PREGLEDNI RAD '" '- '' ' i . ' REVIEW UDC/UDK 336.773:338.48-44(1-22)

'" ' JELclassification:E51 L83

Sasa Vujic i , ,vULOGA I PERSPEKTIVA MIKROKREDITNIH ORGANIZACIJA

U RAZVOJU SEOSKOG TURIZMA

THE ROLE AND PERSPECTIVE OF MICRO CREDIT ORGANIZATIONSIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TOURISM

SAZETAK: U ovom radu analizira se poslovanje mikrokreditnih organizaeija i plasman mikrok-redita u podruiju turizma i seoskog turizma, kao i uCinci koristenja mikrokredita u kreiranju ponudeseoskog turizma u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH). Osnova za ovu analizu su pokazatelji o poslovanju ko-risnika kredita i pokazatelji o njihovoj materijalno-nnancijskoj i socijalnoj situaciji. Shodno tome,ocijenjena je i uloga koju mikrokreditne organizacije imaju i mogu imali kao podrska razvoju seoskogturizma, cijenei iznad svega Cinjenicu da se kao potencijalni ponudai usluga u oblasti seoskog turi-zma najCesce pojavljuju pojedinci i domacinstva ija materijalna i ekonomska situacija ne omoguavanjihovo "kvalificiranje" za dobivanje bankarskih kredita. Mikrokreditne organizacije vide perspektivurazvoja kroz kreiranje podrSke razvoja ponude seoskog turizma, a time i poboljsanja socijalno-eko-nomskog stanja u BiH, kao i omogucavanje pojedincima i domacinstvima da organiziraju i zaponuvlastiti posao u podruju seoskog turizma. Prezentirat ce se moguci oblici podrskc mikrokreditnih or-ganizaeija razvoju seoskog turizma i ostalih oblika turizma izvedeni iz istraz:ivanja iskustava steCenihu primjeni mikrokreditne i drugih oblika financijske podrske u komparativnim sredinama, koje su naosnovu kreiranja kvalitetnog sustava financiranja i drugih oblika podrske osiguralc znaCajnc pozitivneuCinke u razvoju turizma.

K L J U C N E R U E C I : mikrokreditne organizacije, mikrokrediti, seoski turizam.SUMMARY: This paper analyzes the operations of micro-credit organizations and the disburse-

ment of micro-credits in the field of tourism and rural tourism, as well as ihe effects of micro-creditsutilization in creating rural tourism offer in B&H. The analysis is based on operations of credit bene-ficiaries and indicator.? on their material-financial and social situation, ln accordance v/ith this, therole which micro-credit organization have, and can have, for supporting the development of rural lou-rism has been assessed, taking into the account above all the fact that individuals and householdswhose material and economic situation does not enable their "qualification" for receiving a loan fromcommercial banks are most often seen as potential suppliers in the field of rural tourism. Micro-credilorganizations see this perspective through the creation, and support, for development of rural tourismoffer, and by doing so, improvements in the socio-economic condition in B&H. as well as enablingindividual and households to organize and start iheir own businesses in the tield oi rural tourism. Thispaper presents possible forms of support by micro-credit organizations lo the development of rural to-urism, and other forms of lourism, drawn from experiences acquired in the application of micro-creditand other forms of fmancial supports in similar environments, which are based on creating a soundsystem of financing and other torms of support ensuring significant positive effects in the develop-ment of tourism.

KEY WORDS: micro-credit organization, micro-credits, rural tourism.

Saa Vujic. vii asistan! na Katedri za marketing Ekonomskog fakulteta u Sarajevu. Trg oslobodenja - AlijaIzetbegovit 1.71000 Sarajevo. BIH, E-mail: sasa.vujic@efsa.unsa.baSala Vuji, Senior Assistnat at ttie Marketing Department. Faculty of Economics in Sarajevo. Trg oslobodenja -Alija Izetbegovic 1.71000 Sarajevo. BIH. e-mail: sasa.vujic@efsa.unsa,ba

s. Vuji; Uloga i perspektiva inikrokreditnih organizacija u razvoju seoskog lurizma

1. UVOD

Mikrokrediti i mikrokreditne organiza-cije u BiH pojavijuju sc prvi put 1995. go-dine nakon rata, Pojava mikro-kreditiranjauvjelovana je nastojanjcm da se ubiaze ne-gativni uiinci razliCitih prirodnih, ekonom-skih i socijalnih poremecaja i posljedicakoje ih prate. U poslijeratnom razdoblju dr-iava i stanovnistvo BiH suoClli su sc scnormnim problemima siromastva, razruse-nim privrcdnim kapacitetima i unistetiimmaterijalnim i Ijudskim potencijalima te nc-sagiedivim ekonomskim i socijalnim pore-mccajima koje su Izazvala ratna dogadanja.Karakteristina slika ekonomski unitenihsustava uvjetovala je kreiranje specifiCneponude financijskih usluga. KljuCni faktorrazvoja ovakvog oblika ponude koncipiranje i osmiSljen na razini medunarodnc zajed-nice i aktivnoslima Svjetske banke - WorldBank (WB) usmjcrenih na pomo u razvoju.On je, prije svcga, modus da se na pristupa-an i prihvatljiv naCin kreira sustav plasira-nja raspolozivih sredstava u obliku pozaj-mica. Na ovaj naCin omoguceno je efikas-nijc koristenje ograniCenih sredstava uusporedbi sa klasinlm oblicima doniranja ipoklona ugrozenim regijama, pojedincima izajednicama.

SiromaSni stanovnici, koji obiCno nisuzaposleni, ne mogu koristiti usluge uobia-jenih financijskih institucija, prije svega ba-naka. koje su kljuCni nositelj ponude finan-cijskih izvora i kredita. Oni su kreditno nes-posobni i ne mogu niti u jednoj banci uzetikrcdit kako bi osigurali odredeni izvor fi-nanciranja normalnih zivotnih aktivnosti ilipokrenuli osobni mali busines.s kao alterna-tivu zaposijavanju i radnom angaz.manu udrugim institucijama. Takvo siromasno sta-novnistvo, u pravilu, nema kvaliletne imo-vine koja bi im posluzila kao hipoteka zagaranciju otplate kredita. A upravo ovaj se-gment ima najvece potrebe za osiguranjemizvora financiranja za razliCite namjene i

1. INTRODUCTION. ' I

Micro-credits and micro-credit organiza-tion in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH)emerged in 1995, after the war in B&H. Theemergence of micro-crediting is an attempt toease the negative effects of various natural,economic and social disturbances and the ac-companying consequences. During the post-war period, the State and citizens of B&Hwere faced with enormous poverty, anddecimated economic, material and humanpotential, also immeasurable economic, aswell as social disturbances caused by the war.This typical picture of economically ruinedsystem engendered the creation of this spe-cific supply of financial services. The keyfactor in the development of such a form ofsupply has been drafted and made meaningfulby the International Community and throughthe activities of the World Bank (WB), whichare aimed towards supporting these develop-ments. Above all else, it represents an op-portunity to create a system of disbursingavailable assets in the form o accessibleloans. This manner enables a more efficientutilization of liniited assets in comparison toihe classic forms of donations and gifts to en-dangered areas, individuals and communities.

Poor citizens, who are usually not em-ployed, cannot use the services of typical fi-nancial institutions, primarily banks, whichrepresent the key bearer of financial sourcesand loans. They are not able to get loans,and they attempt to do so to ensure adequateliving standard or to start their own smallbusiness as an alternative to employmentand work arrangement in other institutions.Such a poor population does not have anyproperty, which could serve as collateral forrepayment. This segment of population hasthe greatest for sources of financing for va-rious needs, and even for ensuring one's ex-istence, i.e., starting up their own businesswhich will enable a permanent and secure

198 Acta turstica. Vol 19 (2007). No 2. pp 101-228

Cak za osiguranje osobnog opstanka, odno-sno pokretanje posla koji e osigurati stalni isiguran izvor sredstava za nanciranjc zi-votnih funkcija.

"Mikrokreditne organizacije (MKO) uBiH registrirane su kao neprofitne i nevla-dine organizacije koje ne uzimaju depozit. akojima je osnovna aktivnost davanje mikro-kredita za socijalno najugrozeniju popuia-ciju, u cilju razvoja poduzetnistva". Nepro-fitne organizacije imaju za cilj ostvariti nekivisi drustveni cilj, a ne stvarati profit." Trzi-Ste mikrokreditnih organizacija je segmentstanovnistva koji ne moze koristiti redovnebankarske kredite jer ne ispunjava osnovncuvjete bankarskog sustava. Ovaj dio stanov-nistva u pojedinim regijama BiH dostize ido 40%.'

U Poljskoj gotovo dva milijuna doma-instava s niskim prihodima treba mikro-kredite za financiranje svojih sadaSnjih mi-kro-poslova ili za realizaciju svojih zelja zasamozapoSljavanje. Samo tri posto njih jetrenutno realizirano. Kome su potrebni mi-kro-krediti i kakvo je ovo truste? Trzistemikrokredita u Poljskoj Cini 29% domain-stava s niskim prihodima i ukupno ima 1,98milijuna mikro-poduzetnika s niskim priho-dima. Sedamnaest posto triSta su postojea

source of assets for financing the a normalstandard of living.

Micro-credit organizations (MCO) inB&H are registered as nonprofit and nongov-ernmental organization which do not collectdeposits, and whose key activity is the pro-visioning of micro-credits to socially endan-gered population, with a goal of developingentrepreneurship".' NonproUt organizationshave a greater social goal, not just making aprofit." The market of micro-credit organiza-tions represents the segment of a populationwhich cannot access regular bank loans be-cause they do not meet the conditions setforth by the banking system. This segment ofthe population in certain B&H regions isreaching levels up to 40% of the population.^

In Poland, almost 2 million householdswith low incomes need micro-credit to fi-nance their current microbusinesses or toimplement of their desires of self-employ-ment. Only 3% of them have been served.''The questions are: who needs micro-credilsand what is this market like? The micro-crediting market in Poland makes up 29% oflow-income households and there is a totalof 1.98 million low-income microentrepre-neurs. Existing microcompanies account for

Dunn E.. (2005), "Uticaj mikrokredita na klijenle u BiH". Projekt lokalnih inicijativa. str, 11.Dunn E,, (2005), "The impact of micro-credits on clients in BiH". Local Initiatives Project, pg, IIKotier. P, A. Andersen. (1996). "Strategic Marketing for Non Profit Organisation". Prentice Hall. Inc. str, 30 i31,Federalni zavod za statistiku i Zavod za statistiku RS. .,Anketa o mjerenju iivotnog standarda u BiH". Anketaprovedena u jesen 2001, godine, navedene staiisiiCke organizacije u BiH, broj stranica: 371,Federal Bureau for Statistics and Bureau for Statistics of the RS... Survey on measurement of living standars inBiH". survey conducted in the Fall of 2001. listed statistical orgaizaton in BiH. number of pages: 371Studije financirane od Europskog investicijskog fonda (Jerenie inicijativa) provedcnc su u 2006, godini koris-tedi MFC set alata za analizu razvoja triiSta u konsultaciji sa sudionicima u procesu. Napravljena je studija po-nude koritenjem ankete i analize sekundamih podataka, Studija potrainje je bazirana na Cetiri fokusne grupc idvije driavne ankete ( i ,020 domainstava s niskim prihodom i jo jedan dodatni uzorak od 203 mikro-poduzet-nika), Domainstvo s niskim prihodom u Poljskoj je deflnirano kao domacinstvo ispod mediana ekvivalentnogprihoda (per capita) - 850 zloty ( 1 euro = 3,9 PLN), blizu minimalnoj socijalnoj stopi siromatva.Studies, fmanced by the European Investment Fund (Jerenie initiative) were carried out in 2006 by using theMFC set of tools for analyzing the market development in consulations with pariticpans in the process. Thestudy was conducted by using surveys and analysis of the secondary data. The study of the supply is based on 4focus groups and two Stale suveys ( 1020 low-income household and another additional sample of 203 micro-en treprenurs.) Low-incoe household in Poland is defmed as a household below the median equvivalent to theincome (per capita)- 850 zloty (1 euro = 3,9 PLN), close to minimal social rate of poverty.

s. Vuji: Uloga i perspektiva mikrokreditnih organizacija u razvoju seoskog turizma 199

mikro-poduzea, a 83% Cine potencijalnipokretai posia (domainstva s niskim pri-hodima koja te^e samozaposljavanju). Samotri posto trenutno koristi mikro-kredit. Ne-dostatak kapitala je vazan izazov za gotovo40% sadanjih poduzetnika i onih koji teiesamozaposljavanju. Na poetku je postojaoprilino mali broj potencijalnih i postojedihmikro-poduzetnika koji su razmatrali mogu-nost vanjskog fmanciranja svog posla. Me-dutim, Cim se izlozi koncept mikro-kredila,zanimanje za fmanciranje posla se utrostruCiu odnosu na njihove ranije planove. PrimjerPoijske nije jedini ovakav primjer u Europi.

2. MOGUNOSTI RAZVOJAODRZIVOG TURIZMA U BIH

Veina mikro-kredita koristena je za po-drlku i Tmanciranje aktivnosti u podruCjutrgovine i proizvodnje, a odmah nakon togapoljoprivrede. Struktura mikro-kredita plasi-ranih u BiH medu korisnicima pokazuje daje udio turistiCke djelatnosti nizak.'' Ukolikoovu dinjenicu promatramo iz Perspektiveuinaka turizma na drustvo i ekonomski ra-zvoj, brojnih sudionika turistiCkih putovanjau domaim i medunarodnim razmjerima teuCinaka koje ova putovanja imaju, moze sezakIjuCiti da turizam nema premca u nekojsliCnoj pojavi u okvirima suvremenog svi-jeta. To onda znaCajno rclativizira nizakudio koriStenja mikro-kredita u podruCju tu-rizma, odnosno otvara problem "sirine pro-matranja", tj. ukljuCivanja niza aktivnostikoje konvergiraju turistiCkoj djelatnosti ikoje imaju razIiCite udinke od organiziranjaposjeta i trosenja.

U analizu utjecaja valja ukljuCiti uCinke,kao i dobit koja e se pojaviti u sferi razIiCi-tih djelatnosti koje su predmet podrske turi-

17% of the market and 83% of the marketrepresent potential clients who wish to startup their own businesses (low-income house-hold who strive towards self-employment).Only 3% of them are currently utilizing amicro-credit. The lack of capital is an im-portant challenge for almost 40% of currententrepreneurs and those who have difficul-ties in self-employment. In the beginning,there were a relatively small number of po-tential and existing microentrepreneurs whoconsidered the possibility of externally fi-nancing their businesses. However, as soonas the concept of micro-crediting is pre-sented, the interest for business financingtriples in comparison to their previous plans.Poland is not the only example in Europe.^

2. POSSIBILITIES OFDEVELOPMENT OFSUSTAINABLE TOURISM INBOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Most of micro-credits were used for sup-porting and financing activities in the field oftrade and production, as well as in agricul-ture. The structure ol' disbursed micro-creditsamong beneficiaries in BH shows that par-ticipation in tourist activities is low.'' If weconsider this fact from the perspective of theeffect tourism has on society, and in eco-nomic development, numerous participants intravel arrangements in domestic and interna-tional proportions, and effects which thesetravels have, it can be concluded that tourismdoes not have a similar counterpart within theframework of the modem world. In return,this significantly low participation of micro-credits utilization in the field of tourism, thatis, it opens up the issue of "breadth of consid-eration", in terms of the inclusion of vai'ious

Micha! Maiul. MFC. Justyna Pytlcowska. MFC. Marcin Rataj, "MICROFINANCE in Central and Eastern Eu-rope and the New Independent States", MFC. 2/2007.LID, (2003), Projekat lokalnih inicijativa II, "Godinji izvjetaj za 2003. godinu". LIP 11 Sarajevo i LIP 11 BanjaLukaLID, (2003), Local initiftive Project il, "Annual report for 2003". LIP li Sar^evo and LIP li Banja Luka

200 Acta turistica. Vol 19(2007). No 2, pp 101-228

zmu, kao sto su trgovina. smjestaj. ugosti-teljstvo, razne usluge i sliCno. Jasno je da serazIiCite aktivnosti financiraju mikro-kredi-tima indirektno vezanim za turizam i da seosjeaju pozitivni uinci na turistiCka kreta-nja, odnosno da kvaliteta te ponude i uslugadoprinosi kreiranju kompleksnog turistiCkogproizvoda. Na turistiCkom trzistu se susreu,isprepliu i na odredeni naCin povezuju medusobno odreduju turistiCka ponuda i tu-ristiCka potraZnja.^

Upravo se u ekoloSki najoCuvanijim i zaodrzivi (ekoloski i seoski) turizam najpogo-dnijim dijelovima Bosne i Hercegovine na-lazi brojno nezaposleno stanovnitvo bezredovnib primanja, na Cemu se temelje tvrd-nje 0 potrebi i mogunosti aktiviranja MKOna ovom polju. Odluujuci faktori na kojimase danas temelje suvremeni turistiCki tokovisu sljedei: ekologija i ukupni ambijent ukojem turist putuje ili se odmara, kultura.sigurnost u tijeku boravka i putovanja tezdravlje."

Uloga i znaCaj turizma na ekonomskeuCinke i ekonomski razvoj drzave, odnosnoudio turizma u generiranju drustvenog brutoproizvoda (DBP) i zaposljavanja, prema re-zultatima i izvjetajima Svjetske turistiCkeorganizacije - World Tourism Organization(WTO) te drzavnih statistiCkih zavoda, neu-pitni su. Prema posljednjim pokazateljimaSvjetske turistiCke organizacije, turizamznaCajno utjeCe na formiranje DBP-a, doksu njegovi indirektni uCinci mnogo vei i te-sko ih je izdvojiti jer se mjere kroz razvoj iutjecaj niza usluznih djelatnosti. trgovine iusluga. Ponekad se Cak udio financijskogsektora u kreiranom DBP-u vise uoCava kodzemalja u razvoju i nerazvijenih zemalja,obzirom na Cinjenicu daje ostatak industrijenerazvijen ili nedovoljno razvijen. Ovakvu

other work activities with tourism, and whichhave different effects then those of organizingvisits and spending.

We need to set things "wide enough" toinclude in the impact analysis the effects, aswell as gains which will arise in various fieldswhich support in tourism, such as trade,accommodation, services and similar. It isclear that various activities financed throughmicro-crediting services are indirectly tied totourism and that as such feel the positive ef-fect of tourism activities through the qualityof its offer and services which contribute tothe creation of complex tourist products.Tourist supply and tourism demand are on thetoudst market meeting, overlapping and incertain cases are connected.'

Ecological and sustainable (ecologicaland rural) tourism are the most suitable partsof Bosnia and Herzegovina with high unem-ployment and unsteady income. There is aclear need and possibility of activating MCOin this field. The key factors which moderntourist flows are based on today are: ecologyand total ambiance which a passenger istraveling to or is resting at, culture, safetyduring the stay, and travel and health.**

According to reports by the WorldTourism Organization (WTO) and the StateBureaus for Statistics, the role and impor-tance of tourism on the economy and eco-nomic development of the country, isunquestionable. According to the latestWTO indicators, tourism significantly im-pacts the formation of GDP, while its indi-rect effects are even greater. It is, however,difficult to single them out because they aremeasured through development and theirimpact on various service activities andtrade. Sometimes, the participation of the fi-nancial sector in GDP creation is more

Vukonic B.. (t983), "Marketing u turizmu". Agencija za mariieting - Vjesnik, Zagreb, str. 33Vukonic B.. (1983), "Marketing in tourism", Marketing Agency- Vjesnik, Zagreb,pg.33Caviek Nevenka, (I99S), "Turoperatori i svjetski turizam". Golden marketing, Zagreb, str. 243Caviek Nevenka, ( 1998) "Touropeialior and world tourism". Golden marketing, Zagreb, pg.243

s. Vuji: Uloga i perspektiva mikrokreditnih organizaeija u razvoju seoskog turizma 201

situaciju nalazimo i u Bosni i Hercegovini isusjednim zemljama.''

Usporedo s poveanjem broja posjetite-lja na odredcnom prostoru dolazi do pove-anja potrosnje. Onog Irenutka kad sc ti tro-skovi usmjeravaju na placanje prema poslu(plaanjc razliCitih raCuna). oni poCinju ge-nerirati lanac placanja za place i zarade, zanove zaposlene i financijski priliv (kamate)na dugovanja i potencijalno gencriraju pro-fit. U isto vrijeme, dr?,avni prihodi rastu kaoposljedica turistiCke aktivnosti, osobnih pri-hoda zapoSIjavanja i prinosa na kapital."*

noted with developing countries and unde-veloped countries considering that the restof the economy is not developed or at leastnot developed enough. Such a situation isalso seen in Bosnia and Herzegovina andneighboring countries.'^

The parallel to an increase in the numberof visitors to a certain place and an increasein their spending is noted. During timeswhen spending is directed towards payingvarious bills, they start to generate a chainof payments for salaries and incomes fornew employees and financial inflow (inter-est) on debt and potentially generate profit.At the same time, the state income is grow-ing as a consequenee of tourist activity, per-sonal employment income and yields oncapital.'"

Slika I. Lanac ekonomskih prednosti turizma

Izvor: Organization of American States, Inter-American Travel Congresses Permanent Secretariat,(1997), "Sustaining Tourism hy Managing Financial and Human Resources". XVll Inler-American

Travel Congress 7 - II April, 997. San Jose, Costa Rica, OEA/Ser.KM!. 18, TURlSMO-oc.I,Jaunary 31, 997, Original: English, str. 6.

Babi-Hoiovi. V. Tesche, J.. (2006), "FDI and Banking sector Development" IMDA Conference. Sarajevo.'" Organization of American States, Inter-Amchcan Travel Congresses Permanent Secretariat, ( 1997), "Sustaining

Tourism by Managing Financial and Human Resources". XVII Inter-American Travel Congress 7 - 1 1 April.1997, San Jose. Cosla Riea, 0EA/Ser.K.II1.18. TURlSMO-doc . l Jaunary 31, 1997, Original: English, sir. 5.

202 Acta turistica. Vol 19 (2007). No 2. pp 101-228

Figure J: The chain of economic advantages of tourism

Visitors

Spending byvisitors

Inflow torbusiness

/Capital income

\ X

Income fromemploy m.

Employment

State income

y/1

Source: Organization of American States. Inter-American Travel Congresses Permanent Secretariat.{1997), "Sustaining Tourism by Managing Financial and Human Resources". XVII nter-American

Travel Congress 7-1J April. 997, San Jose. Costa Rica. 0EA/Ser.K.lU.i8. TURlSMO-doc.l.January 31, 997. Original: English, pg. 6.

Svjetska turistiCka organizacija u svojimizvjeStajima istiie daje turistiCka destinacijakoja nudi "sunce i pijesak" u danasnjim uv-jetima "ostarjela kao triiste" i predvida dace rast potraznje za ovakvim destinacijama isadrzajima mirovati."

OCekuje se da "iskustveni" turizam -onaj koji obuhvaca ekoturizam, turizam te-meljen na prirodnim resursima, kulturni, se-oski i blago avanturistiCki turizam, raste br-zim tempom izmedu 2000. i 2020. godine.'^Ovo potvrduju podaci o trostruko bremrastu ekoturizma i prinosa na ovom podru-Cju u odnosu na masovni turizam. Postoji

The World Tourism Organizationstresses, in its reports, that those tourist des-tinations which offer "sun and sand" in cur-rent conditions are "as old as the market"and anticipates that growth in demand forSuch destination and programs will stag-nate."

It is expected that "empiricai" tourism,which includes ecotourism, nature, culture,rural and slightly adventurous tourism, willgrow at very fast pace between 2000 and2020.'^ They confirm tbis by the data onthree times faster growth of ecotourism andthe higher returns in this field in comparison

' WTO (2004), "Globalna prognoza i profiti trzisnih scgmenata", Sv. 7 "Vizija tarizma u 2020. godini"WTO (2004), "Global forecast and profits of the market segmetns ", . 7, "The vision of tourism in 2020."

'- WTO (2004), "Globalna prognoia i profiti tranih segtncnata", Sv. 7 "Vizija turizma u 2020. godini"WTO (2004), "Global forecast and profils of the market segmetns ", . 7, "The vision of tourism in 2020."

s. Vuji: Uloga i perspektiva mikrokreditnih organizacija u razvoju seoskog turizma

snaina i rastua potraznja potroSaCa za turi-zmom vise kvalitete, koji "ima osjeaj zakulturu i zivotnu sredinu".'^ Najnovija sta-tistika Ecotrans-a iz Njcmaike pokazuje sli-Cnu potra/nju za odrzivim ekoturizmom:

- 20 do 30% putnika su svjesni potreha ivrijednosti odrzivog turizma,

- 10 do 20% trazi "zelenu" mogucnostuz svoje putovanje,

- 5 do 10% zahtijeva "zeleni" odmor i neputuju dok se ne uvjcrc da kompanijekoje oni koriste ne prakticiraju odrziviturizam,

Ecotrans zakIjuCuje da postojee trziSteza ekoturizam i odrzivi turizam pokriva oko10% i da ono moiie porasti do 30% ukupnogturistiikog trzista {Ecotrans 2004),'"'

Prema rezultatima ovog istrazivanja, cu-ropski turisti koji traze ekoturizam i odrziviturizam su lideri ovog misljenja. koji pitaju ipriCaju svojim prijateijima i kolegama osvojim putovanjima na odmor i koji birajulokaciju za svoj odmor na osnovu usmenepreporuke. Oni su iskusni putnici koji suneovisni i ne vole prcnatrpane ture, visegstupnja obrazovanja i bogatiji od prosjeCnogputnika te su obiCno srednje starosne dobi ilistariji.

Proizlazi da su oni koji tez.e za odrzivimturizmom snazan i utjecajan segment potro-saCke javnosti i da ih kao takvc treba privuii koristiti u dvostupanjskom modelu komu-niciranja s potencijalnim posjetiteljima Bo-sne i Hercegovine kao ekoloski oiuvane tu-ristiCke destinacije. U cilju osiguranja odr-Zivog razvoja turizma i stvaranja pretpo-stavki za integrirano odrzivo upravljanje tu-ristiCkom destinacijom neophodno je osigu-

to mass tourism. There is a strong andgrowing demand for tourism of higher qual-ity, which "has a feeling for culture and theenvironment".'^ The latest statistics of theEcotrans from Germany are showing similardemand for sustainable ecotourism;

- 20 to 30% of travelers are aware of theneeds and value of sustainable tourism,

- 10 to 20% says that they are lookingfor "green" possibilities along withtheir travel,

- 5 to 10% say that they are demanding"green" vacation and that they will nottravel until they are certain that thecompany they use practices sustainabletourism.

Ecotrans concludes that the existing mar-ket for ecotourism and sustainable tourismcovers around 10%, and that it can grow to30% of the total tourist market (Ecotrans2004)."'

According to the results of this re-search, European tourists who are lookingfor ecotourism and sustainable tourism arethe leaders of this opinion, who arc askingand telling their friends and colleaguesabout their travels and vacations, and whochose their location for holidays based onverbal instructions. They are experiencedtravelers, who are independent and do notlike overbooked tours, they have higherlevels of education, they are richer than theaverage traveller and arc usually middleaged or older.

Consequently, those who seek sustain-able tourism are a strong and influentialsegment of the travelling public and theyneed to be attracted and used as mode ofcommunication with the potential visitors toBosnia and Herzegovina, as an ecologically

Honey. M., (2005). "Pregled Programa za razvoj planinskog turizma u Cmoj Gori". The International Ecotou-rism Society. 11, maj 2(X)5,Honey. M,. (2005). "Overview of the program for development of the mountain tourism in Montenegro". TheInternational Ecotourism Society, May 11. 2O()5,

'* Ibidem, - ^- .

204 Acta turistica. Vol 19 (2007). No 2. pp 101-228

rati prlmjenu UNEP principa. " Na taj nainje moguce integrirati turizam u ukupnu po-litiku odrzivog razvoja kroz:

- usvajanje strategije na drzavnoj razini,- medusobnu koordinaciju i kooperaciju

agencija,- integrirano upravljanje ograniCenim

resursima na bazi rjesavanja konfliktau procesu koristenja resursa.

Da bi se osigurala ravnoteza odrzivograzvoja turizma i sireg ekonomskog razvoja,druStveni ciljevi i ciljevi okoiine na drzav-noj i lokalnoj razini moraju biti postavljenina bazi drzavne strategije razvoja turizma.Istovremeno je u sferi integriranja, koordi-nacije i kooperacije neophodno osigurati:

- JaCanje koordinacije izmedu turistiCkepolitlke, planskog razvoja i upravljanjana dravnoj i lokalnoj razini.

. - Jaanje uloge lokalnih autoriteta u up-ravljanju i kontroli u podruCju turizma,ukljuCujui osiguranje kapaciteta zarazvoj turizma.

- Osigurati da svi dioniari, ukljuCujucidrzavne agencije i lokalne autoritete,budu ukIjuCeni u razvoj i Implementa-ciju turistiCkih aktivnosti.

- Odrzavati ravnotezu s drugim ekonom-skim aktivnostima i koristenjem pHro-dnib resursa u ovom podruCju I procje-njivati troskove i prednosti za okolis.

Obzirom na odsutnost odgovarajuegznanja (a ponekad Cak i interesa) za njihovuprimjenu od raziiCitih turistiCkih ageneija iorganizacija u BiH, MKO bi u podruCjuusavravanja i osiguranja konzultantskih iaktivnosti podrske individualnim ponuda-Cima i korisnicima mikrokredita mogle osi-gurati znaCajne pretpostavke za uspjesnodjelovanje i Cak prosirenje svoje misije, a

preserved tourist destination. With a goal ofensuring sustainable development of tourismand the creation of an assumption for inte-grated sustainable management of touristdestination, it is necessary to ensure the ap-plication of UNEP principles' . In this man-ner, it is possible to integrate tourism intothe overall policy of sustainable develop-ment through:

- Adoption of a strategy at the govern-ment level,

- Mutual coordination and cooperationof agencies,

- Integrated management of limited re-sources, based on resolving conflicts inthe process of utilizing resources.

In order to ensure a balance betweensustainable tourism development and widereconomic development, social and environ-mental goals at the government and locallevels have to be set based on the country'sstrategy for tourism development.

At the same time in the sphere of inte-gration, coordination and cooperation it isnecessary to ensure:

- Strengthening of coordination amongtourism policy, planned developmentand management on the governmentand local levels.

- Strengthening the role of local authori-ties in the management and control inthe field of tourism, including ensuringcapacity for the development of tourism.

- Ensure that all stakeholders, includingthe government agencies and local au-thorities are involved in the develop-ment and implementation of touristactivities.

- Preserve balance between other econo-mic activities and the utilization ofnatural resources in this field, andassess the costs and advantages to theenvironment.

'* UNEP Procution and Consumption Branchs - Tourism, Destination Management - Agenda 21, BiologicalDiversity and Tourism.

s. Vuji: Uloga i perspektiva mikrokreditnih organizacija u l'azvoju seoskog turizma 205

time i pretpostavki za ostvarivanje dodatnihsredstava za financiranje svojih aktivnosti.

3. MIKROKREDITNEORGANIZACIJE U FUNKCIJIPODRSKE TURISTIKEPONUDE

Povezivanje MKO. mikrokreditiranja iseoskog turizma mogue je ostvariti krozpodrSku ulaganju u Citav splet aktivnostikoje predstavljaju razIiCite dimenzije turis-tiCke ponude. Radi se, prije svega, o:

a) smjestajnim kapacitetima (uredenjukuca, dijelova kuca i soba),

b) ugostiteljskim sadrzajima (ponudarestorana, kafia...),

c) sportskim sadriajima (lov, ribolov,planinarenje i si),

d) kapacitetima za bavljenje odredenimaktivnostima u prirodi ili poljopriv-rednim aktivnostima (ribogojilista,ergele, farme, poljoprivredna dobrana kojima bi gosti mogli raditi, bra-nje Sumskih plodova i si).

Osnovna ideja ovih sadrzaja je osigura-nje raznovrsnih i zaokruzenih dimenzija po-nude koje 6e posjetiteljima omoguiti sna-znu i vrstu interakciju s ekoloski oCuvanimprostorima, prirodom, ali uz ponudu kojaispunjava kriterije standardne kvalitete po-nude i usluge.

Bez obzira na to koja od navedenih di-menzija bude predmet podrske MKO, onatreba omoguiti ostvarivanje nekog od te-meljnih ciljeva MKO i tnikrokreditiranja:

- samozaposijavanje,- poveanje prihoda,- smanjenje siromastva i- osiguranje Perspektive razvoja mini

poslovanja u podruju seoskog turi-zma.

Considering the lack of appropriateknowledge (sometimes even interest) fortheir application by various tourist agenciesand organizations in B&H, MCO could inthe area of improvement and ensuring con-sultation and supporting activities to indi-vidual suppliers and micro-credit benefi-ciaries ensure significant presumptions forsuccessful operations and even expansion ofits mission, and by so realizing additionalassets for financing its activities.

3. MICRO-CREDIT ORGANIZATIONIN FUNCTION OF SUPPORTINGTOURISM OFFER

By linking of MCO, micro-crediting andrural tourism it is possible to realize throughthe support of investments in the whole tan-gle of activates which represent differentdimensions of tourist supply. This primarilyrelates to: |

a) Accommodation capacities (renovationof houses, parts of houses and rooms),

b) service programs (offer by restaurants,coffee shops...),

c) sport programs (hunting, fishing,mountain climbing and similar),

d) Capacities for conducting certain ac-tivities in nature or agricultural ac-tivities (fish farms, horse farms, farms,agricultural assets where guests couldwork, picking fruits and similar).

The key idea of these programs is to en-sure various and circled dimensions of offerwhich will offer visitors a strong and solidinteraction with the ecologically preservedlocations and nature, as well as meet a stan-dard quality of supply and services.

Regardless of which of the listed dimen-sion becomes the subject of support byMCO, it needs to realize some of the keygoals of MCO and micro-crediting.

- Self-employment,- Increase in income,- Reduction of poverty and

206 Acia turistica. Vol 19 (2007). No 2. pp 101-228

Pri tome se moze zakljuCiti, na bazi re-zultata istrazivanja i znaCaja pojedinih di-menzija mikrokreditne ponude, a premastrukturi aktualnih korisnika, daje potrebnoosigurati jaCanje pretpostavki za uspjesnoaktiviranje MKO u podruju turizma. Ovose posebno odnosi na kreditne sluzbenikekoji se nalaze na terenu i u direktnom kon-taktu s korisnicima mikrokredita. Oni zaje-dno s njima procjenjuju poslovnemogucnosti, prate ostvarene rezultatc i po-mazu u kreiranju izvjeStaja. Kreditni sluz-benici bi svakako morali imati odredenaznanja iz podruCja turizma i ugostiteijstva.Ovo je potrebno kako bi se mogle realnoprocijeniti mogunosti koje se otvaraju, od-nosno kako bi bili u mogunosti korisnicimamikro-kredita pruziti odgovarajuu po-drSku."' Stoga ova Cinjenica otvara mogu-nost za diverzificiranje neke od MKO krozspecijalizaciju na polju plasmana "turistiC-kih mikro-kredita". Ovakvo opredjeijenjeve se nazire kod nekih nevladinih organi-zaeija koje u okviru svoje misije (podrskaugrozenim grupama stanovnistva i pronala-enje alternativnih naCina djelovanja i osi-guranja prihoda za ove grupe) apliciraju zafondove medunarodnih organizaeija nami-jenjenih podrsci razvoju turizma. Opredje-ijenje MKO za plasman mikro-kredita natrziste turizma direktno bi utjecalo i na otva-ranje novih izvora za financiranje MKO.

Medutim, vizija uloge i mjesta MKOpodrazumijeva povezivanje individualnihponudaCa (pojedinci i domainstva), njihovoumreziavanje u klastere u kojima bi se kom-binirale razliCite vrste usluga, kao i posre-dovanje na relaciji: klasteri - agencije (ilikompanije) koje se bave organiziranjem tu-ristiCkih putovanja i posjeta. Ova bi surad-nja zahtijevala podrSku javnog sektora,odnosno institucija (drzavnih, iti bar enti-

- Ensuring perspective for developmentof mini businesses in the filed of ruraltourism.

