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UK‐German Perspectives on Integrated Spatial Strategies
Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung
Royal Town Planning Institute
‘Larger than Local’
–
the Reality ‘größer denn lokal’
–
die Wirklichkeit
Kelvin MacDonald MCIH FRTPI FRSASenior Visiting Fellow, Dept. of Land
Economy, Cambridge
History
Gordon Cherry (1974) Gordon Cherry (1974) The Evolution of British Town PlanningThe Evolution of British Town Planning, Leonard Hill Books, Leonard Hill Books
A History of Integrated Strategic PlanningA History of Integrated Strategic Planning
Ebenezer HowardEbenezer HowardToTo‐‐morrow morrow ––
a peaceful path to a peaceful path to
real reformreal reform
published in 1898published in 1898
A History of Integrated Strategic PlanningA History of Integrated Strategic Planninghttp://w
ww.akpool.de/ansichtskarten/199023‐ansichtskarte‐postkarte‐dresden‐hellerau‐partie‐
am‐gruenen‐zipfel‐kinder
A History of Integrated Strategic PlanningA History of Integrated Strategic Planning‘‘It is not in the national interest, economically, It is not in the national interest, economically,
socially or strategically, that a quarter or even socially or strategically, that a quarter or even a larger proportion of the population of Great a larger proportion of the population of Great Britain should be concentrated within twenty Britain should be concentrated within twenty to thirty miles or so of central London. to thirty miles or so of central London.
On the other hand, a policy i) of balanced On the other hand, a policy i) of balanced distribution of industry and the industrial distribution of industry and the industrial population so far as possible throughout the population so far as possible throughout the
different areas or regions in Great Britain; ii) of different areas or regions in Great Britain; ii) of appropriate diversification of industries in appropriate diversification of industries in
those areas or regions would make the best those areas or regions would make the best national use of resources of the country ....national use of resources of the country ....’’
Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population (the Population (the ‘‘Barlow reportBarlow report’’) 1940 ) 1940
http://www.npgprints.com/im
age/50530/bassano‐sir‐
clement‐anderson‐montague‐
barlow
A History of Integrated Strategic PlanningA History of Integrated Strategic Planning
RegionalismRegionalism
http://www.publications.parliam
ent.uk/pa/cm200607/cm
select/cmcom
loc/352/35204.htm
Unemployment
http://www.bbc.co.uk/new
s/10604117
September 2011
http://www.pub.arbeitsam
t.de/hst/services/statistik/000000/html/start
/karten/aloq_kreis_jahr.html
http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Docum
ents/Publications/MapsO
fTheMonth/M
oMSept11/M
oM_09‐2011.pdf
Regional Spatial Strategies
Regional Spatial Strategies
The Coalition Government
Growth
Localism
The Abolition of Regional Plans and Bodies•• We will rapidly abolish We will rapidly abolish
Regional Spatial Regional Spatial Strategies and return Strategies and return
decisiondecision‐‐making powers making powers on housing and planning on housing and planning to local councils to local councils
•• We will abolish the We will abolish the Government Office for Government Office for
London and consider the London and consider the case for abolishing the case for abolishing the
remaining Government remaining Government Offices. Offices.
http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/coalition_program
me_for_governm
ent.pdf
The Abolition of Regional Plans and BodiesCommunities will no longer have to Communities will no longer have to
endure the previous government's failed endure the previous government's failed Soviet tractor style topSoviet tractor style top‐‐down planning down planning
targetstargets
‐‐
they were a terrible, expensive, they were a terrible, expensive, timetime‐‐consuming way to impose house consuming way to impose house
building and worst of all threatened the building and worst of all threatened the destruction of the Green Belt.destruction of the Green Belt.
They were a national disaster that They were a national disaster that robbed local people of their democratic robbed local people of their democratic
voice, alienating them and entrenching voice, alienating them and entrenching opposition against new development. opposition against new development.
Regional Strategies built nothing but Regional Strategies built nothing but resentmentresentment
‐‐
we want to build houses. we want to build houses.
Rt. Hon. Erich Eingelegtes GemRt. Hon. Erich Eingelegtes Gemüüse MPse MP66thth
July 2010July 2010http://www.communities.gov.uk/newsstories/newsroom/1632132http://www.communities.gov.uk/newsstories/newsroom/1632132
Regional Spatial Strategies
The Abolition of Regional Plans and Bodies
The 2010 Comprehensive Spending Review confirmed that the Government Offices for the
Regions will close at the end of March 2011.
Regional Development Agenciesstatutory purposes:statutory purposes:••To further economic development and To further economic development and
regenerationregeneration••To promote business efficiency, investment To promote business efficiency, investment
and competitivenessand competitiveness••To promote employmentTo promote employment••To enhance development and application of To enhance development and application of
skill relevant to employmentskill relevant to employment••To contribute to sustainable developmentTo contribute to sustainable development
National Policy Statements and
Guidance (PPSs)
Regional Spatial
Strategy
Sub ‐
Regional
Studies
Local
Development
Framework
Local Housing
Assessment
Planning
Application
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Strategic
Housing Land
Availability
Assessment
Sustainability
Appraisal
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
AppealIf application refused
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Annual
Monitoring
Report
Development
Other
strategies
Feedback
to the
policy
process
European
Policy/
Directivese.g. re. SEA, EIA,
Appropriate
Assessment,
protected areas
Sec. 106
negotiations
Sustainability
Appraisal
National Policy Statements and
Guidance (PPSs)
Regional Spatial
Strategy
Sub ‐
Regional
Studies
Local
Development
Framework
Local Housing
Assessment
Planning
Application
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Strategic
Housing Land
Availability
Assessment
Sustainability
Appraisal
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
AppealIf application refused
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Annual
Monitoring
Report
Development
Other
strategies
Feedback
to the
policy
process
European
Policy/
Directivese.g. re. SEA, EIA,
Appropriate
Assessment,
protected areas
Sec. 106
negotiations
Sustainability
Appraisal
National Policy Statements and
Guidance (PPSs)
Regional Spatial
Strategy
Sub ‐
Regional
Studies
Local
Development
Framework
Local Housing
Assessment
Proposed
Neighbourhood
Plans
Planning
Application
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Strategic
Housing Land
Availability
Assessment
Sustainability
Appraisal
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
AppealIf application refused
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Annual
Monitoring
Report
Development
Other
strategies
Feedback
to the
policy
process
Local
Enterprise
Partnerships
Proposed Duty
to Co‐operate
Joint Working
European
Policy/
Directivese.g. re. SEA, EIA,
Appropriate
Assessment,
protected areas
Sec. 106
negotiations
Sustainability
Appraisal
Proposed
National
Planning Policy
Framework
Sub ‐
Regional
Studies
Local
Development
Framework
Local Housing
Assessment
Proposed
Neighbourhood
Plans
Planning
Application
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Strategic
Housing Land
Availability
Assessment
Sustainability
Appraisal
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
AppealIf application refused
Public/
Stakeholder
Involvement
Development
Other
strategies
Feedback
to the
policy
process
Local
Enterprise
Partnerships
Proposed Duty
to Co‐operate
Joint Working
European
Policy/
Directivese.g. re. SEA, EIA,
Appropriate
Assessment,
protected areas
Sec. 106
negotiations
Proposed
National
Planning Policy
Framework
The peremptory The peremptory abolition of abolition of
Regional Spatial Regional Spatial Strategies has Strategies has
created a hiatus in created a hiatus in the planning the planning
framework, which framework, which risks producing a risks producing a
damaging inertia.damaging inertia.
