UMPIRING Softball LEVEL THREE-FOUR

UMPIRING Softball

LEVEL THREE-FOUR

PARTICIPANTS MANUAL

Softball Australia P.O Box 107 La Trobe University. Victoria 3083 www.softball.org.au

http://www.softball.org.au/

Softball Australia Level 3-4 Participants Manual v1.14 2

Version Control

Version Date Changes Authorised by

1.0 Dec 2011

Draft Ron Houison

1.1 Mar 2012 Final Draft Ron Houison

1.2 Oct 2016 Rebranding Kyira Cox

1.3 Dec 2016

Inserted Appendix A SA Australian Championship ISF Bat Certification Verification Procedure. SA TB 2011-6 Revised v3

Ron Houison

1.4 Feb 2017 Rotation pictures completed

Intentional Walk mechanics added

Kyira Cox

1.5 Feb 2017 State contact information updated Kyira Cox

1.6 July 2017

Updated Development flow chart Kyira Cox

1.7 Oct 2017 Removed Technical Bulletin

Updated rotation picture

Kyira Cox

1.8 Oct 2017 Updated ready and set positions (p. 18)

Updated starting depth & positions (pp. 18-19)

Updated performance of equipment checks (ASA and ISF bat markings, URLs for bat lists and latest bat certification Technical Bulletin p. 75)

Ron Houison

1.9 Dec 2017

Updated strike zone (p.8). Updated pitching requirements (pp. 74-75).

Chris Trengove

1.10 Aug 2019

Change AIS logo front page

Update bat accreditation logos from TB2017-1 v3.4 (p. 74)

Fix hyperlinks

Stuart Tyler

1.11

1.12

1.13

Nov 2019

Mar 2020

April 2020

Insert Tag up responsibilities (p. 17)

Minor word changes

New address details

Debbie Grove

Debbie Grove

Debbie Grove

1.14 Nov 2020

New Template Debbie Grove


Table of Contents Version Control .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table of Contents ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Foreword .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Module 1 – Plate Mechanics and Movement....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Module 2 – Base Mechanics ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Module 3 – Starting Position and Rotations ...................................................................................... 25

Module 4 – Rules ............................................................................................................................... 76

Module 5 – Pre and Post Game Duties ............................................................................................. 88

Australian Umpire Development Pathway ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.


Foreward

Welcome to the Softball Australia Umpire Training Program and specifically this Level 3 - 4

Course, which is designed for Level 2 and Level 3 Umpires looking to progress to the next level

of accreditation.

This manual has been designed to assist you during the completion of the Level 3 - 4 Course.

Satisfactory completion of this Level 3 – 4 Course is a prerequisite to Level 3 and Level 4

Accreditation.

It is hoped that this Level 3 - 4 Course will show the important need for consistent

interpretations with relation to the rules of softball, umpire responsibilities, signals and

mechanics, not only throughout your association but also throughout your state and nationally.

While some flexibility must be allowed for modification as an umpire gains experience, the

ultimate aim must be remembered. That is, to have uniformity in teachings and umpire

development, mechanics and interpretations throughout softball umpiring in Australia.

Umpiring sport carries a duty of care and responsibility for all involved: players, coaches,

administrators, fellow umpires and spectators. So it is imperative that a course is provided to

cater for the newly developing umpire.

We acknowledge the training program managers and clinicians from New South Wales, Victoria

and Queensland whose combined efforts have contributed significantly to this manual and

indeed the full Level 3 - 4 Clinic.

The reader of this manual should be aware that at the time of production the content was

current and up to date. As time passes, the mechanics, the rules of softball and softball

umpiring may change and the reader should be prepared to check if there are updates

available.

For further information on softball umpiring please visit the Softball Australia website

www.softball.org.au and go to the Umpiring tab for information and contact details.



Module 1 - Plate Mechanics and Movement

Introduction During a game each umpire will be responsible for adjudicating plays that occur at the bases, home plate and elsewhere around the diamond. Your position in relation to the play is the key element enabling you to respond with the correct decision. Combined with this is the necessity to develop good timing in communicating your decisions. In this module we will look at the mechanics used so that you have every opportunity to make the

correct ball and strike calls and be an effective plate umpire.

Outcomes The participant will be able to:

• List three (3) responsibilities of a plate umpire;

• List the three (3) primary priorities (in correct order) for the plate umpire;

• Define the strike zone;

• List the three (3) components of the plate umpire’s set position; and

• Demonstrate all of the above in a live pitching exercise.

Prerequisites

NIL

Resources

• Participant manual

• Pens, pencils, highlighter pens

• Plate umpire equipment


Theory Roles and Responsibilities The roles and responsibilities of the plate umpire include:

• Calling balls and strikes;

• Calling fair and foul balls;

• Adjudicating on Batter and Batter-Runner calls;

• Adjudicating on plays at home plate;

• Adjudicating on plays at 3rd base as required by the rotations;

• Managing the flow and speed of the game; and

• Managing all changes and substitutions (see module “Giving Changes” for specific details). Mechanics The mechanics for the plate umpire break down into several very simple options. These are:

• Mechanics of calling the balls and strikes;

• Mechanics known as “clearing the catcher”;

• Mechanics when there are no runners on base; and

• Mechanics when there are runners in scoring position. Balls and Strikes are Priority The priority for the Plate Umpire is always as follows:

1. Strike or ball, then 2. Fair or foul, then 3. Catch or no catch.

Everything else is of significantly lower precedence on any given play. Strike or ball is your number one priority. Teams appreciate umpires that call consistent balls and strikes. On batted balls you will always decide if the ball is fair or foul before you make any other decisions. If the ball is hit in the air you will need to consider whether there is a catch or no-catch. Do not prejudge the outcome; watch the play in its entirety then check for firm and secure possession, then give the appropriate mechanic and vocal. There is never any need to rush a call of “catch.” Wait until the fielder voluntarily releases the ball from the glove before making the call. Intentional Base on Balls (IBB) It is permissible for the batter to be walked intentionally (without a pitch being thrown), provided the pitcher, catcher or coach notifies the umpire of the intent. An Intentional Base on Balls can be requested at any time during a batters turn at bat. When notified, the umpire should signal and call “dead ball” by either stepping out to the open side. If the catcher and batter are in their positions this movement should be approximately 2 metres from the home plate area. The plate umpire should ensure that it is clear that the IBB is being issued. Look at the batter, motion and point to1st base with the right hand and send the batter to first base. As plate umpire you must also notify the statistician (official or team depending on the game). Clearing the Catcher The plate umpire is not a “sit-back-and-watch” position. After discharging your priority of calling balls or strikes you must be prepared to move, following the ball and the play. The first part of doing this is often referred to as “clearing the catcher.” This is where the plate umpire clears away from the catcher enabling them to perform other functions as required. On all batted balls you will have to clear the catcher. To do this, take one step toward third base and then move on a 45º line in the direction you need to go. You will remove your mask while you do this first step. On passed balls, wild pitches, and pop-ups at the plate it will still be necessary to clear the catcher but in a different manner. The best way to clear the catcher in these situations is to simply mirror the catcher’s movements (watch catcher’s shoulders and move in the opposite direction to open up your view of the play). On ground balls to the infield you first clear the catcher. Your prime responsibilities are runner's lane interference and an overthrow to 1st base. A pulled foot at first base is not your responsibility but if your crew member needs help and asks for your input respond with what you have seen.


Making Calls at the Plate As a plate umpire you want to gain a good angle on the play to either see the force play, or the more difficult tag play. All calls that are made at the plate should be on the 3rd base side of the plate (using the extension of the 1st base line) ensuring you have the leading edge on all plays. Careful anticipation and understanding of the play will allow you to move into a good position. Remember to be flexible so you can move into the best position as dictated by the catcher, runner, and most importantly ‘the ball’. Note: After a passed ball with a runner at 3rd base, or following an overthrow to home plate, the ball may be directly behind you, if this is the case and time allows, move or adjust to a position to have all 4 elements in front of you, this may only be an adjustment to open up to the play, or a movement to be inside the diamond, or on the first base side of the home plate Clearing the Bat With runners in scoring position, it may be possible to remove a bat that may inhibit a runner’s slide or deflect a thrown ball to the plate. This is strictly a courtesy and not a required mechanic. Your primary concern is to get in position for a play at the plate. If moving the bat takes your eyes of the play, such as bending down, then leave it. The Face Mask The face mask is an essential piece of safety equipment for the plate umpire. Once the pitch has been thrown and the ball is in play, you have no use for it. Hold it in your left hand when running or making a call, or place it under your arm. When Must We Wear A Mask? Very simply, whenever you are behind the catcher and the pitcher may deliver a pitch you wear your mask. This includes your opportunity to, “get into the game” by watching the warm up pitches a pitcher delivers before the first inning commences. It is important to remove your mask once the ball is in play. Why? Your facemask, if correctly fitted, is loose and may fall off or otherwise get in the way making a call or if you run whilst wearing it. Mask Removal You remove your mask with your LEFT hand. This frees your right hand for signals, such as “Out.” Tip: Pull the mask forward then up off your head.

NEVER drop, throw or place your mask on the ground or between your legs.

Grip the mask with left hand

Pull the mask forward

Pull the mask up and off head


The Strike Zone Maintaining a consistent strike zone is an important aspect of the plate umpire’s role. As defined in the rulebook, the strike zone is any part of the ball over any part of home plate with the complete ball between the bottom of the batter's sternum (breast bone) and the bottom of the batter's knee cap, when they assume their natural batting stance. The natural batting stance is the stance the batter takes after the release of the pitch when deciding to swing or not swing at the pitch. The batter may be positioned in any part of the box, however the strike zone remains the same. The strike zone is taken from the position of home plate.

The top and bottom of the zone is taken from the batter’s natural batting stance. The ball need only pass through the strike zone at some point while over home plate for it to be considered a strike. This is especially important for balls that drop, rise or curve through the zone. The complete ball must pass under the batter’s sternum (breast bone), and above the bottom of the batter's knee cap; and any part of the ball can pass over any part of the home plate for it to be a strike. ie. The outermost cover of the ball may pass over the extreme outside edge of the home plate and still be called a strike. This does not include a ball that touches the ground and bounces up through the strike zone before reaching home plate. Note: If the ball passes through the strike zone and lands on home plate, it is not a strike unless the batter swings at the ball.

The Set Position The set position is the setup that the plate umpire assumes behind the catcher resulting in effective judgement and calling of balls and strikes. It consists of 3 elements:

1. The Slot; 2. Head Height; 3. Good Pelvic Alignment (GPA)


The Slot The slot is the space between the batter and the catcher. The umpire should position themselves in the area behind the catcher and slightly inside the inside corner of home plate so that the eyes are lined up just inside the corner closest to the batter and just slightly above the top of the strike zone. This position allows the catcher free movement up and down without obstructing the umpire’s view and enables the umpire to see all of the home plate and the batter’s strike zone.

Head Height In the set position the umpire’s eyes should be slightly above the top of the strike zone. Each batter is a different height, so the umpire must adjust their height accordingly. Good Pelvic Alignment (GPA) Correct GPA assists the plate umpire to accurately judge the strike zone by defining the field of vision and allowing the head to naturally track the ball. An angle of the hips and shoulders approximately 15 degrees to the pitcher – with the navel (belly button) pointing between the centre of the front of home plate and no further than outside front corner of the plate should be used, and the feet should follow the body’s natural stance.

The diagrams above show the incorrect and correct stance that should be used by Plate Umpires. Our GPA should be to the centre and no further than the outer corner of the plate.


Preparing to call Balls and Strikes Warm Up Pitches Taking an opportunity to watch the pitcher’s warm-up so that you become familiar with their motion and rhythm is very important. Viewing at least three of the five warm-up pitches taken by each pitcher at the beginning of their first innings is recommended. When there is a pitching change – if time permits after notifying the statisticians of the change – take the opportunity to view warm-up pitches. Getting Set

• Prior to assuming the set position, the umpire should assume a position by placing the feet while waiting in a relaxed fully upright stane.

• The plate umpire should step in behind the catcher by placing the foot behind the catcher first, then use GPA to bring the body into the slot, the slot foot will be approximately behind the batter. The feet should be from1 and a half up to double shoulder width apart

• The proper time to drop to the set position is immediately after the pitcher has taken the signal and has started the wind-up, but prior to the release of the ball.

