UMTS Indoor RF Design Guideline_ External Version-V4.1

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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

Document number: UMT/DCL/APP/035536

Document issue: 4.1 / ENDocument status: StandardDate: 21/JUL/2011

External document

Copyright2003-2008 Alcatel-Lucent, All Rights Reserved

Printed in France

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Alcatel-Lucent confidential

UMT/DCL/APP/035536 4.1 / EN Standard 21/JUL/2011 Page 2/74

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................5

1.1 INDOORRFCOVERAGEGUIDELINE..................................................................................5

1.2 SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT .......................................................................................................5

1.3 AUDIENCE FOR THIS DOCUMENT ................................................................................................5

2 GENERALITIES ABOUT INDOOR ...............................................................................................6

2.1 INDOOR SPECIFICITIES ..............................................................................................................6

2.2 INDOORDESCRIPTION........................................................................................................8

3 SAFETY NORMS...........................................................................................................................9

3.1 PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................................................9

3.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE REQUIREMENT ..........................................................................................10

4 OEM AND PRODUCTS SOLUTIONS.........................................................................................11

4.1 DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM (DAS) ....................................................................................11

4.1.1 Passive distribution.......................................................................................................114.1.2 Active.............................................................................................................................134.1.2.1 Bi-directional amplifiers (BDA) ........................................................................................................134.1.2.2 In building fiber optic and/or electrical extension..............................................................................14

4.1.2.2.1 Fiber optic system........................................................................................................................144.1.2.2.2 electrical system ................................................................ .......................................................... 154.1.2.2.3 Example of existing system: Unison system from LGCWireless................ ................................ 16

4.2 REPEATER..............................................................................................................................17

4.2.1 RF Repeaters solution ..................................................................................................174.2.2 Optical repeaters...........................................................................................................18

4.3 INDOOR SMALL CELL-CELL NODE-B ...........................................................................................20

4.3.1 Noise figure ...................................................................................................................20

5 RADIO DESIGN METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................21

5.1 PRINCIPLE &CONSTRAINTS .....................................................................................................21

5.2 DIMENSIONING SERVICE &TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS ...................................................................22

5.3 LBANALYSIS ..........................................................................................................................23

5.3.1 Engineering margins .....................................................................................................235.3.1.1 Shadow margin calculation for QoC..................................................................... ............................. 235.3.1.2 DAS losses .................................................................. ............................................................. ..........235.3.1.3 Obstacles losses..................................................................................................................................245.3.2 UPlink parameters.........................................................................................................245.3.3 DOWNLINK BUDGET...................................................................................................24

CPICH power calculation....................................................................................................................25 Common Channels power setting .......................................................................................................25 Other parameters .................................................................................................................................26

5.4 RFDESIGNTARGETS........................................................................................................26


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5.4.1 Minimum attenuation required and Total EIRP recommended.....................................275.4.2 Coverage target ............................................................................................................275.4.2.1 Shared carrier configuration...............................................................................................................27

3rdfloor and highest .............................................................................................................................27

2nd

, 1st & ground floors,.......................................................................................................................28 RF recommendations for distance between antenna and nearest window......................................28

5.4.2.2 Dedicated carrier configuration..........................................................................................................295.4.3 Interference criteria .......................................................................................................295.4.3.1 Ec/I0 targets .......................................................................................................................................295.4.3.2 Polluted area & overlap analysis................................................................................................. ..........305.4.4 Neighboring plan / Scrambling Code plan ....................................................................30

5.5 OPTIMIZATION....................................................................................................................31

5.5.1 Methodology..................................................................................................................315.5.2 Optimization phases......................................................................................................315.5.2.1 Optimization and validation based on RF field analysis .................................................................... 31

5.6 UMTSVS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES INDOOR NETWORK COEXISTENCE ..........................................33

5.6.1 Separated frequency band............................................................................................335.6.2 UMTS shared same frequency band with CDMA /UMTS/GSM....................................335.6.2.1 UMTS & GSM...................................................................................................................................345.6.2.2 UMTS & CDMA................................................................................................................................365.6.2.3 UMTS & UMTS ................................................................................................................................36

5.7 HSXPADESIGN CONTRAINTS AND DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY ......................................................37

5.7.1 HSDPA..........................................................................................................................375.7.1.1 UL impact on R99 Eb/No ..................................................................... ............................................ 375.7.1.2 DL HS-SCCH.....................................................................................................................................385.7.1.3 HSUPA DL common channels impact...............................................................................................38

6 ANALYSIS OF EACH RF INDOOR SOLUTIONS ......................................................................40

6.1 NATURAL INDOOR PENETRATION..............................................................................................40

6.1.1 Description ....................................................................................................................406.1.2 advantages & drawbacks..............................................................................................41

Advantages: ..........................................................................................................................................41Drawbacks: ...........................................................................................................................................41

6.2 MASSIVE PUBLIC NETWORK INDOOR DEPLOYMENT ...................................................................41

6.2.1 Interference analysis in Shared carrier configuration ...................................................416.2.1.1 best server between Indoor small cell vs macro-cell ..................................................................... .....416.2.1.2 indoor small cell interfers macro network users.................................................................................436.2.2 Dedicated carrier...........................................................................................................446.2.3 Number of scrambling code allocated to indoor small cell network ..............................44

Worst case study...................................................................................................................................45 Recommendations for standard cases ................................................................................................47

6.2.4 Conclusion on strategy between shared carrier and dedicated carrier configuration...476.3 DASDEPLOYMENT .................................................................................................................47

6.3.1 Power transmitted per antenna port and minimum attenuation required between RRHconnector and antenna port .........................................................................................................486.3.2 Field analysis ................................................................................................................496.3.2.1 Site survey..........................................................................................................................................49

6.3.2.1.1 Pre requisite:................................................................................................................................496.3.2.1.2 Equipment needed: ............................................................ .......................................................... 496.3.2.1.3 Deliverables.................................................................................................................................49 6.3.2.1.4 Site classification.........................................................................................................................51

6.3.2.2 RF measurements .............................................................. ................................................................ .51

6.3.2.2.1 CW calibration measurements.....................................................................................................526.3.2.2.2 Penetration factor determination: ................................................................................................52


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6.3.2.2.3 Ceiling/floor penetration: ............................................................................................................526.3.2.2.4 Indoor propagation for structure studies......................................................................................536.3.2.2.5 Equipment used ................................................................... ........................................................ 53

6.3.2.2.5.1 Transmission.........................................................................................................................54

6.3.2.2.5.2 Reception part.......................................................................................................................546.3.2.2.5.3 Process & key points ..................................................................... ....................................... 54

6.3.3 RF indoor Design solutions...........................................................................................576.3.3.1 Indoor design with repeater and passive DAS....................................................................................57

6.3.3.1.1 RF repeater .............................................................. ................................................................... .576.3.3.1.1.1 usage.....................................................................................................................................57 6.3.3.1.1.2 RF recommendations............................................................................................................596.3.3.1.1.3 ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS .................................................................................... 60

6.3.3.1.2 Optical Repeater ............................................................ ............................................................. .616.3.3.1.2.1 USAGE.................................................................................................................................61 6.3.3.1.2.2 RF Recommendations...........................................................................................................626.3.3.1.2.3 Advantages & drawbacks ............................................................... ...................................... 62

6.3.3.2 Indoor dedicated Macro Node-B (or RRH) with das .........................................................................63

6.3.3.2.1 Link budget..................................................................................................................................636.3.3.2.2 Using ...........................................................................................................................................646.3.3.2.3 advantages & drawbacks ....................................................... ...................................................... 65

6.3.4 Distributed antenna system installation ........................................................................656.3.4.1 Type of DAS recommendations........ ..................................................................... ............................ 65

6.3.4.1.1 Coaxial cables..............................................................................................................................656.3.4.1.2 Optical fibber...............................................................................................................................666.3.4.1.3 comparison of different DAS solutions .................................................................... ...................67

6.3.4.2 Radiating elements recommendations................................................................................................686.3.4.2.1 Antennas......................................................................................................................................68 6.3.4.2.2 Radiating cables...........................................................................................................................696.3.4.2.3 Mixed termination: ................................................................ ...................................................... 716.3.4.2.4 Combiners ...................................................................................................................................72

7 SUMMARY OF INDOOR SOLUTIONS.......................................................................................73


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1 INTRODUCTION

One of the most important challenges today is the provision of reliable, seamless indoor coverage

for wireless mobile communications.