Based on research results and the sig-nificance of certain dimension of micro-crediting supply, and according to structureof current beneficiaries, it can be concludedthat it is necessary to ensure strengtheningsuccessful activation of MCO in the field oftourism. This especially relates to loan offi-cers who work in the field, and who are indirect contact with micro-credit beneficiar-ies. Together with them they assess businesspossibilities, monitor results and assist increating reports. Loan officers would needto posses certain knowledge in the field oftourism, tourism demand and servicing. Thisis necessary in order to realistically assessthe possibilities available in order to provideadequate support to micro-credit benefici-aries."^

This fact opens up a possibility for di-versification of some of the MCO throughspecializing in the field of disbursement of"tourist micro-credits". Such orientation canalready be seen in some of nongovernmentalorganizations whose mission is to supportsocially endangered groups of the popula-tion and to find of alternative ways of en-suring income for these groups, and areapplying for international community fundsintended for the support of tourism devel-opment. The commitment by MCO to dis-burse micro-credit to the tourism marketwould directly affect the openings of newalternative sourees of financing for MCO.

However, the vision of the role and placeof MCO implicates linking individual sup-pliers (individual and households), theirnetworking in clusters in which various

Vujii S., (2006), "ValoHzaeija faktora donoenja odluke o koristenju mikrokredita i mikrokieditne organizacijekao podrSka razvoju seoskog lurizma u Bosni i Hereegovini", Ekonomski fakultet, Sarajevo. BiH str. 109Vujic S..(20()6). "Valorization of factors in decision making in regards to micro-credit utilization and micro-cre-dit organization as a support to development of rural tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Faculty of Econo-mics, Sarajevo, B&H

s. Vuji; Uloga i perspektiva mikrokreditnih organizacija u razvoju seoskog turizma 207

tetskih) iija je djelatnosl podrska razvoju tu-rizma. Razvoj odr^ivog turizma zasniva sena "podjeli odgovornosti" razliCitihsudionika u destinaciji.''

types of services could be combined, as wellas mediation with clusters-agencies (orcompanies) which organize travel arrange-ments and visits. This cooperation wouldrequire support by the public sector, institu-tions {at government level, or at least Entitylevel) whose activities support tourism de-velopment. The development of sustainabletourism is based on the "allocation of re-sponsibilities" among various participants indestination.

Slika 2. Podjela odgovornosti MKO i drugih uesnika

Organizacija Poslovi i odgovornostiLokaina turistiCkazajednica

Definir turistiCki koncept odrzivog seoskog turizma i potiCesudionike u ponudi.

Mikrokreditna organizacijaKoordinira planiranje seoskog turizma za odredenu destina-ciju, radi s drugim sudionieima odriive projekte i organizirakredite.

Lokaina politiCkazajednica {mjesnazajednica)

Predlaze konkretne programe razvoja mjesne zajednice, aposebno razvoja seoskog turizma i prati realizaciju prog-rama.

Zavod za zaposljavanje igospodarska komora

Zajedno sa MKO i direktnim sudionieima (domainstvima)plair razvoj seoskog turizma i financijski ga podrava radisamozapoSljavanja i pokretanja malog businessa.

PojedinaCna domainstvakao ponudaCi turistiCkihusluga

Donosi plan svoje aktivnosti s drugim sudionieima vezanoza pruzanje turistikih usluga (ukupnih ili dijela).

TuristiCka agencijaProdaje aranzmane za seoski turizam, dovodi goste i zajednos ostalim sudionieima plair i podrzava razvoj konkretneseoske turistiCke destinacije.

zvor: Vujic S,. {2006). prilagodeno prema: "Valorizacija faklora donosenja odluke o koristenju mik-rokredita i mikrokreditne organizacije kao podrska razvoju seoskog turizma u Bosni i Hercegovini",

Ekonomski fakuUet, Sarajevo, BiH, str. 109 .,

Ibidem.

208 Acta turistica. Vol 19 (2()07), No 2, pp 101-228

Figure 2: Allocation of responsibilities among MCO and other participants

Organization Tasks and responsibilities

Local tourist board Defines tourist concept of sustainable rural tourism and cn-courages participants in supply.

Micro-credit organizationCoordinates planning of rural tourism for a certain destina-tion, together with other participants creates sustainableprojects and organizes loans,

Local political communityProposes specific programs for development of local com-munities, especially development of rural tourism and mo-nitors realization of the program.Together with MCO and direct participants (households)plans development of rural tourism and supports itfinancially with a goal of self-employment and starting up ofa small business.

Employment Bureau andChamber of Commerce

Individual householdsas suppliers of touristservices

Develops plan of its activity with other participants, relatedto providing tourist services (total or partial).

Tourist agencySells arrangements for rural tourism, brings guests and to-gether with other participants plans and supports develop-ment of a specific rural tourist destination, ^_^^^__

Source: Vujic S.,(206), adapted according to: "Valorization of factors in decision making in regardsto micrO'Credit utilization and micro-credit organization as a support to development of rural tourism

in Bosnia and Herzegovina", Faculty of Economics, Sarajevo. BH. pg. 09

Na taj naCin bi se omoguilo kreiranjejedinstvenog modela upravljanja seoskomturistiCkom destinacijom i prebrodio jaz iz-medu usitnjene ponude, tipiCne za ekoturi-zam i seoski turizam i individualizirancpotra?,nje, karakteristiCne za turiste/posje-tiocc koji zahtijevaju visu kvalitctu usluga uusporedbi s posjetiteljima koji konzumirajuponudu masovnog turizma.

Mikro-fmancijsko udruzenje Azerbaj-dzana (AMFA) je jos uvijek miada organi-zacija mreza. AMFA je doivjelaudvostruenje svog Clanstva od njenog os-nivanja. Da bi razvila svoju ulogu kao mre-ina organizacija. AMFA je prepoznala tristrateska cilja za svoj buduci napredak: a)razvijanje ekspertize struCnog znanja u ovojgrani djelatnosti, b) kontinuirana edukacija -osiguranje pristupa medunarodnom iskustvuu mikro-financijama za Clanove AMFA, i c)inovativni proizvodi i usluge - fokusiranje

In this manner, the creation of a unifiedmodel for managing rural tourist destina-tions would be enabled and the gap betweenthe fragmented offer would be bridged,which is typical for ecotourism and ruraltourism and individualized demand, char-acteristic for tourists/visitors who demand ahigher quality in comparison to visitors con-suming mass tourism offer.

Microfinance Association Azerbaijan(AMFA) is a young network of organiza-tions which has doubled its membershipsince its founding. In order to develop itsrole as the network organization, AMFArecognizes three strategic pillars: a) devel-opment of expertise and professionalknowledge in this field b) continuing educa-tion - ensuring access to international ex-periences in microfinance for members ofAMFA and c) innovative products and ser-

s. Vujiii: Llloga i perspektiva mikrokreditnih organizacija u razvoju seoskog tunzina 209

na generirane proizvode i usluge koji do-nose profit, kao i razvijanje proizvoda i us-luga vodenih potra^njom. AMFAACDI /VOCA je MKO koja je poCela s aktivnos-tima prije 10 godina sa svojim programomFarmer-farmeru i aktivna je u ruralnim pod-ruCjima. Njena uloga u pruzanju pomoci ra-zvoju mikro-poduzeca ogleda se uglavnomkroz fmanciranje projekata prerade i oCuva-nja hrane (Projekat ruralnih kredita zaAzerbejdzan).'*

vices focused on generated goods and ser-vices for profit, as well as developingproducts and services driven by demand.AMFAACDI / VOCA Azerbaijan as MCOstarted its activities 10 years ago withFarmer to Farmer and is active in rural ar-eas. Its role of providing assistance to thedevelopment of micro-companies is re-flected through its fmancing of food proc-essing and preservation projects (Project"Rural loans for Azerbaijan)'^.

Slika 3. Upravljanje razvojem turizma kroz mikrokredite za SME

Seosko dotnacinstvoProfitabilnosi/poduzetniCke aktivnosti/inovacijeRazina usluge. Mogucnost alternativnih investiranjaTroskovi turistike usiugePonuda radne snage. samozapoljavanje

SME MIKROKREDITI I

DrutvoVhjednost i normeSocijalna stnikturaSlobodno vrijcmeKultumo-povijesnaponudaSTANOVNISTVO

OkolinaKlimaPej7.a?.Geografski polozajFlora i fauna

EKOLOSKAZATITA

PonudaSmjtstajPrehranaPHjevozPosredovanjeVodenjeOstali proizvodi i usluge

Turisticke agencije

Gosp{)darstvoDo.stignuti stupanj gospodarskog razvojaOdnos uvoza i izvozaRaspodjeia resursaCijena i devizni teajRadna mjesta i uvjeti ponudeTroSkovi protnetaInfrastrukturuPRIVREDNI RAZVOJ I RAST GDP-a

DrzavaZakonodavstvoDevizni, carinski,gianini propisiMedunarodni politiCki i

odnosiVLADA.IAVNI

SEKTOR

PotrainjaMotivi, ukusModaVisina turistiCkepotraznje

TURISTI

zvor: Vuji S.. (2006), prilagoeno prema: "Valorizacija faktora donosenja odluke o koristenju mik-rokredita i mikrokredilnc organizacije kao podrska razvoju seoskog turizma u Bosni i Hercegovini",

Ekonomski fakuUet, Sarajevo. BiH. str. HO

Mikrofinansijsko udruzenje Azerbejdlana (AMFA). (2007), "Iskorak u vodeiu ulogu". "MICROFINANCE inCentral and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States". MFC, 2/2007Microfmance Association of Azerbeijdan (AMFA), (2007), "Step forwards toward.s the leading role"."MICROFINANCE in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States". MFC, 2/2007

