UkraineUkraine

An in depth look at CrimeaAn in depth look at Crimea

► The Ukrainian National AnthemThe Ukrainian National Anthem► Ukraine is not yet dead, nor its glory and freedom, Luck will still smile on us brother-Ukrainians.Ukraine is not yet dead, nor its glory and freedom, Luck will still smile on us brother-Ukrainians.Our enemies will die, as the dew does in the sunshine, and we, too, brothers, we'll live happily in our land.Our enemies will die, as the dew does in the sunshine, and we, too, brothers, we'll live happily in our land.We'll not spare either our souls or bodies to get freedom and we'll prove that we brothers are of Kozak kin.We'll not spare either our souls or bodies to get freedom and we'll prove that we brothers are of Kozak kin.We'll rise up, brothers, all of us, from the Sain to the Don, We won't let anyone govern in out motherland.We'll rise up, brothers, all of us, from the Sain to the Don, We won't let anyone govern in out motherland.

The Black Sea will smile yet, grandfather Dnipro will rejoice, Yet in our Ukraine luck will be high.The Black Sea will smile yet, grandfather Dnipro will rejoice, Yet in our Ukraine luck will be high.Our persistence, our sincere toil will prove its rightness, still our freedom's loud song will spread throughout Ukraine.Our persistence, our sincere toil will prove its rightness, still our freedom's loud song will spread throughout Ukraine.

It'll reflect upon the Carpathians, will sound through the steppes, and Ukraine's glory will arise among the people.It'll reflect upon the Carpathians, will sound through the steppes, and Ukraine's glory will arise among the people.

Things to be discussed Things to be discussed today!today!

I.I. A short history of the A short history of the countrycountry

II.II. Geography of the area Geography of the area and more specifically, of and more specifically, of the Crimean Peninsulathe Crimean Peninsula

III.III. Crimea’s historyCrimea’s historyIV.IV. Recent Conflicts with Recent Conflicts with

occupation of ethnic occupation of ethnic Russians and Tatars in Russians and Tatars in CrimeaCrimea

V.V. Baltic Sea Fleet history Baltic Sea Fleet history and issues involvedand issues involved

VI.VI. Crimea as a vacation hot Crimea as a vacation hot spotspot

www.mscc.edu/webs/rmerritt/swallows.jpgwww.mscc.edu/webs/rmerritt/swallows.jpg

I. Brief Historical Timeline of I. Brief Historical Timeline of UkraineUkraine

A chronology of key A chronology of key eventsevents

► 1917 1917 - Central Rada - Central Rada (Council) set up in (Council) set up in Kiev following Kiev following collapse of Russian collapse of Russian Empire. Empire.

► 1918 1918 - Ukraine - Ukraine declares declares independence: independence: Ukrainian People's Ukrainian People's Republic set up Republic set up within the boundaries within the boundaries of the Soviet Union.of the Soviet Union.

World War IIWorld War II ► 1941 - Ukraine suffers terrible 1941 - Ukraine suffers terrible

wartime devastation as Nazis wartime devastation as Nazis occupy the country until 1944. occupy the country until 1944.

► More than 5 million Ukrainians More than 5 million Ukrainians die fighting Nazi Germany. die fighting Nazi Germany. Most of Ukraine's 1.5 million Most of Ukraine's 1.5 million Jews wiped out by the Nazis.Jews wiped out by the Nazis.

► 1944 - Stalin deports 200,000 1944 - Stalin deports 200,000 Crimean Tatars to Siberia and Crimean Tatars to Siberia and Central Asia following Central Asia following accusations of collaboration accusations of collaboration with Nazi Germany. with Nazi Germany.

► 1945 - Allied victory in World 1945 - Allied victory in World War II leads to Soviet War II leads to Soviet annexation of western annexation of western Ukrainian lands mainly from Ukrainian lands mainly from PolandPoland

► 1960s - Increase in 1960s - Increase in covert opposition to covert opposition to Soviet rule, leading Soviet rule, leading to repression of to repression of dissidents in 1972. dissidents in 1972.