• The umpire should never be moving to the set position while the ball is in flight toward the plate. Also, it is important to recognise that an umpire can ‘set’ too early, as well as too late.

• To assume the set position, the knees should be bent while keeping the back as straight as possible.

• The umpire should always be able to see all of the plate, the batter’s feet and hands. Calling of balls and strikes To assist in calling balls and strikes watch the ball all the way into the catcher’s glove prior to making a call (called “tracking”). Tracking the pitch with the nose allows the plate umpire to see every part of the pitcher’s delivery and will improve the consistency of the strike zone and the umpire’s awareness of where the ball is. The pitch should be tracked from the pitchers hip to the catcher’s glove. There are two focal points while calling the pitch, the batters sternum and the pitchers hip. The plate umpire should adjust their stance to look through the batters sernum to the pitchers hip. Tracking the pitch requires a lot of concentration so it is important that the plate umpire uses both ‘hard eyes’ (hard focus) and ‘soft eyes’ (soft focus) when working the plate. Ball or Strike Drop to the set position using the timing outlined above. If you leave it too late you will be moving while the pitch is on the way and this will affect your strike zone. Allow the pitch to cross home plate. Do not start moving into your signal nor make a call until the catcher has caught the ball. Make your verbal NOW. If the pitch is a “ball”, the umpire will stay down in the set position while verbalising “BALL”. After the call, the umpire will stand up and step back from the catcher. There is no signal given to indicate a “ball”. Turn on ‘soft eyes’ – look around the diamond. Get into position and wait for the next pitch. On ball 4, the umpire will call, “ball 4”, there is no signal given. If the pitch is a “strike”, give a brisk verbal call “STRIKE”, bring your left hand into your body, on your stomach slightly above the waist as you rise to an upright position then form the hammer (clenched fist) with the right hand above your head. Do not step back on a strike call until after the signal. Turn on ‘soft eyes’ – look around the diamond. Drop your arms and wait for the next pitch. On Strike 3, if the batter swings and misses the pitch and it is caught by the catcher, the umpire will give the strike signal and call “Strike 3”. If the batter does not swing at the 3rd strike, and the ball is caught by the catcher, the umpire will sell the decision by calling “Strike 3” and signalling with a throw out mechanic. A caught Strike 3 pitch is two separate calls: Firstly, it is a strike and then, if caught, the batter is out. These two calls guide the timing of the verbal calls and the signals. Ensure that there is a pause between the call of “Strike three” and the call and signal of “out.” During the pause you are able to ensure that the catcher has securely caught the ball before completing the call.


If the catcher does not catch the 3rd strike, the umpire gives the strike signal and call, “Strike 3”. NOTE: On a dropped 3rd strike situation, with a runner on 1st and less than 2 out we need to verbalise “Strike 3 – Out.” This will ensure that all the players will know that the batter is out, even though the catcher has dropped the pitched ball. Plate Umpiring – Handy Tips At the plate meeting keep the discussion short. Introduce the umpires and any ground rules that might be relevant. Understand the context of the game, such as, if it is game 10 of the tournament and the teams have already played on the diamond be aware that they may already know the ground rules that may be applicable. If something new has arisen, such as a change in playing conditions, then this should be conveyed to the coaches. Always carry the Indicator in your left hand. With practice, you will be confident in removing your mask with your left hand while holding the indicator. When brushing the plate, make sure all play has ceased and brush the plate with your back to the pitcher. This makes it clear to everyone that the ball is not in play. Points To Consider About Your Stance

Is my head too... HIGH? LOW?

Am I too... CLOSE TO FAR FROM

the catcher?

Are my feet too... WIDE APART? CLOSE TOGETHER?

Am I setting too far... INSIDE? OUTSIDE?

Am I going into set position too...

EARLY? LATE?

Am I standing up from my stance too...

EARLY? LATE?

Am I making my calls too... EARLY? LATE?

Am I moving my... HEAD as the ball is coming towards the plate?

Is my strike zone too... HIGH? LOW?

Is my... VISUAL FOCAL POINT correct? (i.e. pitcher’s release area)


Review Practical Practice the skills described in this module to gain more confidence in calling balls and strikes. If possible practice calling balls and strikes with drills using pitchers and catchers. Theory

1. Three responsibilities of a plate umpire are:

2. The three primary priorities (in correct order) for the plate umpire are: _________________________________________________; then _________________________________________________; then _________________________________________________.

3. Fill in the blanks for the definition of the strike zone: The strike zone is that space over any part of the _______ ________ with the complete ball between the bottom of the batter's ____________ and the bottom of his _________ when he assumes his ____________ batting stance.

4. The three components of a plate umpire’s set position are: Summary The priority for the plate umpire is always ball or strike, then fair or foul, then catch or no catch. “Clearing the catcher” enables the plate umpire to get to position and perform other required functions. The plate umpire removes the face mask with the left hand while holding an indicator in the same hand. The strike zone is that space over any part of the home plate, with the complete ball between the bottom of the batter's sternum and the bottom of his knees, when he assumes his natural batting stance. To correctly get to the set position remember the three components - head height, position in the slot and GPA. Movement into the set position is determined by the pitcher’s movement. The keys to a consistent strike zone are practice and using the techniques practices from this module. Conclusion Having completed this module you now have the basic knowledge of how to successfully call balls and strikes. The key to developing your skills is to practice! NOTE: The use of video technology can greatly assist enhancing an umpire’s plate mechanics. Video footage from centre field or behind the plate, for instance, allows you to see whether you are using the correct stance, the accuracy of your strike zone, the timing of your calls and your ability to clear the catcher.


Module 2 - Base Mechanics

Introduction During a game each umpire will be responsible for adjudicating plays that occur at the bases, home plate and elsewhere around the diamond. Your position in relation to the play is the key element enabling you to respond with the correct decision. Combined with this is the necessity to develop good timing in communicating your decisions. This module will examine the specific mechanics that need to be used so that you have every opportunity to make the correct call on a play.


• Name the four elements of a play;

• List the three (3) basics of calling a play;

• List the three (3) steps in calling play in the correct order;

• Demonstrate the correct starting positions for both base umpires, with or without runners on base, by annotating a diagram and demonstrating on a diamond;

• Demonstrate the ready position; and

• Demonstrate correct base movement, distances and angles for both tag and force plays at all bases.

Prerequisites

• Level 2 accreditation

Resources



• Plate umpire equipment

• Gloves


Theory

The Four Elements

Having the “Four Elements” of a play in front of an umpire is the essential, basic component in

base mechanics.

The four elements are:

• The ball;

• The fielder;

• The runner; and

• The base or the tag.

The four elements are required for a play to occur therefore an umpire needs to have the four

elements in view to correctly adjudicate on the play. If the four elements are not in view then the

umpire must move to a position to see as many of the elements as possible.

Timing and Rhythm

Development of proper timing and rhythm in making decisions is important to ensure you are

not seen to be guessing. Timing must be slow enough, yet deliberate and consistent. This

timing and Rhythm should never vary. Only the emphasis of various call should differ

An umpire can’t have good judgement without good timing.

They go hand-in-hand.

Three Simple Steps

1. Consider all INPUTS

2. Make your DECISION

3. COMMUNICATE your decision

Basics of Calling a Play

Remember: Stop, Wait, Call, Signal.

1. STOP! Be STILL/STATIONARY as you watch the play.

2. WAIT until you have all the inputs for that play before making your decision.


Make sure the fielder has the ball under control. The ball can be touching the body of the fielder

as long as a hand or glove has it securely held i.e. not just pressed against the body.

3. After making your decision, give the call, then signal to communicate your decision.

Learn to read the play. Just like a player, it is important that an umpire learns to anticipate

where a play will be but not what the call will be, for example:

• With 2 outs, the next play will PROBABLY be at first base (for the third out).

• With a runner on 1st, none out, watch for the potential steal to 2nd or a bunt play.

Positions for Calls on Bases

The Ready Position

The ready position is the body position a base umpire takes immediately prior to the pitcher

bringing his hands together for the pause and up until the pitch is released.

As the pitcher assumes their pause position (hands together), the umpire should step into the

ready position with the feet a comfortable distance apart (at least shoulder width), staying still

but relaxed.

Before the pitcher releases the pitch, the umpire should adopt the ‘ready’ position by softening

the knees slightly, with the weight resting lightly on the balls of the feet and the hands drawn in

close to the belt line in front of the body, or with relaxed open hands and arms bent at the

elbows approximately 45 degrees.

NOTE: In this stance, the umpire’s upper body should be relaxed and the umpire should not be

in a semi sitting position. A good example of this is the fielders; they go into a ready position

every pitch with the pitcher.

The umpire should stay in this position until the ball reaches the catcher or is hit by the batter.

If the pitch is hit, or the catcher throws the ball to a base, push off the ball of the outer foot and

move to the appropriate position for a possible play. If the ball is not hit, relax until the start of

the next pitch but always be aware of pick off plays, passed balls, etc. that may cause the

umpire to move to a position to call a play.

Base umpires should assume the ready position simultaneously using the cues from the pitcher


The Set Position

This is the position an umpire should take, prior to making a call on a play. The set position

mimics the ready position in that the feet are spread apart, normally shoulder width, knees are

soften and slightly bent with the hands drawn towards the body at belt level.

On a force play, the umpire moves to a proper position to see the play; 6 meters (18 feet) back,

90 degrees to the throw; on plays at 1st base, do not go beyond 45 degrees to the base. Once

at this position the umpire should stop, set, see the play and then make the call.

On a tag play, the umpire moves to a proper position to see the play, 4 meters (12 feet) back

and not in line with the throw, 90 degrees to the runner’s base path and just short of the leading

edge of the base or home plate. Once at this position the umpire should stop, set, see the

play and then make the call.

Once you have made your decision on the play, rise from the set position verbalise and signal

your call, using appropriate emphasis and voice.

Starting Depth & Positions – 3 Umpire System

• With no runners on, U1 and U3’s preliminary start position should be 6 metres (18

feet) behind the base, 15-30 cm (6-12 inches) off the line in Foul Territory

(measured from the outside of the foot closest to the foul line).

• With a runner on 1st base only, U3 moves to a position 5 metres (15 feet) back, on

the 1st base side of 2nd base, on an extended line from 3rd base to 2nd base. U1

should take a position 5 meters (15 feet) behind 1st base in foul territory. All

umpires shall have an unobstructed view of the pitcher, runner and home plate.

• With a runner on 2nd base, (or 1st and 3rd base), U1 moves to a position 5 metres

(15 feet) back no closer than halfway but not more than two-thirds from 1st base,

between 1st and 2nd bases. In both these cases, U1 should adjust his position prior

to the pitch dependent on possible play back or steal situations, and the infielder’s

positions. U1 must not set-up in a position ahead of any infielder and must also be

in a position to have clear vision to home plate.

• With a runner on 2nd or 3rd base, U3 moves back to his original starting position

but only 5 metres (15 feet) behind 3rd base. Exception: With any runner on 3rd

base, U3 should be 5 metres (15 feet) behind 3rd base in foul territory up to 2

metres (6 feet) off the line in foul territory so the umpire’s view of the pitcher, runner

and home plate is not obstructed by the runner leaving 3rd base on the release of

the pitch.

• With a runner on 3rd base only, U1 moves back to the original starting position.


In all cases umpires should be close enough so the umpire can move and rotate inside or to the

next position when required, without rotating during the play or being late to position. This timing

will depend on each umpire’s mobility, reaction time and the speed of the game.

Base Umpiring

There are two basic calls an umpire must master to establish themselves as a ‘top notch’

umpire:

• The force play; and

• The tag play.

The Force Play

As the fielder is getting into position to field the ground ball, the base umpire should be moving

into one of the recommended positions. As the ball is fielded, the umpire should stop. Upon the

fielder releasing the throw, while in the set position, the umpire should pick the ball up with the

eyes and track the ball by turning the head with the ball. Just prior to the thrown ball reaching

the receiver, change your focus to the ball, fielder and runner, watching all the elements come

together.

