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Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agencies and their contractors; Export Control; 1 Dec 1965. Other requests shall be referred to: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS 39180. This document contains Export Controlled Technical Data.
29 Jun 1973 per DNA ltr
MISCELLANEOUS PAPER NO. 1-754
'\ . ,i
DANNY BOY EVENT PROJECT 1.6: MASS DISTRIBUTION
MEASUREMENTS ,QF CRATER ~JECTA AND DUSiT
L K. D1vi1
A. D. Rooke, Jr.
•, .~ .. ,. ' . . :-.,··
Unclassified Security Clasaification
DOCUMENT CONTROL DAT A · R&D (Security c/aeelllcetlon al title, body al abatrecl and lndaalnl annotation muet be entered wflen the overall report i• c/aeallledJ
t . O"'llilNATIN G ACTIVITY (Corporate eulhar) 2• l'ICPOl'IT 1£CUl'IITY C LAISIFICATION
u. s. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Unclassified ·-2b Gl'IOUP
Vicksburg, Mississippi J . AIPO .. T TITLE DANNY BOY EVENT Project 1.6: MASS DISTRIBUTION .MEASUREMENTS OF CRATER EJECTA AND DUST ( roR/WT-1815) APPENDIX B: VOI.UMETRIC EQUALITIES OF THE CRATER 4 , DIIC .. tPTtVI NOTIS (Type al raporl and lnc/uelve datH)
I AUTHO .. ;I) (Lael nan,e. llrel n·eme, Initial)
Davis, Landon K. Rooke, Allen D., Jr.
f ... IPO .. T DA Tl , .. TOTAL NO . 01' PAGF.I 17b. NO . 9,, l'll!P,1
December 1965 32 la. CONTl'IACT 01'1 Ol'IANT NO. • •• Ol'IIOINATOl'l'I l'IEPOl'IT NUMBl:1'1(5)
b. lll'IOJllCT NO . Miscellaneous Paper No. 1-754
C , tb. iTHl:l'l l'IJPOl'IT No(I) (Anyathernumbera tllatmaybeaael .. ed le report .
d.
t O. AV A IL A• ILITY /LIMITATION NOTICH
This docwnent is subject to special export controls and each transmittal to for-eign governments or foreign nationals may be made only with prior U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.
approval of the
It, IU,-,-LIMINTA .. Y NOTH 12 - IPONIO .. ING MILITA .. Y ACTIVITY
Defense Atomic Support Agency
Washington, D. C.
11- A• IT .. ACT
The resuits of various previously reported investigations of the Danny Boy event are utilized to compute and compare the volumes of ejected material and volumes attributable to other crater-formation mechanisms. Imbalance of the volumetric contributions is attributed primarily to the wicertainty of the ejecta density in the lip region. Approximately 65 percent of the rock material dissociated by the explosion was pennanently ejected from the crater; less than 2 percent of the ejected material was deposited beyond 3 c~ater radii .from grolllld zero. Comparisons are made with high-explosive.~.ud nuclear detonations in desert alluvium.
DD .~~!~. 1473 Unclassified Security Cla•• lfication
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Unclassified Security Cl.issifici.ition
KEY WORDS LINK A LINK B
1----- - - ·------ ·· ·-----·- . . ·- · ·· ·-··-·· -
ROLE WT ROLE WT
LINK C · · - - - - - -4 ROLE WT
~ - --. ·-· - -- - - - - . - · - --- - -- ----------- - ·-- ----- - -- ' -- - ---- - - - - - - r-- --- ·--t-- ----11------11
Cratering
Explosion effects
Danny Boy (Project)
INSTRUCTIONS
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MISCELLANEOUS PAPER NO. 1-751J
DANNY BOY EVENT PROJECT 1.6: MASS DISTRIBUTION
MEASUREMENTS OF CRATER EJECTA AND DUST
POR 1815 (WT), APPENDIX B VOLUMETRIC EQUAL~TIES OF TME CRATER
by
L K. Davis
A. D. Rooke, Jr.
December 1965
Sponsored by
DeFense Atomic Support Agency
Conducted by
· U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment: Station
CORPS OF ENGINEERS Vicksburg, Mi11iuippi
Alllff-MIC VICKIIUIIQ, MIii.
