Plan 1. Industrialization of Ukraine. 2. Collectivization. The famine 3. Big terror

Industrialization of Ukraine. In 1928 Ukraine received over 20% of the

total investments that meant that from 1500 new industrial enterprises, established in the USSR, 400 of them accounted for Ukraine.

But such achievements required mobilization of all workers’ forces.

Mass medias always called worker to execute the plan and to work under the schedule.

In 1940 the industrial potential of Ukraine in eight times exceeded the level of 1913.

Ukraine turned to one of the leading industrial countries in Europe.

The industrialisation bought about a dramatic economic and social transformation in traditionally agricultural Ukraine.

The massive influx of the rural population to the industrial centres increased the urban population from 19 to 34 percent.

Collectivization. Soviet industrial development plans were

supposed that government could buy cheap grain from the peasants.

It could give it possibility to provide with the bread the growing labors in the cities and to sell it abroad, benefits from it used for financing the industrialization.

But peasants considered that offered by the government prices (often they accounted only one eighth from the market) too low and refused to sell products. It’s why the government began mass collectivization.

Those who greatly withstood were shot or mass removed to the camps of forced labor to the North of Russia or to Siberia.

The most widespread of its form became deportation. Hundred thousands of peasants were drove away from their houses, sat to the product trains and went out the thousand kilometers to the North of Russia, where they were leaved among the arctic desert, often without food and shelter.

About 850 thousands were deported to the North, where a lot of them especially children died. Such way the great part of the most capable of working and productive masters in Ukraine ceased to exist.

Goals Modernize soviet agriculture by

modern equipment using the latest scientific methods.

Increase agricultural production. Put agriculture under the control of

the state.

Industrialization Without Collectivization? Industrialization could have been

achieved without any collectivization

However:•Would take much longer than Stalin's ultra-rapid version. •Would leave the Soviet Union far behind the West.•Possibly result in a victory for Germany in WWII.

Comparative Growth: Industrial Production Average Annual Growth (%)

12.3%

5.5%

1.9%

4.7% 4.4%

2.5%

U.S.S.R U.S.A. Britain Germany France0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

Percent Growth

The famine The famine of 1932—1933 became for

Ukrainians the same as Golokhost for Jews and slaughter of 1915 for Armenians.

The most important in the tragedy of famine is that it was possible to escape it.

The yield of 1932 was only 12% lower the average measures of 1926-1930.

Ignoring calls and warnings of the Ukrainian communists, in 1932 Stalin raised the plan of grain purchase by 44%.

The cruelty of the regime, doomed million of people to death from starving, which could be called just artificial.

Series of means, performed in 1932, evidenced about indifference of the regime to people suffering.

Party activists received legal right to confiscate the grain from collective farms, the shameful law, providing the death penalty for stealing of “social property”, came into force.

For not allowing the peasants to leave collective farms in search of food, it was implemented the system of internal passports.

In November Moscow issued the law, which prohibited giving peasants grain, until the execution of the government storage plan.

The famine extending during 1932 gained the terrible force at the beginning of 1933. Remaining without the bread, the countrymen eat cats, dogs, rest, barks, and leaves. The cases of cannibalism also took place.

Also it was considered that the famine was a mean of weakness of Ukrainian nationalism for Stalin

Till the recent time the soviet opposition turned to refusal of the fact of famine.

Big terror Industrialization and collectivization more and

more led to the bigger concentration of the power in Moscow.

Systematically eliminating almost all aspects of autonomy, Stalin aspired to turn Ukraine into the administrative unit of Soviet Union.

The regime planned to annihilate the whole groups of people: priests, former participants of antibolshevik wars, those, who went abroad or had relatives there, immigrants from Galychina.

With regard to the lack of information it is difficult to determine the general quantity of human losses, caused by Stalin’s terror

About 500 thousand persons were put to death and from 3 to 12 millions were sent to camps during 1937 and 1939.

For that time the control for all areas of life was completely concentrated in Moscow

With centralization came russification To the end of ten years after cleaning by the

national communists, the majority of members of the highest party’s government and the state of Ukraine were Russians.

In literature political principle emphasized that all outstanding Ukrainian poets and writers of the past had been developed under the wholesome effect of Russia.

Time Magazine’s Man Of The Year

•Iosif Stalin (1879 – 1953)•1939 - he switched the balance of power in Europe by signing a "non-aggression pact" with Hitler. •1942 - he helped to stop Hitler and opened the door of opportunity for allied troops.

References 1. Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History.

Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988). 2. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians:

Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).

3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003).

4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).

5. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes.