k�t�k� us�m�m�z� w� utunz�j� w� m�eneo w��sh�o w�ny�m�por�, �nz�sh� mfuko w� w�k�z� w� us�m�m�z� w� m�l��s�l�, kw� kutum�� m��nu z� �s�l�.Kuz�d�sh� utunz�j� sh�r�k�sh� w� m�s�tu k�t�k� w�l�y� zote k�m� nj�� y� kuz�ongeze� j�m�� z� v�j�j�n� k�p�to kutok� k�t�k� m�l� �s�l�.O�n�sh� ser� z� sekt� z� m�l��s�l� n� m�k�k�t�; ondo� ut�t� k�t�k� sher�� n� k�nun�. Boresh� h�tu� z� utunz�j� w� �rdh� n� m��nu sh�r�k�sh� z� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r� n� �m��zo n� r�fik� kw� m�l��s�l�.
Eneo la II – Lengo la 3:Ongezeko la uwezo wa watu kupata maji safi, salama na ya gharama nafuu, miundo mbinu bora ya maji- taka, makazi bora, mazingira endelevu na hivyo kupunguza uwezekano wa watu kuathirika na maafa ya kimazingiraKupungu� kw� k�w�ngo ch� uch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r� kutok� 20% mw�k� 2003 h�d� 10% mw�k� 2010
100% y� shule z�we n� m�undom��nu �or� y� m�j�-t�k� kufik�� mw�k� 2010
Utekelez�j� w� h�tu� z� kupunguz� uch�fuz�, ku�oresh� �fy� n� kus�m�m�� v�w�ngo vy� us�l�m� n� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r� k�m� �n�vyoelekezw� k�t�k� ser� n� sher�� z� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r�.Utekelez�j� w� mk�k�t� w� t��f� w� el�mu y� m�z�ng�r�, huku ms�s�t�zo uk�w� kuongez� mw�mko k�t�k� m�su�l� y� �fy� n� m��f� y� k�m�z�ng�r�.H�k�k�sh� t��s�s� z� umm� k�m� shule, v�tuo vy� �fy�, m�soko, m�eneo y� umm�, z�n� m�undo m��nu �or� y� m�j�-t�k� n� kus��d�� w�tu wenye ulem�vu kup�t� hudum� z�n�zotolew� n� t��s�s� h�zo.
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Kupungu� kw� uwezek�no w� w�tu ku�th�r�w� n� m�j�ng� y� k�m�z�ng�r�.
Uh�f�dh� w� m�l��s�l� n� m�fumo y� �koloj�� �m��yo w�tu hu�tegeme� k�t�k� uz�l�sh�j� m�l�.
Kupungu� kw� uh�r���fu w� �rdh� n� kutowek� kw� v�um�e �nuw��
U�oresh�j� w� us�m�m�z� w� �rdh� n� m�tum�z� y� tek�noloj�� z� uh�f�dh� w� vy�nzo vy� m�j�, n� utekelez�j� w� m�p�ngo y� t��f� �l�yo ch�n� y� m�k�t��� y� k�m�t��f� y� m�z�ng�r� (Multer�ter�l Env�ronment�l Agreements-MEAs) �l� kuzu�� kuene� kw� h�l� y� j�ngw� n� uh�r���fu w� �rdh�, n� kurutu��sh� �rdh� �l�yoh�r���w�.Jeng� uwezo w� ser�k�l� z� m�t�� n� NEMC kus�m�m�� m�fumo �s�l�� y� �koloj�� n� kul�nd� r�s�l�m�l� dh�d� y� m�j�ng� kw� kutekelez� m�p�ngo y� us�m�m�z� w� m�l��s�l�.Utekelez�j� w� m��nu n� ser� �l� kuzu�� m�j�ng� y� k�m�z�ng�r� (mf�no: m�fur�ko, uk�me, ongezeko l� w�k�m��z�) n� ku���n�sh� m�m�o y� kuf�ny� m�j�ng� h�yo y�n�potoke�.
Eneo la III – Lengo la 3. Miundo na mifumo ya utawala pamoja na utawala wa sheria ni ya kidemokrasia, shirikishi, wakilishi, inayowajibika na jumuishi.Kuh�k�k�sh� uw�k�l�sh�, ujumu�sh�j� w� m�kund� y� w�tu m�sk�n� n� w�l�o k�t�k� h�t�r� ku�w� y� ku�th�r�w� n� m�j�ng� n� t��s�s� z�n�zof�ny� k�z� k�t�k� ng�z� zote
Kus�m�m�� n� sh�r�k�sh� utekelez�j� w� ser� n� sher�� z�n�zohus�k� n� m�tum�z� n� us�m�m�z� w� �rdh� n� m�l��s�l�; �rdh� yote y� m�j�n� n� v�j�j�n� �n�p�mw� n� kupew� h�t�.Ku�m�r�sh� us�l�m� w� um�l�k� w� �rdh� y� v�j�j� �l�yop�mw� n� �n�yom�k�w� n� k�j�j�, �u n� mw�n�k�j�j� mmoj� mmoj� n� kus�m�m�� k�k�m�l�fu m��muz� y� m�sh�ur� y� k�sher�� y�n�yohusu uch�m��j� w� m�d�n�, shughul� z� umm� n� uh�f�dh� w� w�ny�m�por�.
Mapungufu ya kujumuisha mazingira katika mipango ya nchi kama inavyojibainisha katika waraka wa MKUKUTAMs��d� w� k�ufund� �l� kus��d�� u�oresh�j� w� u�ng�z�j� w� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�p�ngo y� MKUKUTA umef�n�k�w� s�n� k�t�k� nch� z� T�nz�n�� n� Msum��j� k�t�k� kuendelez� mj�d�l� w� k�ser� ���n� y� �s�s� z� k�j�m��, ser�k�l� n� w�sh�r�k� w�ke w� m�endeleo, n� k�t�k� kuf�s�l� k�w�ngo ch� m�tokeo y� m�lengo y� m�z�ng�r� y�l�yopo k�t�k� MKUKUTA.
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H�t� h�vyo, ny�r�k� n� m�ch�k�to h�� y� MKUKUTA �l�yo�oreshw� �mekuw� n� m�f�n�k�o m�dogo k�t�k� up�ng�j� w� ��jet� n� m�tum�z� h�l�s� y� ser�k�l�. Kukosek�n� huku kw� m�f�n�k�o kun�wez� kuelezw� kuw� n� udh��fu w� MKUKUTA k�m� w�r�k� w� k�mk�k�t� n� m�pungufu y� nd�n� k���s� y� w�r�k� w� mk�k�t� w� k�t��f� k�m� nj�� y� kup�ng� m�tum�z� y� r�s�l�m�l� n� v�p�um�ele.
Uzoefu un����n�sh� m�funzo m�kuu m�t�tu:�) Uh�l�s�� un�h�t�j�k� kuhusu m�tokeo y�n�yot�r�j�w� kuto�k�n�
n� ujumu�sh�j� w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� MKUKUTA. H�� �t�s��d�� ku�nu� h�dh� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�j�d�l� y� k�ser� y� k�t��f�, �l� ku�oresh� m�t�nd�o m�ng� z��d� jumu�sh� kw� �j�l� y� m�j�d�l� y� k�ser� n� kuwek� v��sh�r�� n� m�lengo y�n�yof��. H��tegemew� kuw� n� �th�r� k�t�k� k�w�ngo ch� ugh�r�m��j� k�n�chotolew� k�t�k� shughul� z� m�z�ng�r� �u progr�mu ny�ng�ne m�hsus� z�t�k�zopew� k�p�um�ele n� m�sh�r�k� y�n�yoshughul�k�� m�z�ng�r� n� m�l��s�l�.
�) Il� kulet� m�tokeo k�t�k� ��jet� n� shughul� z� sekt� y� umm�, kujumu�sh� m�z�ng�r� un�h�t�j� kutekelezw� uk�hus��n�shw� n� sher�� n� t�r�t��u z� k�sekt�, p�moj� n� m�lengo n� m�ml�k� y� �s�s�.
c) Ku��d�l� k��s� n� mwelekeo w� k�mk�k�t� w� ��jet� z� m�z�ng�r� p�� kun�wez� kuh�t�j� um�k�n� w� moj� kw� moj� w� m�sh�r�k� y�n�yoj�shughul�sh� n� m�z�ng�r� n� m�l��s�l�. H�� �t�h�t�j� kujumu�sh� shughul� m��l�m��l� �l� kuongez� k�w�ngo ch� up�t�k�n�j� w� fedh� n� h�tu� z� kudh���t� m�r�d� �n�yof�dh�l�w� n� n� kupunguz� gh�r�m� z�s�zoh�t�j�k� n� m�jukumu y� k���jet�. Shughul� h�z� z�t�h�t�j�k� ku�ng�zw� k�t�k� m�k�k�t� y� ng�z� zote z� ser�k�l� n� kus�m�m�w� kup�t�� m�p�ng�l�o y� ms��d� w� ��jet�.
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Malengo ya Maendeleo ya Milennia
Jedwali la 2.5 Mazingira na Malengo ya Maendeleo ya MileniaUhusiano wa msingi baina ya mazingira na Malengo ya Maendeleo ya MileniaMalengo ya Maendeleo ya Milenia
Mifano ya uhusiano na mazingira
Kutokomez� um�sk�n� ul�ok�th�r� n� nj��
M�k�k�t� y� kuj�ongeze� n� uh�k�k� w� up�t�k�n�j� w� ch�kul� kw� w�tu m�sk�n� m�r� ny�ng� hutegeme� moj� kw� moj� m�fumo- �koloj�� n� v�um�eh�� w�l�otunzw� v�zur�.
Kuto� el�mu y� ms�ng� kw� wote
Mud� un�otum�w� n� w�toto kut�fut� m�j� n� kun� un��th�r� uwezo w�o w� kup�t� el�mu.
Ku�m�r�sh� h�r�k�t� z� us�w� w� k�j�ns�� n� kuw�wezesh� w�n�w�ke
W�n�w�ke m�sk�n� nd�yo hu�th�r�w� z��d� n� uch�fuz� w� hew� n� mz�go w� kut�fut� m�j� n� kun�, n� w�n�ny�mw� furs� z� kum�l�k� �rdh� n� m�l��s�l� ny�ng�nezo.
Kupunguz� v�fo vy� w�toto w�dogo
W�tu t�kr���n� m�l�on� 3, weng� w�o w�toto w�dogo ch�n� y� m��k� m�t�no, k�t�k� nch� z�n�zoendele� huf� k�l� mw�k� kutok�n� n� m�gonjw� k�m� v�le k�p�ndu p�ndu n� kuh�r�sh� y�n�yoenezw� n� m�j� y�s�yo s�l�m�.
Ku�oresh� �fy� y� �k�n� m�m� w�j�w�z�to
Uch�fuz� w� hew� m�jum��n� n� ku�e�� m�z�go m�z�to hu�th�r� �fy� y� w�n�w�ke n� kuw�s�����sh�� m�t�t�zo w�k�t� w� uj�uz�to n� kuj�fungu�.
Kutokomez� m�gonjw� h�t�r�
1∕5 y� mz�go mku�w� w� m�gonjw� k�t�k� nch� z�n�zoendele� y�n�hus�shw� n� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r�, h�vyo h�tu� z� k�m�z�ng�r� z� kuzu�� m�gonjw� h�yo n� muh�mu z��d� �l� kupunguz� gh�r�m� z� m�t����u y� m�g�onjw� h�yo.