The umpire should be aware of the BASE, where:

a. The runner touches it;

b. The fielder is on the base when the ball is caught; and

c. The ball is controlled by the fielder.

While concentrating on the play and allowing peripheral vision to aid you in seeing the play

develop, the sound of the ball hitting the glove helps determine which arrived first - the ball or

the player’s foot hitting the base. Never take your eye off the ball or depend entirely on the

sound of the ball hitting the glove, as crowd noise could distract you or drown out the sound of

the ball hitting the glove.

If proper mechanics are employed as described, the only consideration remaining to ensure

proper timing is a slight hesitation to allow a clear ‘mental picture’ to develop, ensuring the

correct call.

Tip: Umpires who focus purely on a runner or the base can miss a ball that is errored or a wild

throw, which could put them in a dangerous position. Focussing on the runner or ball alone has

a marked effect on the umpire’s judgement in making correct decisions.


The Tag Play

Position, angle and peripheral vision are, again, important on this type of play.

The proper angle will have all four essential elements in view. When watching the tag on a

slide, make sure the base is in view. Never communicate an ‘OUT’ on the play unless you

can see the ball!

Once you have allowed the play to develop, move in on the play (approximately four metres

from the play), with an unobstructed angle on the leading edge. Concentrate on whether the tag

was made prior to the runner reaching the base or not. If there is a hard slide that causes a

collision and you cannot find the ball after the tag, look down and ask the fielders in a crisp

voice “SHOW ME THE BALL”. Remember, you must FIND THE BALL.

Tag Up Responsibilities

When neither base umpire goes out on a fly ball:

Runner at 1st base or 2nd base only: Umpire 1 has tag up at 1st or 2nd base

Runner at 3rd base only: Plate has tag up at 3rd base

Runners at 1st base and 2nd base: Umpire 1 has tag up at 1st base; Umpire 3 has tag up at 2nd

base

Runners at 2nd base and 3rd base: Umpire 1 has tag up at 2nd base; Umpire 3 has tag up at 3rd

base

Runners at 1st base and 3rd base: Umpire 1 has tag up at 1st base; Umpire 3 has tag up at 3rd

base

Runners at 1st base, 2nd base and 3rd base: Umpire has tag up at 1st and 2nd base; Umpire 3 has

tag up at 3rd base

Note: If either base Umpire goes out to judge a fly ball, tag-up responsibilities will be the same

for the plate and base umpire as they are in the Two-Umpire system


Review

Practical

As a group, we will go through a variety of scenarios on the diamond where you will need to

mark, with the marker cones, where the leading edge will be for the runners who are advancing

on the play and where your starting position will be on the play.

As a group, we will also practice the use of the ready position during a live pitching session so

that you can gauge when you need to move into the position by taking your queue from the

pitcher.

Theory

(Circle True or False)

1. Three of the basics of calling a play are: wait until all play is finished; be on the move

ready for the next play; and ensuring that the ball is under control.

True / False

2. In calling a play we should follow three steps in order: consider all inputs; make the

decision; and communicate the decision.

True / False

3. As the first base umpire, with a runner on 1st base, you should be positioned

approximately 5 metres (15 feet) behind the base in Foul Territory.

True / False

Finish the following sentences:

4. The ____________ _____________ is the body position of a _________ umpire pre

pitch, during and prior to the pitch reaching the batter and/or catcher.

5. With no runners on base, the base umpires should stand approximately

______________

metres behind the base in _______________________, with the inner foot approximately

15-30 cm (6-12 inches) off the ____________________ line.

6. List the four elements of a play:


Summary

A play is comprised of four elements: The ball, the runner, the fielder and the base/tag. The

umpire must always have the four elements in front of them to call plays.

There are three key basics of calling a play: wait until all play is finished; be stationary; and

make sure that the ball is under control.

Follow three simple steps in order: watch the play and consider all of the inputs; make the

decision; and communicate the decision.

Good timing complements good judgement and gives the appearance of an umpire who knows

the rules.

The ready position is used by base umpires on every pitch. The base umpires take their cue

from the pitcher and move into the ready position at the same time.

A sound understanding of the relevant starting positions and depths will assist in ensuring you

arrive in the correct position in adequate time to make a call.

Using the correct positioning at 1st and 3rd base for pick-off plays will allow you the best view on

swipe tags.

Conclusion

Being in the best position to adjudicate on a play is important. It gives us the best chance to see

all of the inputs and respond with the correct decision. When communicating our decision, it is

important to utilise good and consistent timing.

When next watching a game officiated by senior umpires, observe the process they implement

to call balls and strikes, safes and outs, fairs and fouls. Observe their timing and the emphasis

they place on certain calls. Undoubtedly you will see the information you have just covered put

into practice.


Positions for Calls on Bases

The Ready Position

The ready position is the body position a base umpire takes immediately prior to the pitcher bringing his hands together for the pause and up until the pitch is released. As the pitcher assumes their pause position (hands together), the umpire should step into the ready position with the feet a comfortable distance apart (at least shoulder width), staying still but relaxed. Before the pitcher releases the pitch, the umpire should adopt the ‘ready’ position by softening the knees slightly, with the weight resting lightly on the balls of the feet and the hands drawn in close to the belt line in front of the body, or with relaxed open hands and arms bent at the elbows approximately 45 degrees. NOTE: In this stance, the umpire’s upper body should be relaxed and the umpire should not be in a semi sitting position. A good example of this is the fielders; they go into a ready position every pitch with the pitcher. The umpire should stay in this position until the ball reaches the catcher or is hit by the batter. If the pitch is hit, or the catcher throws the ball to a base, push off the ball of the outer foot and move to the appropriate position for a possible play. If the ball is not hit, relax until the start of the next pitch but always be aware of pick off plays, passed balls, etc. that may cause the umpire to move to a position to call a play. Base umpires should assume the ready position simultaneously using the cues from the pitcher

The Set Position This is the position an umpire should take, prior to making a call on a play. The set position mimics the

ready position in that the feet are spread apart, normally shoulder width, knees are soften and slightly

bent with the hands drawn towards the body at belt level.

On a force play, the umpire moves to a proper position to see the play; 6 meters (18 feet) back, 90

degrees to the throw; on plays at 1st base, do not go beyond 45 degrees to the base. Once at this

position the umpire should stop, set, see the play and then make the call.

On a tag play, the umpire moves to a proper position to see the play, 4 meters (12 feet) back and not

in line with the throw, 90 degrees to the runner’s base path and just short of the leading edge of the

base or home plate. Once at this position the umpire should stop, set, see the play and then make

the call.

Once you have made your decision on the play, rise from the set position verbalise and signal your call, using appropriate emphasis and voice.

Starting Depth & Positions – 3 Umpire System

• With no runners on, U1 and U3’s preliminary start position should be 6 metres (18 feet) behind the base, 15-30 cm (6-12 inches) off the line in Foul Territory (measured from the outside of the foot closest to the foul line).

• With a runner on 1st base only, U3 moves to a position 5 metres (15 feet) back, on the 1st base side of 2nd base, on an extended line from 3rd base to 2nd base. U1 should take a position 5 meters (15 feet) behind 1st base in foul territory. All umpires shall have an unobstructed view of the pitcher, runner and home plate.

• With a runner on 2nd base, (or 1st and 3rd base), U1 moves to a position 5 metres (15 feet) back no closer than halfway but not more than two-thirds from 1st base, between 1st and 2nd bases. In both these cases, U1 should adjust his position prior to the pitch dependent on possible play back or steal situations, and the infielder’s positions. U1


must not set-up in a position ahead of any infielder and must also be in a position to have clear vision to home plate.

• With a runner on 2nd or 3rd base, U3 moves back to his original starting position but only 5 metres (15 feet) behind 3rd base. Exception: With any runner on 3rd base, U3 should be 5 metres (15 feet) behind 3rd base in foul territory up to 2 metres (6 feet) off the line in foul territory so the umpire’s view of the pitcher, runner and home plate is not obstructed by the runner leaving 3rd base on the release of the pitch.

• With a runner on 3rd base only, U1 moves back to the original starting position. In all cases umpires should be close enough so the umpire can move and rotate inside or to the next position when required, without rotating during the play or being late to position. This timing will depend on each umpire’s mobility, reaction time and the speed of the game.

Base Umpiring

There are two basic calls an umpire must master to establish themselves as a ‘top notch’ umpire:

• The force play; and

• The tag play. The Force Play

As the fielder is getting into position to field the ground ball, the base umpire should be moving into one of the recommended positions. As the ball is fielded, the umpire should stop. Upon the fielder releasing the throw, while in the set position, the umpire should pick the ball up with the eyes and track the ball by turning the head with the ball. Just prior to the thrown ball reaching the receiver, change your focus to the ball, fielder and runner, watching all the elements come together. The umpire should be aware of the BASE, where:

d. The runner touches it; e. The fielder is on the base when the ball is caught; and f. The ball is controlled by the fielder.

While concentrating on the play and allowing peripheral vision to aid you in seeing the play develop, the sound of the ball hitting the glove helps determine which arrived first - the ball or the player’s foot hitting the base. Never take your eye off the ball or depend entirely on the sound of the ball hitting the glove, as crowd noise could distract you or drown out the sound of the ball hitting the glove. If proper mechanics are employed as described, the only consideration remaining to ensure proper timing is a slight hesitation to allow a clear ‘mental picture’ to develop, ensuring the correct call. Tip: Umpires who focus purely on a runner or the base can miss a ball that is errored or a wild throw, which could put them in a dangerous position. Focussing on the runner or ball alone has a marked effect on the umpire’s judgement in making correct decisions.

The Tag Play

Position, angle and peripheral vision are, again, important on this type of play. The proper angle will have all four essential elements in view. When watching the tag on a slide, make sure the base is in view. Never communicate an ‘OUT’ on the play unless you can see the ball! Once you have allowed the play to develop, move in on the play (approximately four metres from the play), with an unobstructed angle on the leading edge. Concentrate on whether the tag was made prior to the runner reaching the base or not. If there is a hard slide that causes a collision and you cannot find the ball after the tag, look down and ask the fielders in a crisp voice “SHOW ME THE BALL”. Remember, you must FIND THE BALL. Tag Up Responsibilities When neither base umpire goes out on a fly ball: Runner at 1st base or 2nd base only: Umpire 1 has tag up at 1st or 2nd base


Runner at 3rd base only: Plate has tag up at 3rd base Runners at 1st base and 2nd base: Umpire 1 has tag up at 1st base; Umpire 3 has tag up at 2nd base Runners at 2nd base and 3rd base: Umpire 1 has tag up at 2nd base; Umpire 3 has tag up at 3rd base Runners at 1st base and 3rd base: Umpire 1 has tag up at 1st base; Umpire 3 has tag up at 3rd base Runners at 1st base, 2nd base and 3rd base: Umpire has tag up at 1st and 2nd base; Umpire 3 has tag up at 3rd base Note: If either base Umpire goes out to judge a fly ball, tag-up responsibilities will be the same for the plate and base umpire as they are in the Two-Umpire system

Review Practical

As a group, we will go through a variety of scenarios on the diamond where you will need to mark,

with the marker cones, where the leading edge will be for the runners who are advancing on the

play and where your starting position will be on the play.

As a group, we will also practice the use of the ready position during a live pitching session so

that you can gauge when you need to move into the position by taking your queue from the pitcher.

Theory

(Circle True or False)

7. Three of the basics of calling a play are: wait until all play is finished; be on the move ready for the next play; and ensuring that the ball is under control.

True / False

8. In calling a play we should follow three steps in order: consider all inputs; make the decision; and communicate the decision.

True / False

9. As the first base umpire, with a runner on 1st base, you should be positioned approximately 5 metres (15 feet) behind the base in Foul Territory.

True / False

Finish the following sentences:

10. The ____________ _____________ is the body position of a _________ umpire pre pitch, during and prior to the pitch reaching the batter and/or catcher.

11. With no runners on base, the base umpires should stand approximately ______________

metres behind the base in _______________________, with the inner foot approximately

15-30 cm (6-12 inches) off the ____________________ line.

12. List the four elements of a play: ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


Summary A play is comprised of four elements: The ball, the runner, the fielder and the base/tag. The umpire must always have the four elements in front of them to call plays. There are three key basics of calling a play: wait until all play is finished; be stationary; and make sure that the ball is under control. Follow three simple steps in order: watch the play and consider all of the inputs; make the decision; and communicate the decision. Good timing complements good judgement and gives the appearance of an umpire who knows the rules. The ready position is used by base umpires on every pitch. The base umpires take their cue from the pitcher and move into the ready position at the same time. A sound understanding of the relevant starting positions and depths will assist in ensuring you arrive in the correct position in adequate time to make a call. Using the correct positioning at 1st and 3rd base for pick-off plays will allow you the best view on

swipe tags.

Conclusion

Being in the best position to adjudicate on a play is important. It gives us the best chance to see all of the inputs and respond with the correct decision. When communicating our decision, it is important to utilise good and consistent timing. When next watching a game officiated by senior umpires, observe the process they implement to call balls and strikes, safes and outs, fairs and fouls. Observe their timing and the emphasis they place on certain calls. Undoubtedly you will see the information you have just covered put into practice.


Module 3 – Starting Position and Rotations

Introduction Learning a new rotation system - The 3-umpire system – is the biggest change you face once you

achieve Level 2 accreditation. The system includes an extra umpire, different starting positions

and two new rotations: 3-umpire infield rotation and a rotation that sees an umpire move to the

outfield.


• Demonstrate the correct position to assume at the pre-game meeting;

• Demonstrate the correct position to assume between innings;

• Demonstrate the correct starting positions for each umpire with none, one, two and three runners on base;

• Demonstrate the 3-Umpire infield rotation; and

• Demonstrate the 3-Umpire outfield rotation.

Prerequisites

• Level 2 accreditation

Resources




Theory

A Basic Principle

The Infield/Outfield Principle

This includes batted and thrown balls

• When the ball is in the infield, base umpires stay in the outfield; and

• When the ball is in the outfield, base umpires not going out on a fly ball should rotate inside the diamond. With no runners on base, U2 may stay outside only if it will keep U2 out of a possible throwing lane.

Conventions

The conventions used to describe the situations in this manual are:

1. The plate umpire is referred to as ‘Plate’ or ‘P’ and 1st and 3rd base umpires are ‘U1’ and ‘U3’ respectively.

2. Runners at 1st, 2nd and 3rd bases are indicated with ‘R1’, ‘R2’ and ‘R3’ respectively.

3. The umpire’s movement is Movement of the ball is

4. Icons used in this manual:

Plate Umpire 1st Base Umpire 3rd Base Umpire Runner Fielder

Plate Umpire Starting Position

In all cases, the plate umpire’s starting position and actions are as follows:

• Sweeps the home plate and checks that the field is clear and ready for play.

• Should take up a position behind the catcher.

• After each pitch, you should call ball or strike, give signals as required and then relax, while maintaining good general awareness.

• Responsible for calling all fair and foul balls. Plate movement following a batted ball will be explained for each case.


Pre-Game Meeting Positioning

Plate Umpire

➢ Will assume the position behind the plate between the 2 batters boxes looking out to the diamond.

➢ Introduce your crew members, discuss any competition or ground rules and ask if there are any pre-game questions.

U1

➢ Assumes the position at the end of the lefthanders batters boxes looking towards the back net.

U3

➢ Assumes the position at the end of the right-hander’s batter’s box looking towards the back net.

Immediately after the pre-game meeting the base umpires will move to the between innings positions.

Start of Game

Plate Umpire & U3

➢ The plate umpire will sweep home plate after the final warm up pitch.

➢ Will take a position on the 3rd base line. U1

➢ Will take a position on the 1st base line

At the start of the game after the last warm up pitch and with the catcher’s throw over to second, the umpires will indicate to each other that they are ready and move into position.


Between Innings

➢ After the 3rd out, the closest base umpire to the pitcher’s plate will sweep the pitcher’s plate on the way to the base lines. If there are no runners on base or they are both the same distance, U3 will take the responsibility

➢ The plate umpire will sweep the home plate after the last warm up pitch.

➢ The base umpires should run to their positions after the last warm up pitch as the catcher throws over to 2nd base.

Basic Key Points when a Base Umpire goes to the outfield

• Good timing, watching the flight of the ball and umpire to umpire eye contact is essential for good fly ball coverage and ensuring the correct umpires goes out.

• Umpires should watch the flight of the ball to judge where the ball will go and if the fly ball could end up a trapped ball.

• Umpires should then look at each other prior to turning their back and indicating and verbalising “going” to communicate they have taken the fly ball.

• The umpire must hustle to the outfield to create a good angle between the ball, the fielder and the ground for any possible trap plays.

• Umpires must signal out towards the ball.

• If an umpire goes out to the outfield they remain in the outfield until such time as all play has ceased and the remaining umpires will revert to the 2-umpire system.

• Home runs will be signalled by the umpire in the outfield, except when no base umpire moves to the outfield. In this case, the plate umpire assumes the responsibility.

• If a base umpire starts on their line they have the responsibility for the catch and to make the fair/foul call.

• The only time the plate umpire calls a fair/foul and a catch on an outfield fly ball is when it is close to the line and the umpire normally starting on that fair/foul line starts at 2nd base. In this case the base umpire at second base does not go to the outfield


No Runners on Base

Starting Positions and Outfield Coverage

Plate Umpire

➢ Starting position as defined at the start of this module.

U1

➢ U1’s preliminary starting position should be 6 meters (18 feet) behind the base, 15–30 cm (6–12 inches) off the line in foul territory (measured from the outside of the foot closest to the foul line).

➢ U1 is responsible for any fly balls that go to the centre fielder running towards them to the dead ball line at right field.

U3

➢ U3’s preliminary starting position should be 6 meters (18 feet) behind the base, 15–30 cm (6–12 inches) off the line in foul territory (measured from the outside of the foot closest to the foul line).

➢ The U3 is responsible for any fly balls that go straight to centre fielder to the dead ball line at left field.

Runner on 1st Base


Plate Umpire


➢ Is responsible for any fly ball that is taken by the leftfielder running towards the fair/foul line.

U1

➢ U1 will take a position in foul territory 5 metres (15 feet) behind the base, 15-30 cm (6-12 inches) off the line in foul territory.

➢ The U1 is responsible for any fly balls that go straight to the right fielder all the way to the dead ball line at right field.

U3

➢ U3 will take a position 5 metres (15 feet) from second base on an extended line from 3rd base to 2nd base.

➢ U3 is responsible for any fly balls that go to the right fielder moving towards centre field around to the left fielder’s starting position


Runner on 2nd Base


Plate Umpire

➢ Starting position as defined at the start of this manual.

➢ Is responsible for any fly ball that is hit up the fair/foul line.

U1

➢ U1 is positioned 5 metres (15 feet) back, no closer than halfway but not more than two-thirds from 1st base, between 1st and 2nd bases.

➢ U1 should adjust his position prior to the pitch dependent on possible play back or steal situations and the infielder’s position.

➢ U1 must not set-up in a position ahead of any infielder and must also be in a position to have clear vision to home plate.

➢ U1 is responsible for any fly balls that go to leftfield moving towards centre field to the right fielder.

U3

➢ U3 will take a position in foul territory 5 metres (15 feet) behind the base, 15–30 cm (6-12 inches) off the line.

➢ U3 is responsible for any fly balls that go straight to the leftfield all the way to the dead ball line at leftfield.


Runner on 3rd Base


Plate Umpire


U1

➢ U1 will take a position in foul territory 6 metres (18 feet) behind the base, 15-30 cm (6-12 inches) off the line in foul territory

➢ U1 is responsible for any fly balls that go to the centre fielder running towards them to the dead ball line at right field.

U3

➢ U3 will take a position in foul territory 5 metres (15 feet) behind 3rd base, up to 2 metres (6 feet) off the line to have an unobstructed view of home plate. U3 must not have his vision to home plate blocked by the runner so he is able to make calls on dead ball situations and check swings.

➢ U3 is responsible for any fly balls that go straight to centre fielder to the dead ball line at left field.


Runners on 1st and 2nd Base


Plate Umpire



U1

➢ U1 is positioned position 5 metres (15 feet) back no closer than halfway but not more than two-thirds from 1st base, between 1st and 2nd bases.

➢ U1 should adjust his position prior to the pitch dependent on possible play back or steal situations, and the infielder’s positions.


➢ U1 is responsible for any fly balls that go to leftfield moving towards centre field to the right fielder.

U3

➢ U3 will take a position in foul territory 5 metres (15 feet) behind the base, 15-30 cm (6-12 inches) off the line.

➢ U3 is responsible for any fly balls that go straight to the leftfield all the way to the dead ball line at leftfield.


Runners on 2nd and 3rd Base


Plate Umpire



U1

➢ U1 is positioned 5 metres (15 feet) back no closer than halfway but not more than two-thirds from 1st base, between 1st and 2nd bases.



➢ U1 is responsible for any fly balls that go to leftfield moving towards centre field around to the right fielder.

U3


➢ U3 is responsible for any fly balls that go straight to the left fielder all the way to the dead ball line at left field.


Runners on 1st and 3rd Base


Plate Umpire



U1


➢ In both these cases, U1 should adjust his position prior to the pitch dependent on possible play back or steal situations, and the infielder’s positions.

➢ U1 must not set-up in a position ahead of any infielder and must also be in a position to have clear vision to home plate

➢ U1 is responsible for any fly balls that go to the left fielder moving towards centre field to the right fielder.

U3


➢ U3 is responsible for any fly balls that go straight to the left fielder at left field.


Runners on 1st, 2nd and 3rd Base


Plate Umpire



U1




➢ U1 is responsible for any fly balls that go to the left fielder moving towards centre field to the right fielder.

U3


➢ U3 is responsible for any fly balls that go straight to the left fielder all the way to the dead ball line at left field.


No Runners on Base

Ball hit to infield

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire exits to the left of the catcher and trails the batter-runner about 7 metres (20-25 feet), down the inside of the base line toward first base. The plate umpire is there to assist U1 with interference, obstruction, safe/out and pulled foot situations if required. Hustle is required but must remain behind the thrown ball. Exception: ruling on fair/foul balls must take precedence over trailing the batter-runner.

U1

➢ U1 will move into fair territory approximately 1-2 metres, 90 degrees to the throw to get a good angle (no more than 45 degrees from the base line) on the throw, catch and batter-runner and to avoid the batter-runner.

U3

➢ U3 will rotate to second base in line with the plate umpire in preparation for a call at second base if the runner is called safe at first base and continues to 2nd base.


No Runners on Base

Ball hit through the infield

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ Hustle toward the ball. Release towards 3rd base for possible call. Glance to home to make sure U1 is there for possible call.

U1

➢ Come down outside the diamond, watch batter-runner touch 1st base and bounce inside for possible playback, or if R1 advances toward third, release and rotate to home for any calls at home plate.

U3

➢ Come inside the diamond for any play at 2nd base.

NOTE: 9-3 play - U1 Positioning

On the hit to right field, where the defence make a play on

the batter runner (force out at first base)

U1 will move in foul territory approximately 90 degrees to

the throw to get a good angle (no more than 45 degrees

from the base line) on the throw, catch and batter-runner

and to avoid the batter-runner.


No Runners on Base

Umpire 1 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and trail the batter-runner approximately halfway between the pitchers circle and the fair/foul line towards first base.

➢ The plate umpires responsibility is to make a call on the batter-runner on a possible force out or a play back from a 9-3.

➢ If the batter runner progresses to 2nd, back away from inside the diamond and move into foul territory approximately halfway between 3rd and home.

➢ Once the runner commits to 3rd move back to home plate to position for a possible call at the plate.

U1

➢ U1 hustles out towards the outfield to create a good angle between themselves, the ball and the fielder.

➢ Do not overrun the ball. ➢ Remain in the outfield. Do not return until all play

has ceased. U3

➢ U3 hustles into the diamond to a position at the top of the circle for a possible play into 2nd.

➢ U3 will take the BR into 2nd and around to 3rd if the ball isn’t caught.

➢ Be prepared to make a call at either 1st, 2nd or 3rd base with no runners on.


No Runners on Base

Umpire 3 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and rotate to the pitchers circle.

➢ If the batter runner progresses to 2nd base, back away from inside the diamond and move into foul territory approximately halfway between 3rd and home.