This document is subject to special export controls and each transmittal to foreip 1overnments or forei1n nationals may be made onty with prior approval of U. S. Army En1ineer Waterways Experiment Station.
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ABSTRACT
The results of variou8 previously reported investigations of the
Danny Boy event are utilized to compute and compare the volumes of ejected
material and volumes attributable to other crater-fonnation mechanisms.
Imbalance of the volumetric contributions is attributed primarily to the
uncertainty of the ejecta density in the lip region. Approximately
65 percent of the rock material dissociated by the explosion was perma-
nently ejected fran the crater; less than 2 percent of the ejected material
was deposited beyond 3 crater radii fran ground zero. Comparisons are
made with high-explosive and nuclear detonations in desert ·alluvium.
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PREFACE
The study reported herein was performed as a supplement to
PORfilT-1815, "Project 1.6: Mass Distribution Measurements of Crater
Ejecta and Dust," for the Danny Boy event of Operation Nougat. The
project was under the direct supervision of Mr. J. N. Strange, Chief of
the Engineering Research Branch, and under the overall supervision of
Mr. G. L. Arbuthnot, Jr., Acting Chief of the Nuclear Weapons Effects
Division, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES).
Me·ssrs • L. K. Davis" and A. D. Rooke, Jr. , prepared both the project report
{POR,/WT-1815) and this appendix.
Analyses of the Danny Boy crater lip lithology and exploratory
drilling operations through the true crater cavity were perfonned by
personnel of the WES Soils Division.
During the preparation and publication of this appendix, Col. John R.
Oswalt, Jr., CE, was Director of the WF,S and Mr. J.B. Tiffany was Technical
Director.
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT •••••• PREFACE • • • • . •
• • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DEFINITIONS • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTIODUCTION . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . • • • Objective ...................... .
CHAPrER B.l B.1.1 B.1.2 B.1.3
CHAPrER B.2 B.2.1 B.2.2
Summary of Previous Investi.gation • • • • • • • • • • • Scope of Present Investigation ••.•.•••••••
RESULTS OF CRATER nNESTIGA.TIONS • • • • • • • • • • Crater Lip Survey ••• Crater Dimensions •••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CHAP.rER B. 3 DISCUSSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • B.3.1 Volumetric Relations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • B.3.2 Cavity Formation •••.••••••••••• B.3.3 True Crater Formation •••••••••••••
• • • • • • • •
B.3.4 Ejected Material • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • B.3.5 Correlation with Previous Experiments ••••• • • • •
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS • • • • • • • • • • • CHAPrER B.4 B.4.1 B.4.2
Conclusions ••• Recommendations.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
.. REFERE?«:ES • • • • • . . , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TABLES B.3.1 Dimensions and Volumes of Danny Boy Crater Regions • •
FIGURES B.2.1
B.2.2 B.2.3
B.2.4 B.3.1 B.3.2
Lithologic profiles of trench through Danny Boy crater lip • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Lithology of the Danny Boy crater interior slope • • • Profiles of average ejecta and upthrust surfaces in crater lip • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Profile of Danny Boy crater •••••••••••••• Danny Boy crater formation • • • • ·,. • • • • • • • • • Schematics illustrating methods of volumetric computations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
, •• 1
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ix
1 1 1 2
3 3 3
8 8 9
10 11 16
23 23 23
24
17
4 5
6 7
18
19
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,,•· .. , •• ., '
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B.3.3
B.3.4
l
! (
I f
Average mass distribution of ejecta versus radial distance from GZ . . • . • . . • • Fraction of total ejecta volume as a function of range from GZ . • . . • • • • • . Range of Danny Boy ejecta volumes compared with shots in desert alluvium . . . . • • . .
20
21
22
viii
-~--~- ~ ~ - -·- ., ____ __ .. ' "·, ', . . :~ . .'
Apparent crater
Crater cavity
Crater lip
Depth of burst (DOB or Z) (also depth of burial)
Ejecta (throwout)
Fallback
Ground zero (GZ)
DEFINITIONS
The visibl,? crater, bounded at the top
by a plane representing original ground
surface
That portion of the crater which is
initially contained ann which is formed
by vaporization and compression of
earth material surrounding the explo-
sion energy source. Its radius is
designated r C
The distinctly raised portion of the
earth mass immediately surrounding the
apparent crater
Depth below original ground surface of
the effective center of the explosion
energy source where no severe ground
slope is involved. When the slope
cannot be ignored, the shortest dis
tance from zero point to the ground
surface is used
Earth material pennanently ejected
fran the crater as a resul.t of the
explosion
Dissociated material between the true
and apparent crater bOWldaries.
The hypo- or epicenter of the explosion
ix
,·,.,\ .....
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·~i' .··~,
True crat1;?r
Upthrust
Zero point (ZP)
.... , . .,_'
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.
The crater prior to fallback, bounded
at the top by a plane reprr.s enting
original ground surface. It represents
the surface of undissociated material.
Its depth and radius are designated
and respectively
Permanent upward movement of original
ground surface Gurroundinr, the true
crater
The center of the detonation; the effec
tive center of the explosion energy
source
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B.1.1 OBJECTIVE
APPENDIX B
VOLUMETRIC EQUALITIES OF THE CRATER
CHAP.rER B.l
INTRODUCTION
The purpone of this appendix is to compa:.:e the relative significance
of various cratering mechanisms (compression, plastic flowage, ejection,
and vaporization) by studying the volumetric contributions of these
mechanisms to the formation of the Danny Boy crater. Observations are
based on information contained in FOR/WT-1815 (Project 1.6, Event Danny
Boy) and in reports of subsequent investigations by U.S. Anny Engineer
Waterwa;ys Experiment Station (WES) personnel and other researchers.
B.1.2 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION
The Danny Boy event was detonated 5 March 1962 at the U.S. Atanic
Energy Camnission's Nevada Test Site (NTS). The device was buried at a
depth of llO feet in basalt and had a yield of o.43 kt (Reference 1).
The Project 1.6 experimental layout consisted of an array of tar
paul.ins placed in a concentric circular pattern about ground zero (GZ).
After the shot, when the residual radioactivity pennitted, samples of
ejecta (including dust) deposited on the tarpaulins were recovered,
weighed, and analyzed for particle size. The nearest samples to GZ were
recovered at a radial distance of 310 feet and the most remote at 880 feet.
Mass distribution per unit area and size distribution were tabulated and
shown graphically as functions of radial dis.tance from GZ. The amount of
deposition was found to decrease sharply with distance. Particle size
l
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similarly decreased with distance from GZ, the percentar.;e of fines incr eas
ing rapidly beyond the 310-foot collector rin~. The r esults of s imilar
experiments were summarized and compared with Danny Boy data by m~ans of
dimensionless plots.
B.1.3 SCOPE OF PRESENT INVESTIGATION
Approximately one year after the completion of Project 1.6, WES
personnel excavated a trench through the Danny Boy crater lip, with tbe
centerline of the trench bearing South 67°30' West from GZ. The purpose
of the trench was to expose the uplifted original ground surface near the
crater edge, permitting an analysis of the composition of the ejecta in
the liTJ. In addition, several slant holes were drilled into the true
crater 1.n order to delineate the radius of the cavity surrounding the zero
point. The location of the cavity surface wa~ determined by ~omparing
core samples recovered from the holes, radiation levels along the hole
lengths, and the presence of glass produced by the fusing of the basalt
around the cavity walls (Reference 2).
The results of these investigations were utilized to compute the
volumes of the lip ejecta, the lip upthrust, and the true crater, includ-
1·.1g the true crater cavity. These volumes were then compared with the
V)lumes of the apparent crater and the ejecta as measured in Project 1.6 .
2
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CHAPTER B.2
RESULTS OF CRATER INVESTIGATIONS
B . 2 • 1 CRATER LIP SURVEY
Figure B.2.1 shows the lithologic profiles of the north and south
sides of the trench excavated through the crater lip. Figure B.2.2 is
a circumferential profile of the interior slope of the crater lip and the
upper portion of the apparent crater, showing the maximum lip height, the
height of upthrust, and the upper l:i.mi t of the fallback material. ,Ari
average height of upthrust of 14.3 feet was determ:iined from the circumfer
ential profile, and the radial extent of the upthrust, 220 feet, shown in
Figure B.2.1 was assumed to be representative of the entire circumference
of the crater. From this information, an averag1:: profile of the uplifted
ground surface was constructed on the average profile of the crater lip
(ejecta surface) as shown in Figure B.2.3.