Soviet YearsSoviet Years

► 1986 - A reactor at the 1986 - A reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power Chernobyl nuclear power station explodes, sending a station explodes, sending a radioactive plume across radioactive plume across Europe. Desperate efforts Europe. Desperate efforts are made to contain the are made to contain the damaged reactor within a damaged reactor within a huge concrete cover. Many huge concrete cover. Many armed forces personnel die armed forces personnel die of radiation sickness. of radiation sickness.

► 1988 - Prominent writers 1988 - Prominent writers and intellectuals set up and intellectuals set up Ukrainian People's Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring Movement for Restructuring (Rukh). (Rukh).

► 1990 - Student protests and 1990 - Student protests and hunger strikes bring down hunger strikes bring down governmentgovernment

IndependenceIndependence

► 1991 - Ukraine 1991 - Ukraine declares declares independence independence following attempted following attempted coup in Moscow: coup in Moscow: 90% vote for 90% vote for independence in independence in nationwide nationwide referendum in referendum in December. December. home.nestor.minsk.by/fsunews/ukraine/1994/home.nestor.minsk.by/fsunews/ukraine/1994/

ua119.htmlua119.html

► Early to mid 1990s - About Early to mid 1990s - About 250,000 Crimean Tatars and 250,000 Crimean Tatars and their descendants return to their descendants return to Crimea following collapse of Crimea following collapse of Soviet Union. Soviet Union.

► 1994 - Presidential 1994 - Presidential elections: Leonid Kuchma elections: Leonid Kuchma succeeds Leonid Kravchuk.succeeds Leonid Kravchuk.

► 1997 - Friendship treaty 1997 - Friendship treaty signed with Russia. Ukraine signed with Russia. Ukraine and Russia also reach and Russia also reach agreement on the Black Sea agreement on the Black Sea fleet. fleet.

► 1999 - President Kuchma re-1999 - President Kuchma re-elected.elected. www.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimtatar.htmlwww.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimtatar.html

II. Geography of UkraineII. Geography of Ukraine Eastern Europe, bordering Eastern Europe, bordering

the Black Sea, between the Black Sea, between Poland and Russia Poland and Russia

slightly smaller than Texas slightly smaller than Texas most of Ukraine consists of most of Ukraine consists of

fertile plains (steppes) and fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, mountains being plateaus, mountains being found only in the west (the found only in the west (the Carpathians)Carpathians)

temperate continental; temperate continental; precipitation is highest in precipitation is highest in west and north, lesser in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm inland; summers are warm across the greater part of across the greater part of the country, hot in the south the country, hot in the south

www.meatnpotatoes.com/nations/maps/up-map-big.jpgwww.meatnpotatoes.com/nations/maps/up-map-big.jpg

Populations in UkrainePopulations in Ukraine

Ukrainian77.8%Russian17.3%Belarusian0.6%Moldavan0.5%Crimean Tatar0.5%

Geography of the Crimean Geography of the Crimean PeninsulaPeninsula

► Located in southern Ukraine Located in southern Ukraine ► Juts into the Black Sea and Juts into the Black Sea and

connects to the mainland by a connects to the mainland by a narrow strip of land at Perekopnarrow strip of land at Perekop

► Dry steppes cover more than Dry steppes cover more than two-thirds of the peninsula, two-thirds of the peninsula, and the Crimean mountains in and the Crimean mountains in the south rise up to 1,500 m. the south rise up to 1,500 m.

► The southern coast, protected The southern coast, protected by the mountains, has a mild by the mountains, has a mild climate climate

► The Arabat Spit, which is a The Arabat Spit, which is a sand bar (110 km long) that sand bar (110 km long) that extends northeast from the extends northeast from the Kerch peninsula, separates Kerch peninsula, separates the marshy Sivash Sea from the marshy Sivash Sea from the Sea of Azov. the Sea of Azov.

http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimgeo.htmlhttp://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimgeo.html

► The major cities are Simferopol, The major cities are Simferopol, the capital; Sevastopol, the the capital; Sevastopol, the base of Russian Black Sea Fleet; base of Russian Black Sea Fleet; and Yalta and Evpatoria , major and Yalta and Evpatoria , major tourist areas. Bakhchisaray was tourist areas. Bakhchisaray was the capital of the Crimean the capital of the Crimean Khanate.Khanate.