In fact, subscribers from mobile and Internet markets are merging into one single market and the

term hotspots is more and more met everywhere.

3G introduction leads to new services, introducing higher traffic and therefore higher capacity

needs, but also higher revenue opportunities.

Indoor users are the most likely to use these services. However, users will only accept to change

to UMTS if the network quality is at least as good as the 2G networks, especially indoors.

A better indoor coverage penetration can be interesting, essential concern are corporate servicesoffer and company traffic capture.

To realize a good indoor Design, minimum of radio knowledge must be essential. Three axesmust be exploited.

Customer needsSites physical environment,

Possible solutions with their equipments

This document can be help to organize, present and realize good indoor RF Design.

1.1 INDOOR RF COVERAGE GUIDELINE

This document describes with more or less information the main methodology required to follow

to Design RF inside the building. It is a direct and actualized complement to UMTS indoor RF

design guidelines.

1.2 SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT

The scope of this document is to support RF Engineer during Indoor RF Design & deployment, In

particular on On field activities. Engineers in charge of these activities can found inside the main

activities that must be conduct and some key points to succeed it.

1.3 AUDIENCE FOR THIS DOCUMENT

This document is internal only. Its audience is all RF Designers in charge of Indoor RF Design

and deployment.


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2 GENERALITIES ABOUT INDOOR

In UMTS, Indoor coverage is an important target for operators. In fact after external coverage(macro-cells & micro-cells) the best way is to cover the main buildings specifically. Public and

private or corporate services can be deployed which can draw in strong revenue for operators.

That applies buildings as airports, main stations, high shopping centers, hotels, or strong offices

& headquarters.

But to be a success this system need to perform homogeneous coverage with high level of

quality and to dimension equipments linked to expected traffic in term of capacity and allocated

services. The deployment needs high control level due to in building constraints, public safety risk

& limitation, and co-sitting constraints with other systems

In second hand to follow the market and despite the strong in-building constraints, Design and

deployment must be realized in order to reduce implementation cost. These constraints imposegood organization and on-site activities.

2.1 INDOOR SPECIFICITIES

Indoor Design needs to take in account the indoor specificities. Indoor area is close area with

three dimensions, where walls and specific areas, as lift, limit the coverage.

Inside the building, two types of main area can be described:

Free areaas open space, atrium and Hall,Close areaas offices, corridors and passages or lift pipes.

External/internal walls and ceiling/floors necessitate particular analysis due to windows, steel and

false level using. Each structure has its proper absorption and reflecting coefficient. These

parameters limit RF propagation.

Inside building there are numerous installation constraints as cable road, installation and fixation

inside false ceiling, antenna visual impact, distance to respect for RF blocking control and public

safety.

Each building has its own propagation conditions and environment; however it is possible to

classify the main building and to generalize offered solution class by class.Due to corporate aspect, if we need to deploy indoor system, radios Designer need to implement

high level quality of communications. Actually, for good level of use indoor system must be better

than outdoor efficiency.

In case of specific private or corporate services the waves confinement is necessary. To limit

outdoor leakage specific Design must be apply on first levels.

In term of traffic, users and traffic used are not homogeneous, it is possible to find inside the

same building some hot areas with high traffic density and high capacity demand (as offices

areas) and others areas more dedicated to speech communication areas as corridors, or life area

(restaurant,).


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On the other side, the solution proposed must take into account the deployment constraints

imposed by

the customer, and the building owner: a distribute antenna system solution is

sometimes too heavy solution

the roll out planning: indoor mass deployment solutions are many times required

price


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2.2 INDOOR DESCRIPTION

The following scheme and pictures show the main indoor characteristics. There are not

exhaustive and other environments can be found.

Figure 1: Indoor structure Figure 2: view in construction Figure3: Final view live

Figure 4: Indoor Views


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3 SAFETY NORMS

3.1 PRINCIPLE

Safety normalization is very complicate. The aim of this part is to provide the basic rule, to

respect the principal ones.

International safety norm

The international safety norm is ICNIRP. This is the less constraining one.

For countries where there are no specific constraints, ICNIRP values must be respected.

The values specified by ICNIRP correspond to the max power allowed for a permanent

exposition whatever the distance from Tx antenna is.

ICNIRP

Frequency range Network Type E (V/m)Power

received(dBm)

PMR 28 19,7

GSM 41,2 16

DCS 58,3 13400MHz to 2GHz

PCS 60 12,8

UMTS/DVB-SH 61 122GHz to 300GHz

LTE/ WiMAX 61 9

Figure 5: ICNIRP recommendations

Generally countries norms are more constraining than ICNIRP.

Below an example of safety norm specified by countries or group of countries:

European safety norm

For European community, there is a minimum safety norm which must be respected in all

its countries; whatever the distance from Tx antenna is.

CENELEC (European community norm)

Frequency range Network Type E (V/mPower

received(dBm)

PMR 2,8 -0,3

GSM 4 -4,3

DCS 6 -6,8400MHz to 2GHz

PCS 6 -7,2

UMTS/DVB-SH 6 -8,12GHz to 300GHz

WiMAX 2,5-3,5 6 -11

Figure 6: European community safety recommendations


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Paris city safety norm

More constraining than European norm, cities can specify also their own safety norms.Below the values specified for Paris.

Paris city norm

Frequency range Network Type E (V/mPower

received(dBm)

PMR 2 -3,24

GSM 2 -10,3

DCS 2 -16,3400MHz to 2GHz

PCS 2 -16,8

UMTS/DVB-SH 2 -17,62GHz to 300GHz

WiMAX 2,5GHz-3,5GHz 2 -20

Figure 7: Paris safety recommendations

For all these norms, a permanent exposition is considered to the sum of all the radiation. It

means that if a GSM and UMTS network are deployed, the equipment used to verify if the safety

norm is respected, combines the both radiations.

3.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE REQUIREMENT

The aim of this part is to show the most constraining scenario between the different frequencies.