➢ Once the runner commits to 3rd move back to home plate to position for a possible call at the plate.

U1

➢ U1 hustles inside the diamond, button-hooking (via the left shoulder) the 1st/2nd base line, making sure to watch the BR touch 1st base.

➢ U1 will take BR into 2nd and around to 3rd if the ball isn’t caught.

➢ Be prepared to make a call at either 1st, 2nd or 3rd base with no runners on.

U3

➢ U3 hustles out towards the play to create a good angle between themselves, the ball and the fielder.


has ceased.


Runner on 1st Base

Ball hit to infield – potential double play

1st Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and parallel R1 to the holding position between home and 3rd base. The plate umpire will move to the secondary position as shown, should the runner continue from 2nd to 3rd base.

U1

➢ U1 will move approximately 1 metre into fair territory, 90 degrees to the throw for the subsequent play, to get a good angle (no more than 45 degrees) from the base line on the throw, catch and batter-runner and to avoid the batter-runner.

U3

➢ U3 will usually step forward towards second base and be ready for the throw to second. However, U3 should move to a position that provides the best angle.


Runner on 1st Base


1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ As R1 progresses to 2nd, rotate to 3rd base for possible call. Glance to home to confirm U1 is there for call.

U1

➢ Come down outside the diamond, watch batter-runner touch 1st base. Bounce inside only if there is a possible playback. If batter-runner advances to 2nd & then 3rd, release and rotate to home (as runner advances to 3rd), for any calls at home plate.

U3

➢ Rotate inside the diamond for any play at second base.

➢ Be alert for any possible calls at 1st if runner advances to 3rd and U1 goes home.


Runner on 1st Base

Umpire 1 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and parallel R1 to the holding position between home and 3rd base.

➢ If there is a play at 3rd base on the lead runner then the plate umpire will move to the leading edge on 3rd base.

➢ The plate umpire also needs to be prepared to make a call at home plate.

U1



has ceased. U3

➢ U3 hustles inside the diamond to a position to watch the tag up of R1 and watch BR touch 1st base.

➢ U3 is responsible for all calls on R1 at 1st and 2nd base and to take the BR round to 3rd base if the ball isn’t caught.


Runner on 1st Base

Umpire 3 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and parallel R1 to the holding zone between home and 3rd base.

➢ If there is a play at 3rd base on the lead runner then the plate umpire will move into the leading edge of 3rd base.


U1

➢ U1 hustles inside the diamond, button-hooking (via the left shoulder) the 1st/2nd base line, making sure to watch the tag up of R1 and watch the BR touch 1st base.

➢ U1 is responsible for all calls on R1 at 1st and 2nd base and to take the BR round to 3rd base if the ball isn’t caught.

U3



has ceased.


1st Movement

2nd Movement

➢ If the ball is taking the leftfielder towards the 3rd base fair/foul line it is the responsibility of the plate umpire to call the fair/foul and the catch.

➢ U3 will remain inside the diamond and the rotation will remain an infield 3-umpire rotation.


Runner on 2nd Base

Ball hit to infield

1st Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire exits to the left of the catcher and remains at the leading edge of home plate, approximately 3 metres (10 feet) back from home plate, keeping aware of obstructions, interferences etc.

U1

➢ U1 will move toward the base where the initial play will be made (in most cases first base). Calls at both 1st and 2nd base are the responsibility of U1.

U3

➢ U3 will move into fair territory about one step in anticipation for a play on the runner progressing from second.

Runner on 2nd Base


1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ Simply moves to the left from behind the catcher to see the play, remaining at the Plate.

U1

➢ Comes inside and to be prepared for plays at 1st and 2nd base.

U3

➢ Move down the line in foul territory, to a point even with the bag and allow the four essential elements dictate whether to rotate inside or go back out beyond the base line..

NOTE

➢ On hits to right field or right center field, U3, if not rotating to 2nd base, may come down the line in foul territory, to a point even with the bag and allow the four essential elements dictate whether U3 should rotate inside or go back out beyond the base line. If there is a possibility of a play at 3rd

base on the throw back rotate inside. If the throw is to home with no immediate play at 3rd base, move back out beyond the base line in fair territory.


Runner on 2nd Base

Umpire 1 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and move to the holding zone between home and 3rd base.

➢ If there is a play at 3rd base on the lead runner then the plate umpire will move into the leading edge on 3rd base.


U1



has ceased. U3

➢ U3 hustles into the diamond to a position at the top right of the circle to watch the tag up at 2nd base and BR touching 1st base.

➢ U3 will take the BR around to 3rd base if the ball isn’t caught.

➢ Be prepared to make a call at 1st, 2nd or 3rd base.


1st Movement Fly ball down right field line

2nd Movement

➢ If the ball is taking the right fielder towards the 1st base fair/foul line it is the responsibility of the plate umpire to call the fair/foul and the catch.


➢ U3 will move down the line in foul territory to a point even with 3rd base and allow the four essential elements to dictate whether to rotate inside or go back out beyond the base line.


Runner on 2nd Base

Umpire 3 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and move to the holding zone between home and 3rd base.



U1

➢ U1 hustles inside the diamond to a position to watch the tag up at 2nd and watch BR touch 1st base.



U3



has ceased.


Runner on 3rd Base

Ball hit to infield

1st Movement

Plate Umpire



U1

➢ U1 will move into fair territory approximately 1-2 metres, 90 degrees to the throw to get a good angle (no more than 45 degrees from the base line) on the throw, catch and batter-runner and to avoid the batter-runner. If U3 is unable to release the runner at 3rd base (i.e. they don’t proceed to home), U1 may be required to take the batter-runner to 2nd base and make a call if required.

U3

➢ U3 will walk forward slightly and be in position approximately 3 metres back and on a 45-degree line through 3rd base in foul territory, so that the ball, base, defensive player and returning runner are in front of the umpire to make the call.


Runner on 3rd Base


1st Movement

2nd Movement – R3 goes on hit

2nd Movement – R3 doesn’t go on hit

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher, watch the runner touch home plate then rotate to third if the batter-runner progresses to 2nd.

➢ The plate umpire will prepare for a call at 3rd if the batter-runner continues from 2nd to 3rd base.

U1

➢ Move down outside the diamond, watch batter-runner touch 1st base and bounce inside for possible playback, or if R1 advances toward third, release and rotate to home for any calls at home plate. Alternatively button hook inside.

NOTE

➢ If U3 does not release 3rd base immediately, U1 will need to buttonhook inside the diamond.

➢ If the runner from 3rd base does not progress to home, be aware of other umpires and possible coverage at 2nd base.

U3

➢ If R3 advances to home, release the runner and rotate to second base for a possible call on the batter-runner if he advances to 2nd. Verbally communicate to U1 if they button hooked inside that you have rotated inside,

➢ If the runner at 3rd does not advance home, remain at 3rd base for and all possible calls at 3rd base.


Runner on 3rd Base Umpire 1 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and move to the holding zone between home and 3rd base to watch the tag up of the runner at 3

➢ If there is a play at 3rd base on the lead runner then the plate umpire will move into 3rd base.

➢ The plate umpire also needs to be prepared to make a call at home plate by moving with the play of the runner.

U1



has ceased. U3

➢ U3 hustles into the diamond to a position at the top right of the circle to watch the BR touch 1st base.




Runner on 3rd Base

Umpire 3 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and move to the holding zone between home and 3rd base to watch the tag up of the runner at 3

➢ If there is a play at 3rd base on the lead runner then the plate umpire will move into 3rd base.

➢ The plate umpire also needs to be prepared to make a call at home plate by moving with the play of the runner.

U1

➢ U1 hustles inside the diamond, button-hooking the 1st/2nd base line, making sure to watch the BR touch 1st base.

➢ U1 will take BR around to 3rd base if the ball isn’t caught.

➢ Be prepared to make a call at 1st, 2nd or 3rd base U3



has ceased.


Runner on 1st and 2nd Base Ball hit to the infield (potential double play)

1st Movement

Plate Umpire



U1

➢ U1 will move toward the base where the initial play will be made (in most cases 2nd and 1st base). Calls at both 1st and 2nd base are the responsibility of U1.

U3

➢ U3 will move into fair territory about one step in anticipation for a play on the runner progressing from second.

Runner on 1st and 2nd Base


1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire



U1

➢ Move inside and be prepared for plays at 1st and 2nd base.

U3

➢ From the starting position move down the line and be ready to come inside the diamond if there is going to be a play at third.


Runner on 1st and 2nd Base Umpire 1 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and move to the holding zone between home and 3rd base and watch the tag up at 2nd base.



U1



has ceased. U3

➢ U3 hustles into the diamond to a position at the top right of the circle to watch the tag up at 1st base and BR touching 1st base.




1st Movement

2nd Movement





Runner on 1st and 2nd Base

Umpire 3 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and move to the holding zone between home and 3rd base and watch the tag up at 2nd base.



U1

➢ U1 hustles inside the diamond to a position to watch the tag up at 1st base and watch BR touch 1st base.



U3


➢ Do not over run the ball. ➢ Remain in the outfield. Do not return until all play

has ceased.



Ball hit to the infield

1st Movement

Plate Umpire



U1

➢ U1 will move toward the base where the initial play will be made (in most cases 1st base). Calls at both 1st and 2nd base are the responsibility of U1.

U3

➢ If R3 advances to home, U3 will move into fair territory about one step in anticipation for a play on the runner progressing from second.

➢ If the runner at 3rd does not advance home, remain at 3rd base for and all possible calls at 3rd base.




1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire



U1


U3

➢ U3 will move to the leading edge position depending on the progress and direction of the runner 3rd base, so that the ball, base, defensive player and returning runner are in front of the umpire to make the call.

➢ From the starting position move down the line and be ready to come inside the diamond if there is going to be a play on the runner coming



Umpire 1 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire


➢ The plate umpire will exit to the left of the catcher and move to the holding zone between home and 3rd base and watch the tag up at 3rd base.



➢ Reminder to watch all runners touch home plate U1



has ceased. U3

➢ U3 hustles into the diamond to a position at the top right of the circle to watch the tag up at 2nd base and BR touching 1st base.




1st Movement

2nd Movement

NOTE


➢ U1 will remain inside the diamond and the rotation will revert to an infield 3-umpire rotation.




Umpire 3 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire






➢ U1 hustles inside the diamond to a position to watch the tag up at 2nd base and watch BR touch 1st base.



U3



has ceased.



Ball hit to infield

1st Movement

Plate Umpire



U1


U3

➢ U3 will walk forward slightly on the hit and be in position approximately 3 metres back and on a 45 degree line through 3rd base in foul territory, so that the ball, base, defensive player and returning runner are in front of the umpire to make the call.




1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire



U1


U3



Runner on 1st and 3rd Base

Umpire 1 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire








has ceased. U3

➢ U3 hustles into the diamond to a position at the top right of the circle to watch the tag up at 1st base and BR touching 1st base.




NOTE

1st Movement

2nd Movement





Runner on 1st and 3rd Base

Umpire 3 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire





➢ Watch all runners touch home plate U1

➢ U1 hustles inside the diamond to a position to watch the tag up at 1st base and watch BR touch 1st base.



U3



has ceased.


Runners on 1st, 2nd and 3rd Base

Ball hit to infield

1st Movement

Plate Umpire



U1


U3

➢ U3 will walk forward slightly and be in position approximately 3 metres back and on a 45 degree line through 3rd base in foul territory, so that the ball, base, defensive player and returning runner are in front of the umpire to make the call.


Runner on 1st, 2nd and 3rd Base


1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire



U1


U3




Umpire 1 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire








has ceased. U3

➢ U3 hustles into the diamond to a position at the top right of the circle to watch the tag up at 1st and 2nd base and BR touching 1st base.




1st Movement

2nd Movement

➢ If the ball is taking the right fielder towards the 1st base fair/foul line it is the responsibility of the Plate umpire to call the fair/foul and the catch.





Umpire 3 goes out

1st Movement

2nd Movement

Plate Umpire






➢ U1 hustles inside the diamond to a position to watch the tag up at 1st and 2nd base and watch BR touch 1st base.



U3



has ceased.