Kuwezesh� m�z�ng�r� endelevu
Tun�p�sw� kuzu�� ongezeko l� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� �l� ku�oresh� �fy� n� uwezo w� m�fumo y� �koloj�� y� dun�� kus��d�� uz�l�sh�j� m�l�
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Ch�nzo: WB (2002) Kuhusianisha Umaskini na Usimamizi wa Mazingira: Changamoto za Kisera na Mafanikio
Maswali ya tathmini: A. Sera za mazingira na mikakati ya kitaifa: • Je, Ser� y� M�z�ng�r� �n����n�sh� w�z� m�lengo y� t��f� n� m�h�t�j� y�
k�sher�� y�n�yohusu m�z�ng�r�? • Je, k�nun� z� m�endeleo endelevu z�n�jumu�shw� �p�s�vyo k�t�k� Ser�? • Je, m�lengo y� Ser� n� m�h�t�j� y� k�sher�� y�ko w�z� n� y�n�elewek�?
B. Ujumuishwaji wa mazingira katika mipango ya taifa• Je, m�lengo y� Ser� n� m�h�t�j� y�n����n�shw� k�t�k� ny�r�k� muh�mu
z� m�k�k�t� y� k�t��f� n� k�sekt�, k�m� v�le m�k�k�t� y� kuondo� um�s�k�n� n� ser� z� sekt� moj� moj�?
• Je, ny�r�k� h�z� z� m�k�k�t� z�n�s��d�� k�t�k� kup�ng� m�p�ngo n� ��jet�?
Marejeo Convery, F. J. 1995. Apply�ng Env�ronment�l Econom�cs �n Afr�c�,
World B�nk Techn�c�l P�per, Num�er 277
Reed, D (ed). 1992. Structural Adjustment And the Environment, E�rthsc�n, London
Un�ted N�t�ons. 1992. Earth Summit Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action From Rio, Un�ted N�t�ons, New York
URT. 2005. National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) V�ce Pres�dent’s Office, D�r es S�l��m: T�nz�n�� Pr�nters Ltd.
World B�nk. 1991. Environment and Development in Africa, Selected Case Studies Econom�c Development Inst�tute, The World B�nk, W�sh�ngton D. C
World B�nk. 1994. Economy-wide Policies and the Environment, Emerging Lessons From Experience, The World B�nk, W�sh�ngton D. C
www. Povertymon�tor�ng.go.tz.
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MODULI YA TATU:
Nadharia ya Mfumo-Ikolojia Katika Uhusiano wa Umaskini na Mazingira
Malengo ya ModuliKuhusisha shughuli zinazofanywa katika mifumo-ikolojia na ustawi wa watu
Kipindi cha KwanzaK�t�k� k�p�nd� h�k�, w�sh�r�k� w�n�elekezw� shughul� m��l�m��l� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo-�koloj�� n� h�l� y� m�w�nd� m�p�n� y� uhus��no y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�. K�t�k� modul� h�� p�� muundo w� kut�thm�n� shughul� h�zo ut�tolew�. A�dh� m�m�o k�dh�� y� ust�w� y�n�yohus��n� n� shughul� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo-�koloj�� y�t�j�d�l�w�. Modul� h�� �n�leng� kuto� mw�ng� w� uhus��no m��l�m��l� y�l�yopo ���n� y� ust�w� w� w�tu – �u tuseme kukosek�n� kw� ust�w� w� w�tu n� shughul� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo-�koloj��, n� ���dh� y� m�m�o y�n�yo���n�sh� uhus��no huo. P�� mwongozo wenye k�nun� muh�mu ul�o�nz�shw� n� No�el L�ure�te Am�rty� Sen ut�j�d�l�w� k�m� mwongozo uf��o kurejew� k�t�k� kupunguz� um�sk�n� kw� mt�z�mo w� mfumo-�koloj��. Mw�sho, nj�� yenye ut�r�t��u �m��yo w�tung� ser� w�n�wez� ku�ng�z� v�pengele vy� mfumo-�koloj�� k�t�k� m�k�k�t� y�o y� kupunguz� um�sk�n� �t�j�d�l�w�. Tut�m�l�z� modul� h�� n� m�elezo y� juml� y� hoj� z� ms�ng� z�l�zoj�d�l�w� n� ch�ng�moto �m��zo ser�k�l� m��l�m��l� z�t�k���l��n� n�zo k�t�k� su�l� h�l�.
V�gezo v�t�tu v�n�vyozoelek� �m��vyo ser�k�l� m��l�m��l� z�t�tum�� k�t�k� kupunguz� um�sk�n� kw� kutum�� us�m�m�z� endelevu w� m�fumo-�koloj��:-
a) Umahsusi – uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� l�z�m� uz�ng�t�e
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h�l� y� eneo hus�k�. H�l� y� eneo hus�k� �n�hus��n� n� m�fumo m�hsus� y� �koloj�� n� k�z� z�ke kw� w�k�z� w� m�eneo hus�k�, kw� shughul� z� k�uchum�, kw� m��ko y� k�j�m�� n� k�ut�m�dun�, n� mw�sho, muundo w� k�s��s� n� k�ser�k�l�.
b) Ufasaha – uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� mfumo w� �koloj�� l�z�m� uj�d�l�w� kw� uf�s�h� n� uw�z� h�t� k�m� uhus��no huo n� ch�ng�m�n� n� t�t�. Lengo n� kw�m�� tuwe n� uwezo w� kuto� m�h�t�m�sho �m��yo y�t�w�wezesh� w�tung� ser� kutung� m�k�k�t� �t�k�yo�ng�l�� k�t�. Kw� mf�no, k��l� h�tuj�tung� m�k�k�t� �t�k�yo�ng�l�� k�t�, n� l�z�m� tu���n� n� kuelew� m�m�o y�n�yos�����sh� uh�r���fu w� m�fumo-�koloj��.
c) Utendaji Kazi – Mwongozo l�z�m� uwe w� k�v�tendo z��d� �l� w�tung� ser� w�weze ku�ng�z� m�k�k�t� y� k�ser� k�t�k� mwongozo w� s�s� w� kuto� m��muz� kw� ur�h�s�.
Muda uliopendekezwaMud� us�oz�d� s�� t�tu kuw�s�l�sh� n� kuj�d�l� m�d� h��.
Njia za UfundishajiM�w�s�l�sho/m�h�dh�r�, k�z� z� v�kund�, m�j�d�l� n� m�f�no m�hsus�. Malengo�) Ku���n�sh� v�gezo v�n�vyoonesh� ust�w� n� v��sh�r�� muh�mu vy�
ust�w� w� w�tu v�n�vyohus��n� kw� k�r��u z��d� n� m�tum�z� y� m�fumo-�koloj��;
�) T�j� ��n� m��l�m��l� z� shughul� z�n�zowez� kuf�nyw� kw� kutum�� m�fumo-�koloj��; n�
c) F�f�nu� uhus��no m�ongon� mw� m�m�o m��l�m��l� y�n�yoonesh� ust�w� n� v�uk�l�o vy� ust�w� n� shughul� m��l�m��l� �m��zo huwez� kuf�nyw� kw� kutum�� m�fumo-�koloj��.
UtanguliziKuf�s�l� shughul� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo-�koloj��:-Shughul� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo-�koloj�� n� h�l� n� m�ch�k�to �m��yo kw�yo m�fumo �s�l�� y� �koloj�� n� sp�sh� m��l�m��l� �m��zo huf�ny�, huendelez� n� hus��d�� m��sh� y� ��n�d�mu. Huendelez�
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v�um�e �nuw�� n� uz�l�sh�j� w� ��dh�� z� m�fumo-�koloj�� k�m� v�le ch�kul� k�n�chotok� ��h�r�n�, ch�kul� ch� m�fugo, m��o, m�fut� y� ��om�s�, nyuz� �s�l��, m�d�w� n� m�l�gh�fi z� v�w�nd�n�. Z��d� y� kuto� m�l�gh�fi n� hudum�, m�fumo-�koloj�� n� muh�mu k�t�k� kuwezesh� m��sh�, k�m� v�le kus�fish� hew�, m�j� n� udongo p�moj� n� shughul� z� k�j�m�� n� k�ut�m�dun�.
Kisanduku 3.1.
Njia endelevu za kujipatia riziki
Nj�� z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� hujumu�sh� uwezo w� kuf�ny� k�z�, r�s�l�m�l� (�n�jumu�sh� r�s�l�m�l� v�tu n� z� k�j�m��) n� shughul� z�n�zoh�t�j�k� kuf�nyw�. Nj�� y� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� �n�wez� kuonek�n� endelevu p�le �n�powez� kuh�m�l� m�t�t�zo n� kuwez� kutunz� r�s�l�m�l� �m��zo nj�� h�yo huz�tegeme� ��l� ku�th�r� vy�nzo vy� m�l��s�l� h�zo. Tuk�chukul�� kuw� w�tu nd�yo k��n� ch� m�endeleo, n�dh�r�� y� nj�� z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� �n�s�s�t�z� umuh�mu w� kuz�wezesh� ser� n� m�p�ng�l�o y� k�t��s�s� �s��d�e m�h�t�j� y� j�m�� m�sk�n�. Kw� mf�no, kut�m�z� m�lengo y� uh�f�dh� k�t�k� eneo ful�n� m�r� ny�ng� kumem��n�sh� kukomeshw� kw� shughul� z� �s�l� �m��zo n� muh�mu kw� j�m�� h�z� m�sk�n�. H�l� l�n���u� m�t�t�zo m�kuu m�w�l�: kw�nz�, n� dh�h�r� kw�m�� j�m�� m�sk�n� z�t��th�r�k� p�le uh�f�dh� ut�k�pol�z�m�sh� kupunguz� kw� m�tum�z� y� m�z�ng�r� n� m�l��s�l� z�ke kw� mud� mfup� �l� kuy�f�ny� y�weze kuz�l�sh� z��d� ���d�ye ��l� y� w�o kuw� n� m��d�l� �m��o w�t�utum�� w�k�t� w�t�k�popunguz� kuy�tum�� h�yo. P�l�, ser� y� n�mn� h�yo h��n� m�sh�ko k�t�k� mt�z�mo w� k�m�z�ng�r� – kw� mf�no, k�m� w�tu m�sk�n� w�t�zu�w� kuk�t� kun� k�t�k� eneo ful�n� ��l� y� w�o kupew� eneo m��d�l�, h�� �t�m��n�sh� kuw�f�ny� w�k�k�te kun� k�t�k� m�s�tu m�ng�ne y� j�r�n� n� h�vyo t�t�zo l� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� l�t�kuw� l�meh�m�shw� tu kutok� ms�tu mmoj� h�d� mw�ng�ne. H�vyo su�l� l� “h�k� z� k�m�z�ng�r�” l�n�j�r��u kushughul�k�� su�l� muh�mu l� k��s� �m��cho k�y�, n� h�s� z�n�zotegeme� s�n� m�l��s�l� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k�, z�l�vyo n� uwezo w�
39
kuz�tum�� m�l��s�l� h�zo. N�dh�r�� y� nj�� endelevu z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k� �n�t�l�� mk�zo ush�r�k�shw�j� w� j�m�� m�sk�n� �l� ku���n�sh� v�kw�zo v�kuu w�n�vyokum��n� n�vyo n� kut�fut� ufum�uz� ul�o �or� w� m�t�t�zo h�yo.
Mambo yanayoonesha ustawi na viukilio vya ustawi vinayohusiana na mifumo-ikolojiaMwezesh�j� ����n�she y�fu�t�yo:W�tu wote – m�sk�n� n� m�t�j�r�; w��sh�o k�t�k� nch� z�n�zoendele� �u z�l�zoendele�- w�n�tegeme� kup�t� ust�w� kutok�n� shughul� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo y� �koloj��. H�t� h�vyo, ���n�sh� kw�m�� uteuz� w� mw�sho w� m�m�o y�n�yoonesh� ust�w� n� uhus��no w�ke n� shughul� z�f�nyw�zo k�t�k� m�fumo y� �koloj�� v�n�p�sw� ku���n�shw� n� j�m�� �u w�tu hus�k�, k�n�dh�r�� kup�t�� ush�r�k�shw�j� w� j�m�� h�zo.
Kisanduku cha 3.2 Baadhi ya mambo muhimu yanayoonesha ustawi ambayo yanapaswa kusisitizwa ni yafuatayo:-• Kuw� n� uwezo w� kuj�p�t�� ch�kul�.• Kuepuk�n� n� m�gonjw� y�n�yowez� kuzu�l�k�.• Ku�sh� k�t�k� m�z�ng�r� s�fi n� s�l�m�.• Kup�t� m�j� s�fi n� s�l�m�.• Kup�t� hew� s�fi.• Kup�t� n�sh�t� kw� �j�l� y� kup�k�� n� kuj�p�t�� joto.• Kutum�� t��� z�o z� �s�l�.• Kuendele� kutum�� v�tu vy� �s�l� v�n�vyop�t�k�n� k�t�k� m�fumo
y� �koloj�� kw� �j�l� y� shughul� z�o z� k�t�m�dun� n� k�d�n�.• Kuk���l��n� n� m�j�ng� m�ku�w� y� �s�l� k�m� v�le m�fur�ko,
tuf�n� n� m�poromoko y� �rdh�.• Kuto� m�muz� endelevu y� k�ut�w�l� y�n�yoj�l� m�l��s�l� n�
kuwezesh� mkondo w� up�t�k�n�j� w� k�p�to endelevu
40
Mwezesh�j� ����n�she kw�m�� m�m�o 10 k�t�k� K�s�nduku 3.2 n� m�elezo y� k�n� y� u��n�sh�j� mp�n� y� Benk� y� Dun�� k�t�k� m�su�l� y� �fy� n� uwezek�no w� ku�th�r�w� n� nj�� z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k�. In�onesh� m�endeleo y�n�wez� p�� kut�z�mw� k�m� uf�f�nuz� mku�w� z��d� w� u��n�sh�j� mp�n� w� �fy�, uwezek�no w� ku�th�r�w� n� nj�� z� kuj�p�t�� r�z�k�. Benk� y� Dun�� hutum�� m�elezo h�y� k�t�k� n�dh�r�� y�ke y� kuonesh� uhus��no ���n� y� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r�. V�n�f�n�n� n� dh�n� z� dh�m� n� uwezo, �m��zo Am�rty� Sen �n�d�� kw�m�� n� muh�mu kw� kut�thm�n� ust�w� w� w�tu.
Mwezesh�j� �s�s�t�ze kw�m�� kut�� mk�zo kwenye uwezo w� w�tend�j�, tun�wez� p�� kup�nu� n�f�s� y� t��r�f� k�t�k� kut�thm�n� n� kup�m� uf�h�mu n� utekelez�j� w� ser� k�t�k� kulet� ust�w� n� kupunguz� um�sk�n�. Shughul� m��l�m��l� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo-�koloj�� z�n�wez� kug�w�nyw� k�t�k� m�kund� m�kuu m�t�tu k�m� �fu�t�vyo:-�) Uto�j�;�) Ureke��sh�j�; n�c) Kut�j�r�sh�/k�ut�m�dun�.
Shughuli zinazofanywa katika mifumo-ikolojia
Shughuli za utoajiH�� �n�husu m�l��s�l� �m��zo k�ms�ng� hutum�k� kw� �j�l� y� shughul� z� k�uchum�. K�w�ngo ch� mch�ngo w�ke k�t�k� ust�w� kw� k�w��d� hup�mw� kw� k�w�ngo ch� ��dh�� k�l�chop�t�k�n� kutok� k�t�k� m�l��s�l� h�zo. B��dh� y� v�tu v�n�vyotolew� n� m�fumo-�koloj�� k�t�k� mch�k�to mz�m� w� kut�fut� ust�w� �n�jumu�sh� v�tu v�fu�t�vyo:-�) Ch�kul�;�) M�z�o y� v�um�e h��, m�me� n� w�ny�m�;c) V�tu vy� k�n�s���, kem�k�l� �s�l�� n� m�d�w�;d) M�fut�/n�sh�t�;e) Nyuz�;f) V�um�e v�s�vyo n� uh��; n�g) M�j� s�fi.
41
Shughuli urekebishajiShughuli hizi w�k�t� mw�ng�ne hu�tw� “us��d��j�”, k�m� dh�m� y� moj� kw� moj� �m��yo m�fumo y� �koloj�� hu�f�ny� k�t�k� kus��d�� ��n�d�mu w��sh�o humo kuwez� ku�sh�. H�z� n� dh�m� �m��zo m�r� ny�ng� hus�h�ul�w� n� j�m��. Dh�m� z� ureke��sh�j� z�n�zof�nyw� n� m�fumo y� �koloj�� n� kuch�ng�� k�t�k� ust�w� z�n�jumu�sh� y�fu�t�yo:-�) Kus�fish� m�j� n� hew�;�) Uzu��j� w� m�fur�ko n� uk�me;c) Upunguz�j� w� sumu n� kus��d�� umeng’eny�j� w� t�k�;d) Kurejesh� rutu�� y� �rdh�;e) Uch�vush�j� w� m�z�o n� m�me� �s�l�;f) Udh���t� w� w�dudu w�h�r���fu w� m�z�o;g) Ut�w�ny�j� w� m�egu n� us�m��z�j� w� v�rutu��sho vy� m�me�;h) Uh�f�dh� w� v�um�e �nuw��, �m��o kw�o ��n�d�mu hunuf��k�
kw� k�l�mo, m�d�w� n� m�l�gh�fi z� v�w�nd�n�;�) Uk�ng�j� dh�d� y� m�onz� h�t�r� �tok�yo kwenye ju�;j) Uh�f�dh� w� h�l� y� hew�, upunguz�j� w� joto, mwendok�s� w�
pepo n� m�w�m��.
Shughuli za kiutamaduniShughul� h�z�, �u shughul� z� kuj�t�j�r�sh� n� m�ongon� mw� shughul� z�f�nyw�zo k�t�k� m�fumo y� �koloj�� �m��zo hus�h�ul�w� s�n�, n� h�s� k�t�k� nch� z�l�n�zoendele�. D�n� n� t�m�dun� ny�ng� z�n��m�n� kw�m�� v�um�e �s�l� n� k�tu k�n�cho�sh� n� h�vyo w�um�n� weng� w� d�n� n� t�m�dun� h�zo huom�� v�um�e �s�l� m��l�m��l�.Shughul� z� k�ut�m�dun� �u z� kut�j�r�sh� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo-�koloj�� z�n�jumu�sh� y�fu�t�yo:-�) Shughul� z� k��m�n� n� m�hus��no y� w�tu n� �rdh� n� m�j�;�) M�m�o y� um�uj�;c) M�hus��no y� k�j�m�� n� m�l�; n� m�m�o y� k�t��lum� n�
k�s�y�ns�.
42
Kipindi cha Pili
Hali ya ustawi wa watuMwezesh�j� ����n�she kw�m�� ust�w� w� w�tu n� t�t� n� un� m�m�o meng� n� v�uk�l�o v�n�vyotegeme� s�n� h�l� y� shughul� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo y� �koloj��; p�� kw�m��, n� v�pengele n� v�uk�l�o v�le tu vy� ust�w� v��vyo�th�r�w� moj� kw� moj� n� h�l� y� shughul� z�n�zof�nyw� k�t�k� m�fumo y� �koloj�� z�n�j�d�l�w� k�t�k� modul� h��.
Ongezeko ku�w� l� �d�d� y� w�tu pekee h�l�wez� kus�����sh� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r�. Kun� ush�h�d� h�l�s� kw�m�� ���dh� y� k�y� n� j�m�� z� w�kul�m� z�megundu� tek�noloj�� n� t��s�s� z� us�m�m�z�/uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� kutok�n� n� ongezeko l� kupungu� kw� r�s�l�m�l�. Ing�w�je, ugunduz� k�m� huo h�utoke� k�t�k� m�eneo yote, n� h�vyo kun� h�j� y� kuungw� mkono n� kus��d�w� kw� m�k�k�t� y� k�ser� n� u�ng�l��j� k�t� mw�ng�ne (kw� mf�no, k�t�k� m�eneo y� um�l�k�, m�funzo y� ut�fit� w� k�l�mo, n.k.). M�eneo y�n�yop�sw� kupew� k�p�um�ele k�t�k� u�ng�l��j� k�t� huo n� y�le y�l�yo m�dogo l�k�n� yenye �d�d� ku�w� y� w�tu.
Uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� un�wez� kuch�ng�� ongezeko ku�w� z��d� l� �d�d� y� w�tu kw� kuongez� h�t�j� l� nguvu k�t�k� f�m�l�� (kw� mf�no, h�j� y� kuz�d� kwend� m��l� n� nyum��n� kut�fut� m�l�sho y� m�fugo, kuchot� m�j� n� kukus�ny� kun�, n.k.). K�nyume ch�ke, u�oresh�j� w� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r� un�opunguz� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� un�wez� kut�fs�r�w� kuw� kupungu� kw� m�h�t�j� y� nguvu k�z� hum��n�sh� kupungu� kw� kuz�l��n� kw� w�tu.