210 Acta turistica. Vol 19 (2007), No 2, pp 101-228

Figure 3: Managing tourism development though micro-credits for SME

Village householdProfitability/entrepreneurial aclivi ties/innovationsLevel of service- Possibility of alternative investmentsExpenses of tourist serviceSupply of work force, self-employment

SME MICROCREDITS

SocietyValues and normsSocial structureLeisure limeCultural-historicoffersPOPULATION

EnvirontnentClimateLandscapeGeographic locationFlora and fauna

ECOLOGICALPROTECTION

SupplyAccommodationFoodTransportationMediationGuidesOther products andservicesTourist agency

EconomyReached level of economic developmentImport and export relationshipAllocation or resourcesPrice and exchange rateWork positions iind conditions of offersTransportation costInfrastructure

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENETAND GROWTH OF GDP

StateLegislationForeign currency.customs, borderregulations,Intemational politicaland stale relations

GOVERNMENTPUBLIC SECTOR

SupplyMotives, tasteFashionSize of touristdemand

TOURISTS

Source: Vujic S..(2006). adapted according to " of factors in decision making in regards to micro-credit utilization and micro-credit organization as a support to development of rural tourism in Bos-

nia and Herzegovina". Faculty of Economics, Sarajevo, B&H. pg.HO

Postepeno uvodenje ponude na turistiC-kom triiStu bilo bi mogue realizirati uz po-drsku medunarodnih organizacija. One bi urealizaciji svojih ciljeva bile spremne podr-ta inicijalne marketinske poteze usmjerenena privlaCenje potencijalnih gostiju. To bi zapoCetak mogli biti njihovi suradnici koji po-slom dolaze u BiH, Clanovi njihovih obiteljii prijatelji, obzirom na fokusiranu i indivi-dualiziranu ponudu, to bi bilo dovoljno kao

A gradual introduction of its offer on thetourism market eould be realized with thesupport of international organizations. In theprocess, they could support initial marketinginitiatives aimed towards attracting potentialguests. In the beginning, those guests couldbe associates who are on business trips inB&H, members of their families or friends.Considering the focused and individualizedoffer, that would provide enough initial sup-

s. Vuji: Uloga i perspektiva mikrokreditnih organizaeija u razvoju seoskog turizma 21 1

inicijaini potlcaj za iiostupni razvoj ponude iprivlaCenje turista. Dakle. ovom je kon-ceptu imanentan ograniCeni rast broja pos-jetitelja,"" sto e se vjerojatno sukobiti sanekim opredjeljenjima i ciljevima drastiC-nog poveanja broja posjetiteija u Bosni iHercegovini (posebno u Sarajevu) u nared-nom razdobiju. Ovo je jedini koncept koji usuvremenim uvjetima mole osigurati pozi-tivne uCinke za destinaciju koja se odluCujeza kreiranje i plasiranje seoske turistiCkeponude.

Prema iskustvima destinacija koje su po-sebnu paznju posvetile analizi ukljuCivanjamalih i srednjih poduzea u raz-voj turistiCkeponude, zakljuCeno je da se odrzivost raz-voja turizma u destinaciji odnosi, prijesvega, na odrzivost razvoja privatnog sek-tora i prednosti koje koncepcija razvoja tu-rizma osigurava za lokalno stanovnitvo.

U analizi ovih iskustava utvrdeno je daje jedna od prvih znaCajnih dimenzija osigu-ranje financijske pomoi a razvoj poslovnedjelatnosti. Pri tome je uoCeno da je pose-bno znaCajan utjecaj koji na razvoj ponudeimaju neformalni kreditni programi, odno-sno podrSka."' Koristei ova iskustva lako jezakljuCiti daje upravo situacija razvoja turi-stiCke ponude zasnovana na ukljuCivanjumalih i srednjih poduzeca, odnosno privat-nog poduzetniStva, dircktno povezana i uv-jetovana postojanjem snazne podrSkeneformalnih^^ (u smislu nebankarskih, neko-mercijalnih) kredita. Pretpostavke o moguC-nosti angaiiranja mikro-kreditnih organiza-eija kao izvora ovog oblika kreditiranja ma-lih i srednjih poduzea u destinaciji znaCaj-

port for the gradual development of tourismoffer and for attracting tourists.'^ So, thelimited growth in the number of visitors isparamount for this concept^'', which willmost likely be in direct conflict with certaingoals for dramatic increases in the numberof visitors to Bosnia and Herzegovina (es-pecially Sarajevo) in the proceeding peri-ods. This is the only concept which, in thelong run, especially under modern condi-tions, can ensure positive effects for a desti-nation which decides to create and presentrural tourism offer. ,

According to the experiences of the des-tinations which paid special attention to theanalysis of including small and medium-si-zed companies in the development of tour-ism offer, it was concluded that sustainabil-ity in the development of tourism destina-tion is related primarily to sustainahility ofdeveloping the private sector and the advan-tages which the concept of tourism deve-lopment ensures for the local population.

In analyzing these experiences, it wasdetermined that one of the most importantdimensions is securing financial support forthe development of a business activity. Atthe same time, it was noted that the impactwhich informal loan programs have on thedevelopment of the offer is especially im-portant.^'

Considering these experiences, it is easyto conclude that the development of a tou-rism offer, based on inclusion of small andmedium-sized companies, i.e. private entre-preneurship, is directly linked and conditio-

Vujit S.. (2006). "Valorizacija faklora donoScnja odluke o koriStenju mikrokrediia i mikrokreditne organizacijekao podrka razvoju seoskog tunzma u Bosni i Hercegovini". Ekonomski fakultel. Sarajevo, BiH, str, 110Vujie S.. (2006). "Valirization of factors in decision making in regards to micro-credit utilization and micro-cre-dit organization as a suppon to development of rural tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Faculty of Econo-mics. Sarajevo, BiH. pg. 110de Kadi. E., (1992). "Making the Alternative Sustainable: Lessons from Development fro Tourism. In Smith, V.L. and Eadington, W. R. (eds) Tourism Alternatives Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism,str. 47 - 75. Chichester: Wiley, str. 50Gartner. C. W.. "Small Scale Enterprise in the Tourism Industry in Ghana's Central Region, str, 18 - 175.

- Gartner, C. W., "Small Scale Enterprise in the Tourism Industry in Ghana's Central Region, str. 172.

212 Acta turistica. Vol 19 (2007), No 2, pp 101-228

ne su za odrzivi razvoj seoske turistikeponude organizirane kao kompleks ponude.

Osim navedenih, iskustva u razvoju odr-2ivog turizma nekih destinacija upucuju napotrebu osiguranja:

A priori regionalnog turistiCkog raz-vojnog plana koji ce kombinirati ja-snu viziju zastite prirodnih i drustve-

nih kapaciteta i jasnu viziju o onomesto je optimalni oblik razvoja desti-nacije kako bi se sprijeCilo ugrozava-nje kapaciteta i resursa koji sluze kaopodloga turistiCkom razvoju. Naime,

, "mjera adekvatnog razvoja turiz-ma"''' ultimativno odreduje mjeruodrzivosti koja je determinirana razi-nom uspjenosti zastite prirodnihresursa i kvaliteta okruzenja u regiji.

Lokalne participacije, obzirom na toda lokaino stanovnistvo mora ivjetis dugoroCnim posljedicama razvojaturizma. Stoga lokaina zajednicamora biti obuCena za razvoj i razu-mijevanje znaCenja turizma i turis-tiCkog koncepta te njegovih predno-sti i nedostataka za razvoj zajednice.

Naime, ova iskustva su pokazala da du-gotrajnost i prosperitet razvoja turizma ukulturno i ekoloski osjetijivim podruCjimaovisi ne samo od mogucnosti industrije daidentificira i razvije turistiCke mogunostinego i o njezinoj mogucnosti da zaltiti pri-rodna i kulturna bogatstva podruCja. Stogasmatramo da mikrokreditne organizacijemogu znaCajno doprinijeti svojom savjeto-davnom podrskom korisnicima mikrokreditakako bi ih podrzali da se ukljuCe, zajedno sostalim akterima ponude, u turisliCki sustavi adekvatno odgovore ulozi ponudaCa u raz-liCitim podruCjima navedenim u sljedeCempregledu, a prema Bakicur

ned to the existence of strong support by in-formaP^ loans (non-banking, non-commer-cial). Presumptions about the possibility ofengaging micro-credit organizations as asource of this form of lending to small andmedium-sized companies at the destinationare important for sustainable developmentof the rural tourism offer organized as acomplex offer.

Besides those listed, experiences in thedevelopment of alternative tourism of somedestinations require a need to secure:

Regional tourism development plan,which combines a clear vision ofprotecting natural and social capaci-ties and a clear vision regarding theoptimal form for the destination de-velopment in order to prevent endan-gering capacities and resourceswhich serve as a base lor Lourism de-velopment. In other words, the meas-ure of adequate tourism develop-ment'^ ultimately sets the measure ofsustainability which is determined bythe level of success in protectingnatural resources and he quality ofthe environment in the region.

Local participations, considering thatlocal population must live with long-term consequences of the tourismdevelopment. Therefore, the localcommunity must be trained to de-velop and understand the importanceof tourism, its advantages and draw-backs to community development.

