Umts 3g Course

UMTS Technology & UMTS Technology & Overview for EngineersOverview for Engineers

Dr Sam NOURIZADEH

Introductory Session

Aims of CourseAims of Course To attain a general understanding of UMTS systems

GSM Evolution Towards UMTS

3g Standards

Code Division Multiple Access Technology

UMTS Network Elements and Architecture

UMTS Air Interface

UMTS Signalling Procedures and Protocols

Introduction to 3g Planning Techniques

Introduction to a 3g Simulation Tool

Introductory Session

Section SummarySection Summary

AIRCOM are an experienced provider of solutions to the cellular industry - consultancy, software and product services

This course is part of a suite of technical programmes offered by AIRCOM

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

Cellular GenerationsCellular GenerationsData rate

1978 1992 2000 2001

People talk about mobile technology in terms of generations:

1st Generation or 1G 2nd Generation or 2G 2.5G 3rd Generation or 3G

But what do these mean?

time

Progress of data rates with time and generation


1st Generation1st Generation

The 1st Generation of Cellular Technology makes use of analogue modulation techniques such as FM

1976+, though really the technology of

the 1980s

Analogue modulation

Frequency Division Multiple Access

Voice traffic only

No inter-network roaming possible

Insecure air interface


1st Generation Planning1st Generation Planning Macrocellular

High sites for coverage driven planning Antennas above roof height

Frequency planning required For networks with more cells than frequencies

these must be planned

Large cell size Order 30km

Hard handover Mobile only ever connected to a single cell

Cellular Networks are commonly represented as hexagon grids.

The above diagram shows how different frequencies are used in different cells in a cellular network (different frequencies represented by different colours).


2nd Generation2nd Generation

1990s

1st system to use Digital modulation

Variety of Multiple Access strategies

Voice and low rate circuit switched data

Same technology allows international

roaming

Secure air interface

000110100110

1110

0100

1111

000

0010010111100111100010110000

0100100


GSMGSM

First networks in 1992 European developed standard, but

with worldwide subscriber base Different frequency bands

GSM450, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900

Largest 2nd Generation subscriber base

Frequency/Time Division Multiple Access

Open/Standardised Interfaces

GSM phones from 1999/2000


GSM PlanningGSM Planning Macrocells and microcells

Capacity driven planning

Frequency planning required Optional parameters requiring

planning Hierarchical Cell Structures Frequency Hopping Discontinuous Transmission Power Control

Simple subscriber/traffic analysis Capacity limited by number of TRXs

Hard Handover GSM networks use microcells to provide additional capacity.

Carrier Bandwidth = 200kHz


cdmaOnecdmaOne

First networks in 1996 Derived from Qualcomm IS-95 air

interface Largely American subscriber base with

some Asian networks Code Division Multiple Access

The closest 2nd generation standard to many of the 3rd generation standards

ANSI-41 core network Chip rate of 1.2288Mcps

cdmaOne phones from 1999/2000


cdmaOne PlanningcdmaOne Planning

1 Connection

2 Connections

3 Connections

Macrocells and microcells Single Frequency

multiple frequencies for hotspots

Soft Handover (multiple connections between mobile and network)

Code Planning Capacity Interference Limited

Unlike GSM there is no frequency planning required for cdmaOne

However soft handover means that there are zones where there are two/three connections to the network


Worldwide Mobile CommunicationsWorldwide Mobile Communications

0100200300400500600700

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

Second Generation -D-AMPSSecond Generation -PDCSecond Generation -GSMSecond Generation -cdmaOneFirst Generation -Analogue

Million S

ubscribers

Year Source:Wideband CDMA for 3rd Generation Mobile Communications, Artech House, 1998


Worldwide Mobile SubscribersWorldwide Mobile Subscribers

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1995 2000 2005 2010

European UnionCountriesNorth America

Asia Pacific

Rest of World

Million S

ubscribers

Year Source:Third Generation Mobile Communications, Artech House, 2000


2.5G2.5G

Now...

Digital modulation

Voice and intermediate rate circuit/packet switched data

Same technology roaming

Secure air interface

Based upon existing dominant standards such as GSM and cdmaOne

2.5G technologies are based upon existing 2G technologies but are focussed at increasing the maximum data rates that the technologies can deliver


HSCSDHSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data Enhancement to the GSM standard Utilises:

Multiple channel coding schemes (4.8kbps, 9.6kbps, 14.4kbps per timeslot)

Multiple timeslots

Circuit Switched Data rates to 57.6kbps 4 slots with 14.4kbps channel coding per

slot

Nokia Cardphone


GPRSGPRS General Packet Radio Service Enhancement to the GSM standard Utlilises

Multiple Timeslots Packet Switching

Packet Switched Data typically to rates of 56kbps

Theoretically 171.2kbps for 8 timeslots

Introduces serving GPRS support node - SGSN

Ericsson R520

The R520 is a triple-band GSM 900/1800/1900 featuring High Speed Data (HSCSD) GPRS, Bluetooth?wireless technology and WAP.


GPRSGPRS

GPRS Terminals can provide up to 150-170kbps data speeds downstream.

Realistically they currently only have a maximum downstream speed of 50kbps and upstream 10-28kbps.

Speeds will also depend on which GPRS version an operator uses, as well as how busy the network is.

Alcatel One Touch 700

GPRSWAP 2.0Bluetooth

Sagem MW 3020

GPRS

WAP


ISIS--95B95B

Qualcomm PDQ Smartphone

Enhancement to cdmaOne standard

Utilises High rate coding scheme Combined code channels Packet switching

Packet Switched Data to rates of 114kbps


QuestionsQuestions

What defines a 1st generation technology and a 2nd generation technology?

What are the main differences between GSM and cdmaOne?

What additional features do 2.5G standards offer?

Locator Slide

Locator SlideLocator Slide

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards CDMA Mobile Technology Overview UMTS Architecture Overview UMTS Air Interface Procedures and Protocols Network Planning Fundamentals

3rd Generation Drivers and Standards3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

IMTIMT--20002000

International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 is a program focussed on providing a single global standard for mobile communications

Development started in 1985 as FPLMTS Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System

Proposed by the ITU (International Telecommunications Union)


Aspects of IMTAspects of IMT--2000 Networks2000 Networks


Partnership Projects and Standards Partnership Projects and Standards OrganisationsOrganisations


The Road to 3GThe Road to 3G

HSCSD

www.3gpp.org ftp.tiaonline.org/uwc136 www.cdg.org

HDR High Data Rate


What are the IMTWhat are the IMT--2000 goals?2000 goals?