Mechanic at First Base in the 3 Umpire System On a tag play with a runner at first during a play back, move to a position approximately 4 metres (12 feet) back and 90 degrees to the runner’s base path, in the Set Position and make the call. Note 1: In some cases this may be in foul territory to have all 4 essential elements in front. Note 2: This is usually a swipe tag situation and this position prevents overthrows hitting the umpire. Note 3: On a run down play or when a runner gets a long lead, the play may be a slide back into the base, get to the leading edge for a slide in tag.

Mechanic at Second Base

On a steal play at second base, the umpire should move to a position approximately 4 metres (12 feet) away from the play, to view the tag.

Mechanic for Umpire 3 at Third Base in the 3 Umpire System

Fig.1. No Runners on, starting position 6 metres (18 feet) from the base with the inner foot 15-30 cm (6-12 inches) off the fair/foul line, in foul territory in the ready position (close enough so the umpire can move and rotate inside or to the next position when required without being late to position, this will depend on each umpires mobility and reaction time). Fig. 2. With a runner on second base, assume the “ready position” 5 metres (15 feet) from 3rd base with the inner foot approximately 15-30 cm (6-12 inches) off the fair/foul line, in foul territory. On a steal or when the runner from second advances, take a further step forward and into fair territory to the leading edge of third base in fair territory to make the call. Umpires should use the set position while waiting for the play to develop. Fig. 3. With any runner on 3rd base, U3 should be 5 metres (15 feet) behind 3rd base in foul territory and up to 2 metres (6 feet) off the line. U3 must not have his vision to home plate blocked by the runner so he is able to make calls on dead ball situations and judgements on check swings, enabling him to assist the plate umpire when requested. On a pick off (throw back) at 3rd base, U3 should take a further step forward from the starting position to a ready/set position, approximately 4 metres (12 feet) back. The umpire should not move down in foul territory beyond a 45 degree line through 3rd base, so that the Four Essential Elements are in front of the umpire to make the call. Umpires can view the swipe tag better from this position, looking into the swipe.


Review

1. Show the starting positions for the base umpires with:

a. no runners on?

b. a runner on 1st?

c. a runner on 2nd?

d. a runner on 3rd?

e. runners on 1st & 2nd?

f. runners on 2nd & 3rd?

g. runners on 1st & 3rd?

h. runners on 1st, 2nd & 3rd?


2. If there are no runners on and I am the plate umpire where should I go on the initial hit: a. To F5?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

b. To F8? _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

3. If I am the base umpire and there are multiple runners, for which bases and runners am I responsible? _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. Who is responsible for the tag up on an outfield fly ball with a free runner at 2nd base?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________


Summary

The importance of outfield coverage by one umpire is to provide better judgement on fly balls in the outfield that may require a diving catch or are close to the fence line. Upon a fly ball to the outfield, one base umpire will cover the outfield with the remaining two umpires covering the using a 2-man system (as explained above and in the Level 2 Manual). Good communication with your fellow umpires is crucial to a successful “3-2” rotation Increase awareness is required when using the “3-2” rotation system to ensure you know where the runners are and where the possible plays may be. Make sure you don’t get caught behind the play.

Conclusion

As you would expect the higher the level umpire the higher the standard of play, making those

safe hits to the outfield a possibility of a diving catch. Outfield coverage in higher graded games

is extremely important as players have the ability to take catches or attempt to make catches that

lower levelled players generally don’t attempt. As umpires we need to be prepared on every pitch

to either go to the outfield or remain on the infield and complete a “2-umpire” rotation.

Many years of observing and practising will allow what you have learned here to be a part of your

game in the future.


Module 4 – Rules

Introduction In addition to calling balls, strikes, outs and safes, it is essential for umpires to have a high level of rule knowledge. In previous clinics discussion was conducted on various rules, during this clinic more detailed review of rules will be performed.


• Demonstrate effective use of the rulebook to look up rule references;

• Identify illegal and altered bats and apply the correct ruling in each case;

• Correctly adjudicate on provided illegal pitching scenarios;

• Identify illegal use of Designated and Flex players and apply correct rulings;

• Correctly manage substitutions (including unannounced substitutions and illegal re-entries); and

• Correctly identify obstruction and interference situations and manage base awards.

Prerequisites Knowledge of rules covered in Level 1 and 2 manuals

Resources



• Official Softball Playing Rules and Case Book


Theory

The Rulebook

The softball rulebook is an essential resource for all umpires. Not only is it valuable as an introduction to the game, it is also the resource referred to when adjudicating incidents that occur during the game. A new edition of the rulebook is produced every four years to coincide with the International Softball congress. This is to ensure that rules adopted at each congress are included in the most recent edition.

The rulebook:

• Official rules of softball (This section outlines the rules for the game) The points of emphasis and case book

• Points of emphasis (provides an explanation for specific rules that often cause confusion); and

• Case book (provides questions and answers (including references) to specific rules. The Index is the most important tool when researching a rule. As is the case in research books, the index provides a list, in alphabetical order, of common terms and where each term can be found in the book. All books cover aspects of each rule, for example, ‘altered bat’ is discussed in six separate rules, has a point of emphasis and has 16 cases where it is mentioned. If a person wanted to develop a detailed understanding of the rule, a person should review all of these referrals. Ground Rules

It is important to note that competitions will also introduce their own competition ground rules to supplement the official rules. An example of this is that some competitions will place a time limit on games. It is therefore essential that an umpire should review the competition’s ground rules prior to umpiring a game within the competition.


Altered and Illegal Bats

An Illegal bat is a bat that does not meet the specifications. An Altered bat is one that did meet the specifications, but has been altered subsequent to the manufacturing process. The difference between an Illegal and an Altered bat is reflected in the penalties imposed on a batter, as it is presumed that the altering of a bat is an intentional attempt by the batter to gain an unfair advantage. It is far better to manage this situation before it occurs; hence we conduct equipment checks prior to the commencement of the game.

Performance of equipment checks

Umpires inspect playing equipment prior to a game to reduce the possibility of illegal or altered bats being used. Bats are also to be checked in relation to safety, specifically noticing cracks, dents and appropriate certification. Minor flat spots on a bat do not make it unsafe. Particular emphasis should be placed on ensuring bats used are approved bats Bats:

a. will be approved for use in Australia if it is listed on the current WBSC-SD Certified Bat List; and

b. will be approved for use if it is listed on the USA Softball Approved Bat list and not on the WBSC Certified Bat List.

(Note: The WBSC BBS standard is 100mph, the USA Softball standard is 98mph). When performing bat checks, bats with the following symbols should be considered as being legal bats.

Bats without these symbols should be checked against the WBSC-SD and USA Softball bat lists to ascertain their legality. These bat lists are located at the following websites: http://www.wbsc.org/softball/softball-bat-list/ http://www.teamusa.org/USA-Softball/Play-USA-Softball/Certified-USA-Softball-Equipment Please review the latest Technical Bulletin - Softball Australia Championship WBSC-SD Bat Certification Verification Procedure TB 2017-1.

http://www.wbsc.org/softball/softball-bat-list/

http://www.teamusa.org/USA-Softball/Play-USA-Softball/Certified-USA-Softball-Equipment

http://www.softball.org.au/technical-bulletins/

http://www.softball.org.au/technical-bulletins/


PITCHING Pitching Rules

There are six basic features that comprise the pitching mechanic, namely: 1. Contact with the pitcher’s plate 2. The signal 3. Preliminary to the delivery 4. Start of the pitch 5. Delivery 6. Step and release.

Contact with the Plate

• The pitcher must start with the pivot foot in contact with the pitcher’s plate and the non-pivot foot in contact with or behind the pitcher's plate.

• The feet do not have to be on top of the plate. Signal

• The pitcher must take or appear to take the signal while in contact with the plate.

• The hands must be separated and the ball may be held in either the bare hand or in the glove.

Preliminary to Delivery

• After taking the signal, the pitcher must come to a complete stop with the hands together.

• The body must be motionless with the hands together for a minimum of two seconds and a maximum of five seconds.

• Holding the ball in both hands to the side of the body, or above the head is considered legal.

• During the stop, the pitcher may move the ball in the glove to grip the ball.

• During the entire preliminary process, the pivot foot must remain in contact with the plate and the non-pivot foot must remain in contact with or behind the plate.

• The non-pivot (stepping) foot must be placed on or behind the plate before the beginning of the pause and must remain stationary during the pause. Any backward movement during or after the pause is illegal.

Start of Pitch

• The pitch begins with separation of the hands or with any motion that may be considered part of the wind-up.

• The pitcher may remove himself from the pitcher’s plate, prior to separating his hands or starting the pitching motion, by stepping backwards off the plate.

• The pivot foot may slide across the plate providing contact is maintained.

• Lifting the feet a minimal distance, ‘clearing the cleats’ to allow foot movement is allowed.

• The pivot foot must push off from the pitcher’s plate.

• The pivot foot may slide forward providing contact is maintained with the pitcher’s plate.

• There shall be no movement of the non-pivot foot backwards once it has been placed in position prior to the pause. It can only move forward when starting the pitch.

• Lifting the heel of the pivot foot and using the front of the foot to push off is legal.

• The heel of the pivot foot may lift, allowing the pitcher to twist on the ball of the pivot foot and then push off, providing the foot does not move forward off the plate.

Step and Release

• The pitcher may take one step with the leading / stepping foot simultaneous with the release of the ball.

• The step must be forward and within the 61cm (24 inch) width of the pitching plate.

• Only the leading / stepping foot must land within the width of the plate.

• To be illegal, the complete stepping foot must be outside an imaginary line from the pitching plate to home plate.


• The pivot foot must remain in contact with the pitcher’s plate until the forward step is taken.

• Pushing off from a place other than the pitcher’s plate, prior to separating the hands, is a crow-hop and is illegal.

• It is legal to drag, leap or hop and then land and throw, as long as the original push starts from the plate.

• The pitching arm must begin its motion at the start of the pitch and must continue in motion throughout the pitch delivery (There may be a hesitation in the motion of the pitching arm at the time the hands separate).

• The hands must separate prior to the pivot foot landing if the leaping style of pitching is used.

• Landing with the hands together or ending the drag with the hands together is considered taking a step with the pivot foot. Any push off from this point would be considered a crow hop.

• The pivot foot may land and twist during the follow through with the release of the ball, providing there has been no stoppage in the motion or delivery.

When considering the legality of a pitcher’s motion, Umpires should place emphasis on the following five major components:

1. The pivot foot must start and maintain contact with the plate at all times prior to commencing the pitch and the non-pivot foot must be in contact with or behind the plate;

2. The pitcher must maintain the two-second stop, with no movement; 3. The pitcher can be airborne / leap (both feet off the ground; 4. The pitching arm must be fluent and continuous in it motion; and 5. The pitcher’s hands must separate prior to the pivot foot landing if leaping, or at the end

of the drag. Note The pitching rule is written to allow the pitchers to pitch so umpires should not be looking to find illegal pitches in the game, they should only call them if they see them and have no doubt.

DESIGNATED PLAYER, FLEX PLAYER AND OPO Applicable Rules can be found in the Rule book

The use of the Designated Player (DP), Flex Player (FLEX) and Offensive Player Only (OPO)

offers the head coach of a team numerous strategic and tactical options during a game. A DP and

FLEX must be listed on the line-up card at the start of the game, with the team having 10 starting

players, if they are to be used in the game.

A good summary to keep in mind regarding the use of the DP and Flex is:

• If a DP is going to be used, they must be listed on the line-up from the start of the game;

• As the DP and Flex are starting players, they are eligible for re-entry;

• The DP can field for any of the eight players or the Flex, but can never field only;

• The Flex can only bat in the DP’s batting position but can never bat only; and

• The DP and Flex can never bat at the same time but can field at the same time.

How to manage the DP, FLEX and OPO and an analysis by situation can be conducted as follows:

Substitution of DP

The starting DP may be substituted and may re-enter one time, as long as he returns to the

position in the batting order that he occupied when he left the game.

The starting player listed as the DP must remain in the same position in the batting order

whenever he is in the game.

The DP and his substitute, or replacement, may never play offence at the same time.


The DP may be substituted for at any time, either by a batter, runner, or by the Flex for whom he

is batting. Note – The Flex replacing the DP is not a substitute, but the change must be notified

to the umpire.