Namely, these experiences have shownthat prosperity in the development of tour-ism in culturally and ecologically sensitiveareas depends on both the capabilities of theeconomy to identify and develop tourist ca-pabilities and on its capability to protestnatural and cultural wealth of the region.

" Robinskon, D. W.. (1999) Strategies for Altemalive Tourism: the Case of Tourism in Sagarmatha (Everest)National Park, Nepal, in SustaindileTourism edited by France L, The Earthscan Publicarion Ltd, str. 176 - 186.

" Baki6, O.. (2(X)2). Marketing menadiment turistike destinacije. Bconomski fakuUel u Beogradu, CID. Ccntarza izdavaCku delatnost, str. 29. ,_ . , ,

s, VuJi: Uloga i perspektiva tnikrokreditnih organizacija u razvoju seoskog turizma 213

Therefore, we feel that micro-credit or-ganizations can significantly contributethrough their consultancy support to micro-credit beneficiaries, to encourage them toget involved together with other players inthe tourism system and adequately answer totheir role of suppliers in various fields listedin the following overview, according to pro-fessor. Bakic^:

Slika 4. Vloga ponuaia u razliitm podrujima

UUDI(TURISTIKIPOTENCUAL)> Karakteristike lokacije> Ititeresi za aktivnosti> Kultuma pozadina> Sezonalnost i si.

INFORMACUE

> Imidiipredstavljanje

> Promocija imarketing

> tnfomiiranje ijavnost

ATRAKTIVNOST

> Stvari koje ce turividjeti i raditi

> Stitnulansi zapoduzimanjeputovanja

> OCekivane kori

USLUGE IIISLOVIBORAVKA

> Smjetaj> Prehratia> Shoping i si.

sti

sti

4

>>>

>

PRIJEVOZ

Do destinacijeDo atraktivnostiDo smjetaja i dr.kapacitetaIzmeduatraktivnosti

DOMAA POPULACUAI KULTURA

subkulturaIzgradnja atraktivnostiPrirodno nasljedeKultumo nasijede

Izvor: Bakic, O., (2002), Marketing menadzmem lurislike desinacije. Ekonomski fakultet u Beog-radu, CID, Centar za izdavaku delainost, str. 29.

Bakit. O,. (2002), Marketing management of the tourist destination, Faculty of Economics in Betgrade, CID,Center for publishing, pg. 29.

214 Acta turistica. Vol 19 (2007). No 2, pp 101 -228

Figure 4: The role of a supplier in various areas

PEOPLE(TOURIST POTENTIAL)

> Characteristics of the location> Interest in activities>* Cultural background> Sea. Image andpresentation

> Promotion andmarketing

y Informing andpublic

ATRACTIVNF^SS

> Things that touristsee and do

> Stimulants for takiiihe trip

> Expectedadvantages

SERVICES ANDCONDITIONS OF STAY

> Accommodation> Food> Shopping and similar

will

ig

To destination> To attractions> To accommodation

and other capacities> Between attractions

DOMESTICPOPULATION AND

c m TURKDomestic culture andsubcultureDevelopment ofattractionsNattiral heritageCultural heritage

Source: Bakic, O., (2002), Marketing management of the tourist de.siination. Faculty of Economics inBelgrade, CID. Centre for publishing, pg. 29.

Proiziazi da se mikrokreditne organiza-cije mogu pojaviti kao podrska u realizacijirazliCitih oblika ponude, odnosno da je upodrSci razvoju seoskog turizma u uzemsmislu moguce organizirati sljedee akliv-nosti:

1. Podrska korisnicima mikrokreditakoji osiguravaju usluge smjetaja inocenja: kreditiranje uredenja sobaza nocenje (nabavka opreme, adapta-cija soba i si.) - u seoskom stilu, ure-denje sanitarnih instalacija i sliCno.

It follows that micro-credit organizationsare able to support the realization of variousforms of offer, i.e. supporting the developmentof rural tourism. In a narrovi'er sense, it ispossible to organize the following activities:

I. Support micro credit beneficiarieswho are providing accommodationand lodging services: crediting ofrooms renovations (acquisition ofequipment, renovation and similar) -in rural style, renovation of sanitaryinstallations, etc.

s. Vuji: Uloga i perspektiva mikrokreditnih organizacija u razvoju seoskog turizma 215

2. Podrska korisnicima mikrokreditakoji se bave osiguranjem usluga pre-hrane gostiju: kreditiranje uredenjakuhinja i restorana, nabavka kuhinj-ske opreme i opreme za jelo (u seos-komstilu) i si.

3. PodrSka korisnicima mikrokreditakoji pruzaju usluge toCenja pica i na-pitaka: kreditiranje uredenja prosto-rija za dnevni boravak (u izvornomobliku), kreditiranje nabavke opremeza proizvodnju, pripremu, toCenjepia i napitaka sukladno obiCajima uokruzcnju (Cajevi. domaci sokovi,vlastita vina, vlaslita rakija i s!.).

4. PodrSka korisnicima mikrokredita zanabavku sredstava i opreme koja edodatno biti nudena kao usluga ve-zana za seoski turizam (ribolovnipribor, Camci i oprema za rafting, op-rema za planinarenje, za jahanje).

Mikrokreditne organizacije trebale bipodrzavati razvoj ponude seoskog turizmakroz maksimaino zadrzavanje stila, ambi-jcnta, kulture, vjere i navika karakteristiCnihza konkretno podruje, arhitektonski i kul-turni ambijent. Najbolje bi bilo osigurati je-dan od kljuCnih zadataka razvoja odrzivogturizma, onaj koji se odnosi na oCuvanje pri-rodnih i kuiturnih resursa na kojima se zas-niva turistiCka ponuda.

2. Support micro-credit beneficiarieswho are providing food for guests:crediting of renovation kitchens, ac-quisition of new kitchen equipmentand equipment for food {in ruralstyle), etc.

3. Support micro-credit beneficiarieswho provide services of decantingdrinks: crediting renovation of livingroom (in its original form), acquisi-tion of equipment for production,preparation, decanting of drinks inaccordance with the local customs(tea, juices, vines, plum brandy, etc).

4. Support micro-credit beneficiariesfor acquiring assets and equipmentwhich will be offered as a servicetied to rural tourism (fishing tools,equipment for rafting, equipments forclimbing for horse back riding, etc).

Micro-credit organizations should sup-port the development of the rural tourism of-fer through maximum preservation of thestyle, ambiance, culture, faith, and charac-teristics for a particular region, architecturaland cultural ambiance, in this manner, theywould ensure one of key tasks in the devel-opment of sustainable tourism - the preser-vation of the natural and cultural resourceson which the tourism offering is based.

4. MIKROKREDITNEORGANIZACUE KAOPODRKA RAZVOJU OSTALIHOBLIKA TURIZMA

Uzimajui u obzir injenicu da razvojseoskog turi/ma, kao jedne od komponentiodrzivog turizma. direktno utjeCe (i ovisi) orazvoju drugih oblika turizma kao sto suekoturizam, razliCiti oblici turistiCke ponudei aktivnosti u prirodi: rafting, splavarenje,kanjoning, planinarenje i sliCno, nu^no je uplaniranju razvoja svakog od ovih oblikavoditi raCuna o ovoj uvjctovanosti i poveza-

4. MICRO-CREDITORGANIZATIONS AS SUPPORTTO DEVELOPMENT OF OTHERFORMS OF TOURISM

When developing rural tourism it is nec-essary to keep in mind that it is a componentof sustainable tourism directly impacting thedevelopment of other forms of tourism, suchas ecotourism, different forms of tourism of-fer and outdoors activities, such a.s rafting,mountain climbing, etc. In that sense, micro-crediting organizations can play an importantrole in supporting the development of this

216 Acta turistica, Vol 19 (2007), No 2. pp 101 -228

nosti. U tom smislu upravo se mikrokreditneorganizacije, u ulozi podrske razvoju po-nude s jedne strane, i izvjesnog usmjerava-nja s druge, mogu pojaviti kao znacajanfaktor razvoja turistike ponude i u drugimpodrujima razvoja turizma. Prije svega,misli se na:

a) Kreditiranje nabavke specifiCne op-reme za razHCite vrste sportskih ak-tivnosti.

b) Kreditiranje uredenja planinarskihdomova i nabavke opreme, kao jedanod moguih oblika smjestaja.

c) Podrsku i razvoj aktivnostimaekoturizma - nabavke opreme zaodrzavanje staza za kretanje u pri-rodi, sadnica za poSumIjavanje, or-ganiziranje aktivnog boravka uprirodi, branje i isporuku sumskihplodova. Ovdje je znaCajna mogu-nost organiziranja suradnje s otkup-nim stanicama poduzea koja se bavepreradom, suenjem i prodajom sum-skih plodova.

d) Kreditiranje uredenja kapaciteta iprostora za organiziranje ponudezdravstvenog turizma i niz drugihaktivnosti.