Assumptions:

Propagation conditions: free space

European norm

Frequency range Network TypeMinimum distance(meter) from Tx

antenna for max EIRP=32dBmMinimum distance( meter) from Tx

antenna for max EIRP=12dBm

PMR 2,46 0,25

GSM 1,73 0,17

DCS 1,15 0,12400MHz to 2GHz

PCS 1,15 0,12

UMTS/DVB-SH 1,15 0,122GHz to 300GHz

WiMAX 2,5GHz-3,5GHz 1,12 0,11

Paris city norm

Frequency range Network TypeMinimum distance( meter) for Tx

EIRP=32dBmMinimum distance( meter) for Tx

EIRP=12dBm

PMR 3,5 0,35

GSM 3,5 0,35

DCS 3,45 0,35400MHz to 2GHz

PCS 3,46 0,35

UMTS/DVB-SH 3,43 0,342GHz to 300GHz

WiMAX 2,5GHz-3,5GHz 3,16 0,32

Figure 8: Minimum distance required from Tx antenna specified by safety norms


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4 OEM AND PRODUCTS SOLUTIONS

4.1 DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM (DAS)

In order to provide the required coverage, several antennas connected to one base station/Node

B are distributed throughout the building by means of 3 possible distribution systems:

Passive distribution

Hybrid distribution

Active distribution

4.1.1 PASSIVE DISTRIBUTION

Passive DAS, three main systems of terminations are available. Efficiency and cost are different.They use the same standard equipments to feed different types of radiating elements. Thesystems are:

DAS with antennas terminationThat necessitate some pre-studies to optimize type and orientation of antennas used.

Omni antennas:Used for large open space as atrium or to cover open space area after the first

levels.On first level it is difficult to confine wave inside the building and that can increaseindoor coverage leakage outside the building (risk of external users captures).The gain of these antennas is classically 2 dBi and it is possible to find some realmulti-bands antennas.

Directive antennas:Used to apply specific coverage or to limit the indoor coverage leakageFor a directive aperture of 70 to 90 in vertical and horizontal the gain is around 6to 8 dBi.

DAS with leaky feeder and load termination

Radiating cable is the best solution for indoor coverage in particular in confined or difficultto access area.It can radiate homogeneously and be installed everywhere due to its suppleness. Due toceiling/floor mask, radiating cable must be used floor by floor. This solution is interestingin particular when the network is private or corporate and the service is selective and withcharge for admission.Externally, it is as RF cable and ensures its function of feeding. But by its constitution itcan also ensure coupling with the mobile. Specifics holes or slot are realized on the outerconductor of coaxial cable to ensure the radiating function.

For good efficiency the radiating cable needs specific installation. The minimum distance

between cable and obstacle as wall is around five centimeters. It is possible to use it


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under false ceiling but if the false ceiling is metallic, due to mask effect, leaky cable isunworkable.

DAS with mixed termination

Through distributive antennas concept it is possible to use radiating cable. Use of thisequipment is similar to standard cable.

Due to indoor constraints it is interesting to complete the radiating cable coverage withantennas as some areas could not be well covered if only one method is used.

Completing the radiation system used, the power attenuation through the tapers, couplers,

or other passive elements must be well managed in order to have a sufficient radiated

power which ensure a sufficient coverage.

Completing the radiation system used, the power attenuation through the tapers, couplers, or

other passive elements must be well managed in order to have a sufficient radiated power which

ensure a sufficient coverage.

The main elements used are the following ones.

Combiners are used to combine different output of the Node B in the same band or

several operators.

Directional couplers are used to split the power unequally in two branches.

Diplexers are used to combine signal from different bands (GSM/UMTS) or (DCS/UMTS).

Triplexers can also be used in case the system has to support GSM, DCS and UMTS.

Splitter (to distribute the power)

Loads

Coaxial cables

Figure 9: passive distribution systems


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Advantages of passive distribution

All the equipments used are most generally broadband equipments. As indoor DAS are deployedfor high frequency bands existing DAS which supports GSM have been deployed in 1800MHz

band, and antenna installed support also UMTS band. Then in case of existing 2G indoor

systems with sufficient coverage, the same infrastructure of cables, antennas and splitters can be

used for the 3G indoor system with only addition of diplexer at the output of BTS and Node B.

Low cost equipments compared to any active system.

Limitations of passive distribution

Installation is quite difficult and costly especially for high buildings, also the existence of

important installation constraints (for example: acceptance of the building owner).

Increased number of antennas leads to more cable + splitter losses, and hence low EIRP at

each antenna. For high building or buildings requiring high number of antennas, these losses

are quite high. In this case, the choice of another distribution system (active or semi active)

becomes mandatory.

4.1.2 ACTIVE

A distribution is considered Hybrid when it includes a combination of active and passive systemand when the antenna system is passive.

The two main systems used for hybrid distribution are:

Bi-directional amplifier

In-building fiber optic and/or electrical extension

They are detailed in the following parts

4.1.2.1 BI-DIRECTIONAL AMPLIFIERS (BDA)

Bi-directional amplifiers are used in order to compensate the cable and coupling losses when the

passive distribution alone cannot provide enough coverage.

The main drawback of this system is: chaining amplifiers induces the noise figure of the system

increase.

The following equation shows the total noise figure calculation of a BDA chain:


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Figure 10: Schema of TX/RX chain with BDA

.....])3()2()1(

14

)2()1(

13

1

121log[10)( +

+

+

+=

gxgxg

f

gxg

f

g

ffxtotalNF

With

f the noise figure for both the amplifiers and for the cables linking the cascaded

amplifiers

g the gain of both of them

4.1.2.2 IN BUILDING FIBER OPTIC AND/OR ELECTRICAL EXTENSION

Two types of system link are generally used.

Fiber optic

Electrical cable

Fiber optic system is used to cover big areas in order to minimize losses.

Electrical system is used in order to facilitate the installation.

These two systems are detailed in the parts below.

4.1.2.2.1 FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM

The system consists of two main units, the master unit and the remote unit.

The master unit is the unit connected to the Node B, RRH or repeater. It converts the RF signal in

optical one. A master unit supports up to 16 remote units.

The remote unit is generally connected close to the antenna, or a passive distributed antenna

system. It receives the optic signal and converts it in RF one.

Figure 11: Schema of Optical fibber system usage

Coaxial cable &

Passive systemFiber Extension

Master Unit

Node B

Remote Unit


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The optical extension, allows covering a building with a Node B based in another building, or

covering the upper floors of a tower while the Node B is located in its basement.

The output power depends on the used band as well as on the number of carriers.

The table below shows the maximum carrier level based on available IP3 level and maximum

tolerated spurious emission of -13/-30/-36 dBm.

IP3 level 54 dBm 50 dBm 44 dBm 40 dBm 27 dBm

# of carriers

2 32/26/24 dBm 29/23/21 dBm 25/19/17 dBm 22/16/14 dBm 14/8/6 dBm

4 29/23/21 dBm 26/20/18 dBm 22/16/14 dBm 19/13/11 dBm 11/5/3 dBm8 26/20/18 dBm 23/17/15 dBm 19/13/11 dBm 16/10/8 dBm 8/2/0 dBm

16 24/18/16 dBm 21/15/13 dBm 17/11/9 dBm 14/8/6 dBm 6/0/-2 dBm

Max. carrier level (dBm) based on IP3 level and max. spurious emmission of -13/-30/-36 dBm

Figure 12: IP3 level and max spurious emission supported

4.1.2.2.2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

It is composed of two types of components: a Hub that connects via Cat-5 to up to eight Remote

Access Units (RAUs).

The Hub receives its radio frequency (RF) signal from a Node B or a repeater. The Hub

electrically distributes the signal to the RAUs via twisted pair cabling.

Each RAU is connected to antenna and ensures conversions from electrical signal to RF signal,

and from RF signal to electrical signal.

Figure 13: Electrical system DAS


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It is used for small to medium buildings such as office buildings, regional distribution facilities and

small conference centers.

The main limitation of this system is due to the cable distance between Hub and RAU should not

exceed 100 meters.

4.1.2.2.3 EXAMPLE OF EXISTING SYSTEM: UNISON SYSTEMFROM LGCWIRELESS

System Architecture

The Unison system is composed of the following main components:

Main HubExpansion Hub

Remote Access Unit (RAU)

Main Hub:

The Main Hub is the primary block in the Unison system and functions as the interface between

the Node B or repeater and the indoor network. It receives the RF signal and distributes it to the

expansion hubs through optical fiber medium.

The optical link between the Main and Expansion Hubs can reach up to 6 Km by using single

mode fiber.

Each Main Hub supports up to 4 Expansion Hubs. For larger indoor designs, several main hubs

may be required.

Expansion Hub:

The Expansion Hub is the intermediate unit between the Main Hub and the Remote Access Unit

(RAU). It converts the received optical into electrical signal which is transmitted to the RAU over

standard CAT 5 twisted pair cables (ScTP).

The distance between the Expansion Hub and RAUs is limited to the recommended 100 meters,

after which signal quality would be affected. Each Expansion Hub can support up to 8 RAUs.


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Remote Access Unit (RAU): The Remote Access unit is Located closest to the radiating point.

It converts the electric signal from the expansion hub into RF and feeds it to the antenna, and

reverse.

Figure 14: Unison system architecture

The Unison system is mono band system.

The frequency range of UMTS Unison system is 35 MHz. In case of several operators, they must

be operating with 35 MHz bandwidth; otherwise at least two Unison systems will be installed.

The cost of active equipment is high comparative to passive system.

4.2 REPEATER

Two main types of repeaters are available:

RF repeater and the Optical Fibber repeater

4.2.1 RF REPEATERS SOLUTION

Classical RF Repeater is bi-directional amplifier with advanced function as AGC (automatic gaincontrol) and special filtering function.It reduces path loss between BTS (particular cell called donor) and terminal element (radiatingcable or antennas). It is used when coverage is decisive.

The main uses are:Increase coverage for specific area, (tunnel or specific hot spot in limit or outside the cellcoverage)Holes elimination,Indoor capture & distribution to transfer to donor BTS (Cell that cover the building area)

This repeater type is composed of two antennas:

Donor Antenna between the repeater and the Node-B: Highly directive antenna

Serving Antenna between the users and the repeater


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It amplifies the signal both in the UL and in the DL independently or equally depending on the

repeater type.

The amplification concerns useful signal and all type of interferences

Figure 15: Repeater description

The main characteristics are:

Frequency band: single or multi-band, wide or narrow band

Frequency range (divides in uplink and downlink)

Number of channel: up to 3 carrier

UL gain: tunable by users ( one gain per carrier, for multi-carrier cases)

DL gain: tunable by users ( one gain per carrier, for multi-carrier cases) AGC value AGD (absolute group delay),

Inter-modulation level,

Global noise figure.

4.2.2 OPTICAL REPEATERS

Fiber optical repeater is a repeater conceived to transport useful information on long distance. Ituses characteristics of optical fiber. But it needs to convert RF energy to compatible opticalenergy/. This type of repeater is really expensive and must be used only for very long tunnels orhigh and large indoor coverage necessity.

If the concept is the same it is possible to find two main architectures.The first apply cable and close antennas (As Incell from Andrew) for punctual radiating point: inbuilding usingThe second apply remote unit including transceiver and power amplifier (for distribution) tunnel orDAS in building.

Constitution:

Optical repeater is composed of several boxes. The main box called main hub, master unit orcentral distribution unit is fed by BTS directly through RF cable or by antenna (donor antenna).

Terminal unit called remote unit (RU) for amplified unit or Remote antenna unit (RAU) for lowpower unit (as Andrew InCell) can apply distributed system or only one antenna.

Repeater

Connector A Connector B

Repeater

Connector A Connector B

BAND

CHANNEL


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Transceiver system is including in these box that cans convert RF to Optical carriers or optical toRF carrier. Depending on carried available frequency bandwidth it is possible or not to transportwide W-CDMA. This transceiver uses laser and thats why the cost is high.

These systems are managed and alarm controlled by management software.

Figure 16: Optical repeater principle (1)

Two concept of optical fiber repeater system can be used. Depending on the choice, the pricecan be modified (in general due to laser use the equipment price is high Opex (Capex) price isfunction of terminal concept used).

System presentation:

Optical repeater with remote unit powered.

Figure 17: Optical repeater principle (2)

Optical Repeater with frequency band sharing:

Fiber Link


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Figure 18: Optical repeater with frequency band sharing

About optical repeater installation:

If optical fiber is easy to install due to its feeble dimension and its high suppleness, dont forget tocontrol optical connections. Optical Connectors are fragile and they are really the hard point ofoptical installation.Often it is possible to use existing optical fiber in particular if the building is new building (Refer tothe survey).In general, Optical equipment as MCU or RU needs soft installation (laser adjustment).

4.3 INDOOR SMALL CELL-CELL NODE-B

Small cells are auto-configurable products including a sniffer module, which allows analyzing

macro network RSCP at small cell position, and then deduce the max Tx power allowed in order

not to disturb macro network.

Main part of information when the call has been established is deduced from UE

measurements.

Two small cell versions are available today:

Home cell:

o Max power: 13dBm (20mW)

Enterprise cell:

o Max power: 20dBm (100mW)

4.3.1 NOISE FIGURE

The typical noise figure is 10.5 dB.


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5 RADIO DESIGN METHODOLOGY

5.1 PRINCIPLE & CONSTRAINTS

Indoor Design is complex to realize. It needs to take in account the third dimension. Volumereplaces traditional surface to cover. Indoor specificities are important and can modify RF design;the main ones are detailed below:

The design contributors:Different contributors intervene during the Design phase. Thecustomers are operators but building owner intervenes for installation constraints, visualimpact limitation or public safety.

Installation constraints: Indoor is not an open area many structures can limit or block

the waves passing.Visual impact and public safety can limit too the design.

Radio propagation: In addition to walls and structures limitation, wave need to beconfined inside the building area and external leakages must but limited.

Co-sitting constraints: A new network must be implemented taking into account theexisting networks deployed. Interference must be well managed.

Indoor dimensioning Services:New technologies can introduce new services or specificservices as corporate networks, data transmission or internet mobile. This plays a role onDesign and needs to improve coverage quality and traffic capacity.

Through these constraints and based on experiment results and building surveys, on one handand on RF Process on the other hand the following item must be realized during the Designphase:

Design constraints identification (co-sitting effect, forbidden area, traffic concentration,)

Traffic model qualification,

Technical choice (equipments, solutions, dimensioning)

Impact on cells performances and traffic capacity,

Deployment strategy and associated cost study,

Solutions and associated link budget,

Results presentation for customer agreement,


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5.2 DIMENSIONING SERVICE & TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS

The process of the design is based on the coverage requirements of the worst link budget

between UL and DL.This depends on the product solution selected.

Dimensioning must be done to support

DL PS384 service at cell edge

400kbps HSDPA throughput at cell edge when surrounded cells have 75% traffic load

PS64 and/or CS64 at cell edge with 75% UL load.

75% UL load is the recommendation for new indoor network deployed.

For existing indoor network designed with 50% UL load, the design is not changed, but UL

load increase due to HSUPA introduction must be considered (see 6.5.3.3.1).

The available path loss has been calculated in the LB with the parameter settings validated with

the customer.

TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS

Below the service and traffic information necessary to complete an UMTS design are presented.

Traffic assumption has a large impact on the cell count and radio planning results. They should

thus be detailed for each of the required services.

The traffic assumptions can be defined by different ways:

A % of traffic load is specified:

o 75% of traffic load including common channels and shared power are

usually considered according to the customer this value can change.

Mixed traffic provided by the customer:

o This mixed traffic is based on a user call profile which contains each

service activity and their duration or data volume transmitted during a busy

hour. First it is necessary to determine exhaustively all the services the

network will have to support. A service is the conjunction of a data type(voice or data), a transport mode (circuit switched or packet switched), and

a data rate.


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The services which can commonly be met on projects are the following:

Conversational Speech 12.2CS64

PS64

PS128

PS384

HSDPA

HSUPA

For each building; traffic is defined per service.

5.3 LB ANALYSIS

5.3.1 ENGINEERING MARGINS

5.3.1.1 SHADOW MARGIN CALCULATION FOR QOC

Alcatel-Lucent Networks considers in indoor only the log normal fading of the indoor propagation,

and power control variation due to fast fading effect.

Then, according to statistical laws, a global standard deviation is calculated which characterizes

the whole propagation channel:

With

indoor : STD for indoor shadowing

5.3.1.2 DAS LOSSES

This parameter is applied only for indoor solutions which include distributed antenna system, not

for stand alone solutions.

Distribution system losses are also considered, losses of cables, splitters, and combiners.

Average losses value is obtained while calculating the EIRP of each antenna in the building.

The standard value considered for passive DAS loss per floor is 25dB.

This value must be updated, during the roll out phase when the real attenuation values are

known.

indoorTot =


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For active DAS loss, there is no default values, UL DAS loss and DL DAS loss must be specified

separately as some UL & DL gain can be tuned independently with optical fibber products.

5.3.1.3 OBSTACLES LOSSES

The different obstacles loss values are detailed in the table below,

Figure 19: Indoor obstacles loss @2100MHz

5.3.2 UPLINK PARAMETERS

The table hereafter presents main UL parameters.

Uplink load with R99 only (withHSUPA)

50% (75%)

Modeling Channel for C/I performance Pedestrian A

Mobile power (HSPA) 21dBm(24dBm)

Mobile speed 3 km/h

Coverage type Deep indoor

% of QoC for area reliability(equivalence in cell edge reliability)

95% (86%)

Figure 20: Environment global parameters

5.3.3 DOWNLINK BUDGET

UMTS downlink budgets are always built the same way. In fact there are two downlink budgets,

first one deal with pilot dimensioning and second one with service dimensioning.

The pilot dimensioning phase allows as well fixing common channels contribution as their power

is relative to pilot one.

Obstacle Penetration Loss [dB]

UMTS Frequency Band:1700, 1900, 2100MHz

External concrete wall 15

Inside wall 5 to 10

Window 3

Door 5


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CPICH power calculation

The aim is to determine the minimum CPICH power ratio to insure a certain pilot quality at celledge. The max allowable path loss is fixed by the uplink budget and usually based on the

dimensioning service. Pilot quality is estimated by the ratio of energy chip over interference Ec/Io.

The recommended CPICH power ratio is between 8% and 12% with a default value equal to

10%:

8% for Dense urban, urban and some suburban areas which are interference limited

12% Suburban and rural zones essentially noise limited

These values have been deduced considering

Pilot Ec/Io target = -15dB in full traffic load conditions.

Under such value; mobile pilot detection is problematic.

Extra-cell interference has been evaluated to DL Ie/Ii= 200% compared to intra-cell, considering

two neighboring macro-cells received with the same RSCP than the serving cell

pilot ratio is the same for the serving cell and the two neighbors

serving cells and the two neighbors have the same traffic load

In order to estimate the Io value at cell edge, in addition of the path loss, the following

inputs are required:

Mobile noise figure and antenna gain are used to determine the noise floor

Common Channels power setting

Common channels are always fixed relatively to pilot power.

The table below contains common channel power settings recommended.

Common Channels Power Distribution

DL Ie/Ii Target for AR=90% 200%

CPICH Ec/I0Target [dB] -15.0 dB

CPICH Power Ratio [%] Between 8% and 12%

Power rel. to CPICH

[dB] Time multiplexed

P-CPICH 100% of time

P-SCH -5.0 dB ----

S-SCH -5.0 dB ----


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P-CCPCH -2.0 dB 100% of time

S-CCPCH -1.0 dB 30% of time

PICH -5.0 dB 100% of time

AICH -7.0 dB 100% of time

Common Control Channels Power Ratio [%] 22%

Shared Power reserved for R'99 Traffic [%] 10.00%

Figure 21: Common channels power settings

As mentioned in the table above the recommended % of CPICH power ratio is 8% to 12%.

8% for Dense urban, urban and some suburban areas which are interference limited

12% Suburban and rural zones essentially noise limited

Some of ALU customers have different recommendations and can use 5% CPICH power ratio, in thatcase ALU will use these recommendations, but the Ec/Io target should change too.

For instance with 5% CPICH power ratio the Ec /Io target value for 80% network traffic loadshould be -18dB instead of -15dB with ALU recommended power settings

Other parameters

2100MHzThermal Noise (3,84 MHz) -108 dBm

MS noise figure 8 dB

MS antenna gain 0 dBi

Interference factor @ cell edge 2 (Ie=2*Ii)

CPICH Ec/Io target -15 dB

Orthogonality factor(0 no orthogonality) 0.06 in indoor(@3km/h

Figure 22: DL budget parameter

5.4 RF DESIGN TARGETS

Based on dimensioning service and traffic assumptions, the RF design can be completed and

optimized.

The first step is then to select the correct candidate sites in order to fulfill the required QoC and

QoS per area.

During the design, it is important to keep in mind that a W-CDMA network is an interference

limited system, and that in such cases, the sites should be positioned so as to limit inter site

interference.

In order to ensure a good network, the following criteria must be completed.


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5.4.1 MINIMUM ATTENUATION REQUIRED AND TOTAL EIRP RECOMMENDED

In order to be sure that we respect the safety limit everywhere, one of our constraints is to ensure

a minimum attenuation between the power amplifier and the antenna connector, in order toachieve a 10dBm total power EIRP per antenna.

10dBm total power EIRP answer to two constraints, first one is safety limit as with such EIRP one

of the most constraining values is respected after 1 m distance from the antenna.

The second constraint is 10dBm total power EIRP per antenna induces to have at least 20dB

attenuation between RRH and Node-B cabinet and antenna connector, as minimum power which

can be radiated by RRH is 27dBm.

5.4.2 COVERAGE TARGET

The different design targets are the following ones:

5.4.2.1 SHARED CARRIER CONFIGURATION

Themain aspect here is to manage correctly the interference with outdoor network.

The indoor network is deployed where an outdoor one already exist, so the main rule is to not

decrease existing outdoor network quality and capacity with an interference increase on the

outdoor areas.

Indoor dedicated Node-B can not be deployed without distributed antenna system solution.

This latest one required a heavy and long deployment, as cables must be positioned inside false

ceiling; even for hybrid fiber optic DAS cables between RAU and antenna are required.

Based on outdoor measurements, and indoor penetration measurement, the outdoor cells RSCP

on each side of the building are well known; also the outdoor macro-cells RSCP values in front of

windows inside the buildings.

With such information, completed by floor plan and indoor measurements, the antenna

positioning can be done in order to have on ground floor and first floor; indoor cell best server

inside the building; and outdoor cells best server outside the building.