► Agriculture, tourism, mining, Agriculture, tourism, mining, fishing, and winemaking fishing, and winemaking provide the mainstay in the provide the mainstay in the Crimea. Crimea.

► Farms in the steppes produce Farms in the steppes produce wheat, cotton, tobacco, and wheat, cotton, tobacco, and garden crops. garden crops.

► Health resorts and tourist Health resorts and tourist facilities are found along the facilities are found along the coastal areas. coastal areas.

► There is limited mining (salt There is limited mining (salt beds and iron ores) on the beds and iron ores) on the Kerch peninsula. Kerch peninsula.

freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~cohenscorner/Lechno/maps/Lechno_map_Feodosia.htmfreepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~cohenscorner/Lechno/maps/Lechno_map_Feodosia.htm

http://feefhs.org/maps/ruse/re-crime.html

Crimean PopulationsCrimean Populations

► The population of the The population of the Crimea was Crimea was 2,550,000 in 1991, 2,550,000 in 1991, consisting of Russians consisting of Russians (65%); Ukrainians (65%); Ukrainians (22%); Crimean (22%); Crimean Tatars (10%); and Tatars (10%); and Belorusians, Belorusians, Armenians, Greeks, Armenians, Greeks, Germans, and Germans, and Karaims (3%). Karaims (3%).

Russians65%

Ukrainians22%

CrimeanTatars10%Other 3%

III. Crimea’s HistoryIII. Crimea’s History The Crimean peninsula itself The Crimean peninsula itself

was inhabited by various was inhabited by various peoples. peoples.

The ancient Greeks The ancient Greeks established colonies on the established colonies on the coast in the 6th century B.C. coast in the 6th century B.C.

Later the control of the sea Later the control of the sea ports passed on to the ports passed on to the Romans and eventually the Romans and eventually the Byzantines. Byzantines.

Following the disintegration Following the disintegration of the Golden Horde, of the Golden Horde, Crimean aristocrats Crimean aristocrats established their own established their own Khanate Khanate

www.blacksea-crimea.com/WebAlbums/Khersoness-album/pages/Scan38.htmlwww.blacksea-crimea.com/WebAlbums/Khersoness-album/pages/Scan38.html

www.galenfrysinger.com/tatar_khanate_crimea.htmwww.galenfrysinger.com/tatar_khanate_crimea.htm

► Khanate became Khanate became subject to the subject to the Ottoman rule in Ottoman rule in 1475 1475

► For 300 years the For 300 years the Crimean Khanate Crimean Khanate remained political remained political power in eastern power in eastern Europe, making Europe, making alliances with alliances with Poland, Lithuania, Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden. and Sweden.

www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/ottomap.htmlwww.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/ottomap.html

www.iccrimea.org/reports/18may2002.htmlwww.iccrimea.org/reports/18may2002.html

► In 1783, Russian forces In 1783, Russian forces occupied the Crimea, occupied the Crimea, ending the rule of the ending the rule of the Khanate. Khanate.

► In 1944 deportation of In 1944 deportation of the entire Crimean the entire Crimean Tatar population by Tatar population by Stalin due to the Stalin due to the accusation that they accusation that they were associated with were associated with the Nazi’s. the Nazi’s.

► In 1954, Crimea was In 1954, Crimea was then transferred from then transferred from the RSFSR (Russia) to the RSFSR (Russia) to Ukrainian SSR.Ukrainian SSR.

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► In 1956 they regained civil rights and since the late 1980s In 1956 they regained civil rights and since the late 1980s many have returned to Crimea. many have returned to Crimea.

► With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Crimea therefore became With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Crimea therefore became part of the newly independent Ukraine, a situation resented by part of the newly independent Ukraine, a situation resented by the majority of its population. With the Black Sea Fleet based on the majority of its population. With the Black Sea Fleet based on the peninsula there were worries of armed conflict.the peninsula there were worries of armed conflict.