Data Rates Local area - 2 Mbps

In office, stationary Limited mobility - 384 kbps

Urban pedestrian Full mobility - 144 kbps

Rural in car

High spectrum efficiency compared to existing systems

High flexibility to introduce new services


IMTIMT--2000 Spectrum2000 Spectrum1885 1980 20102025 2110 2170 2200

1920 1980 20102025 2110 2170 2200

1920 1980 2110 2170

2110 21701920 1980

1850 1910 1930 1990 2110 2200

MSS MSSIMT-2000

Land Mobile

IMT-2000

Land Mobile UL

IMT-2000

Land Mobile UL

IMT-2000

Land Mobile

IMT-2000

Land Mobile DL

IMT-2000

Land Mobile DL

UMTS

Paired UL

UMTS

Paired DLUMTS

SATUMTS

SAT

UMTS

UnpairedUMTS

Unpaired

IMT-2000

Land Mobile

PCS

UL

PCS

DLReserved

1900

DECTGSM 18001880

ITU(WARC-92)

Europe

Japan

Korea

USA

1900 1950 2050 2150 22001800 1850 2000 2100


IMTIMT--2000 Future Spectrum2000 Future Spectrum806 960 1710

1880

2500 2690

890 960 1710

GSM 1800GSM 900

New IMT-2000 New IMT-2000 New IMT-2000

Cellular PCS

ITU(WRC-2000)

Europe

Japan

Korea

USA

22001400 1800 2400 3000600 1000


3rd Generation Cellular3rd Generation Cellular

2002+Digital modulationVoice and high rate dataMulti technology roamingSecure air interfaceStandards

UMTS FDD (FDMA/CDMA based)

UMTS TDD (TDMA/CDMA based)

cdma2000 (MC-CDMA based)


UMTS FDDUMTS FDD

UMTS Frequency Division Duplexing Mode

Built onto enhanced GSM core network

Utilises: QPSK modulation (Quadrature phase shift keying) Multiple channel coding and bearer rates Variable spreading factors and multi-code transmission CDMA FDD Asynchronous operation (UL only)

Data up to rates of 2Mbps


UMTS Compared to GSMUMTS Compared to GSM

UMTS GSMCarrier Spacing 5MHz 200kHz

Frequency Reuse Factor 1 1-21

Power Control Frequency 1500Hz 2Hz or lower

Quality Control Radio ResourceManagement algorithms

Frequency Planning andNetwork Optimisation

Frequency Diversity 5MHz bandwidth givesmultipath diversity with

rake reciever

Frequency Hopping

Packet Data Load Based PacketScheduling

Time Slot basedScheduling with GPRS

Transmit Diversity Supported to improvedownlink capacity

Not supported by standardbut may be applied


UMTS Compared to IS95 UMTS Compared to IS95 ((cdmaOnecdmaOne))UMTS IS-95

Carrier Spacing 5MHz 1.25MHzChip Rate 3.84Mcps 1.2288McpsPower ControlFrequency

1500Hz Uplink 800Hz,Downlink slow

Base StationSynchronisation

No Yes via GPS

Inter FrequencyHandovers

Yes, slotted modemeasurements

Possible butmeasurements not

specifiedPacket Data Load Based Packet

SchedulingPackets as short CS

callsRadio ResourceManagement

Efficient algorithms toprovide QoS

Not required forspeech only

Transmit Diversity Supported to improvedownlink capacity

Not supported bystandard


UMTS TDDUMTS TDD UMTS Time Division Duplexing Mode

Built onto enhanced GSM core network

Utilises: QPSK modulation Multiple channel coding and bearer rates CDMA TDD Synchronous operation

Data up to rates of 2Mbps

Will happen after UMTS FDD


cdma2000cdma2000 Built onto ANSI - 41 core network

Utilises: QPSK modulation Multiple channel coding and bearer rates CDMA FDD Multiple carriers on the downlink

allows compatibility with cdmaOne Synchronous operation

Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less)


3rd Generation Standards Compared3rd Generation Standards Compared

UMTS FDD UMTS TDD cdma2000 Multiple Access

CDMA CDMA CDMA

Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK Carrier Spacing 5MHz (200kHz

raster) 5MHz (200kHz

raster) 3.75MHz

UL/1.25MHz DL Frame Length 10ms 10ms 20ms Slots per Frame

15 15 16

Multiple Rates Multi-code, Variable

Spreading Factor

Multi-code, multi-slot

Supplemental Channels, Multiple spreading Factors

Chip Rate 3.84Mcps 3.84Mcps 3.6868Mcps Max Data Rate 2Mbps 2Mbps 2Mbps

Synchronous No Yes Yes Handover Soft Hard Soft


4th Generation...4th Generation...

Probably 2005-2007 Broadband data rates in excess of

1Mbps Probably 10MHz+ carriers No Spectrum yet !!! ...


QuestionsQuestions

What are the IMT-2000 goals regarding the provision of data rates

What spectrum is allocated in Europe for the UMTS FDD service?

What multiple access method does UMTS adopt?

How does UMTS compare with IS-95?

Session BreakSession Break

Locator Slide


1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards CDMA Mobile Technology Overview UMTS Architecture Overview UMTS Air Interface Procedures and Protocols 3g Appetiser Network Planning Fundamentals

CDMA Mobile Technology OverviewCDMA Mobile Technology Overview

CDMA Mobile Technology Overview

Multiple Access Explained Multiple Access Explained Imagine you are in a cocktail party

Now imagine you are trying to talk to somebody

If you are trying to listen to somebody you need to be able to pick out their speech from everybody elses speech.