The RF criteria to support such recommendation are the following ones:

3rdfloor and highest

Requirements are:

Guarantee a good coverage and capacity over the building floor.

Guarantee an enough signal strength to ensure

Indoor cell CIPCH RSCP = Outdoor macro cell CPICH RSCP+3dB

everywhere over the area which should be covered


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2nd, 1st & ground floors,

Two outdoor coverage cases must be considered

Case1: Hole of coverage or poor coverage of the existing outdoor network

Macro-cell RSCP-95dBm

No specific problems as indoor cells can cover part of the street in order to ensure

better quality than outdoor network

RSCP target depends on the following criteria

Indoor RSCP must be equals to -98dBm at 10m outside the building,

CPICH power ratio is considered around 10%

Case2: Good Outdoor coverageOutdoor Macro-cell RSCP >-80dBm

The macro-cell outdoor network should not be disturbed by indoor cells

implementation

Indoor cell CPICH RSCP must be set in order to ensure that

Indoor cell CIPCH RSCP = Outdoor macro cell CPICH RSCP +/- 2dB in

front of the windows, store, building entrance, shopping mall entrance.

With such criteria, interferences between indoor cells and Macro cells are not too

high

RF recommendations for distance between antenna and nearest window

Assumptions

Standard indoor propagation area obstacles between 1m to 1,8m height

Outdoor macro-cell RSCP: -80dBm

Aim: to be best server in indoor and no to interfere outdoor network outside the building

CPICH EIRP with 10% CPICH powerratio

-10dBm 0dBm 10dBm

Distance from the nearest windowand/or entrance

5m 20m 30m

Distance from the nearest external wall 0m 0m 5m

Figure 23: Minimum distance required for Indoor small cell


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5.4.2.2 DEDICATED CARRIER CONFIGURATION

Compare to the shared carrier solution, there is no more neighboring and interference impact on

outdoor network.

Anyway in order not to support over a too long distance indoor to outdoor users, it is

recommended to realize the indoor design in order to support an indoor RSCP level equals to

-95dBm at 20m outside the building .

5.4.3 INTERFERENCE CRITERIA

5.4.3.1 EC/I0 TARGETS

The Ec/Io target value depends on the traffic load and the level of extra-cell interference. The

values detailed below considers CPICH power ratio between 8% to 12%; if CPICH ratio is out of

this range then Ec/Io target should be modified in consequence (5% CPICH ratio induce a 3dB

decrease on the target values detailed below)

When Ie/Ii = 200%

o 95% of the design area should have a Ec/I0 value higher than the

target (-15dB), with 90% DL load



When Ie/Ii = 100%





Such Ec/Io criteria allow managing interferences in order to obtain a RF network design able to

support

PS384 service at cell edge when surrounded cells have 50% traffic load or

PS128 at cell edge when surrounded cells have 75% traffic load.

400kbps HSDPA throughput at cell edge when surrounded cells have 75%

traffic load

400kbps HSUPA throughput at cell edge with UE category 12.


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5.4.3.2 POLLUTED AREA & OVERLAP ANALYSIS

This part concerns indoor design done with micro-cells or pico-cells, as the number of

cells is more important than when indoor design is done macro-Node-B

Polluted area criterion:

Done to evaluate the number of scrambling in a 6dB interval from the best server

The number of scrambling code should not exceed 3, and the % of covered area

with 3 scrambling code should be lower than 5%.

High signal level overlap criterion:

It consists in increasing the design threshold 10dB, and based on this design

threshold to analyze the number of server.

In this analysis, the % of 2 servers in the design area should not exceed 15%.

The optimization method to reach these targets is detailed in the part below.

5.4.4 NEIGHBORING PLAN / SCRAMBLING CODE PLAN

This can be a critical aspect of indoor network deployment.

Currently Alcatel-Lucent RNC supports

32 intra-frequency neighbors declared

32 inter-frequency neighbors declared

Intra-cells neighbors + inter-cells neighbors 48 ( 64 in UA6.0)

The radio criterion for neighbor and scrambling code plans is:

Considering two cells cell A and cell B, on the same frequency carrier using the same cell ID, the

distance between those must satisfy the following criteria:

RSCP

At cell A edge (RSCPcellA -95dBm):RSCPcellA RSCPcellB+ 10dB

At cell B edge (RSCPcellB -95dBm): RSCPcellB RSCPcellA+ 10dBThe field feedback from existing outdoor networks is:

Around 20 intra-frequency neighbors are declared

The number of inter-frequency neighbors declared depends on the operator

approach. Currently only co-localized cell is declared, but it can go up to the same

number of intra-frequency neighbors declared.

Based on such analysis, the outdoor network neighboring plan must be carefully analyzed in

order to see the added number of neighboring cells which can be declared.

Considering that only the ground floor indoor cells are declared as neighbors for outdoor cells;

the limit of neighbors declared will be reached if there are more than 12 indoor networks buildings


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deployed in the same cell, even if just one scrambling code is considered to cover the ground

floor.

5.5 OPTIMIZATION

5.5.1 METHODOLOGY

The main interference aspect which should be correctly managed is between outdoor network

and indoor network.

To reduce interferences, two major tuning can be done:

Azimuth optimization

Max power reduction or CPICH increase.

Electrical tilts are not available for indoor antennas.

These methods are identical in all radio system in order to limit inter cell interference, or to

improve the QOC.

Based on these information, and with some KPI targets values like

RSCP level,

QOS target

Ec/I0 target,

GOS target,

Pollution window,

Active set size,

5.5.2 OPTIMIZATION PHASES

The optimization phase is done simultaneously or just after the coverage study.

The aim is done to reach and improve all the RF design targets defined in the previous part.

This optimization phase contains several steps:

5.5.2.1 OPTIMIZATION AND VALIDATION BASED ON RF FIELD ANALYSIS

This part describes the field measurement process used to finalize and validate the RF

parameters in order to obtain the best network performances.

A test measurement campaign using

RF measurement scanners for step 0 to step 2

test mobiles, is done for the other optimization steps.


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The services analyzed are voice, visio 64kbps for CS services, and 384kbps and HSDPA for PS

services.

Step 0:

Following the site report, the installation will be performed.

If any modification in cable path or length is implemented, the installation team should

inform the radio design team.

Before the Node B commissioning and once the installation is totally finished, validation of

installation of the antenna system. This will include:

Loss measurement generated by splitters and coaxial cable distribution.

These tests mainly consist of measuring the received power at each antenna

connector.

The visual inspections of the splitter connection to avoid any cross cabling.

Hereafter is presented a brief description of the measurement process:

In place of the Node B, a transmitter is installed, providing a precise and

known power to the whole installation.

At each antenna connector, an appropriate power meter with the required

sensitivity is to be used.

Step1:

Done to verify and validate the pre-optimization efficiency compare to the results obtained

in step 0. Based on these measurements, the aim is also to correct some radio

parameters in order to improve the coverage and radio quality, and to identify some

neighboring problems which required an update of the neighboring plan.

Step 2:

Validation of the radio optimization

Ec/Io values reached the target ones

QoC corresponds to the target one

Neighboring plan is the best one

Step 3 and others

Done to optimize UTRAN parameters in order to maximize the CS and PS performances


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5.6 UMTS VS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES INDOOR NETWORKCOEXISTENCE

5.6.1 SEPARATED FREQUENCY BAND

As for outdoor, an indoor UMTS network deployed must not interfere or be interfered by existing

GSM network.