► With the electoral defeat of the more radical nationalist political With the electoral defeat of the more radical nationalist political forces in Ukraine tension slowly eased. forces in Ukraine tension slowly eased.

http://foto.sevastopol.info/gallery/faces/page007.htmhttp://foto.sevastopol.info/gallery/faces/page007.htm

IndependenceIndependence

► The Crimea proclaimed independence on The Crimea proclaimed independence on May 5May 5thth, 1992 but later it agreed to become , 1992 but later it agreed to become an autonomous territory in the Ukraine.an autonomous territory in the Ukraine.

http://www.ukremb.info/news.phphttp://www.ukremb.info/news.php

IV. Ethnic Russian unrest in IV. Ethnic Russian unrest in CrimeaCrimea

Moderate risk of rebellion in near futureModerate risk of rebellion in near future High levels of cohesion and organizationHigh levels of cohesion and organization

Consistent protests Consistent protests

csf.colorado.edu/roper/ defl-waves/russia.html

SimferopolSimferopol

► This city is the capital of Crimean regionThis city is the capital of Crimean region

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwealth/simferopol_ukraine_tpc_89.jpghttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwealth/simferopol_ukraine_tpc_89.jpg

Why such a big deal?Why such a big deal?

Conflicts with Conflicts with Ukraine central Ukraine central governmentgovernment

No identification with No identification with Ukraine, Crimea, or Ukraine, Crimea, or even Russia, but with even Russia, but with the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union

State-level language State-level language lawslaws

Policies on Tatar Policies on Tatar immigrationimmigration

Conflicts with Conflicts with Crimean Tatars Crimean Tatars

Political agitationPolitical agitation Increased population Increased population

equals pressure on equals pressure on Russian population Russian population and economic and economic resourcesresources

Russians threatened Russians threatened by religious traditions by religious traditions and higher birth ratesand higher birth rates

► As the Crimean Tatars prepare to commemorate the 60th As the Crimean Tatars prepare to commemorate the 60th anniversary of their brutal deportation from their homeland on anniversary of their brutal deportation from their homeland on May 18 1944, organized attacks on Crimean Tatars are May 18 1944, organized attacks on Crimean Tatars are increasing. increasing.

► A group of skinheads stabbed a Crimean Tatar in Simferopol, A group of skinheads stabbed a Crimean Tatar in Simferopol, an incident that later led to a clash in a local cafe. an incident that later led to a clash in a local cafe.

► Anti-Crimean Tatar reporting in the Russian mass media. Anti-Crimean Tatar reporting in the Russian mass media.

Crimean Tatars Recent Crimean Tatars Recent DilemmasDilemmas

http://www.iccrimea.org/reports/18may2002.htmlhttp://www.iccrimea.org/reports/18may2002.html

Black Sea Fleet - HistoryBlack Sea Fleet - History

► Sevastopol was founded as a city after the Russian annexation in 1783 of Crimea. Sevastopol was founded as a city after the Russian annexation in 1783 of Crimea. ► It was strongly fortified and in 1804 became the chief base of the Russian Black Sea fleet. It was strongly fortified and in 1804 became the chief base of the Russian Black Sea fleet. ► In Sept., 1855, the French successfully stormed the fortress and three days later the Russians In Sept., 1855, the French successfully stormed the fortress and three days later the Russians

were forced to abandon Sevastopol. A record has been preserved in were forced to abandon Sevastopol. A record has been preserved in The Tales of SevastopolThe Tales of Sevastopol by by Tolstoy Tolstoy

► In 1890 the city again became a chief naval base for the Russians.In 1890 the city again became a chief naval base for the Russians.► In 1942, German and Romanian troops at last took the city.In 1942, German and Romanian troops at last took the city.► Transferred to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954 and became part of the independent Ukraine in 1991.Transferred to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954 and became part of the independent Ukraine in 1991.► A 1995 agreement called for four fifths of the fleet to fall under Russian control and in 1997 it A 1995 agreement called for four fifths of the fleet to fall under Russian control and in 1997 it

was agreed that Russia would be allowed to base its fleet at Sevastopol for 20 years. was agreed that Russia would be allowed to base its fleet at Sevastopol for 20 years.

Accord Reached on FleetAccord Reached on Fleet

►Two nations spilt BSF 50-50 and Russia Two nations spilt BSF 50-50 and Russia bought back some of the more modern bought back some of the more modern ships.ships.