Everybody is using the same medium to talk - the air in the room


Terminology ExplanationTerminology Explanation

This is Multiple Access Many conversations/channels share the same medium

There are a number of different Multiple Access (MA) strategies you can try:

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)


FDMAFDMA

frequency

timeUser 1

Frame Period (we may still need frames/timeslots for signalling)

Channel Bandwidth

Idealised FDMA (with no guard bands)


TDMATDMA

frequency

timeUser 1 User 1

Timeslot Period Frame Period

Available Frequency Band

Idealised TDMA (with no guard periods)


FDMA/TDMAFDMA/TDMA

Of course we could also be clever and use a combination of TDMA and FDMAlike in GSM

This is commonly referred to as simply TDMA


FDMA/TDMAFDMA/TDMA

frequency

time

Channel Bandwidth

Timeslot Period Frame Period

User 1 User 1

Idealised FDMA/TDMA (with no guard bands or guard periods)


Direct Sequence Spread SpectrumDirect Sequence Spread Spectrum

Once the spectrum has been spread, the original message is recovered by multiplying the received signal by the same spreading sequence.

The effect of this is that the signal can be recovered even if the SNR is negative.

Being able to work in a negative SNR environment means that more than one user can share the same spectrum at the same time.

This is distinctly different from TDMA and FDMA. Different users would be distinguished by being

allocated different spreading sequences or codes.


CDMA SpreadingCDMA SpreadingEssentially Spreading involves changing the symbol rate on the air interface

Identical codes

Tx Bit Stream

P

f

Code Chip Stream

Spreading

P

f

Channel

Air Interface Chip Stream

P

f

Code Chip Stream

Despreading

P

f

Rx Bit Stream

P

f


Spreading and DespreadingSpreading and Despreading

Rx Bit Stream


Tx Bit Stream1

-1

Code Chip Stream

XSpreading

Code Chip StreamXDespreading


Spreading and Spreading and DespreadingDespreading with code Ywith code Y


Tx Bit Stream1

-1

Code Chip Stream

XSpreading

XDespreadingCode Chip Stream Y

Rx Bit Stream


Spreading in noiseSpreading in noise

Signal

P

f

Spreading Code

Tx SignalP

f

Rx Signal (= Tx Signal + Noise)

fP

Channel

Wideband Noise/Interference

P

f

Spreading Code Signal

P

f

The gain due to Despreading of the signal over wideband noise is the Processing Gain


Spreading in noise (time domain)Spreading in noise (time domain)

Run exe

Here, the message is recovered with a SNR of -6 dB. The spreading code is at a rate 8 times greater than the data.


SpreadingSpreading

The ratio of the sequence rate (the chip rate) and the message rate (the bit rate) is called the Spreading Factor

The despreading at the receiver provides a processing gain that lifts the required message signal out of the noise.

bc

RR=Factor Spreading


SNR and ESNR and Ebb/N/N00

Achieving a satisfactory SNR is traditionally the goal of a connection.

However, the real goal is a satisfactory BER. This is linked toEb/N0 where

Eb is the energy in a single bit and N0 is the noise spectral density in watts/Hz

=

0erfc

21BER

NEb


SNR and ESNR and Ebb/N/N00( )( )

bitratebandwidthSNR

bandwidthRxNoisebitrateRxSignal

0

=

=NEb

In UMTS the bandwidth is made very nearly equal to the chip rate of 3840 kcps, in which case:

More usually, in dB:

ratebit rate chipSNR

0=N

Eb

{ }ratebit 3840000log10SNR 100 +=NEb



SNR can be thought of as the signal to noise ratio at the input to the receiver (also known as Ec/I0).

Eb/N0 can be thought of as the signal to noise ratio delivered to the user:

SNR

Eb/N0



An Eb/N0 ratio of 5 dB is usually acceptable for a voice connection. If the bit rate is 12200 bps and the chip rate is 3840000 cps, what

input SNR is required by the receiver?

Solution:

{ }dB20

255

25SNR122003840000log10SNR

0

==

+=+=SNRN

Eb


Capacity ImplicationsCapacity Implications

We have estimated that a SNR of at least -20 dB is required to establish a voice connection.

Another way of viewing this is that a voice user must provide atleast 1% of the wideband power received by a cell.

This puts an absolute limit of 100 simultaneous users. 100 voice connections would be regarded as the pole capacity of the cell.

( )100

110 1020 =

CDMA CDMA -- Direct Sequence Spread Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum


Spectrum

frequency

time

code

Frame Period (we may still need frames/timeslots for signalling)


SpreadingSpreading If the Bit Rate is Rb, the Chip Rate is Rc, the energy per bit Eb and the

energy per chip Ec then

We say the Processing Gain Gp is equal to:

Commonly the processing gain is referred to as the Spreading Factor

b

ccb R

REE =

b

cp R

RG =

UMTS Technology Overview

VisualisingVisualising the Processing Gainthe Processing Gain

W/Hz W/Hz W/Hz

W/Hz W/Hz dBW/HzEb

No

EcIo

EbNo

Eb/No

EbNo

Eb/NoEb

No

W/Hz dBW/HzSignal

Intra-cell NoiseInter-cell Noise

Before Spreading

After Spreading With Noise

After Despreading/Correlation

Post FilteringOrthog = 0

Post FilteringOrthog > 0

f f f

f f f

f f


Types of CodeTypes of Code Summarising:

Channelisation CodesAre used to separate channels from a single cell or terminal

Scrambling Codes Are used to separate cells and terminals from each other rather than purely channels

Different base stations will use the same spreading codes with separation being provided by the use of different scrambling codes.

S1

S2

S3

C1 C2 C3

C1 C2 C3

C1 C2 C3


Channelisation CodesChannelisation Codes

Channelisation codes are orthogonal and hence provide channel separation

Number of codes available is dependant on length of code

Channelisation codes are used to spread the signal


Channelisation Code GenerationChannelisation Code Generation

Channelisation codes can be generated from a Hadamard matrix A Hadamard matrix is:

Where x is a Hadamard matrix of the previous level

For example 4 chip codes are: 1,1,1,1 1,-1,1,-1 1,1,-1,-1 1,-1,-1,1

xxxx

Note: These two codes correlate if they are time shifted


OVSF codesOVSF codes Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes can be defined

by a code tree:

SF = Spreading Factor of code (maximum 512 for UMTS)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Cch,1,0 = (1)

Cch,2,0 = (1,1)

Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)

Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)


Code Usage EfficiencyCode Usage Efficiency Any codes further down the trunk of a

branch in use cannot be used Any codes further out from the branch

in use cannot be reused

By filling up branches of the code tree before starting new branches a greater capacity can be achieved

Multiple code trees can be used from a cell but at an increased level of interference between channels

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Cch,1,0 = (1)

Cch,2,0 = (1,1)

Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)

Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

IN USE

IN USESF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Cch,1,0 = (1)

Cch,2,0 = (1,1)

Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)

Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

IN USE

IN USE


CDMA in CellularCDMA in Cellular Cellular systems have multipath propagation with

variable delay

Channels from the same transmitter are no longer perfectly orthogonal

i.e Channelisation codes are no longer perfectly synchronised

Downlink Channels on the same cell will interfere with each other

An orthogonality factor (0.6 in urban macrocells typically)

The orthogonality factor gives the percentage of interference that is rejected


A Channelised TransmitterA Channelised Transmitter

Channel 1 Bit Stream



Pulse Shaping and Modulation

c1

c2

c3

s1

In a Base Station, channels are first spread and channelised using the channelisation codes, then combined and finally scrambled together.