Depending on product performances; isolation is required.

The isolation recommended by ALU is based on a maximum of 0,5dB sensitivity degradation; or

a maximum of 5% capacity decrease.

.

Warning!

Some configurations are very difficult to manage, and it is quite impossible to have

a not degraded network.

It occurs when UL band of one technology is adjacent to the DL band of the other

one.

The main configurations are the following ones:

Co-existence between GSM850 or CDMA 850 with UMTS900

Co-existence between GSM1900 or CDMA 1900 with UMTS2100

Do not forget to verify, the following aspects before deployment

Radiating element frequency bandwidth

Cable or DAS frequency bandwidth

Dimension correctly the diplexer used to couple the two systems. Check particularly

the rejection level from one frequency band to the other.

5.6.2 UMTS SHARED SAME FREQUENCY BAND WITH CDMA /UMTS/GSM

When UMTS is implemented on the same frequency band than GSM or CDMA the isolation rulesdetailed below must be respected.

In order to avoid sensitivity degradation due to interference created by one of the following cases:

DL interference from UMTS Node-B to CDMA (GSM) UE

UL interference from CDMA (GSM) UE to UMTS Node-B

DL interference from CDMA (GSM) BTS to UMTS UE

UL interference from UMTS UE to CDMA (GSM) BTS


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5.6.2.1 UMTS & GSM

Figure 24: Frequency spacing rule between an UMTS carrier and

TDMA band

For both case analyzed below the degradation target is to have a sensitivity degradation

less than 0,5dB or a capacity loss lower than 5%.

Recommendations below have been done considering hopping TCH as GSM adjacent

channels of UMTS900 band.

Below two cases are analyzed case where GSM and UMTS are co-localized on a same site and

case where they are not and so the worst configuration then is when GSM cell edge is close to

UMTS site

We have now two types of filters in our product,

Standard filter whose attenuation starts at 2.2MHz offset from center frequency

which provides an attenuation higher than 50dB after 2.4MHz frequency offset

from center frequency

Reduced filter whose attenuation starts at 2.0MHz offset from frequency band

center and provides more than 50dB attenuation after 2.2MHz frequency offset

from frequency band center. The impact reduced filter in DL is negligible

None co-located case:

Standard filter

ALU recommendation is to have 2,6MHz frequency offset

This implies that 5MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM

frequency band.

Reduced filter


This implies that 4.6MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM

frequency band.

Co-located case:


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Standard filter used in NodeB

Frequency hopping is done over less than 10 frequencies

ALU recommendation is to have 2,4MHz frequency offsetThis implies that 4.6MHz must be free in the GSM frequency band on the

area where UMTS is deployed.

For the surrounded area of UMTS900/GSM900 cluster where only

GSM900 is deployed, a 2.2MHz frequency offset is sufficient; this induces

to free 4.2MHz.

GSM uses all 900MHz

band

Figure 25: Illustration of the buffer zone

Frequency hopping is done over more than 10 frequencies


This implies that 4.2MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the

operator GSM frequency band.

Reduced filter used in NodeB

ALU recommendation is to have 2,2MHz frequency offset without any frequency

hopping constraint

This implies that 4.2MHz must be free in the GSM frequency band on the area

where UMTS is deployed.


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In order to avoid interferences between GSM900 area where all operator 900MHz band is used

and UMTS900 cluster, it is necessary to have a dead zone around UMTS900 cluster where only

channels which respect the previous recommendations are used.

This dead zone is not homogeneous because generally environment is not homogeneous, assites can be positioned on a small mountain, so they have more coverage impact than those in

city center.

For this reason the rule to respect to define sites where all 900MHz band of an operator can be

used without impact UMTS900 cluster is the following one:

Lets consider cell A as a UMTS900 cell of a UMTS 900MHz cluster, and cell B a GSM900 cell to

re-use channels inside UMTS900 band. BCCH cell B must respect

For RSCPcellA -100dBm: DL Rxlev_cellBRSCPcellA-10dB

5.6.2.2 UMTS & CDMA

3.385MHz frequency spacing should be respected between UMTS and CDMA frequency band

3.385MHz

270kHz

Figure 26: Frequency spacing rule between an UMTS carrier and a CDMA carrier

5.6.2.3 UMTS & UMTS

5MHz frequency spacing should be respected between two UMTS frequency band

Figure 27: Frequency spacing rule between two UMTS carriers

The following curves have been established considering the Tx filter and Rx filter of ALU product.

They show the capacity loss vs. the frequency offset between two adjacent UMTS frequency

bands.


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Figure 28: UMTS capacity vs. adjacent UMTS interferer spacing (MHz) for co-located case (doted line) and

not co-located

5.7 HSXPA DESIGN CONTRAINTS AND DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY

5.7.1 HSDPA

5.7.1.1 UL IMPACT ON R99 EB/NO

HSDPA introduces new common channels HS-DPCCH in UL and HS-SCCH in DL. The Eb/No

loss values calculated for each UL R99 service are the following ones. These losses must beadded UL Eb/No values for only HSDPA users in the cell and not all the cell users.

Figure 29: HS-DPCCH impact on UL iCEM Eb/No

Eb/No loss (dB)

PS64 1.9

PS128 1

PS384 0.4


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Figure 30: HS-DPCCH impact on UL xCEM Eb/No

5.7.1.2 DL HS-SCCH

HS-SCCH is power controlled. In the LB, it is calculated, based on an iterative process using the

table below.

CQI Power relative to CPICH Power (dB)

1 7 0

8 9 -3

10 12 -5

13 30 -8

Figure 31: HS-SCCH Power Control

After many simulations, the HS-SCCH Ec/No target value which provides realistic results in term

of cell throughput, throughput distribution, and area where HSDPA is supported is the following

one.

Ec/Nt= -13dB

5.7.1.3 HSUPA DL COMMON CHANNELS IMPACT

The general approach is to assign a lower priority to HSUPA service than to the R99 ones.

HSUPA is only available on carriers where HSDPA is supported.

HSUPA introduces new channels

E-DPCCH in UL,

UL dedicated traffic channel: E-DPDCH

E-AGCH (Absolute Grant Channel), E-HICH (HARQ Indicator Channel) and E-RGCH

(Relative Grant Channel) in DL

This part analyzes the impact of these channels and the throughput calculation method

1 E-AGCH is enough for early deployment. In case there are two users, 2 TTI will be necessary

to grant both users.

1 E-RGCH is enough (up 15 signatures). The E-RGCH power is negligible, it carries one bit.

Eb/No loss (dB)

PS64 0.9

PS128 0.5

PS384 0.3


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The activity factor of the E-AGCH should be low in early E-DCH deployment. The E-AGCH is not

transmitted all the time (as for the HS-SCCH). Once the user is granted, E-AGCH is not

transmitted again.

A fix power is reserve at the RNC level for DL E-DCH channels. This power is preempted fromHSDPA max power and is taken into account in the R99 RNC CAC.

Power rel. to CPICH [dB]

E-AGCH -2.5 dB

E-HICH -8.0 dB

Figure 32: HSUPA DL power settings

The maximum HSDPA power signaled to the Node-B will be reduced.

The R99 CAC will reject R99 calls earlier than before in case of highly loaded cell.