http://www.publications.parliam
ent.uk/pa/cm201011/cm
select/cmcom
loc/517/517.pdf
The New English Strategic SystemThe New English Strategic System•• National Planning Policy FrameworkNational Planning Policy Framework•• Duty to coDuty to co‐‐operateoperate•• Local Economic PartnershipsLocal Economic Partnerships•• Regional Growth FundRegional Growth Fund•• Community Infrastructure LevyCommunity Infrastructure Levy•• New Homes BonusNew Homes Bonus
National Planning Policy Framework
Duty to co‐operate(a) considering whether to (a) considering whether to
consult on and prepare, consult on and prepare, and enter into and and enter into and
publish, agreements on publish, agreements on joint approaches ..., andjoint approaches ..., and
(b) if the person is a local (b) if the person is a local planning authority, planning authority,
considering whether to considering whether to agree ... to prepare joint agree ... to prepare joint
local development local development documents.documents.
Local Enterprise PartnershipsBy abolishing Regional By abolishing Regional
Development Agencies and Development Agencies and agreeing to the establishment of agreeing to the establishment of
local enterprise partnerships we local enterprise partnerships we will encourage a more responsive will encourage a more responsive
approach to the needs of local approach to the needs of local business, and people by:business, and people by:
••supporting local authoritiessupporting local authorities‟‟ existing role in fostering and existing role in fostering and sustaining growth;sustaining growth;
••putting putting local business leadership local business leadership at the helm at the helm of bodies that of bodies that
represent represent real economic real economic geographiesgeographies;;
http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/econom
ic‐development/docs/l/cm
7961‐local‐grow
th‐white‐paper.pdf
Local Enterprise Partnerships
http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/econom
ic‐developm
ent/leps
Community Infrastructure LevyThe Community Infrastructure The Community Infrastructure
Levy allows local authorities to Levy allows local authorities to choose to charge a levy on new choose to charge a levy on new development in their area in development in their area in
order to raise funds to meet the order to raise funds to meet the associated demands placed on associated demands placed on
the area and to enable growth. the area and to enable growth. The money raised must be used The money raised must be used to provide infrastructure to to provide infrastructure to
support the development of support the development of the area, for example by the area, for example by
providing new roads and local providing new roads and local amenities such as a parkamenities such as a park
http://www.com
munities.gov.uk/docum
ents/planningandbuilding/pdf/1997385.pdf
Other Strategic Spatial Programmes•• The Lisbon TreatyThe Lisbon Treaty•• European Regional AidEuropean Regional Aid•• National Land Use ProtectionNational Land Use Protection•• National InfrastructureNational Infrastructure•• National SpendingNational Spending
The Lisbon Treaty
Art. 2(3) Art. 2(3) It shall promote economic, It shall promote economic,
social and territorial social and territorial cohesion, and solidarity cohesion, and solidarity
among Member States.among Member States.
http://bookshop.europa.eu/is‐
bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/EU‐Bookshop‐
Site/en_GB/‐/EUR/ViewPublication‐
Start?PublicationKey=QC3209190
The Lisbon Treaty
Art. 2(3) Art. 2(3) It shall promote economic, It shall promote economic,
social and social and territorialterritorial cohesion, and solidarity cohesion, and solidarity
among Member States.among Member States.
http://bookshop.europa.eu/is‐
bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/EU‐Bookshop‐
Site/en_GB/‐/EUR/ViewPublication‐
Start?PublicationKey=QC3209190
European Regional AidEuropean Regional Aid
National Land Use Protection
Functional Areas
National Infrastructure
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/infrastructure/connecting/doc/revision/annexe‐i‐vol07.pdf
Infrastructure
http://highspeedrail.dft.gov.uk/sites/highspeedrail.dft.gov.uk/files/hsr‐consultation‐sum
mary.pdf
National Infrastructure
http://www.decc.gov.u
k/assets/decc/11/meeti
ng‐energy‐
demand/consents‐
planning/nps2011/1943
‐nps‐nuclear‐power‐
annex‐volII.pdf
National Spending
http://www.hm
‐treasury.gov.uk/d/pesa_2010_complete.pdf
Public Expenditure per head/region 2009/10 (£)
What is the future?
[email protected]@cam.ac.uk