Each base station will be allocated one of 512 primary scrambling codes.


CDMA Capacity CalculationsCDMA Capacity Calculations The Eb/No required to achieve a desired bit error rate, BER can be

calculated/simulated for a given receiver

The number of simultaneous users M, of data rate R, a cell can support is approximately equal to:

i

W

Chip rate in chips per second.

Loading factor (between zero and 1)

Power arriving from outside the cell as a fraction of own-cell power.

( ) + RiNE

WMb 10


CDMA Capacity CalculationsCDMA Capacity Calculations

For Eb/No = 3 (power ratio), W=3840000, R=12200 (full rate speech), i=0.6 and a loading factor of 0.5,

M = 33. However imperfect power control will create a 30-40%

reduction in the capacity on the uplink (downlink channels will always be ideally weighted, plenty of power).

Soft handover also impacts the capacity on the downlink -approximately 20-40% of channels will be required for handover.

Control and pilot channels require transmitted power - again impacting the downlink.


Pilot ChannelsPilot Channels

Pilot channels are used in the cell selection process (i.e. best server means strongest pilot)

Pilots contain no baseband information - no bits.

The pilot is spread by the all 1s channelisation code. Effectively the pilot is the scrambling code

The required pilot channel SNR is referred to as Ec/Io (EcIo) Pilots allow channel estimation to be carried out.

The result of channel estimation is used to programme the Rake receiver.


Soft HandoverSoft Handover Soft Handover is where more then one cell is in communication with

a terminal The cells in communication with the terminal are known as an

active set The best serving cell is known as the primary cell - and maintains

the primary channel Other channels are known as handover channels The gain associated with soft handover is known as the

macrodiversity gain This occurs due to the uncorrelated nature of fast fading between cells

and the variation in slow fading between cells Note that slow fading is not entirely uncorrelated for different cells


Hard Handover (e.g.GSM)Hard Handover (e.g.GSM)

Handover Hysteresis

Margin

Direction of Travel

Cell A Cell B

RX_Level

In hard handover the mobile is only ever instantaneously connected to a single cell Distance


Soft HandoverSoft Handover

During soft handover more than one cell is in communication with the mobile.

MS


Soft Handover (e.g. in cdmaOne)Soft Handover (e.g. in cdmaOne)

Active set = 1 = 2 = 1Pilot Ec/Io

T_ADDT_DROP

Cell A Cell A and Cell B Cell B

Direction of Travel

In soft handover the mobile may be instantaneously connected to more than one cell

Drop Time DelayAdd Time DelayDistance


Soft Handover in CDMASoft Handover in CDMA

Why Soft Handover is Good in CDMA Hard Handover can lead to relatively

deep penetration into neighbour cells Soft Handover allows Power Control

from all Active Set cells Probability of a dropped call is reduced,

due to link redundancy in handover region

Macrodiversity gain - allows reduction in target Eb/No

Why Soft Handover is Bad in CDMA Transmission overhead in backhaul Additional downlink noise in system Engineering of handover zones

becomes highly critical


More CDMA at the Cocktail Party More CDMA at the Cocktail Party -- Cell BreathingCell Breathing

The higher the noise at a party the louder you have to speak You get to a point where you cant shout louder and cant have a

conversation where you are standing The further away you are to the listener the louder you have to speak If it is noisy only people standing close together can have a

conversation As it gets noisy the area that can be covered by a conversation

decreases Conversely the quieter it is then the area covered by a conversation can

be larger This is called Cell Breathing and occurs in mobile CDMA networks


Cell BreathingCell Breathing An increase in traffic results in an increase in interference Mobiles at the extremities of cells may be pushed out of the cells effective

coverage area due to decreased Eb/No This effect may occur over the course of 24 hours due to changes in

traffic demand over peak hours

6am Noon 9pm


Noise RiseNoise Rise The effective noise floor of the receiver increases as the number of

active mobile terminals increases. This rise in the noise level appears in the link budget and limits

maximum path loss and coverage range.

Three Users

Background NoiseOne User

Two Users


UpLinkUpLink Noise Rise GraphNoise Rise Graph

Noise Rise vs. Throughput

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

Throughput kbps

N

o

i

s

e

R

i

s

e

Uplink Noise Rise (in dB) is a function of cell throughput.


DownLinkDownLink Noise Rise GraphNoise Rise Graph

Noise Rise vs. Throughput

0

2

4

6

8

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

Throughput (kbps)

N

o

i

s

e

R

i

s

e

(

d

B

)

Downlink Noise Rise (in dB) is a function of cell throughput.


Coverage vs. Capacity GraphCoverage vs. Capacity Graph

Coverage (in the form of maximum allowable path loss) is a function of cell throughput.

Coverage vs. Capacity

145.00

150.00

155.00

160.00

165.00

170.00

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Throughput (kbps)

M

a

x

i

m

u

m

P

a

t

h

l

o

s

s

(

d

B

)

Uplink

Dow nlink


Cell Breathing :Cell Breathing :-- goodgood or or badbad ??

.

Cell Breathing is integral to WCDMA cellular radio systems.

Its disadvantage is that it leads to the creation of gaps in the network coverage.

Its advantage is that it maximises capacity when it is demanded.

The amount of cell breathing can be controlled by limiting theNoise Rise in the admission algorithm.

It cannot, however be eliminated.


Cell Breathing :Cell Breathing :-- GoodGood or or BadBad ??

Limiting the Noise Rise to 3 dB will restrict throughput to 50% of theoretical maximum coverage to 33% of its maximum area shrinkage

Allowing Noise Rise increase to 10 dB will allow throughput to rise to approximately 90% of its theoretical maximum but coverage shrinkage will rise to 73% of maximum.