Jedwali la 3.1: Mambo yanayoashiria ustawi wa jamii yenye matatizo kimikoaMkoa Mambo yanayoashiria
ustawi yenye matatizoMkoa Mambo yanayoashiria ustawi
yenye matatizoArush� Ch�kul� ch� kutosh� Morogoro Ch�kul� ch� kutosh� 1.1.1 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y�
kutosh�1.1.2 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�
1.1.3 N�sh�t� 1.1.4 N�sh�t�1.1.5 Uwezo w� ku�sh�. 1.1.6 Uwezo w� ku�sh�.
43
D�r es S�l��m M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�
Mtw�r� M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�
1.1.7 Uwezo w� ku�sh� 1.1.8 Uwezo w� ku�sh� Dodom� Ch�kul� ch� kutosh� Mw�nz� M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh� 1.1.9 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y�
kutosh�P e m � � North
M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�
1.1.10 N�sh�t� 1.1.11 Uwezo w� ku�sh�1.1.12 Uwezo w� ku�sh�. P e m � �
South M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�
Ir�ng� M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�
1.1.13 Uwezo w� ku�sh�
1.1.14 Uwezo w� ku�sh� Pw�n� Ch�kul� ch� kutosh�K�ger� M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y�
kutosh�1.1.15 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�
1.1.16 N�sh�t� 1.1.17 N�sh�t�1.1.18 Uwezo w� kush� 1.1.19 Uwezo w� ku�sh�. K�gom� M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y�
kutosh�Rukw� M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�
1.1.20 N�sh�t� 1.1.21 Uwezo w� ku�sh� 1.1.22 Uwezo w� ku�sh� Ruvum� M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh� K�l�m�nj�ro Ch�kul� ch� kutosh� 1.1.23 Uwezo w� ku�sh� 1.1.24 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y�
kutosh�Sh�ny�ng� Ch�kul� ch� kutosh�
1.1.25 N�sh�t� 1.1.26 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�1.1.27 K�p�to ch� kutosh� 1.1.28 N�sh�t�L�nd� Ch�kul� ch� kutosh� 1.1.29 Uwezo w� ku�sh�. 1.1.30 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y�
kutosh�S�ng�d� Ch�kul� ch� kutosh�
1.1.31 N�sh�t� 1.1.32 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�1.1.33 K�p�to ch� kutosh�. 1.1.34 N�sh�t�M�ny�r� Ch�kul� ch� kutosh� 1.1.35 Uwezo w� ku�sh�. 1.1.36 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y�
kutosh�T��or� Ch�kul� ch� kutosh�
1.1.37 Ch�kul� ch� kutosh�. 1.1.38 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�M�r� Ch�kul� ch� kutosh� 1.1.39 Uwezo w� ku�sh�1.1.40 1.1.41 T�ng� Ch�kul� ch� kutosh� 1.1.42 1.1.43 1.1.44 M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y� kutosh�M�ey� M�j� s�fi n� s�l�m� y�
kutosh� 1.1.45 Uwezo w� ku�sh�
1.1.46 Ch�kul� ch� kutosh�. 1.1.47 1.1.48
44
Kun� m�m�o meng� y�n�yoletelez� uhus��no m��y� ���n� y� ust�w� n� m�fumo-�koloj��. B��dh� y� m�m�o h�yo n�:-�) Kush�ndw� k�t��s�s�;�) Ukosefu w� m��nu z�f��zo;c) M�sh�r�k� y� ser�k�l� y�s�yof�ny� k�z� kw� uf�n�s�;d) Kutosh�r�k�shw� n� kutokuhus�shw� kw� w�tu m�sk�n� k�t�k�
kuf�ny� m��muz�;e) Ukosefu w� m�undom��nu y� k�uchum�;f) Ukosefu w� m��ny� y� k�j�m�� k�m� v�le m�t�nd�o y� us�l�m�;g) Uk�nd�m�z�j� w� k�j�ns��;h) Ukosefu w� us�l�m� w� m�fumo y� �koloj��, kw� m��n� y� ukosefu
w� ul�nz� w� m�fumo y� �koloj�� dh�d� y� m�j�ng�; n��) Ur�s�mu n� kutow�j���k� kw� t��s�s� r�sm� kun�kos�����shw�
n� kukosek�n� kw� uw�z� k�t�k� um�l�k� w� r�s�l�m�l� muh�mu n� kutoz�ng�t�w� kw� h�k� k�t�k� zoez� z�m� l� u��n�fs�sh�j� w� r�s�l�m�l� h�zo.
Mchoro wa 3.1: Hatua za tathmini ya mifumo ya ikoloji
Hatua za Tathmini
Ainisha na gawa mifumo-ikilojia pamoja na huduma zake
Tathmini mwelekeo wa hali ya sasa na ilivyokuwa kabla katika mifumo-ikilojia na msukumo wa mabadiliko hayo
Tathmini madhara yake kwa jamii
Ainisha mahusiano kati ya huduma na mifumo-ikilojia ya maisha ya jamii
Ainisha huduma za moja kwa moja na zisizo za moja kwa moja
Ainisha matarajio mbalimbali
Tathmini matokeo na
matarajio hayo
Elezea vitu visivyotarajiwa vinavyoweza
kutokeaChagua viashiria
45
Maswali ya mapitio • Je, n� shughul� g�n� z� k��koloj�� �m��zo T�nz�n�� h��wez� ku�sh�
��l� h�zo kuwepo?• Je, n� m�fumo g�n� y� �koloj�� �m��po shughul� h�zo huf�ny�k�?• M�fumo h�yo y� �koloj�� �n� h�dh� n� mwelekeo g�n�?
MarejeoH�ss�n, R. M (ed.). Accounting for Stock and Flow Values of Woody
Land Resources: Methods and Results from South Africa, Centre for Env�ronment�l Econom�cs �nd Pol�cy �n Afr�c�, Pretor��.
Turton, A n� R. Henwood (eds.) 2002. Hydropolitics in the Developing World, A Southern Africa Perspective, Afr�c� W�lter Issues Rese�rch Un�t, Pretor��
Un�ted N�t�ons. 1992. Earth Summit Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action From Rio, Un�ted N�t�ons, New York
46
MODULI YA NNE:
Kugharamia Uhifadhi wa Mazingira
Malengo ya ModuliK�t�k� modul� h�� w�sh�r�k� w�t�elekezw� m�su�l� m��l�m��l� y�n�yohusu kup�ng� ��jet� y� kugh�r�m�� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r�. Uelew� mzur� w� m�tum�z� y� fedh� z� umm� k�t�k� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� nd�cho k�p�mo k�zur� ch� u�or� n� uf�n�s� w� us�m�m�z� w� fedh� z� m�z�ng�r�. Modul� h�� �t�s��d�� ku��u� mw�mko w� us�m�m�z� �or� w� fedh� z� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� kw� ujuml�. Vy�nzo m��l�m��l� vy� m�p�to y� fedh� z� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r� v�t�j�d�l�w� k�t�k� modul� h��, kw� mf�no kod�, �d�, ushuru, tozo, n.k. N� vem� ku�ng�l�� umuh�mu w� m�geuz� k�t�k� h�z�n� y� m�z�ng�r� �m��yo y�t��nz�sh� kod� z� m�z�ng�r�, ushuru w� w�tum��j� w� m�z�ng�r�, ushuru kw� w�ch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r�, v���l� v�n�vyoonesh� v�w�ngo vy� utup�j� t�k� kwenye m�z�ng�r� n� meng�neyo. Modul� h�� p�� �n����n�sh� mch�ngo w� w�sh�r�k� w� m�endeleo un�vyowez� kus��d�� juhud� z� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r� kw� m��n� y� ku�s��d�� ��jet� y� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� meng�neyo. M�m�o h�yo n� p�moj� n� kuongez� ��jet� y� m�z�ng�r� n� �n�yowez� kutum�k� kuendelez� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� kuch�ng�� k�t�k� kupunguz� um�sk�n�.
Muda uliopendekezwaTum�� mud� us�oz�d� s�� t�tu kuw�s�l�sh� n� kuj�d�l� k�pengele h�k�. Mud� huu un�wez� kug�w�nyw� k�t�k� m�w�s�l�sho n� k�z� z� v�kund� k�m� �t�k�vyoh�t�j�, kutegeme�n� n� m��nu y� ufund�sh�j�.
Shughuli na majukumu ya kufanyaMch�ng�ny�ko w� m��nu z� ufund�sh�j� un�ojumu�sh� m�w�s�l�sho, k�z� z� v�kund�, m�j�d�l� n� m�f�no m�hsus� nd�yo un�opendekezw� h�p�. M��nu h�� n� �l� kuruhusu ush�r�k�shw�j� n� mw�ng�l��no m�ongon� mw� w�n�funz�.
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MalengoModul� h�� �n�kusud��:�) Ku���n�sh� m�eneo muh�mu y� kugh�r�m�� m�z�ng�r� kw� �j�l� y�
kupunguz� um�sk�n�;�) Kuonesh� mch�ngo w� r�s�l�m�l� z� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� p�to l�
t��f� ; c) Kuv�eleze� vy�nzo v�ng�ne m��l�m��l� �m��vyo v�n�wez� kutum�k�
kugh�r�m�� m�z�ng�r�.d) Modul� h�� p�� �n�to� t��r�f� n� mwongozo k�t�k� m�m�o
y�fu�t�yo: �) Ch�ng�moto k�t�k� kuf�s�r� v�p�um�ele n� m�p�ngo y�
m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� kup�ng� ��jet� n� m�tum�z� y� umm�. ��) Mch�ngo w� m�kund� m��l�m��l� y�n�yoendelez� juhud�
z� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� kuendelez� v�p�um�ele vy� m�z�ng�r�, kush�w�sh� kuongezw� kw� ��jet� y� m�z�ng�r� n� kus�m�m�� ��jet� z� m�z�ng�r� z�l�zowekw�, n� m�tokeo y�ke.
e) M�tum�z� y� m��nu ny�ng�ne z� m�s��d� k�t�k� kus��d�� m�lengo y� m�z�ng�r� n� kuwezesh� ku�ng�zw� kw� m�lengo h�yo k�t�k� m�p�ngo y� kus��d�� ��jet�.
Mwezesh�j� ��nze kw� kuto� m�elezo y� juml� y� ugh�r�m��j� w� umm� k�t�k� progr�mu z� m�z�ng�r� kuhusu m�fuko y� m�z�ng�r�.
MIFUKO YA MAZINGIRAK�pengele h�k� k�n�wez� ku�nz� kw� kuto� m�elezo y� juml� y� m�fuko y� m�z�ng�r�.• J�d�l� n� ch�ng�� m�w�zo juu y� n�n� h�s� m��n� y� m�fuko y�
m�z�ng�r�.
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Kisanduku 4.1 Baadhi ya mambo ya msingi juu ya mifuko ya mazingira ni kama ifuatavyo:• M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� n� t��s�s� �m��zo z�me�nz�shw� �l� kuelekez�
fedh� z�n�zotolew� kw� �j�l� y� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�tum�z� y�l�yokusud�w� y� utunz�j� n� uendelez�j� w� m�z�ng�r� n� s� k�t�k� m�tum�z� meng�ne y� ser�k�l�.
• M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� hutum�� m�p�to y�ke y�l�yotengw� kus��d�� m�r�d� m��l�m��l� y� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�.
• M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� �po k�t�k� nch� z�l�zoendele� n� h�t� z�n�zoendele� �l� �n�tof�ut��n� kutok�n� n� k�w�ngo ch� m�endeleo y� k�uchum� y� nch� hus�k�.
• M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� �l�yopo k�t�k� nch� z�l�zoendele� hushughul�k�� t�t�zo m��lum w�k�t� �le �l�yopo k�t�k� nch� z�n�zoendele� �n� m�lengo y� k�ujuml�.
• K�t�k� nch� z�n�zoendele� �m��zo z�n�j�r��u kupunguz� mch�ngo w� ser�k�l� k�t�k� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� n� z�n�zoj�r��u kup�t� m�endeleo y� k����sh�r�, utegemez� huw� k�t�k� w�gh�r�m��j� ��n�fs� w� m�r�d� y� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�; h�vyo ny�ng� hutum�� k�nun� y� “w�ch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r� kugh�r�m�� us�fish�j� w� m�z�ng�r�”.
Vyanzo vya fedha vya mifuko ya mazingiraJ�d�l� ���dh� y� vy�nzo muh�mu vy� fedh� vy� m�fuko h��. B��dh� y� vy�nzo h�vyo n� k�nun� y� mch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r� kul�p�. H�� �n� m��n� kw�m�� mch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r� �n�p�sw� ku�e�� mz�go w� gh�r�m� y� kuy�reke��sh� m�z�ng�r� �l� y�fik�e v�w�ngo v�n�vyoh�t�j�k�. • Gh�r�m� z� kufik�� v�w�ngo h�vyo �t�tegeme� f��d� y� k�w�nd�/
mr�d� un�och�fu� m�z�ng�r�, kuongezw� kw� us�w� �u kutok� k�t�k� m�kopo.