2100MHz Node-B 45W PA

30 m cable + 0.4dB jumper

Speech CS 64 PS 64 PS 128 PS 384

Without HSUPA DL CCH impact 273kbps 565.8kbps 604.9kbps 681.5kbps 840.4kbps

With HSUPA DL CCH impact 246.7kbps 511.2kbps 546.4kbps 615.6kbps 759.1kbps

DL capacity decrease due to HSUPA -9.6% -9.6% -9.6% -9.6% -9.6%

Figure 33: DL capacity loss due to HSUPA

9.6% capacity is a worst case, as it takes into account cells full loaded all the time. Around 5%

capacity loss can be expected, in standard case.


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6 ANALYSIS OF EACH RF INDOOR SOLUTIONS

6.1 NATURAL INDOOR PENETRATION

6.1.1 DESCRIPTION

This is the natural outdoor to indoor penetration. It must be taken into account during the outdoor

macro-cell network roll out phase.

The indoor penetration considered has a direct impact on the number of sites required to cover

an area, so the number of cells, tilts, azimuth

The Alcatel-lucent recommendation is to consider the following indoor penetration losses:

Figure 34: outdoor to indoor penetration loss

These values allow supporting UL dimensioning service until indoor daylight environment. It

corresponds to indoor areas far from window (>10m) with potentially some obstacles (like

cupboards) between UE and window, but no wall.

Anyway to have a good indoor penetration which means ensuring coverage in major part of deep

indoor areas, these values must be increased by 3dB.

Environment Penetration Loss [dB]

UMTS Frequency Band:1700, 1900, 2100MHz

Dense Urban 20

Urban 17

Suburban 14


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6.1.2 ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS

Advantages:

No indoor network to deploy

Less expensive than deploying outdoor network+indoor network

Drawbacks:

Must be anticipated since the beginning of the outdoor network deployment

Can not be updated after deployment without impacting all the network optimization

6.2 MASSIVE PUBLIC NETWORK INDOOR DEPLOYMENT

It concerns a massive roll out phase with extremely short delay requirement, like 2 days to deploy

an indoor network inside a ten floors building. This type of requirement can not be supported with

DAS, as it takes too many times for deployment. The indoor products use is essentially indoor

small cell.

6.2.1 INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS IN SHARED CARRIER CONFIGURATION

6.2.1.1 BEST SERVER BETWEEN INDOOR SMALL CELL VS MACRO-CELL

For all the remarks done in the parts below, it has been considered that Indoor small cell is able

to evaluate correctly the different SC used and the RSCP received of all its neighbors, whatever

the measurement method used

Measurement perform by indoor small cell

UE measurements

SC selection and power auto-configuration efficiency depend on these measurements.An inaccurate evaluation of the neighboring cells (macro + other indoor small cells)

characteristics will highly increase

Interferences on the outdoor existing network worst HSxPA performances

Probability of having bad performances on indoor small cell service area

Based on indoor coverage simulations, and field analysis.

With simulation results, an indoor small cell is able to ensure a 10m cell radius with 95%

of area reliability@ -70dBm; with 3dBm pilot EIRP.


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Assumptions

5dB indoor penetration for front window case; 15dB indoor penetration for

indoor penetration including wall

Ec/Io pilot target is -15dB @cell edge when indoor small cell is totally load

with macro RSCP is 3dB higher than indoor small cell.

Indoor small cell pilot EIRP is 3dBm

Indoor small cell can be best server in all indoor when outdoor macro-cell RSCP -60dBm

For a macro-cell -50dBm > outdoor RSCP > -60dBm,

Macro-cell risk to be best server in a part of the indoor area, if such RSCP

level is in front window.

In case of wall penetration indoor small cell, will stay best server

For a macro-cell outdoor RSCP-50dBm,

Macro-cell risk to be best server in indoor area, if such RSCP level is in

front window. Even if wall penetration isolates more indoor small cell from

macro with such outdoor RSCP level macro is best server in major part of

indoor area.

Based on the RSCP distribution, RSCP -50dBm, represents more than 4% of cases, where

indoor small cell risk to be non efficient

Considering macro-cell RSCP estimation, it can be a problem in case of shared carrier

configuration

Indoor small cell placed near a window at firs floor, or ground floor of a building

Indoor small cell receives a good macro-cell RSCP signal

Based on its own model Indoor small cell estimates a very high macro-cell

signal at its cell edge

Indoor small cell increases its power, to have at its cell edge the same signal

than macro-cell

In reality macro-cell outdoor RSCP is quite the same than the one measured

by Indoor small cell. So indoor small cell signal is too high, and can be best

server in the street, which will generate interferences I shared carrierconfiguration


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6.2.1.2 INDOOR SMALL CELL INTERFERS MACRO NETWORK USERS

A UE at macro-cell edge and near indoor small cell edge, will transmit at max power which will

generate high UL interferences for indoor small cell UL performances decrease in indoor small

cell service area

In this configuration the indoor small cells placed in the flat 6 and 8, are best server in their own

indoor area.

The flat7 risk to be highly interfered by indoor small cells, so performances decrease compared to

configuration without indoor small cells

Macro RSCP around -90dBm in flat1 to flat4, due to diffraction on buildings

Flat6 indoor small cell can be best server in flat1 and flat 2 indoor areas:

NOT GOOD!

Flat8 indoor small cell can be best server in flat 3 and flat4 indoor areas.NOT GOOD!

Figure 35: Type of interferences which can occurs with indoor small cell


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There are other cases where indoor small cell have many risk to interfere macro network

users; like:

Positioning indoor small cell near a window; then indoor small cell will extrapolate a

too high Tx power required to fight against macro, and then street macro users will

be interfered.

20mW indoor small cell will not have enough power to fight against macro when air

path loss is lower than 105 dB which represents more than 4% of cases in a real

network, if we consider only street measurements. This % increase considering

higher floor cases, where macro RSCP is higher.

6.2.2 DEDICATED CARRIER

Main problems mentioned previously are resolved.

Very constraining in term of frequency resource

Does an operator is able to provide a carrier which will never be used for outdoor network

in the area where it is deployed in indoor, during all the 3G network life?

Currently ALU is supporting 3 carriers solutions, for macro-cells, so having a dedicated carrier for

indoor seems to be very difficult, except if a new frequency band is free by authorities.

6.2.3 NUMBER OF SCRAMBLING CODE ALLOCATED TO INDOOR SMALL CELLNETWORK

Macro-cell can support 32 SC for neighbors in its list; if 16 SC are reserved for indoor

small cell, 16 SC remain for macro-cells which risk being not enough!!!

For intra-frequency mobility (shared carrier case), only 16 SC for macro-cells neighboring

list is not enough. Seen in the past when only 16 SC can be supported in the neighboring

list

For inter-frequency mobility (dedicated carrier case), if 16 SC are reserved for indoor

small cell, it remains 16 for macro-cells

For mobility in idle mode, 48 neighbors can be supported which summarize intra-freq,

inter-freq, and inter-RAT, reducing the number of this list by 16 for macro neighbors, is too

important!!


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Worst case study

Assumptions

Two cells cell A and cell B, cell B can re-use cell A scrambling code if:

RSCPcellB RSCPcellA + 10dB everywhere in the cell

100% of flat have a indoor small cell of a same operator

SC can be reused each three floor level

Floor penetration is around 12dB,

Mean Flat dimensions: height:3m; width:5m; length:10m

Wall penetration is 10dB

Window penetration: 2dB

Door penetration: 4dB A indoor small cell is able to cover 90m with a RSCP -78dBm in area with

obstacles and 15dB wall penetration

Indoor small cell are in the centre of each flat

Propagation models

Documents

UMTS Indoor RF Design Guideline_ External Version-V4.1