Planning to restrict Noise Rise to 3 dB will necessitate the provision of extra sites.


Cell BreathingCell Breathing

.

Very rough rule of thumb.

Area shrinkage (%) =

Coverage with 3 dB Noise Rise

Coverage with 10 dB Noise Rise

Unloaded Coverage

( )

5.17101100NR


More CDMA at the Cocktail Party More CDMA at the Cocktail Party -- Power ControlPower Control

If somebody is shouting louder than they need, it increases the overall noise

This is inefficient, as it reduces the number of people who can have conversations

We need to speak as quietly as possible to maximise the number of simultaneous conversations.

This is called Power Control in mobile networks

In CDMA networks it is very important that this power control is efficient

We use fast power control with a much quicker feedback loop than in TDMA networks


QuestionsQuestions

What is a pilot channel?

How does soft handover differ from hard handover?

How do scrambling codes differ from channelisation codes?

How can cell breathing be used for advantage?

Locator Slide


1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards CDMA Mobile Technology Overview UMTS Architecture Overview UMTS Air Interface Network Planning Fundamentals

UMTS Architecture OverviewUMTS Architecture Overview

UMTS Architecture Overview

UMTS High Level ArchitectureUMTS High Level Architecture

User Equipment

UMTS Terrestrial

Radio Access Network

Core Network

UU IUUE UTRAN CN

New


Major Network Elements in UMTSMajor Network Elements in UMTS

UU IU

UE UTRAN CN

CUIUb

IUr

USIM

ME

Node B

Node B

Node B

Node B

RNC

RNC

MSC/VLR

SGSN GGSN

GMSC

HLR

PLMN, PSTN, ISDN

Internet, X25

Packet Network

Mobile Equipment

UMTS SIM

Radio Network

Controller

Radio Network

Controller

Serving GSN

Gateway GSN

Gateway MSC

Mobile Switching

Centre

Home Location Register

Iu-ps

Iu-cs

IUb


General Core Network ArchitectureGeneral Core Network Architecture

IUCN

MSC/VLR

SGSN GGSN

GMSC

HLR

Serving GSN

Gateway GSN

Gateway MSC

Mobile Switching

Centre

Home Location Register

Other SGSN

Other MSC

External Circuit

Switched Networks

Iu-cs

Iu-ps

Gs

GnGn

Gr Gc

DD

Gi

FF

UTRAN

External Packet

Switched Networks

UTRAN


Functions of the CNFunctions of the CN

Switching

Service Provision

Transmission of user traffic between UTRAN(s) and/or fixed network

Mobility Management

Operations, Administration and Maintenance


General UTRAN ArchitectureGeneral UTRAN Architecture

UU IU

UE

UTRAN

IUb

IUr

Node B

Node B

Node B

Node B

RNC

RNC

Radio Network Controller

Radio Network Controller

Iu-ps

Iu-cs

IUb

CN (MSC)

CN (SGSN)


UTRANUTRAN

UTRAN is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

The functions of UTRAN are:

Provision of Radio Coverage

System access control

Security and privacy

Handover

Radio resource management and control


Elements of UTRANElements of UTRAN

Radio Network Controller Owns and controls radio resources in its domain (BSC in GSM)

Service Access point for all services that UTRAN provides for the CN

Note: Service RNC (SRNC) and Drift RNC (DRNC) are subsets

Node B Acts as the radio basestation (BTS in GSM)

Converts the data flow between the Iub and Uu interfaces


Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)Radio Network Subsystem (RNS) A Radio Network Subsystem

consists of: A single RNC One or more Node Bs Cells belonging to Node Bs

RNC

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

Iur

Iu

Uu


Radio Network Controller (RNC)Radio Network Controller (RNC)

RNC

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

IurIu

Uu

Responsible for the use and integrity of the radio resources within the RNS

Responsible for the handover decisions that require signalling to the UE

Provides a combining/splitting function to support macrodiversitybetween different Node Bs


Node BNode B

RNC

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

IurIu

Uu

Logical node responsible for radio transmission / reception in one or more cells to/from the UE

Dual mode Node B can support FDD and TDD mode

Not necessarily a single site according to the standards

Most current implementations use a single site


CellCell

RNC

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

IurIu

Uu

A cell is an area of radio coverage serviced by one or more carriers


Major Interfaces in UMTSMajor Interfaces in UMTS There are four major new interfaces

defined in UMTS Iu

The interface between UTRAN and the CN

IurThe Interface between different RNCs

IubThe interface between the Node B and the RNC

UuThe air interface

RNC

Node-B

RNC

UE

CN

Uu

Iub

IuIur


IIubub

The Iub is the interface between the RNC and the Node-B

The Node B effectively performs a relay function between the Iuband the Uu

Thus the Iub needs to carry: Layer 2+ signalling between the UE and the UTRAN Signalling directly to the Node B

To control radio resource allocation General control of the Node-B O&M Functionality


IIurur

The Iur is the interface between two RNCs

It enables the transport of air interface signalling between an SRNC and a DRNC

Thus the Iur needs to support: Basic Inter RNC Mobility Dedicated Channel Traffic Common Channel Traffic Global Resource Management


IIuu

The Iu is the interface between the Core Network and the UTRAN

There are two instances of the Iu:

The Iu-ps connecting UTRAN to the Packet Switched Network

The Iu-cs connecting UTRAN to the Circuit Switched Network


Handover in UMTSHandover in UMTS There are three basic types of handover

Intra frequency handovers Handovers between 2 UMTS codes at the same frequency These can be soft handovers

Inter frequency handovers Handovers between 2 UMTS carriers at different frequencies These are hard handovers

Inter system handovers Handovers between UMTS and GSM carriers These are hard handovers


Handover Sets in UMTSHandover Sets in UMTS

Active Set Cells forming a soft handover connection to the mobile

Candidate Set - GSM concept No equivalent in UMTS

Neighbour Set Those cells which are continuously monitored but do

not yet qualify for the Active Set


Macrodiversity between Node BMacrodiversity between Node Bss

RNC

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

Iur

Iu

Uu

If an active set consists of two connections to cells parented to different Node Bs then the combining of the two channels occurs at the RNC

This is known as a soft handover

This doubles the transmission cost of the call


Macrodiversity between Cells on the Macrodiversity between Cells on the Same Node BSame Node B

RNC

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

NodeB

Cell

Cell

Cell

Iur

Iu

Uu

If an active set consists of two connections to cells parented to the same Node B

combining of the two channels occurs at the Node B

This is known as a softer handover

This has no transmission implication

But does have capacity implications, if cells are collocated.