If the starting player is replaced on offence by the Flex, or by a substitute, the DP is considered

to have left the game.

• If replaced by the Flex, this reduces the number of players from ten to nine. If the DP does not re-enter, the game may continue and legally finish with nine players.

• If the DP re-enters, he may play offence and defence (continue the game with nine players), or he may bat in his original place in the batting order, and the Flex returns to the 10th position and plays defence only.

• Placing the DP in a position in the batting order other than his starting position is considered an Illegal Re-entry and results in the ejection of both the manager/coach (whose name appears on the line-up card) and the DP, or his substitute.

DP playing Defence

The DP may play defence at any position. Should the DP play defence for any player other than

the Flex, then that player will continue to bat as the Offensive Player Only (OPO) but not play

defence, and is not considered to have left the game (Rule 4).

The DP may play defence for the Flex and that person is considered to have left the game,

reducing the number of players to nine.

Substitution of Flex

The Flex may be substituted for at any time, either by a legal substitute or the DP for whom he is

playing defence. The Flex may re-enter the game one time, either in the 10th position, or in the

DP’s position in the batting order.

• If returning to the number 10 position, he will again play defence only, but may play any defensive position.

• If returning to the DP’s position in the batting order, he will play offence and defence, and the game will continue with nine players.

• Placing the Flex in a position in the batting order other than that of the DP results in the ejection of both the manager / coach and the Flex, or his substitute.

Possible Penalties

The provisions and penalties apply for violations of the designated player rule.


SUBSTITUTIONS AND RE-ENTRIES Use of Substitutes

A substitute may take the place of a starting player. When a substitution is made, the coach shall immediately notify the plate umpire at the time a substitute enters. The umpire will then report the change to the statisticians. The substitute is not officially in the game until a pitch has been thrown or a play has been made.

Unreported Substitute

If a substitute enters the game without reporting and after a pitch (legal or illegal) has been made, the player will be declared ineligible when discovered. The use of an unreported substitute, an illegal substitute, an unreported replacement player, or the unreported return of a withdrawn player, is handled as an appeal by the offended team while the player is in the game. If the offending team coach or the player in violation informs the umpire before the offended team’s appeal, there is no violation.

Possible Penalties

Any action that occurs while the unreported substitute / illegal player is governed as follows: Offensive team violations

• Illegal player at bat – The illegal player is declared ineligible, the replacement shall assume the ball and strike count and any advance of runners while the illegal player is at bat shall be legal.

• Illegal player has completed their turn at bat – If reported before the next legal or illegal pitch, or before the defensive team has left the field, or before the umpires have left the field, the illegal player is called out and declared ineligible. Any advance of runners as a result of the illegal player becoming a batter/runner are nullified and any additional outs that are recorded on the play will stand.

• Illegal player has completed their turn at bat and after a legal or illegal pitch or after the defensive team has left the field – The illegal player is declared ineligible. If still on base, a legal substitute will take that base. Any advance of runners is legal.

• Illegal player is in the game as a runner – If it is identified before a pitch is thrown this is a correctible situation with no penalty being imposed. If it identified after a pitch is thrown or a play is made, the player is declared ineligible and replaced on the base. Any advance of base runners is legal.

Defensive team violations

If the illegal player / unreported substitute is discovered by the offence

• After the illegal player has made a play and before the next pitch, the defence has left the field or the umpires have left the field, the illegal player is declared ineligible and the offensive team has the option of:

o Taking the result of the play; o Having the last batter return and resume the ball and strike count he had prior to

the discovery of the illegal player. Each runner would return to the base occupied prior to the play.

• After a legal or illegal pitch to the next batter, the illegal player is declared ineligible and all plays stand.

Re-entry of starting players

Any of the starting players may be substituted and re-enter once, provided such players occupy the same batting position whenever they are in the line-up. However,

• The original player and the substitute(s) cannot be in the line-up at the same time (unless as a replacement player);


• If a substitute is removed from the game and then is re-entered, this is considered an illegal re-entry (unless as a replacement player); and

• If a starting player re-enters the game and occupies a different position in the offensive line-up it is considered an illegal re-entry.

Possible penalties

Violation of the re-entry rule is handled as an appeal, which may be made at any time while the illegal substitute is in the game. The appeal need not be made prior to the next pitch; however, all plays that occurred while the illegal substitute was in the game shall stand. If the illegal re-entry also violates the unreported substitute rule, those penalties would also be in effect. The penalty for an illegal re-entry is the ejection of both the manager/coach (i.e. the coach who signed the line-up card) and the illegal substitute.

OBSTRUCTION AND INTERFERENCE

What is obstruction?

Obstruction occurs when:

• A defensive player or team member who hinders or prevents a batter from striking at or hitting a pitched ball. (eg. Catcher’s obstruction); or

• A fielder who impedes the progress of a runner or batter-runner who is legally running bases while

o Not in possession of the ball; o Not in the act of fielding a batted ball; o Making a fake tag without the ball; o In possession of the ball and who pushes a runner off a base; or o In possession of the ball but not in the act of making a play on the runner which

intentionally impedes the progress of that runner while he is running the bases.

Obstruction on a batter:

If a batter is obstructed from hitting a pitch by the catcher this is called as catcher’s obstruction. If this occurs the manager of the offensive team has the option of:

• Taking the award for ‘catcher obstruction’, or

• Taking the result of the play If the coach does not take the option of the play, ‘catcher obstruction’ is enforced by awarding the batter first base and advancing all other runners only if forced. The below table illustrates when an option is offered to the catch:

Play Result

Batter-runner reaches 1st & all runners advance Option cancelled

Batter-Runner reaches 1st and runner(s) fail to advance

Option offered

Batter out or Batter-Runner fails to reach 1st Option offered

Obstruction on Batter-Runner and Runner

If a runner is obstructed, a delayed dead ball is signalled, and the runner’s affected by the obstruction are awarded the base or bases they would have reached had there been no obstruction. Points to note:

• If the obstructed runner is put out prior to reaching the base he would have reached had there not been obstruction, a dead ball is called. The obstructed runner and each other


runner affected by the obstruction will be awarded the base, or bases they would have reached, in the umpire’s judgement had obstruction not occurred.

• An obstructed runner may never be called out between the bases where he was obstructed.

• The obstructed runner may be called out and the ball remains alive when: o Missing a base; o Leaving a base before a fly ball was first touched; o After passing the base he would have reached had there not been obstruction.

What is Interference?

Interference is the act of:

• An offensive player or team member that impedes, hinders, or confuses a defensive player attempting to execute a play.

• An umpire who impedes a catcher’s attempt to throw out a runner who is off the base.

• An umpire being hit with a fair-batted ball prior to it passing an infielder, excluding the pitcher.

• A spectator who reaches into the playing field and impedes a fielder playing the ball, or makes contact with the ball that a fielder is attempting a play on.

Steps to be taken when interference occurs:

1. The ball is dead at the time of the interference 2. A determination is made as to who created the interference 3. Who is to be out? 4. Where do the runners go?

By whom Who is out Placement of runners

Offensive team member (Eg: coach, batter or baserunner who is already out, a runner who has already scored).

Runner closest to home

Base held at time of interference

On-deck batter Runner closest to home

Base held at time of interference

Batter Batter Base held at time of interference

Batter-Runner Batter -Runner Base held at time of the pitch.

Runner Runner Base held at time of interference

Spectator Batter-Runner (if catch)

Judgement of umpires

Umpire N/A Base held at time of interference

Examples of interference:

• Runner is hit by a fair-batted ball while off the base and preventing the fielder from making an out.

• Runner kicking a ball that a fielder has missed.

• Runner interferes with a fielder attempting to field a fair-batted ball.

• Runner intentionally interferes with a thrown ball.

• Runner interferes with a fielder attempting to catch a foul-fly ball

• Batter prevents catcher from throwing the ball.

• Coach interferes with a fielder attempting to catch a foul fly ball.

• Umpire interferes with catcher attempting to throw the ball.


Review

a) Using the index of the rulebook, what rule and section defines an illegal bat? _____________________________________________________________________________

b) An illegal bat is defined as: _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

c) What penalty is imposed if a batter is discovered in the batter’s box with an illegal bat? _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Rule ___________________________ Section _________________________________

d) What is the difference between when a player causes interference and obstruction? _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Rule ___________________________ Section _________________________________

e) An unreported substitute occurs when: _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

The penalty imposed is? _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

f) What rule and technical bulletin relates to pitching mechanics? _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________


_____________________________________________________________________________


Summary

As an umpire it is essential that you have a current rulebook and regularly review it. This will assist in your on-going development and knowledge of the game. Invariably you knowledge of the game will increase upon exposure to the rules of softball. Discussion in this unit covered how to use the rulebook and the following specific rules:

• Illegal and altered bat;

• Illegal pitching;

• Designated and flex players;

• Substitutions (Including unannounced substitutions and illegal re-entries);

• Obstruction and interference. Particular emphasis was placed on these rules as these rules are often found to cause confusion to persons involved in the game.

Conclusion

As an umpire there is an onus on you to have both knowledge of the rules of softball and the ability to apply these rules. Whilst theoretical knowledge of the rulebook is invaluable, often an umpire develops a greater understanding of the application of rules through exposure to the rule in a game situation. When this is the case, (even if you get the interpretation wrong) it is important to learn from the situation and ensure that if it is to re-occur in the future you can manage the infraction appropriately.


Module 5 – Pre and Post Game Duties

Introduction There is more to umpiring than turning up and calling balls and strikes, fair and foul, safe and out. Before the game starts there are a variety of responsibilities and considerations to be addressed.

In this module we will look at the range of pre-game duties associated with umpiring, prior to the time “play ball” is called and what happens after the game ends.


• List six (6) items for consideration during the umpires’ pre-game discussion;

• Describe the responsibilities of the umpires prior to the game, including arrival time at the diamond and pre-game equipment checks;

• Annotate a diagram showing each umpire’s position during the pre-game meeting and between innings; and

• Describe appropriate post-game behaviour.

Prerequisites NIL

Resources




Theory

Individual Preparation

For each tournament you attend your commitment may be different. You should find out what this is likely to be and in the lead up to each tournament ensure you maintain a physical fitness regime that will ensure you are able to fulfil the commitment required of you. You should also consider the environmental conditions and any need for more intake of fluids to hydrate yourself sufficiently for those conditions. You should complete a personal equipment check ensuring you have everything you need and it is clean before you leave for the playing venue. You should arrive at the playing facility refreshed and early enough to give yourself time to check in with the tournament TCU and to review any important information about the tournament schedule. You should remain flexible and willing to accept change as this is sometimes necessary to accommodate for any unforeseen occurrences caused by weather, illness or injury. You should set yourself up in the umpires change rooms and ensure again that you have everything you need. Change rooms can often be cramped so being well organised and able to confine yourself to a small space are good traits. Now is a good time to address any minor dusting of shoes or clothes that may be required. Take any opportunity available to go for a long walk to warm up muscles and do some stretching exercises to ensure you are ready for those short sprints around the playing field. This is also a good time for intake of fluids to ensure hydration prior to the game. Now you are ready. However, what about the rest of the crew?

Crew Preparation Discussion

Invariably you will be umpiring with someone you may not know or have never umpired with previously, so it is important to spend 5 – 10 minutes discussing various aspects of the game. Some of the topics for discussion may be as follows:

• Verification of signals used

• Tag situations

• Tag up responsibilities

• Check swing appeals

• Appeal plays

• Base coverage

• Trapped balls on the infield

• Dead ball situations/awards

• Movement to the outfield

• Who corrects if both umpires go to outfield

• Outfield foul ball coverage with an umpire at 2nd base

• Specific plays like the 9 to 3 and playback

• Assistance with a potential dropped third strike

• Leaving through the winning team’s dugout.


Plate Umpire

Umpires should arrive at the diamond at least 15 minutes prior to the commencement of the game to allow sufficient time to check playing equipment and liaise with coaches and statisticians. As the plate umpire you should ensure your base umpires have arrived and are aware of their duties and any local ground rules for that game. Other than your own umpiring equipment and fluids required during the game, you should ensure you have the team lists and sufficient match balls to commence the game. Depending on the tournament you may receive these from the TCU before leaving the change rooms for the game or they may be received at the diamond. While a preliminary inspection of the grounds may have already occurred, on arrival at the diamond you must ensure that the diamond is appropriately marked and fit for play. This may include checking that the appropriate pitching distance has been marked for the gender and age group.