►Leasing for 20 years is going to cost Leasing for 20 years is going to cost $97.75 million/year for Russia.$97.75 million/year for Russia.

►Ukraine will pay $526 million for use of Ukraine will pay $526 million for use of part of the fleet and $200 million for part of the fleet and $200 million for 1992 transfer of Ukraine’s nuclear 1992 transfer of Ukraine’s nuclear arsenal to Russia.arsenal to Russia.

Crimea as a Vacation Hot Crimea as a Vacation Hot Spot!Spot!

Even though you are going to come to your friend from other part of Even though you are going to come to your friend from other part of Ukraine than Crimea, we strongly recommend you to spend time in Ukraine than Crimea, we strongly recommend you to spend time in Crimea, because it is the most fancy and pleasant place in Ukraine, Crimea, because it is the most fancy and pleasant place in Ukraine, it is the most known and desired resort in Ukraine and your friend it is the most known and desired resort in Ukraine and your friend

would value your decision to spend time here even on winter or fall. would value your decision to spend time here even on winter or fall.

Remember - Crimea in Ukraine is like Florida in the USA.Remember - Crimea in Ukraine is like Florida in the USA.

http://www.crimee.com/book-e.htmlhttp://www.crimee.com/book-e.html

YaltaYalta

► You want to see trees? You want to see trees? Feel a cool breeze on Feel a cool breeze on your sun-blanched skin? your sun-blanched skin? A nice view of the city A nice view of the city lights? Find a place to lights? Find a place to swim, sail, camp, hike, swim, sail, camp, hike, rock climb or mountain rock climb or mountain bike? bike?

► Yalta is the resort center Yalta is the resort center of Crimea. It is a of Crimea. It is a beautiful city. There are beautiful city. There are 14 hotels and 26 14 hotels and 26 sanatorium and sanatorium and boarding houses. boarding houses.

http://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htmhttp://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htm

http://www.yalta.narod.ru/Yalta.jpghttp://www.yalta.narod.ru/Yalta.jpg

Alupkinsky Palace Alupkinsky Palace

http://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htmhttp://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htm

Livadia Palace Livadia Palace

built for Tsar Nicholas II in 1911

http://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htmhttp://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htm

http://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htmhttp://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htm

ForosForos

► The warmest region The warmest region of Crimea. Most of Crimea. Most state residences are state residences are located here. The located here. The rocky walls are rocky walls are about 500 meters about 500 meters directly to the sea, directly to the sea, forming a shallow forming a shallow zone. zone.

http://ukraine.host.sk/foros.htmhttp://ukraine.host.sk/foros.htm

► The church on the 400m The church on the 400m high rock at Foros looks high rock at Foros looks straight out over the straight out over the Black Sea. It also is above Black Sea. It also is above a resort that Gorbachev a resort that Gorbachev was on holiday at when was on holiday at when the military coup took the military coup took place in Moscow. He was place in Moscow. He was held under house arrest held under house arrest there, while the news there, while the news media gave out the lie media gave out the lie that he was sick and that he was sick and receiving medical receiving medical treatment in Crimea. treatment in Crimea.

http://ukraine.host.sk/foros.htmhttp://ukraine.host.sk/foros.htm

GurzufGurzuf► A cozy settlement of A cozy settlement of

Gurzuf is not far from Gurzuf is not far from Yalta in one of the Yalta in one of the most beautiful most beautiful valleys of Crimea cut valleys of Crimea cut by the Avinda River. by the Avinda River.

http://www.extremetour.dp.ua/foto/pesh012002/gurzuf.jpghttp://www.extremetour.dp.ua/foto/pesh012002/gurzuf.jpg

► Natural landscapes are perfectly complemented by Natural landscapes are perfectly complemented by the old parks and vineyards scattered on the the old parks and vineyards scattered on the mountain slopes. Wonderful natural conditions and mountain slopes. Wonderful natural conditions and the purest air filled with the aromas of the the purest air filled with the aromas of the mountains, sea, and parks, make Gurzuf one of the mountains, sea, and parks, make Gurzuf one of the best places to vacation.best places to vacation.

http://vlad.gurzuf.ru/photo/index.phphttp://vlad.gurzuf.ru/photo/index.php

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