Handover Decisions in UMTSHandover Decisions in UMTS

= 2Cell A and Cell C

= 2Cell A and Cell B

Direction of Travel

Window_DROP

Drop Time Delay

Window_ADD

Add Time Delay Replace Time Delay

Window_REPLACE

Active set = 1Cell APilot Ec/Io

A Active

B Active

C Active


Major Logical Channels in UMTSMajor Logical Channels in UMTS

Control Channels BCCH Broadcast Control Channel PCCH Paging Control Channel CCCH Common Control Channel DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

Traffic Channels DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel CTCH Common Traffic Channel


Major Transport Channels for UMTSMajor Transport Channels for UMTS

Common Control Channels BCH Broadcast Channel FACH Forward Access Channel PCH Paging Channel RACH Random Access Channel CPCH Common Packet Channel

Dedicated Channels DCH Dedicated Channel DSCH Downlink Shared Channel


Major Physical Channels for UMTSMajor Physical Channels for UMTS Common Control Channels

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channels (DL) S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channels (DL) P-SCH Primary Synchronisation Channel (DL) S-SCH Secondary Synchronisation Channel (DL) CPICH Common Pilot Channel (DL) AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL) PICH Paging Indicator Channel (DL) PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (DL) PRACH Physical Random Access Channel (UL) PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (UL) AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL) CD/CA-ICH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (DL)

Dedicated Channels DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL & UL) DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL & UL)


Mapping of Logical Channels to Transport Mapping of Logical Channels to Transport ChannelsChannels

Logical Channels

BCH PCH CPCH RACH FACH DSCH

BCCH PCCH CTCHDCCH CCCH DTCH

DCH

Transport Channels


Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical ChannelsChannels

BCH PCHCPCHRACH FACH DSCH DCH

DPDCH

DPCCH

PDSCH

S-CCPCH

P-CCPCH

PCPCH

PRACH

S-SCH

CPICH

AICH

PICH

AP-AICH

CD/CA-ICH

P-SCH

Physical Channels

Transport ChannelsSpreading/Modulation

Locator Slide



UMTS Air InterfaceUMTS Air Interface

UMTS Air Interface

UMTS Frame StructureUMTS Frame Structure

Frame Period Tf = 10ms Frames are used for channel format control 15 slots, #0#14 Slots are used for power control, & synchronisation

Tslot = 666.7s = 2560 chips

#0 #1 #2 #i #14

Tf = 10ms = 38400 chips

UMTS Air Interface

Uplink Spreading and ModulationUplink Spreading and Modulation

I+jQ

RealDPDCH

DPCCH Imag

cos(t)

sin(t)

cscramb

cDPCCH

Pulse Shaping

Pulse Shaping

Control channel and Data channel are multiplexed together using quadrature combining.

UMTS Air Interface

Uplink Dedicated Physical Data ChannelUplink Dedicated Physical Data ChannelFrame/Slot StructureFrame/Slot Structure

Spreading Factor, SF = 256/2k

SF = 4 to 256

Channel Bit Rate, Rb = 152k kbps Rb = 15 to 960 kbps

k = 0.6 Bits per Slot, Ndata = 102k bits

Ndata = 10 to 640 bits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

DataNdata bitsDPDCH

Tslot = 2560 chips, N data = 10*2k bits (k=0..6)

UMTS Air Interface

ULUL--DPCCH Slot/Frame StructureDPCCH Slot/Frame Structure The Layer 1 control information

consists of: known pilot bits transmit power-control (TPC)

commands feedback information (FBI) optional transport-format

combination indicator (TFCI).

Channel Bit Rate Rb = 15 kbps

Spreading Factor SF = 256

Bits per slot = 10

1 radio frame: T = 10 ms

PilotNpilot bits

TPCNTPC bits


Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

f

DPCCHFBI

NFBI bitsTFCI

NTFCI bits

UMTS Air Interface

Power ControlPower Control Power control commands are either Power Up

or Power Down. Step size is usually 1 dB. It is intended to compensate for fast and slow

fading. Fast fading results from multi-path propagation

resulting in signal strength gradients of up to approximately 1 dB per centimetre in space.

Mobile speeds faster than approximately 15 m/s may cause problems with power control.

Power Control Power Control Power RisePower Rise

If the mobile reacts to Power Control commands, it is usual for the average power to increase.

This increases the level of interference experienced by neighbouring cells

The difference between the average power level on a fading and non-fading channel is known as the Power Rise.

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mobile Tx Pwr Average Non-fading

Power Rise

Power Control Power Control Soft HandoverSoft Handover

A mobile near the edge of a cell will be causing almost as much Noise Rise on the neighbouring cell as it is on the serving cell.

Neighbouring CellServing Cell

Power Control Power Control Soft HandoverSoft Handover Establishing a second connection from the neighbouring

cell provides advantages on the uplink. Tx power on the uplink is reduced by: Macro-diversity: Eb/N0 estimate is passed to RNC that

selects best connection. Lower incidence of power up commands results in lower

Power Rise.

RNC

Power Control Power Control Soft(erSoft(er) Handover) Handover If both active cells are on the same site, the handover is

called softer handover. In this case, the benefits are greater as the two signals

are combined using a maximal combiner. A maximal combiner is also used in the mobile.


Rake ReceiverRake Receiver

Correlator

Code Generators

(S & C)Channel Estimator

Phase Rotator Delay Equalizer

Matched Filter

I

Q

I

Q

A typical rake receiver with three fingers

Signals once radiated from their source can take different paths.This will introduce a delay but not change the codingCorrelation will occur on delayed signals, which can be added together if the delay is taken into account.

Power Control Power Control Outer LoopOuter Loop Fast Power Control commands are based on comparing the estimated Eb/N0 value

received at the cell with a nominal target level.

The final indicator of quality is the Frame Error Rate. This is monitored by the RNC.

The RNC will instruct the Cell to change the target Eb/N0 value if the FER is unacceptable.