• Ms��d� w� k�fedh� ul�otolew� n� ser�k�l�. K�t�k� k�nun� h��, ms��d�
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ut�tolew� k�t�k� m�su�l� m��lumu mf�no:- p�le �m��po ms��d� huu us�potolew� ut��th�r� ���sh�r� y�
nje n� k�w�ngo ch� uwekez�j�.- p�le �m��po sekt� ful�n� z� k�uchum� �u z� v�w�nd� z�t�p�t�
m�t�t�zo m�ku�w� z�s�pop�t� ms��d� huo. Ms��d� huo h�t� h�vyo ut�tolew� kw� mud� m��lum ut�k�oku��l�w�, n� ut�leng� kut�tu� m�t�t�zo y� k�uchum� yenye mwelekeo w� k�j�m�� �m��o umetok�n� n� ser� z� m�z�ng�r�.
Kisanduku 4.2 Kanuni ya Mchafuzi KugharamiaK�nun� h��, kw� h�yo, �n�elez� kw�m�� mch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r� �t��e�� gh�r�m� z� kupunguz� uch�fuz� �n�ous�����sh� k�t�k� m�z�ng�r�, w�k�t� mch�ngo w� ser�k�l� ut�tolew� k�t�k� kugh�r�m�� r�s�l�m�l� z� umm� k�m� v�le: kutunz� �s�l� n� v�um�e �nuw��, us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r�, n� t�fit� n� kukuz� mw�mko w� umm�.
J�d�l� ���dh� y� ch�ng�moto z� kutum�� k�nun� h��, y��n� k�nun� y� mch�fuz� w� m�z�ng�r� kugh�r�m�� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�, n� kuendelez� mfumo �or� w� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�.
Kisanduku 4.3 Changamoto za Utekelezaji wa Kanuni B��dh� y� ch�ng�moto n� k�m� �fu�t�vyo:• Udh��fu un�otok�n� n� uwezo mdogo w� kutekelez� m�k�k�t�
y� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�.• M�t�t�zo m�ku�w� y� k�uchum� y� v�w�nd�/mr�d� hus�k�,
n� h�vyo kuzu�� uwezo w� ku���d�l� r�s�l�m�l� �n�yoch�fu� n� �s�yoch�fu� m�z�ng�r�.
• Ugumu k�t�k� ku��d�l� ser� z� k�fedh� �l� kuongez� k�p�to ch� t��f� n� m�n�sp�� kugh�r�m�� z� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r�.
• Kutokuk�m�l�k� kw� zoez� l� u��n�fs�sh�j� n� h�vyo kuzu�� m���d�l�ko muh�mu y� k�us�m�m�z� k�t�k� v�w�nd�/m�sh�r�k� m��l�m��l�.
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• Ush�r�k�shw�j� mdogo w� sekt� y� �enk� k�t�k� kugh�r�m�� m�r�d� y� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r�
• Kutokukom�� kw� mt�j� �m��o unges��d�� kugh�r�m�� mr�d�.• Ukosefu w� t��r�f� s�h�h� juu y� uh�r���fu w� m�z�ng�r� n� �th�r�
z�ke k�t�k� j�m��.• M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� �n�w�k�l�sh� dh�n� �n�yos��d�� kut�tu�
m�t�t�zo h�yo k�t�k� uchum� un�oendele�. Z��d� y� kuto� ms��d� w� k�fedh� n� ruzuku kw� m�sh�r�k� y�n�yotunz� m�z�ng�r�, �n�wez� kush�r�k��n� n� t��s�s� z� k�fedh� �l� kuh�m�sh� w�t��l�mu w�n�oh�t�j�k� k�t�k� sekt� ��n�fs�.
Ms�s�t�zo juu y� uf�n�s� w� Ser� z� m�z�ng�r�, m�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� �n�wez� kuelekez� fedh� kwenye m�t�t�zo m�ku�w� y� k�m�z�ng�r� y�n�yo��th�r� j�m�� n� kuh�k�k�sh� m�tum�z� �or�.
Kw� up�nde mw�ng�ne, ruzuku yoyote kwenye k�w�ngo ch� ���sh�r� ch� r��� k�t�k� m�kopo k�n�w�k�l�sh� fedh� �t�k�yo�m�r�sh� ser� ny�ng�ne z� m�z�ng�r� �l� kul�nd� k�w�ngo ch� u�or� w� m�z�ng�r� n� h�tu� ny�ng�ne z� k�uchum�. �) Onesh� kw�m�� vy�nzo v�ng�ne vy� m�p�to y� m�fuko y� m�z�ng�r�
v�n�tok� k�t�k� �d� z� m�z�ng�r�, f��n� n� kod�, m�s��d� y� k�m�t��f� n� y� nd�n�, k�m� nyongez� y� ��jet� y� t��f�.
�) M�f�no y� �d� z� m�z�ng�r� n� �d� z� ku�ng�� kwenye m�eneo y� h�f�dh�, tozo kw� m�l�gh�fi z�n�zoz�l�sh� ��dh��, n.k, z�n�zoch�fu� m�z�ng�r�.
c) S�s�t�z� kw�m��, n� muh�mu kuw� n� ms�ng� w� k�sher�� �l� kuh�k�k�sh� uwezek�no w� ku�nz�sh� �d�, z��d� y� kuwepo kw� us�m�m�z� mzur� w� ukus�ny�j� w� �d� h�zo.
d) B��n�sh� kw�m�� m�fuko m�zur� z��d� y� m�z�ng�r� n� �le �m��yo �mep�ngw� v�zur� n� �n�f�ny� k�z� v�zur�.
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Kisanduku 4.4 Vigezo vya Mifuko ya MazingiraBaadhi ya vigezo hivyo ni kama: • Kuepuk� �u kupunguz� t�t�zo l� mud� mrefu l� kukosek�n�
kw� uf�n�s� k�t�k� us�m�m�z� w� fedh�. M�tum�z� y�n�p�sw� kuelekezw� k�t�k� v�p�um�ele n� m�r�d� y� m�z�ng�r� yenye f��d� ku�w� uk�l�ng�n�sh� n� gh�r�m� z�ke.
• M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� �n�p�sw� kuf�ny� k�z� y� kuch�ng�� n� kus��d�� u�oresh�j� w� m�z�ng�r�, n� s� kuw� n� ush�nd�n� w� k�mt�j�.
• M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� �n�p�sw� kus��d�� m��nu n� m�k�k�t� m�ng�ne y� k�ser� k�t�k� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�.
• M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� �n�p�sw� kuw� n� mk�k�t� w� k�ujuml� w� kuto� fedh� z� kugh�r�m�� m�z�ng�r�, kufu�t� nj�� z�l�zo w�z� k�t�k� kuteu� m�r�d� y� ku�gh�r�m�� �l� kuh�k�k�sh� kuw� fedh� z�n�zotol� z�n�tum�k� v�zur�. Ut�r�t��u mzur� w� us�m�m�z� n� kut�thm�n� shughul� z� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�, n� kutum�� v�zur� w�t��l�mu w� nd�n� n� w� nje k�t�k� kuh�k�k�sh� kun�kuw� n� uf�n�s� k�t�k� ut�w�l�.
• M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� �n�p�sw� kukuz� ongezeko l� r�s�l�m�l� z� sekt� ��n�fs� n� uto�j� w� m�t�j� kw� �j�l� y� m�r�d� y� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r�.
• K�t�k� ku�nz�sh� n� kut�thm�n� vy�nzo vy� m�p�to vy� m�fuko y� m�z�ng�r�, m�ml�k� z� m�z�ng�r� z�n�p�sw� kuh�k�k� uf�n�s� w�ke k�t�k� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r�, k�uchum� n� k�ut�w�l�, us�w� n� kuku��l�k� kw�ke kw� j�m�� hus�k�.
• M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� �n�p�sw� kuw� n� uw�z� n� �n�p�sw� kuw�j���k� kw� m�tendo y�o kw� ser�k�l�, m��unge, n� umm� wote.
K�l� mfuko w� m�z�ng�r� un� ut�w�l� �m��o upo k�t�k� mfumo w� �od� y� w�kurugenz� �u k�m�t� y� us�m�m�z� �m��yo �n�endesh� shughul� z�ke, kup�ng� m�k�k�t� y�ke, kuto� m��muz� n� kus�m�m�� utekelez�j� w�ke.
Kw� h�yo, ugh�r�m��j� w� m�r�d� un�tum�� progr�mu y� ush�nd�n� y� m�r�d� (CPP) �m��yo �n�tekelezw� kw� kutum�� mzunguko w� mr�d�
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un�ojumu�sh� shughul� z�fu�t�zo:-�) Kup�ng� v�p�um�ele vy� m�z�ng�r� kw� �j�l� y� m�r�d�. Kw�
k�w��d� h�� hutegeme� m�p�ngo y� m�z�ng�r� y� nch� �u m�ml�k� z� k�k�nd� n.k.
�) Kut�fs�r� v�p�um�ele k�t�k� kut�thm�n� n� v�gezo vy� kuteu� mr�d� tok� k�t�k� m�r�d� �n�yoom�� fedh�. V�gezo v�l�vyoteul�w� v�n�ch�p�shw� �l� kuruhusu h�k� n� us�w� k�t�k� kuom�� ms��d�.
c) Kut�thm�n� n� kuteu� m�r�d� �t�k�yos��d�w� kw� muj��u w� v�gezo v�l�vyowekw�..
d) Kuku��l��n� m�sh�rt� n� m�elezo y� m�r�d� �t�k�yopoke� ms��d� n� kuk�m�l�sh� m�ku��l��no m��l�m��l� y� k�fedh� n� k�sher��, �k�wemo kuto� fedh� n� kuto� m�sh�rt� hus�k�, kus�m�m�� n� ku�ng�l�� m�h�t�j� n� kuk�m�l�sh� m�ku��l��no yote y� k��enk� p�le y�n�poh�t�j�k�.
e) Kut�thm�n� n�mn� y� kuto� fedh� k�m� ms��d�, mkopo w� moj� kw� moj�, ruzuku y� r��� y� mkopo w� k����sh�r�, kuto� dh�m�n� y� mkopo/m�kopo kup�t�� t��s�s� z� fedh� �u uwekez�j� w� moj� kw� moj�.
f) Kus�m�m��, kut�thm�n�, n� ul�p�j� kw� k�l� mr�d�, �we moj� kw� moj� �u s� moj� kw� moj� kup�t�� w�sh�ur� w�n�ot�m�ul�w�. M�fuko y� m�z�ng�r� �n�p�sw� kuf�ny� k�z� y� kuh�k�k�sh� �n� vy�nzo vy�ke vy� k�p�to �m��vyo kw�vyo �d� y� m�z�ng�r� �n�chuku� n�f�s� ku�w�.
Maendeleo ya kitaasisi na kiuwezo�) Onesh� uhus��no w� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�p�ngo
y� ser�k�l�: jeng� m��nu y� mud� mrefu y� ku�ng�z� m�z�ng�r� kwenye m�p�ngo y� k�sekt� �l� kuh�k�k�sh� u�ng�zw�j� w� m�su�l� y�husuyo um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�p�ngo y� m�endeleo, ��jet�, progr�mu z� sekt� n� utekelez�j� w�ke. S�s�t�z� umuh�mu w� ku�ng�z� um�sk�n� n� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� nj�� n� m�fumo y� ut�w�l� y� m�sh�r�k� hus�k�.