• You must ensure that the team representatives have tossed and are situated on the correct benches.

Dependent on competition ground-rules at eleven minutes prior to the commencement of the game the team batting first might be permitted to have 5 minutes on the diamond for warm-up. At six minutes prior to the commencement of the game the team fielding first is permitted to have 5 minutes on the diamond for warm-up and should remain on the diamond ready to play. At some tournaments teams may only be permitted these warm-up times the first time they play on each diamond. At one minute prior to the commencement of the game the plate umpire is to conduct a meeting at the home plate with the base umpire and the team coaches present. (Refer to Pre-Game Meeting).

Base Umpire

During the crew preparation discussions you should have discussed your duties and any local ground rules for that game. Now is a good time to quickly review these again. You will assist plate umpire to check diamond is appropriately marked and fit to play. Remember to take with you all equipment and fluids required during the game.

Going to and from the Diamond

Umpires walk to the diamond with purpose, professionally as a team, – no dawdling or loitering; no stopping to talk to spectators and certainly no last minute cigarette. You need to arrive with sufficient time so that the pregame duties are not rushed – bat and helmet checks; meeting the official statistician and if necessary getting the line-ups; the plate meeting. Umpires should not arrive too early and force either team out of its pregame routine. Umpires should never have to run back to the umpires’ room for any equipment such as mask, drink bottle, protector, brush, counter, extra game balls or for any other reason. On arrival at the diamond, umpires should remain outside the confines of the netting until ready to commence the game. Do NOT cross or enter the diamond. Consequently, all pregame activities are managed by working the exterior of the back net. Such activities include the following:

• Placing your drink bottles;

• Transiting from dugout to dugout to complete equipment inspections;

• Collecting line-up cards;

• Delivering game balls; and

• Relaying messages to teams, managers or coaches.


At the end of the game, exit the diamond through the winning team’s dugout together and complete the following activities outside the confines of the diamond:

• Returning team owned game balls;

• Checking the score with team or official statisticians; and

• Retrieving drink bottles. Return smartly to the umpires’ room where congratulations and thanks can be shared and you can wind down and prepare for the game debrief. Public praise of each other’s performance should be avoided at all times – save this for the umpires’ room.

Equipment Inspection

The umpiring crew are required to inspect each team’s playing equipment. The umpires typically share this responsibility and should be diligent to check that all equipment expected to be used in the game is being presented for inspection. Umpires do not go through bags; rather, ask politely for equipment to be removed from bags for inspection. Bats are to be checked in relation to safety, specifically noticing cracks, dents and appropriate certification with WBSC/ASA markings. Minor flat spots on a $500.00 bat do not make it unsafe. If you have any doubts use a bat ring to ensure bat is legal and seek input from the other crew members. If necessary send the bat to the Tournament Chief Umpire for final confirmation. Batting helmets are also to be inspected, ensuring they have no cracks or damage and that each helmet has full padding. Catcher’s masks and helmets are also to be inspected ensuring they are not damaged and the appropriate padding is in place. Leg guards are to be inspected to ensure they are free of cracks. Distracting adornments – no exposed items, including jewellery, judged by the umpire to be distracting to opposing players any be worn or displayed. The umpire shall require the item to be removed or covered. Medical alert bracelets and/or necklaces, if deemed distracting, shall be required to be taped to the body in such a manner that the medical alert information remains visible.

Plate Meeting

All umpires should enter the diamond together. One minute before the start of the game, the first and third base umpire brings the respective team representatives to home plate for a meeting. The umpires and team representatives will line up as follows:

THREE UMPIRE SYSTEM This meeting provides an opportunity to:

• Introduce all umpires - an important aspect of the meeting that helps to promote a good attitude between all parties and allows for easier communication during the game.


• Explain ground rules - make sure that everyone has a clear understanding in relation to the field of play.

• Answer any questions - prior to leaving the meeting ensure that there are no lingering doubts about how the game will progress.

• Collect game balls - obtain the game balls from the offensive team prior to the commencement of the game.

Note: The plate meeting should be over in less than one minute.

Between Innings Conduct

After each half innings teams are permitted one minute for the changeover. During this changeover period, which starts at the last out of the previous half innings, several things have to happen:

• The pitcher is entitled to a maximum of 5 warm up pitches in their first pitching innings and then 3 warm up pitches to the catcher or any other team member suitably attired.

• You may need to drink fluids to remain hydrated and alert.

• Coaches may choose to make changes during this period.

• You should scan the field of play, including bench areas for potential obstructions such as equipment or gates left ajar, etc.

• You may want to check the score at the top of the 3rd, 5th and 7th innings and others as needed if the run-ahead rule might be applied.

In order to achieve all of these in the timeframe, the base umpire can assist hustling to their position or getting a drink promptly. If you can take control of your own conduct in this minute you will ensure that the players get their maximum playing time. Restricting the pitcher’s warm up between innings if the team is slow to return to the diamond (ie has a motivational chat) is good practice and is good game management that will encourage the teams to hustle between innings. You cannot expect the teams to hustle if you do not, so you must set the example.

Ending the Game

There are very few occasions when the umpire determines that a game has ended. These would be:

• If the game is a timed game and time has been reached;

• If a number of runs were scored to win a game by the application of a run-ahead rule; or

• If a team scores a winning run and there are still runners on base on an in-the-park hit. Generally, these are the only occasions when an umpire needs to indicate “time and game” or just “game”. Particularly at National Championships, State Championships, State Leagues etc, everybody knows the game situation – the players know if they are winning or not – they know when the game is over.

Individual Requirements

All umpires will need a period of time to change out of their umpiring uniform or prepare for another game. Also, a period to wind down from the game may be required and this will be different for each person.

Umpires should also take time to complete a regime of stretches and warm down exercises that will prevent injury and ensure they are able to maintain their fitness throughout the tournament schedule.

Crew Discussion

As soon as practicable after the game the crew should get together and discuss aspects of the

game that may have been challenging or that each can share and learn from. Also, the TCU and

tournament umpire management crew may choose to provide a crew debrief. As a learning


experience, other umpires may be permitted to sit in on these debriefs. Remember to allow

dialogue and questions during these meetings.


Review

1. True or false:

a. It is sufficient for the plate and base umpire/s to meet 10 minutes before the game.

____________

b. Knowledge of local ground rules is the responsibility of all umpires allocated to a game.

____________

c. Only the batting team are entitled to a 5-minute warm-up on the diamond.

____________

2. What items should umpires check during the equipment checks?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. List six topics which could be discussed/addressed at the pre-game meeting:

a. ____________________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________________________

d. ____________________________________________________________________

e. ____________________________________________________________________

f. ____________________________________________________________________

4. Identify TWO reasons why a post-game crew discussion is important.

a. ____________________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________________

5. Your presenter will divide you into groups of two, and allocate you a role of a plate umpire, base umpire. You will have 2 minutes to practise an effective pre-game crew discussion, which you will then act out in front of the group. Watch each crew’s discussion and be prepared to offer constructive feedback on what was done well and which areas needed improvement.


Summary

The duties of umpires begin before the game actually commences and you need to ensure that you are ready early enough before a game to meet all of your responsibilities. Often you will umpire with people you have never met before, especially when starting out. It is important to have an effective pre-game crew discussion to ensure the crew are able to work as a team on the diamond. You need to ensure that the diamond and equipment used by the players are safe – always take the time to check each team’s equipment before a game. Umpires set the standard for how the game will be played. A polite and concise pre-game meeting and ongoing hustle throughout the game will ensure that the players and officials get the most time possible for softball. If you drop your standards, the players will follow. Any challenging aspects of the game or learning experiences should be shared in a post-game meeting.

Conclusion

A successful umpire does not just concentrate on the “on-diamond” aspects of umpiring – pre-game preparation and a good manner when dealing with teams is also a necessity. When you are next watching a game, take a look at the umpires on the game and what they do before “play ball” is called. Look at what happens between each inning. Expect to see umpires doing exactly what was presented in this module.

Australian Umpire Development Pathway

Individual experience may vary. Other tournaments may be used for assessments where appropriate.

Prerequisites Assessment Opportunities

Level 0Local affiliate

Nil As per local assocation rulesLocal games, gala days, school knockouts

Coloured Shirt Program

Level 1Local affiliate

Minimum 1 year umpiringPlay by the Rules online course

Signed Umpires' Code of Conduct

55% on Open Rules Assessment or 65% on Basic Rules Assessment

Practical - Level 1 competency checklist

State Championships as per state regulations

Pan Pacs and Australian Masters

Level 2State affiliate

Minimum 2 years umpiringLevel 2 clinic

Accreditation registration through Softball Australia

65% on Open Rules Assessment or 80% on Basic Rules Asessment

Practical - U14 State level or equivalent standard

State Championships as per state regulationsInternational Friendship SeriesU14 National Championships


Minimum 3 years umpiringLevel 3-4 clinic


75% on Open Rules AssessmentPractical - U16 State level or equivalent

standard


National Junior Championships


Minimum 4 years umpiringLevel 3-4 clinic


80% on Open Rules Assessment Practical - Open State level or equivalent

standard


National Junior Championships

Level 5National

5 years umpiringAdvanced umpire clinic

Development plan with nationals applicationAccreditation registration through Softball Australia

85% on Open Rules AssessmentPractical - National Junior Championships

(U16 Girls or Boys, or U18 Women)

National Open ChampionshipsAustralian Development Squad

Level 6National

Minimum 6 years umpiringAdvanced umpire clinic

Development plan with nationals applicationAccreditation registration through Softball Australia

85% on Open Rules Assessment Practical - U18 Men or Open Women

Championships

Oceania WBSC Certification Clinic International Exchange ProgramAustralian Development Squad

WBSC Certified

International

Minimum 7 years umpiringWBSC Certification clinic

Development plan with applicationAccreditation registration through Softball Australia

85% on WBSC Rules Assessment Practical - Championships approved by

WBSC

World ChampionshipsWBSC-endorsed events

Additional umpiring resources, including information on umpiring courses and accreditation, can

be found on the Softball Australia website (www.softball.org.au)

Softball Australia Softball ACT Softball NSW

t 03 9417 0022

f 03 9417 3399

e [email protected]

w www.softball.org.au

a PO Box 107

La Trobe University

VIC 3083

t 02 6278 3000

f 02 6278 3010

e [email protected]

w www.act.softball.org.au

a PO Box 4264

Hawker ACT 2614

t 02 9677 4000

f 02 9677 4040

e [email protected]

w www.nsw.softball.org.au

a PO Box 210

Rooty Hill NSW 2766

Softball Northern Territory Softball Queensland Softball South Australia

t 08 8927 3333

f 08 8927 9999

e [email protected]

w www.nt.softball.org.au

a PO Box 40051

Casuarina NT 0811

t 07 3391 2447

f 07 3391 4734

e [email protected]

w www.qld.softball.org.au

a PO Box 861

Sunnybank QLD 4109

t 08 8353 6766

f 08 8353 2480

e [email protected]

w www.sa.softball.org.au

a PO Box 275

West Beach SA 5024

Softball Tasmania Softball Victoria Softball Western Australia

t 03 6249 3589

f 03 6249 3589

e [email protected]

w www.tas.softball.org.au

a GPO Box 2124

Hobart TAS 7001

t 03 9415 1745

f 03 9417 3399

e [email protected]

w www.vic.softball.org.au

a PO Box 107

La Trobe University

VIC 3083

t 08 6181 3900

f 08 9345 3553

e [email protected]

w www.wa.softball.org.au

a PO Box 450

Mirrabooka WA 6941


mailto:[email protected]



http://www.act.softball.org.au/


http://www.nsw.softball.org.au/


http://www.nt.softball.org.au/


http://www.qld.softball.org.au/


http://www.sa.softball.org.au/


http://www.tas.softball.org.au/


http://www.vic.softball.org.au/


http://www.wa.softball.org.au/

Documents

UMPIRING Softball LEVEL THREE-FOUR