This happens at a much slower rate than Fast Power Control.

Target Eb/N0 is a dynamic parameter.

Inner Loop(fast) power control

Outer loop(BLER-based) Power control

RNC

UMTS Air Interface

Uplink Dedicated Channel MultiplexingUplink Dedicated Channel Multiplexing

One DPCCH and up to 6 DPDCH are spread by real valued sequences

DPCCH is spread by channelisation code cc

DPDCH is spread by channelisation code cd,n where 1

UMTS Air Interface

Uplink Dedicated Channel MultiplexingUplink Dedicated Channel Multiplexing

I

j

cd,1 d

Sdpch,n

I+jQ

DPDCH1

Q

cd,3 d DPDCH3

cd,5 d DPDCH5

cd,2 d DPDCH2

cd,4 d DPDCH4

cd,6 d DPDCH6

cc c DPCCH

S

UMTS Air Interface

Uplink Variable Rate (OVSF based)Uplink Variable Rate (OVSF based)

10 ms

Pilot+TPC+TFCI+FBI Data

R = 60kbps R = 30kbps R = 0kbps R = 0kbps R = 30kbps

UMTS Air Interface

DownlinkDownlink Slot/Frame StructureSlot/Frame StructureThe control and data channels are time division multiplexed in the DL direction (as opposed to quadrature combining in the UL).

The frame/timeslot structure is similar in the UL and DL.

Maximum data rate on DL is almost twice that for UL.

SF of 512 available on DL only.

1 radio frame: T = 10 ms


Tslot = 2560 chips

f

TFCI Data DataTPC PilotDPCCH DPCCHDPCCHDPDCH DPDCH

UMTS Air Interface

Convolutional CodingConvolutional Coding

UMTS allows for 1/2 and 1/3 rate convolutional coding to be employed in the UL & DL.

Coding will result in the required channel bit rate being increased by a factor of 2 or 3 accordingly.

Coding significantly improves the noise performance of the channel and offers an overall capacity improvement.

Remember capacity is inversely proportional to Eb/No.

Coding therefore allows lower Eb/No values to be used to achieve target capacity.

UMTS Air Interface

Convolutional CodingConvolutional Coding

A convolutional coder consists of a shift register and modulo-2 adders that produces 2 (in the case of 1/2 rate coding) parallel data streams that are multiplexed together to produce a single serial data stream.

+

+

Parallel to serialData in Data outShift Register

A half-rate convolutional encoder

UMTS Air Interface

Coding and User Data RatesCoding and User Data RatesDownlink Physical Dedicated Channel User Bit Rates.

Spreading Factor

Channel symbol rate kbps

Channel bit rate kbps

DPDCH channel bit rate range

Max user rate with rate coding

512 7.5 15 3-6 1-3

256 15 30 12-24 6-12

128 30 60 42-51 20-24 32 120 240 210 105 4 960 1920 1872 936 4 with 3 parallel codes

2880 5760 5616 2300

UMTS Air Interface

Coding and User Data RatesCoding and User Data Rates

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel User Bit Rates.

DPDCH spreading factor

DPDCH channel bit rate kbps

Max user data rate with rate coding

256 15 7.5 128 30 15 32 120 60 8 480 240 4 960 480 4 with 6 parallel codes

5740 2300

Locator Slide



Network Planning FundamentalsNetwork Planning Fundamentals

Network Planning Fundamentals

Radio Planning for UMTSRadio Planning for UMTS

Principle Design Considerations

3g is a multi-service network

3g requires the practical implementation of WCDMA.


3g Radio Access3g Radio Access

Sites must be planned for Interference dominance Maximum isolation.

Cell breathing.

High radio capacity Use of 2 or 3 carriers to form microcellular and picocellular

layers.

Initial rollout of 3g will benefit from legacy GSM networks, with islands of 3g coverage and 3g-GSM intersystem handover being essential

Co-location of 2g and 3g sites must consider any RF interference issues and practical problems for example space.


Wideband CDMAWideband CDMA

Minimise soft handover

External interference

Network planning needs consideration of both

propagation and cell load

Sites should be considered in groups.


ParametersParameters

Network configuration.

Number of carriers.

Number of sectors .

Loadings.

Number of users.

Cell range.


Planning PhasesPlanning Phases

Planning can be broken into 3 phases; Dimensioning Detailed planning Optimisation

Because of mixed services these planning phases cannot be separated into coverage and capacity.


Quality of ServiceQuality of Service

Quality of service requirements should be set for each service and include Coverage Blocking probability Indoor coverage In-car coverage probability.

The tightest service will determine the site density.

Quality of service estimation, for packet switched services, require acceptable delays being defined and throughput.


DimensioningDimensioning

To determine the approximate number of Sites Cells Network elements.

You need knowledge of: Radio Link Budgets Coverage Analysis Capacity estimation Required numbers of network elements eg RNCs


Vital ParametersVital Parameters Ec/Io of the Pilot Channel is used to

estimate (sound) the channel (multipath characteristics) decide which server is best server make handover decisions Typical requirement -15 dB

Eb/No in both uplink and downlink affects error ratios. Typical requirement 1 to 10 dB Required value of Eb/No depends on propagation conditions and

sophistication of receiver.

Noise rise limits path loss and coverage.


Radio Link Budget RLBRadio Link Budget RLB

RLBs are necessary to estimate the range of a cell.

The RLB estimates the maximum allowable propagation path loss.

The RLB needs knowledge of: Interference Degradation margin Fast Fading Margin Transmit Power increase Soft handover gain


Link BudgetLink Budget

Because UL power is lower than DL power coverage is UL limited.

Initially, most attention is paid to the UL budget.

This has distinct difference from GSM link budget:

Noise Rise

Processing Gain

Target Eb/No


Link BudgetLink Budget

Note: at 3840 kHz, kTB = -108 dBm. Typical noise floor of cell receiver is -104 dBm.

Considering full rate voice (12.2 kbit/s) processing gain is 25 dB.

If target Eb/No is 5 dB and allowed Noise Rise is 4 dB then:

UE must be capable of delivering (-104-25+5+4)= -120 dBm for a successful connection.

-120 dBm is effectively the receiver sensitivity.


Link Budget Link Budget -- voicevoice

If the UE can transmit at powers up to +21 dBm, the maximum link loss is: 21 - (-120) = 141 dB.