�) Ku�nd�� mk�k�t� w� kujeng� uwezo: onesh� umuh�mu w� kuwek� mk�k�t� ul�o w�z� w� kujeng� uwezo un�oshughul�k�� m�h�t�j� y� k�uwezo y� mud� mrefu kw� �j�l� y� t�thm�n� n� uch�m�uz�,
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u�ng�z�j� w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� mch�k�to w� ser�, u�ng�l��no k�t�k� ser� n� kuendelez� progr�mu, kup�ng� ��jet�, kuto� fedh�, utekelez�j� n� us�m�m�z� w�ke. H�vyo n� muh�mu kuendele� kujeng� m�h�t�j� n� uwezo w� t��s�s� kw� kuendelez� m�eendeleo y� k�uwezo ul�op�t�k�n� k�t�k� �w�mu z�l�zop�t�.
c) Ku�nd�� mk�k�t� w� kujeng� uwezo kw� v�tendo: Mk�k�t� huu utegemee m�h�t�j� y� w�tend�j� m��l�m��l� w� ser�k�l� n� w�d�u weng�ne. And�� w�rsh�, m�funzo k�z�n�, sh�r�k�sh� w�d�u weng�ne kuj�d�l� juu y� shughul� �or� z� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r� n� kuondo� um�sk�n� kw� kuto� m�f�no m�hsus�, n� m��nu ny�ng�ne.
Msaada wa Ujumla kupitia BajetiMs��d� w� Ujuml� k�t�k� ��jet� n� n�mn� mpy� y� ms��d�. T���� z�ke kuu z�n�jumu�sh� uto�j� w� p�moj� w� r�s�l�m�l� z� ��jet� z�s�zofungw�; ms�s�t�zo uk�w� k�t�k� mch�k�to w� k�ser� nch�n� (mf�no, m�k�k�t� y� kupunguz� um�sk�n�); mk�zo p�� un�p�sw� kuwekw� k�t�k� m�lengo y� m�endeleo y� t��s�s� (k�m� v�le ku�oresh� up�ng�j� n� uwezo w� us�m�m�z� w� fedh�); n� m�tum�z� y� nj�� z�n�zot���r�k� n� z�l�zo w�z� kw� m�s��d� y� nje, �n�yof�ny� k�z� kup�t�� m�fumo y� ser�k�l�.
H�� n� nj�� y� kuto� fedh� kup�t�� ��jet� y� ser�k�l�, n� mk�k�t� w� k�ser� ul�op�t�shw�. S� nj�� y� kul�z�m�sh� m���d�l�ko y� ser� p�le ms��d� w� nd�n� w� m���d�l�ko un�pokosek�n�. �) Ms��d� w� Ujuml� k�t�k� ��jet� (GBS) un�onek�n� k�m� m��nu y�
k�ms��d� �m��yo kw� k��s� k�ku�w� un�end�n� n� ser� n� m�fumo y� k�t��f�.
�) Kuongezek� kw� m�tum�z� y�ke kun�let� m�tum��n� y� kuondo�, kw� nj�� y� u�un�fu w� n�mn� y�ke, t�t�zo l� ukosefu w� fedh� z� kugh�r�m�� m�lengo y� m�z�ng�r�.
c) Ms��d� k�t�k� ��jet� un�wez� kuto� nyongez� m�dhu�ut� n� uto�j� w� fedh� wenye uwezo mku�w� w� ku��d�l�k� ��d�l�k� k�t�k� ��jet� z� sekt� z� umm�, kup�t�� nj�� �m��yo �n�gh�r�m� ndogo, �n�yof�ny� k�z� y� ku�m�r�sh� us�m�m�z� w� t��f� w� fedh� n� m�fumo y� uw�j���k�j�, n� ku�p� nch� hus�k� uwezo mku�w� w� kus�m�m�� m�tum�z� y� r�s�l�m�l�.
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d) Udh���t� huu un�f�nyw� kup�t�� t��s�s� z� k�demokr�s��; kw� k�w��d� nd�zo hus�m�m�� m�ch�k�to y� ��jet�, n� h�vyo kus��d�� m�endeleo y� nch� hus�k�.
e) P�� ms�s�t�zo kw�m��, muundo w� us�m�m�z� utum�k�o m�r� ny�ng� kw� �j�l� y� Ms��d� w� Ujuml� w� ��jet� un�to� m��nu muh�mu y� kuw� n� mj�d�l� w� k�mk�k�t� ���n� y� ser�k�l� n� w�sh�r�k� w� m�endeleo kuhusu ser� n� m�ch�k�to y� k�m�geuz� �n�yop�sw� kupew� k�p�um�ele.
f) H�l� l�n�to� m�tum��n� y� kuwek� ser� y� m�z�ng�r� n� us�m�m�z� endelevu w� m�l��s�l� �m�r� z��d� m�ongon� mw� v�p�um�ele vy� ser� z� nch� z�n�zoendele� z�n�zopoke� ms��d� w� ��jet� (GBS).
g) M�tum�z� y� ms��d� k�t�k� ��jet� un�to� m��ny� k�dh�� y� kus��d�� m�r�d� y� t��f� y� m�z�ng�r�. �) Kw�nz�, �n�to� m�tum��n� y� kuongezek� fedh� z�t�k�zotolew�
kup�t�� ��jet� (�n�punguz� mz�go w� gh�r�m� kw� m�sh�r�k� meng�ne y�n�yoshughul�k�� m�z�ng�r�).
��) P�l�, �n�wez� ku�m�r�sh� m�ch�k�to y� ��jet� k�t�k� w�z�r� y� m�z�ng�r� n� kuongez� um�l�k� w� m�p�ngo y� m�tum�z� y� m�z�ng�r�.
���) T�tu, �n�to� m�tum��n� y� m���d�l�ko m�p�n� y� mfumo kup�t�� m�w�s�l��no n� w�z�r� y� fedh� n� ser�k�l� kw� ujuml� (mf�no, kuh�r�k�sh� m�geuz� y� muundo w� udh���t� n� ku�nz�sh� mchujo ul�o w�z� w� m�z�ng�r�).
�v) Nne, �n��m�r�sh� mch�ngo w� m�kund� meng�ne y�n�yoshugul�k� n� m�z�ng�r� (SWGs) k�t�k� kus��d�� m�j�d�l� y� ser� z� m��l�m��l�.
v) N� mw�sho, �n�to� n�f�s� y� kuto� m��muz� y�husuyo m�z�ng�r� kw� nj�� �l�yo n� uw�z� z��d� (mf�no, kutegeme�n� n� uchunguz� w� Bunge).
Nafasi ya Msaada wa Ujumla kupitia bajeti kwa sekta ya mazingiraUto�j� w� Ms��d� w� Ujuml� k�t�k� ��jet� un�wez� kulet� m�nuf�� kwenye sekt� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�eneo m�kuu m�t�tu:- �) Kw� kuongez� fedh� k�t�k� ��jet�, kun�wezesh� m�sh�r�k� meng�ne
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y� m�z�ng�r� kup�t� ms��d� w� nyongez� kutok� k�t�k� ��jet� n� p�� �n�s��d�� w�z�r� y� m�z�ng�r� kutekelez� m�p�ngo y� ��jet� �husuyo m�z�ng�r� k�m� �l�vyokuw� �mep�ngw�.
�) Kw� kuwek� umuh�mu mku�w� k�t�k� ��jet� y� t��f� n� ku�m�r�sh� m�fumo y� t��f� y� us�m�m�z� w� fedh� z� umm�, �n�wez� ku�m�r�sh� moj� kw� moj� uw�z� n� uw�j���k�j� k�t�k� ��jet� y� sekt� y� m�z�ng�r� n� p�� �n�wez� kuw�vut�� w�sh�r�k� w� m�endeleo kuch�ng�� ��jet� n� ku�nz�sh� m�r�d� y� m�z�ng�r� n� h�vyo ku�m�r�sh� m�m�o meng�ne h�t� k�m� s� moj� kw� moj�.
c) Mw�sho, kw� kulet� ��n� ny�ng�ne y� m�j�d�l��no, �n�wez� kus��d�� kup�t� ufum�uz� w� m�su�l� y� mud� mrefu y� ser� n�/�u kuh�r�k�sh� utekelez�j� w� m�geuz� y� s�s� y� ser�.
Kisanduku 4.5 Changamoto za Mikakati ya Kupunguza Umaskini1.1.52 Tambua matatizo ya harakati za uhifadhi wa mazingira kupitia mikakati ya kupunguza umaskini (PRS) Ms��d� w� k�ufund� kus��d�� h�r�k�t� z� ku�oresh� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�k�k�t� y� kupunguz� um�sk�n� (PRS) umef�n�k�w� s�n� T�nz�n�� n� Moz�m��que k�t�k� ku�m�r�sh� mj�d�l� w� k�t��f� n� ku�nu� mw�mko w� umm� k�t�k� m�su�l� y� m�z�ng�r�, k�t�k� kuund� m�t�nd�o y� m�j�d�l� y� k�ser� m�ongon� mw� t��s�s� z� k�j�m��, ser�k�l� n� w�sh�r�k� w�ke w� m�endeleo, n� k�t�k� kuf�s�l� k�w�ngo-mk�k�t� ch� m�tokeo y� m�lengo y� k�m�z�ng�r� y�l�yo�ng�zw� k�t�k� m�k�k�t� y� kupunguz� um�sk�n�.
1.1.53 L�k�n�, p�moj� n� j�t�h�d� h�z� z� ku�oresh� ny�r�k� z� m�k�k�t� y� kupunguz� um�sk�n� n� m�ch�k�to h��j�w� n� mch�ngo mku�w� k�t�k� up�ng�j� w� ��jet� n� progr�mu h�l�s� z� m�tum�z� y� fedh�. Upungufu hu un�wez� kuelezw� kw�m�� n� udh��fu w� progr�mu z� m�k�k�t� y� kupunguz� um�sk�n� (PRSP) k�m� ny�r�k� z� k�mk�k�t�, n� upungufu w� nd�n� w� ny�r�k� z� m�k�k�t� y� k�t��f�
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k�m� k�f�� ch� kug�w� n� kuto� k�p�um�ele ch� r�s�l�m�l�.
1.1.54 Uzoefu un�tufund�sh m�m�o m�kuu m�t�tu:-�) Uh�l�s�� un�h�t�j�k� kutok�n� n� �th�r� �n�yowez� kutoke� y�
h�r�k�t� ku�w� z� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�k�k�t� y� kupunguz� um�sk�n�. Un�wez� kus��d�� kup�nd�sh� h�dh� y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� mj�d�l� y� ser� y� t��f� �l� kus��d�� m�t�nd�o jumu�sh� z��d� y� mj�d�l� w� ser� y� t��f� n� kuwek� v�uk�l�o n� m�lengo y� k�w�ngo k�n�chost�h�l�. H�t� h�vyo h��t�r�j�w� kuw� n� �th�r� ku�w� k�t�k� k�w�ngo ch� uto�j� w� fedh� kw� �j�l� y� shughul� z� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r� �u kw� progr�mu m��lum �m��yo �t�pew� k�p�um�ele n� m�sh�r�k� y� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r� n� y� uh�f�dh� w� m�l��s�l�.