U realizaciji navedenih aktivnosti mik-rokreditne organizacije bi trebale kreiratiposeban proizvod namijenjen kreditiranjukorisnika koji svoje aktivnosti usmjeravajuna razvoj turistiCke ponude, kao i osiguratiprogram podrske razvoju turizma, naroitoseoskog turizma i niz aktivnosti koje su ve-zane ili se nadopunjuju uz seoski turizam,obzirom na to da u danasnjim uvjetima tu-risti ne zele samo pasivan odmor na selu,vec traze i odredene aktivnosti kako bi ak-tivno proveli vrijeme (planinarenje, rafting,lov, ribotov, jahanje, branje sumskih plo-dova itd.).

type of offer as well as in the development ofthe tourism offer in other areas of tourism de-velopment. This primarily refers to: creditingthe acquisition of specific equipment for vari-ous types of sport activities.

a) Crediting purchases of specificequipment for different sports activi-ties

b) Crediting renovation of mountainhouses and acquisition of equipment,as another form of accommodationcapacity.

c) Supporting and developing ecotour-ism activities - acquisition of equip-ment for maintaining hiking roads,seedling for forestation, organizingactive leisure time in the nature,picking and delivering of fruits andorganizing cooperation with purchasestations of companies involved in thebusiness of food processing, dryingand selling.

d) Crediting renovation of capacitiesand space for organizing the offer ofhealth tourism and numerous otheractivities.

In the process of realizing the listed ac-tivities, micro-credit organizations shouldcreate a special product intended for credit-ing beneficiaries who direct their activitiestowards the development of tourism offer,and should ensure support for tourism de-velopment, especially rural tourism andother activities which are connected with orwhich compliment rural tourism, since mod-ern tourists do not desire only passive vaca-tions in a village but seek certain activities(mountain climbing, rafting, fishing, hunt-ing, horse back riding, picking fruits, etc.).

s Vujic: Uloga i perspektiva mikrokreditnih organizacija u razvoju seoskog tur7.nia 217

5. MJESTO I ULOGAMIKROKREDITNIHORGANIZACIJA UUPRAVLJANJU TURISTIKOMDESTINACUOM

Mikrokreditne organizacije mogu po-moci razvoj seoskog turizma kao i njihovogudjela u mikro-kreditiranju jer time ostva-ruju svoj temeljni cilj: pokrecu samozapos-Ijavanje i potiCu razvoj malog poslovanjato dovodi do smanjenja siromastva. Kakvoje mjesto i uloga mikrokreditnih organiza-cija u upravijanju turistiCkim destinacijama?Upravljanje turistiCkim destinacijama mozese promatrati s aspekta vlasniCkih prava isavjetodavnih prava.

Upravljanje turistiCkim destinacijama saspekta vlasniStva iskljuCuje mikro-kreditnuorganizaciju iz prava upravljanja. U uprav-ijanju mogu sudjelovati samo vlasnici obje-kata. Medutim, s aspekta savjeiodavnihprava moguce je ukIjuCcnje mikro-kreditneorganizacije u savjetodavne organe prekonjihovih predstavnika. Ukoliko turistiCkudestinaciju povezujemo s nelSto sirom loka-cijom, po?,eljno je da se u upravljanje tomturistiikom destinacijom ukljuCe i predstav-nici mikro-kreditne organizacije. Na odre-denom podruCju koje obuhvaa turistiCkadestinacija mogue je da pojedini pravni ilifiziCki subjekti pruzaju samo jednu uslugu(smjestaj i prehranu), drugi subjekti pruzajuneku drugu uslugu (organizaciju raftinga)itd. Na ovaj naCin mogue je objediniti viSeindividualnih ponuda u jednu zajedniCku zaodredenu turistiCku destinaciju. U ovim slu-Cajevima ncophodno je sudjelovanje raznihstruktura drutva i vlasti u upravijanju turis-tikom destinacijom. U upravljanje bi seukljuCili razni davateiji usluga, kao i mikro-kreditne organizacije. turistiCke zajednice,privredne komore i predstavnici opina ikantona.

5. PLACE AND ROLE OF MICRO-CREDIT ORGANIZATIONS INMANAGMENT OF THETOURIST DESTINATION

Micro-credit organizations can developrural tourism, as well as participate in mi-cro-crediting, because, by doing so, they re-alize one of their key goals; starting self-employment and encouraging the develop-ment of small businesses, which leads topoverty reduction. What is the place androle of micro-credit organizations in themanagement of tourist destinations? We canconsider managing tourist destinations fromthe aspect of:

1. ownership rights and2. consultancy rightsFrom the aspect of ownership, managing

tourist destinations does not allow micro-credit organizations any management author-ity. Only owners of the facilities can partici-pate in management activities. However, interms of consulting it is possible to includemicro-credit organizations through their rep-resentatives. If tourist destinations are tied toa broader location than individual tourist fa-cilities it is desirable to have representativesof micro-credit organizations involved in themanagement of such tourist destinations. Incertain regions the tourist destination coverscertain legal or physical subjects may provideonly one service (accommodation or food),and other subjects may supply some otherservice (organization of rafting), and a thirdprovides some other service (bunting), etc. Inthis manner, it is possible to combine moreindividual offer into one joint effort for acertain tourist destination. In such cases, par-ticipation by various local structures and thegovernment in the management of the touristde.stination is necessary. Various service pro-viders and micro-credit organizations, touristboards, chambers of commerce and repre-sentatives of municipalities and cantons wouldbe involved in the management process.

218 Acta turistica. Yol 19 (2007), No 2. pp 101-228

ZAKLJUCAK

Seoski turizam na podruCju BiH nije ra-zvijen i nema adekvatnih kapaciteta. Zato jeneophodno ostvariti punu suradnju s institu-cijama koje se bave razvojem turistiCke po-nude. To se, prije svega, odnosi na turistiCkezajednice (opcinske, kantonalne, na nivouentiteta i na razini BiH) te gospodarske ko-more. Kroz punu suradnju mikrokreditneorganizacije bi s navedenim institucijamakreiralc zajedniCke programe i planove zarazvoj turisticke ponude. Institucije turistiC-kih zajednica i gospodarske komore bi tre-bale vise raditi na propagandi seoskogturizma i drugih oblika turizma koji se ve-zuju ili naslanjaju na seoski turizam. Tako-der, trebalo bi vise raditi na struCnoj itehniCkoj pomoi oko specifiCnosti pojedi-nih oblika aktivnosti vezanih uz seoski turi-zam (izbor sumskih plodova, Ijekovito bilje,tehnike kanjoninga, tehnike jahanja itd.).

Analizirajuci poziciju i mogunosti mik-rokreditnih organizacija, rezultate njihovogdjelovanja u proteklom periodu te uCinkekoje je koristenje mikro-krcdita imalo nakorisnikc. njihovu materijalno-financijskusituaciju, zapoSIjavanje i konaCno stabiliza-ciju i razvoj ekonomskog sistema u cjelini tekoristeci iskustva drugih zemalja u razvojuturistiCke ponude na bazi aktivnog ukljuCi-vanja malih i srednjih poduzeca, doslo se dozakIjuCaka da mikrokreditne organizacije,kao ponudaC usluga mikrokreditiranja u Bo-sni i Hercegovini, mogu biti znaCajan faktorpodrske razvoju usluga u podruCju seoskogturizma.

Mikrokreditne organizacije trebaju pa2-nju posvetiti strukturi ponude usluga i natom polju djelovati u smjeru daljnjeg obo-gacivanja mikrokreditne ponude, posebnona podruCju gradenja i osiguranja kreditnepodrske u razvoju turizma. To oznaCava po-Cetak intenzivnijeg djelovanja u podruCjukreiranja podrske turistiCkim djelatnostima sobzirom da otvara nova trzilta na kojima e

CONCLUSION

Rural tourism in B&H regions is underde-veloped. This is why it is necessary to realizefull cooperation of all institutions dealingwith the development of tourism offer. Thisprimarily refers to Tourist Boards {municipal,cantonal, at the entity level, and at the na-tional level) and Chambers of Commerce.Through full cooperation, micro-credit or-ganizations would together with the men-tioned institutions, create joint programs andplans for the development of tourism offer.The Tourist Boards and the Chambers ofCommerce should endeavour to enhancemarketing rural tourism and other forms oftourism, which are tied to, or ie!y on ruraltourism. Also, more efforts should be in-vested in professional and technical assis-tance regarding the specific characteristics ofcertain forms of activities tied to the ruraltourism (choice of fruits, herbs, technique oftaking visitors in canyons, techniques of horseback riding, etc.)

By analyzing the positions and possibili-ties of micro-crediting organizations, the re-sults of their operations in the past period, theeffects of micro-credit utilization on clients,their material and financial situation, em-ployment and finally stabilization and the de-velopment of the economic system as thewhole, and by using experiences from othercountries in developing tourism offer basedon active inclusion of small and medium-sized companies, we have reached the con-clusion that micro-credit organizations assuppliers of micro-crediting services in Bos-nia and Herzegovina can become a significantfactor in supporting the development of ser-vices in the field of rural tourism,

Micro-credit organizations need to payattention to the structure of the services of-fered, and work in this field to further enrichthe micro-crediting offer, especially in build-ing and ensuring credit support for the devel-opment of tourism. Starting more intensiveoperations in the field of creating support for

s Vujit: Uloga i perspektiva mikrokreditnih organizacija u razvoju seoskog turizma 219

biti moguce animirati potencijalne klijente,ali i otvoriti i mogunosti za osiguravanjenovib izvora financiranja

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Primljeno: 14. lipnja 2007.Received: 14 June 2007 . j Prihvaceno: 6. studenog 2007. , iAccepted: 6 November 2007

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