The maximum air interface path loss can be calculated by considering antenna gains and miscellaneous losses (e.g. feeder loss, body loss)

If antenna gain = 17 dBi and losses = 4 dB, then maximum path loss = 141 + 17 - 4 = 154 dB

Note: margins not considered (e.g. shadow fading, building penetration loss). These could total 25 dB.


Link Budget Link Budget -- voicevoice

Noise Floor -104 dBmNoise Rise Limit 4 dBProcessing Gain 25 dBTarget Eb/No 5 dBMinimum Required Rx Power -120 dBmUE Tx Power +21 dBmMaximum Link Loss 141 dBAntenna Gain 17 dBiFeeder loss 3 dBBody loss 1 dBMaximum path loss 154 dBMargins 24 dBTarget path loss 130 dB


Link Budget Link Budget -- VTVT

UMTS is introduced to offer higher level services such as video telephony (VT).

VT will typically operate at 64 kbit/s.

Processing gain = 17.8 dB

If all other parameters remain the same, then the maximum path loss will be 154 - 25 + 17.8 = 146.8 dB.

Different service:- different range.

Typically range for voice = 1.6 x range for VT


Coverage AnalysisCoverage Analysis

The use of simulation/planning tools

Drive round testing

Product examination


Capacity EstimationCapacity Estimation

Market Analysis

Mobile Services

Manufacturer data for UE

Network topology


OptimisationOptimisation

Interference is the biggest enemy in WCDMA and you need to control this through optimisation of;

Site Location and configuration

Height, direction, beamwidth and tilt of antennas

Cable losses

Mast head amplifiers


Simulation resultsSimulation results

Network performance can be significantly improved by higher sectorisation.

Tilting antennas between 7o and 10o increases coverage. Reason put down to the reduction in the other-to-own-cell

interference

Use of MHA is proved to enhance the UL performance. In all simulated cases the number of users in the uplink was

increased. However the increased number of users in the UL results in

a decrease in DL performance due to more SHO reducing DL capacity.

Course RoundupCourse Roundup

Have YOU obtained a general understanding of UMTS systems ?

GSM Evolution Towards UMTS

3g Standards

Code Division Multiple Access Technology

UMTS Network Elements and Architecture

UMTS Air Interface

UMTS Signalling Procedures and Protocols

Introduction to 3g Planning Techniques

Thank youThank you

Any Questions or Problems, email to:

[email protected]

UMTS Technology & Overview for EngineersAims of CourseSection SummaryCellular Generations1st Generation1st Generation Planning2nd GenerationGSMGSM PlanningcdmaOnecdmaOne PlanningWorldwide Mobile CommunicationsWorldwide Mobile Subscribers2.5GHSCSDGPRSGPRSIS-95BQuestionsLocator Slide3rd Generation Drivers and StandardsIMT-2000Aspects of IMT-2000 NetworksPartnership Projects and Standards OrganisationsThe Road to 3GWhat are the IMT-2000 goals?IMT-2000 SpectrumIMT-2000 Future Spectrum3rd Generation CellularUMTS FDDUMTS Compared to GSMUMTS Compared to IS95 (cdmaOne)UMTS TDDcdma20003rd Generation Standards Compared4th Generation...QuestionsSession BreakLocator SlideCDMA Mobile Technology OverviewMultiple Access ExplainedTerminology ExplanationFDMATDMAFDMA/TDMAFDMA/TDMADirect Sequence Spread SpectrumCDMA SpreadingSpreading and DespreadingSpreading and Despreading with code YSpreading in noiseSpreading in noise (time domain)SpreadingSNR and Eb/N0SNR and Eb/N0SNR and Eb/N0SNR and Eb/N0Capacity ImplicationsCDMA - Direct Sequence Spread SpectrumSpreadingVisualising the Processing GainTypes of CodeChannelisation CodesChannelisation Code GenerationOVSF codesCode Usage EfficiencyCDMA in CellularA Channelised TransmitterSession BreakCDMA Capacity CalculationsCDMA Capacity CalculationsPilot ChannelsSoft HandoverHard Handover (e.g.GSM)Soft HandoverSoft Handover (e.g. in cdmaOne)Soft Handover in CDMAMore CDMA at the Cocktail Party - Cell BreathingCell BreathingNoise RiseUpLink Noise Rise GraphDownLink Noise Rise GraphCoverage vs. Capacity GraphCell Breathing :- good or bad ?Cell Breathing :- Good or Bad ?Cell BreathingMore CDMA at the Cocktail Party - Power ControlQuestionsLocator SlideUMTS Architecture OverviewUMTS High Level ArchitectureMajor Network Elements in UMTSGeneral Core Network ArchitectureFunctions of the CNGeneral UTRAN ArchitectureUTRANElements of UTRANRadio Network Subsystem (RNS)Radio Network Controller (RNC)Node BCellMajor Interfaces in UMTSIubIurIuHandover in UMTSHandover Sets in UMTSMacrodiversity between Node BsMacrodiversity between Cells on the Same Node BHandover Decisions in UMTSMajor Logical Channels in UMTSMajor Transport Channels for UMTSMajor Physical Channels for UMTSMapping of Logical Channels to Transport ChannelsMapping of Transport Channels to Physical ChannelsSession BreakLocator SlideUMTS Air InterfaceUMTS Frame StructureUplink Spreading and ModulationUplink Dedicated Physical Data ChannelFrame/Slot StructureUL-DPCCH Slot/Frame StructurePower ControlPower Control Power RisePower Control Soft HandoverPower Control Soft HandoverPower Control Soft(er) HandoverRake ReceiverPower Control Outer LoopUplink Dedicated Channel MultiplexingUplink Dedicated Channel MultiplexingUplink Variable Rate (OVSF based)Downlink Slot/Frame StructureConvolutional CodingConvolutional CodingCoding and User Data RatesCoding and User Data RatesSession BreakLocator SlideNetwork Planning FundamentalsRadio Planning for UMTS3g Radio AccessWideband CDMAParametersPlanning PhasesQuality of ServiceDimensioningVital ParametersRadio Link Budget RLBLink BudgetLink BudgetLink Budget - voiceLink Budget - voiceLink Budget - VTCoverage AnalysisCapacity EstimationOptimisationSimulation resultsCourse RoundupThank you

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Umts 3g Course