�) Il� kulet� m�nuf�� k�t�k� ��jet� n� shughul� z� sekt� z� umm�, h�r�k�t� z� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r� z�n�h�t�j� kuf�nyw� kw� kuhus�shw� n� sher�� n� t�r�t��u z� sekt� y� m�z�ng�r�; p�� n� m�lengo n� m�ml�k� y� m�sh�r�k� hus�k�.
c) Ku��d�l�sh� uku�w� n� mwelekeo w� ��jet� z� m�z�ng�r� p�� kun�wez� kuh�t�j� um�k�n� w� moj� kw� moj� w� m�sh�r�k� y�n�yoj�shughul�sh� n� uh�f�dh� w� m�z�ng�r�. H�l� l�t�h�t�j� kuung�n�sh� shughul� �l� kuongez� up�t�k�n�j� w� fedh� n� h�tu� z� udh���t� w� m�r�d� �n�yop�t� fedh� tok� nje n� kupunguz� gh�r�m� n� m�jukumu y� k���jet� y�s�yoh�t�j�k�. Shughul� h�z� z�n�h�t�j� ku�ng�zw� k�t�k� m�k�k�t� y� k�t��f� yenye m�sh�rt� y� k�t�, n� kus�m�m�w� kup�t�� m�p�ng�l�o y� ms��d� k�t�k� ��jet�.
Matumizi ya kodi za mazingira na ada za watumiaji (mageuzi ya hazina ya mazingira)�) Ms�s�t�zo n� kw�m�� mk�k�t� huu muh�mu un�tum�� fedh� z�
nd�n� y� nch� k.v. kod�, tozo n� �d�. �) P��, h�k� n� ch�nzo ch� fedh� �m��cho k�n�f�ny� k�z� kw� k��s�
k�ku�w� s�m��m�� n� mch�k�to w� ��jet� y� ser�k�l� wenye t��r�f� z� ukus�ny�j� w� m�p�to n� m�tum�z� y�ke.
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Kudhibiti matumizi ya kodi za mazingira na ada za watumiaji kugharamia moja kwa moja mashirika yanayoshughulikia utunzaji wa mazingiraH�k� n� ch�nzo muh�mu ch� fedh� z� kugh�r�m�� m�sh�r�k� y�n�yoj�shughul�sh� n� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r� n� m�l��s�l�, h�s� T�nz�n��. P�� nch� ny�ng�ne z� Afr�k� z�n� mk�k�t� k�m� huu, kw� mf�no, Gh�n� n� Msum��j�.
Mk�k�t� un�jumu�sh� ��n� m��l� z� kod�: a) Kodi za mazingira- lesen�, m�r���h�, kod� z� m�uzo y� nje, n.k.
�m��zo z�me�nz�shw� �l� kup�nd�sh� gh�r�m� z� utum��j� w� m�l��s�l� k�t�k� uvuv�, uch�m��j� w� m�d�n�, uvun�j� w� m�s�tu n� uw�nd�j� �l� kupunguz� utum��j� w� r�s�l�m�l� h�zo n� kudum�sh� m�tum�z� endelevu; n�
b) Tozo za huduma- �m��zo z�me�nz�shw� �l� kupunguz� gh�r�m� z� hudum� y� m�z�ng�r� (k�m� v�le kuf�ny� t�thm�n� y� �th�r� kw� m�z�ng�r�, �u hudum� z� w�s�m�m�z� w� m�s�tu), z�n�zojumu�sh� us�m�m�z� �u hudum� z� us�fish�j� z�l�zo muh�mu kutok�n� n� utum��j� ��n�fs� w� m�l��s�l�.
Ms�s�t�zo n� kw�m�� kod� z� m�z�ng�r� h�s� hup�nd�sh� gh�r�m� z� mtum��j� �l� kupunguz� m�tum�z� y� m�l��s�l� h�d� k�w�ngo endelevu.
Kw� s����u ��dh�� z� m�l��s�l� zenye th�m�n� ku�w�, k�m� v�le m��o ngumu, z�n�h�t�j�k� s�n� dun��n�, h�vyo kod� y�ke �n�wez� kuw� ku�w� �l� kupunguz� uvun�j� w� ��n� h�� y� m�t� y� m��o.
N� muh�mu kuz�ng�t�� kw�m�� m�p�to y�ke y�n�wez� kuw� m�dhu�ut�, n� h�vyo kus�����sh� uwezek�no mku�w� w� v�tendo vy� rushw�.
Uzoefu w� sehemu ny�ng�ne un�onyesh� kw�m�� n� muh�mu ku�nz�sh� nj�� tof�ut� z� ukus�ny�j� w� ��n� h�z� m��l� z� m�p�to n� �l� kuepuk� utegemez� mku�w� kw� tozo z� hudum� k�m� ch�nzo ch� fedh� ch� m�sh�r�k� y�n�yoshughul�k�� m�z�ng�r�:- �) M�ml�k� z� m�p�to z� t��f�, �ng�w�je n� v�gumu kukomesh� rushw�,
z�n�wez� kuwek� m��nu nzur� n� zenye uw�z� z� ukus�ny�j� w�
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kod� n� uwezo w� kukus�ny� kw� uf�n�s� n� ��l� uonevu. �) Jukumu muh�mu l� m�sh�r�k� y� m�z�ng�r� n� kul�nd� m�z�ng�r�
n� kus��d�� shughul� z� m�endeleo endelevu. P�le �m��po ch�nzo ch�ke ch� fedh� k�n��nz� kutegeme� �d� z� lesen�, kut�kuw� n� t���� y� kuwek� �d� n� kuwek� t�r�t��u kw� n�mn� �m��yo �t�ongez� k�p�to k�t�k�chokus�nyw� n� s� kuh�k�k�sh� m�tum�z� y� m�l��s�l� k�t�k� k�w�ngo endelevu.
c) V�lev�le, m�sh�r�k� y�n�yoj�shughul�sh� n� m�z�ng�r� y�n�wez� kus�h�u jukumu l�o l� ms�ng� l� kul�nd� m�z�ng�r� n� ��d�l� y�ke kueleme� kwenye m�p�to w�y�p�t�yo tu kup�t�� kod� h�zo.
d) P�le �m��po vy�nzo vy� nd�n� v�n�to� fedh� kup�t�� nj�� �or� z� tozo z� hudum� n� kod� z� w�tum��j�, h�z� z�n�kuw� z� k��s� tu, n� p�� z�l�zotok�n� n� kod� z�s�zo n� uonevu: h�k� s� k�tu ch� kuk�tegeme� k�t�k� kup�t� fedh� z� kutosh� kugh�r�m�� m�z�ng�r�.
M�t�t�zo m�ku�w� y� k�ut�w�l� y�mehus�shw� n� m�sh�r�k� y�n�yoshughul�k�� m�z�ng�r� kupew� h�k� y� kuchuku� sehemu, �u k��s� ful�n� ch� fedh� w�n�yo�kus�ny� kutok�n� n� kod� z� m�z�ng�r� k�m� v�le lesen� z� uvun�j� w� m�s�tu n� kod� y� m�uzo y� nje.
Kisanduku 4.6 Mfano wa tatizo la utawala mbovu katika usimamizi wa maliasiliK�t�k� T�nz�n��, su�l� l� t��r�f� y� m�s�tu l�mevut� h�s�� z� w�tu weng�. T��r�f� y� As�s� y� K�m�t��f� �n�yos�m�m�� us�fir�sh�j� w� v�um�eh�� (M�lledge n� wenz�ke 2007) �n�k�d�r�� kw�m�� 97% y� m�p�to hupote�, �m��yo n� t�kr���n� dol� z� M�rek�n� m�l�on� 40 k�l� mw�k�. P�� t��r�f� h�yo �n�onyesh� tof�ut� ku�w� k�t� y� t�kw�mu z� ��dh�� z� m�s�tu z�l�zouzw� nje z�n�zotolew� n� m�ml�k� hus�k� n� z�le z� m�ml�k� y� Ch�n� �m��ko ��dh�� h�zo huuzw�. T�kw�mu z� ���sh�r� z� mw�k� 2004 z�n�onyesh� kw�m�� Ch�n� �mepoke� m�z�o y� m��o tok� T�nz�n�� m�r� kum� z��d� y� v�le �n�vyoonek�n� k�t�k� t�kw�mu z� T�nz�n��. Tof�ut� h�� k�t�k� t�kw�mu �n�onyesh� kw�m�� fedh� z�n�kus�nyw� �l� z�n�tum�k� v���y� �u w�to� t�kw�mu h�zo, l��d� w�k�w� n� m��nu n� m�sh�r�k� y�n�yoj�shughul�sh� n� m�z�ng�r�, w�n�kwep� kod�.
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B��dh� y� t��r�f� z�n�zowez� kutum�k� k�t�k� k�p�nd� ch� mj�d�l� n� kuch�ng��m�w�zo.
Kisanduku 4.7 Kiwango cha Matumizi ya Fedha za Umma kugharamia mazingira.Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa sekta ya mazingira imekuwa inapangiwa matumizi kidogo ukilinganisha na jumla cha matumizi ya umma katika nchi zinazoendelea. Kwa mfano:. �) K�t�k� nch� z� M�l�, Msum��j� n� T�nz�n�� ch�n� y� 1% y�
m�tum�z� yote �n�pelekw� kw� m�sh�r�k� m�kuu y� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r�.
�) K�t�k� nch� y� Gh�n�, ��jet� y� p�moj� y� w�z�r� z� m�z�ng�r� n� s�y�ns� n� �rdh� n� m�s�tu k�t�k� m��k� y� 2003 – 2005 �l�kuw� w�st�n� w� 2% y� m�tum�z� y� juml� y� ser�k�l�.
c) K�t�k� nch� y� M�l�, ch�n� y� 1% y� m�tum�z� yote y�l�pelekw� k�t�k� shughul� zote z� utunz�j� w� m�z�ng�r� �k�l�ng�n�shw� n� �s�l�m�� 1.4 y� “ut�m�dun�, v�j�n� n� m�chezo” n� 1.9% y� “demokr�s�� n� m�m�o y� nje”.
d) Nch�n� Msum��j�, ��jet� y� M�z�ng�r� �l�kuw� 1.2% �k�w� ch�n� k�dogo y� ��jet� �l�yotengw� kw� Ut�m�dun�, D�n� n� Burud�n�, �m��yo �l�kuw� 1.4 %.
e) K�t�k� nch� h�z� zote, w�tum�sh� w� ser�k�l� n� w�d�u weng�ne, wote w�l�k�r� upungufu w� ��jet� kw� sekt� y� m�z�ng�r�, n� �th�r� z�ke k�t�k� utend�j�.
Ulipaji wa huduma kwa mazingira (Payment for Ecosystem Services-PES)�) H�k� n� ch�nzo muh�mu ch� kuongez� fedh� z� kugh�r�m��
us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r� n� k�n�wez� kuw� n� umuh�mu mku�w� k�t�k� kuw�nuf��sh� w�tu m�sk�n�.
�) In�p�sw� kuz�ng�t�� kw�m�� �ng�w�je lengo kuu l� PES n� kuh�f�dh� m�z�ng�r�, �n�toke� uz�ng�t�fu w� m�p�k� n� utekelez�j� w� PES �l� ku�ng�z� f��d� z� kupunguz� um�sk�n� n� m�lengo y� m�z�ng�r� k�t�k� m�r�d� h�yo.
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c) H�t�j� kuu n� kw� p�nde zote, w�nunuz� n� w�uz�j�, ku�oresh� h�l� z��d� s�s� w�k�w� n� PES kul�ko w�l�pokuw� h�w�n�.
d) In�p�sw� kus�s�t�zw� kw�m�� w�tu m�sk�n� w�n�wez� kuk���l��n� n� v�kw�zo m��lum k�t�k� ush�r�k�shw�j�, �k�wemo uwezo mdogo w� kuj�d�l��n� �e� kul�ko weng�ne, w�s�okuw� m�sk�n�.
e) N� muh�mu p�� kus�s�t�z� kw�m�� k�m� s� w�tu m�sk�n� kuwek� w�z� h�k� z�o z� k�sher�� k�t�k� r�s�l�m�l� z�o, h�w�t�wez� kush�r�k�shw� k�t�k� PES �u h�t� kush�r�k� k�t�k� ser�k�l� �m��yo nd�yo huf�ny� k�z� y� kup�t�n�sh�.
f) T�fit� k�dh�� z�me���n� kw�m�� PES z�n�wez� kuw� n� sehemu muh�mu y� k�p�to kw� k�y� m�sk�n�. Kw� mf�no, ut�fit� w� huko N�c�r�gu� ul����n� kw�m�� w�kul�m� w�dogo w�dogo w�n�osh�r�k� k�t�k� vy�m� vy� ush�r�k� v�n�vyof�ny� ���sh�r� h�l�l� n� yenye us�w� y� k�h�w�, w�l�kuw� n� h�l� �or� kul�ko w�le �m��o w�l�sh�r�k� k�t�k� soko �m��lo hu��d�l�k� ��d�l�k�.
g) P�� �n�wezek�n� kw�m�� PES h��ku�nd�l�w� v�zur� n� h��kutekelezw� v�zur� n� h�vyo f��d� kw� w�tu m�sk�n� �t�kuw� k�dogo kw�n� �n�wez� kuw� w�nuf��k�j� weng� w� PES w�k�w� m�k����l� m�t�j�r�, k�m� �l�vyo huko Cost� R�c�.
Kisanduku 4.8 Tafsiri ya Matumizi ya Fedha za UmmaKufasili matumizi ya umma katika mazingira na taarifa za matumizi ya umma katika mazingira, yaani PER K�pengele k�moj� muh�mu ch� utekelez�j� w� ser� n� us�m�m�z� w� r�s�l�m�l� fedh�. H�� �n� m��n� kuh�k�k�sh� kw�m�� r�s�l�m�l� �l�yotengw� h����d�l�k� ��d�l�k�, n� v�p�um�ele vy� ser� n� r�s�l�m�l� z�n�tum�k� kugh�r�m�� shughul� z�n�zoch�ng�� kufik�w� kw� uf�n�s� kw� m�lengo y�l�yokusud�w�. Uelew� mzur� w� m�tum�z� y� umm� k�t�k� m�z�ng�r� n� muh�mu k�t�k� kut�thm�n� uf�n�s� n� u�or� w� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r�. H�t� h�vyo ��do uf�s�l� w� m�tum�z� y� m�z�ng�r� n� t�t�. Sw�nson n� Lunde (2003) w�l�elez� f�s�l� m��l�m��l� n� ��n� z� uf�s�l� huo (m�fumo y� ku��n�sh� m�tum�z�) z�n�zotum�k�. W�l����n�sh�, kw�
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mf�no, kw�m�� m�sh�r�k� meng� y�n�yof�ny� ut�fit� w� m�tum�z� y� umm� k�t�k� m�z�ng�r� �u PER h�y�tum�� f�s�l� �l�yo w�z� kutok�n� n� ukwel� kw�m�� kun� m�eneo meng� (n� h�s� v�pengele vy� k�m�z�ng�r� vy� us�m�m�z� w� m�l��s�l�) �m��yo h�kun� m�ku��l��no juu y� n�n� h�s� jukumu l� sekt� z� umm� k�t�k� m�eneo h�yo. H�vyo kumekuw� n� t���� y� ku�ng�l�� m�kund� m�dogo m�dogo �m��yo y�mef�s�l�w� v�zur�, y� m�tum�z� y� fedh� k�t�k� m�z�ng�r�. Sw�nson n� Lunde w�l�pendekez� f�s�l� p�n� n� y� juml� y� m�tum�z� y� umm� k�t�k� m�z�ng�r�: “matumizi ya taasisi za umma kwa shughuli maalum zinazolenga moja kwa moja katika kulinda, kupunguza na kuondoa uchafuzi wa mazingira au aina nyingine yoyote ya uharibifu wa mazingira unaotokana na shughuli za binadamu, pia na shughuli za usimamizi wa maliasili ambazo hazijakusudiwa katika utafiti au uvunaji wa maliasili”. W�l�pendekez� p�� utum��j� w� mfumo w� u��n�sh�j� un�ogus� m�w�nd� m��l�m��l� y� m�tum�z� k�t�k� m�z�ng�r�, �m��yo y�n�s��d�� ku���n�sh� uch�ng�m�no w� m�tum�z� y� umm� k�t�k� m�z�ng�r� n� ut�w�l� w� m�z�ng�r� kw� ujuml� w�ke: • M�w�nd� y� m�sh�r�k�: un�tof�ut�sh� ���n� y� m�tum�z�
y�l�yof�nyw� n� m�sh�r�k� h�l�s� y�n�yoj�shughul�sh� n� m�z�ng�r� n� w�z�r� n� m�sh�r�k� meng�ne yenye uelekeo huo. H�� �n�s��d�� kup�m� k�w�ngo mw�mko k�t�k� ser�k�l�.
• M�w�nd� y� k�uchum�: kuruhusu tof�ut� y� �s�l� ���n� y� m�tum�z� y�n�yoj�rud�� rud�� n� y� mt�j�, �m��yo n� muh�mu k�t�k� kuch�ng�nu� uf�n�s� w� k�ufund� n� um�dhu�ut� w� m�tum�z�.
• M�w�nd� y� k�k�z�: y�n�eleze� ��n� y� shughul�/k�z� �u hudum� z� k�m�z�ng�r� z�l�zotolew� n� sekt� y� umm� – �n�wez� kujumu�sh� u�nd��j� w� ser�, ureke��sh�j�, shughul� z� utekelez�j�, kuto� hudum� (kw� mf�no, us�m�m�z� w� t�k�), el�mu y� m�z�ng�r�, m�funzo, us�m��z�j� w� t��r�f� n.k.
• M�w�nd� y� m�z�ng�r�: y�n�eleme� u�n�sh�j� w� k�m�t��f� w� m�tum�z� y� umm� y��n�, CEPA n� �n�to� t��r�f� y� eneo m�hsus� l� m�z�ng�r� �m��lo kw�lo m�tum�z� y�l�f�nyw� �l� kul�l�nd�. H��
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�n�wez� kuf�� z��d� k�t�k� ul�ng�n�sh�j� w� m�w�nd� y� k�k�nd� w� k�m�t��f�: un�tof�ut�sh� ���n� y� m�tum�z� y� t��f� n� y� k�k�nd�. N� muh�mu kut�thm�n� mg�w�nyo w� r�s�l�m�l� k�t�k� k�nd� m��l�m��l�.
• M�w�nd� y� ugh�r�m��j�: y�n�eleze� vy�nzo vy� fedh�, v�n�vyojumu�sh� vy�nzo vy� nje n� vy�nzo v�l�vyo nje y� ��jet�.
• M�w�nd� y� progr�mu/ m�su�l� y� ser�: y�n�ruhusu m�tum�z� kup�mw� dh�d� y� ser�.
• V�p�um�ele (�m��vyo v�n�hus�shw� s�n� n� progr�mu).
Chanzo: Sw�nson n� Lunde (2003).
Maswali ya kupitia Ugharimiaji wa umma wa shughuli za mazingira: • Je, �po f�s�l� �f��yo y� “m�z�ng�r�” �n�yoruhusu v�pengele
muh�mu vy� m�tum�z� y� umm� kugus�w� �p�s�vyo? • Je, k�p� n� k�w�ngo ch� juml� ch� m�tum�z� k�t�k� m�z�ng�r� n�
n� kw� j�ns� g�n� y�n�g�w�nyw� k�t�k� m�h�t�j� y� uwekez�j� n� ��jet�?
• Je, ug�w�j� w� fedh� un�onek�n� kuf�� k�t�k� kushughul�k�� m�h�t�j� m�kuu y�n�w��n� n� uwekez�j�?
• Je, m�tum�z� k�t�k� v�p�um�ele v�l�vyo���n�shw� h�v�j���d�l�k�? • V�p� n� vy�nzo vy� fedh� z� m�tum�z� y� umm� y� kugh�r�m��
m�z�ng�r�? Je, vy�nzo h�v� v�n��th�r� yoyote k�t�k� m�tum�z� endelevu?
• Je, ukus�ny�j� w� m�p�to y� nd�n� nd�cho ch�nzo k�kuu ch� fedh� z� kugh�r�m�� m�z�ng�r�? Je, k�n�tum�k� v�zur�, kw� us�w� n� kw� uw�z�?
• N� kw� j�ns� g�n� tun�wez� kuongez� ush�r�k� w� sekt� ��n�fs� k�t�k� us�m�m�z� w� m�z�ng�r�?
• N�n� k�f�ny�ke �l� kutekelez� m�geuz� y� m�z�ng�r�?.
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Uzoefu wa matumzi ya Msaada wa Ujumla (GBS) katika bajeti
Maswali ya tathmini Matumizi ya Msaada wa Ujumla katika bajeti: • N� kw� j�ns� g�n� m�tum�z� y� Ms��d� w� Ujuml� k�t�k� ��jet�
y�mes��d�� sekt� y� m�z�ng�r�? • N� ��n� g�n� y� “v�uk�l�o vy� m�z�ng�r�” �l�yojumu�shw� k�t�k�
mfumo w� t�thm�n� y� Ms��d� w� Ujuml� k�t�k� ��jet� n� n� kw� m�tokeo y�p�?
• N� kw� nj�� g�n� ny�ng�ne GBS �mes��d�� mukt�dh� w� k�t��s�s� k�t�k� utekelez�j� w� ser� z� sekt� y� m�z�ng�r�?
• Tun�wez�je kuw� n� uwekez�j� tok� nje w� moj� kw� moj� ul�o n� f��d� kw� w�tu m�sk�n� n� kw� m�z�ng�r�?
• Tun�wez�je kuw� n� mch�ngo w� m�ku��l��no y� m�z�ng�r� y� k�m�t��f� k�t�k� h�r�k�t� z� kupunguz� um�sk�n�?
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ISBN: 978-9987-9431-3-5
Kitabu hiki kimetayarishwa na Ofisi ya Makamu wa Rais, Idara ya Mazingira ili
kuwa mwongozo wa kufundishia kwa wadau wanaohamasisha umuhimu wa
maendeleo endelevu katika juhudi na mikakati ya kupunguza umasikini.
Tunategemea kuwa walengwa hawa wakishaelewa kwa kina uhusiano uliopo kati
ya umasikini na mazingira watakuwa ni mabalozi au wajumbe watakaosimamia
ujumuishaji wa masuala ya mazingira kwenye sera, mipango, mikakati, programu
na bajeti za maendeleo.
United Nations
TANZANIADelivering as One