The average bulk density of the crater ejecta and fallback was esti
mated to be 3,620 lb/yd3, based upon ejecta sampling reported in Reference 3.
Based upon References 2 and 4, the in situ density of the basalt is taken
to be 4,250 lb/yd~.
B.2.2 CRATER DIM.mSIONS
Figure B.2.4 is an average cross section of the Danny Boy crater. The
lip dimensions were taken from Figure B.2.3, the radius of the c3vity from
the postshot drilling results, and the apparent and true crater dimensions
and configurations from References 5 and 3, respectively.
3
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B.3.1 VOLUMRI'RIC REIATIONS
CHAPI'ER B.3
DISCUSSION
A number of volumetric equalities for craters have been resolved
from a near-surface cratering study by WF.s (Reference 6). For craters
in soil, these relations are:
Where:
Vt = V dis + V C + V f + V V
V =kV I, e
- V a
+v u
V = V u f
vt = volume of true crater
(B.3.1)
(B.3.2)
(B.3.3)
(B.3.4)
(B.3.5)
vdis = volume (preshot) of material dissociated by the explosion
vc = volume of crater due to compression (canpaction)
vf = volume of crater due to plastic flowage of the medium
v = volume of vaporized material V
P0 , P1 = preshot (in situ) and postshot densities of cratered material, respectively
ve = volume of ejecta
vtb = volume of fallback
va a volume of apparent crater
v, • total volume of crater lip
k a a C<Xlatant representing the fracti<Xl of ejecta.volume contributing to the formation of the crater lip
vu= volume of upthrust region
8-
_______ ,
', [
Equations B.3.1 through B.3.4 also apply to craters in rock. Howev~r,
for practical considerations, rock l.s assumed to be incapable of flowing
under a hydrodynamic stress unless the stress ia sufficiently large to
transfonn the material into a liquid state. Since the melting of rock in
a nuclear detonation has been observed to be confined to a thin lining on
the interior of the cavity, there is no signi~icant contribution to the
crater volume by this mechanism, and Equation B. 3. 5 does not apply to a
rock medium.
B. 3 .2 CAVITY FORW': ... vtl
The cavity radius (re) of 36 feet determined from postshot drilling
appears to be consistent with the results of previous underground nuclear
detonations. The Neptune, Blanca, Logan, and Rainier events at NTS created
cavities with scaled radii of 50 .:!: 3 rt/Jt.t1/ 3 (Reference 7). The scaled
cavity radius for the Danny Boy event was 48 rt/kt1/ 3• The scaled cavity
radii of the Danny Boy, Neptune, and Blanca events, all of which vented
( the last by a subsidence mechanism), were 47 or 48 ft/kt1/ 3, while those
of the contained shots, Logan and Rainier, were 50 and 52 rt/kt1/ 3,
respectively.
C-vity growth is related to gross upward movement of the overburden
as well as to compression and vaporization of the medium surrounding the
nuclear device. However, the lower part of the cavity appears to be formed
almost entirely by canpression and vaporization. Since this is the only
volume of canpression applicable to the final crater formation ( the can
pacted medium surrounding the upper part of the cavity is dissociated upon
venting), v c can be readily estimated once vv has been calculated. The
9
--......... -..,._,_...,. __ -'.Ill! ___ ...,,. ________________ , __________ ,.,,
.'', ... -,
...... .
'~ ., . ',
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.. ,,•, .
volume of vaporized rock for the Danny Boy crater is given in Reference 2
as about J2 cubic yards, an insignificant quantity in comparison with the
uncertainties existi.ng elsewhere in the volumetric computations. If it is
assumed that half of the vaporized material came from the lower part of the
cavity,
= 3,610 yd3 l V
(B.3.6)
Any possible contribution by compression in the sides of the true crater
above the cavity is ignored in this procedure.
B.3.3 TRUE CRATER FORMATION
A general widerstanding of the probable mechanics of crater formation
is necessary to an analysis of the crater volumes created. Figure B.3.1
is a graphical representation of the stages of formation of the Danny Boy
crater.
Calculation of the true crater volume was accomplished by assuming
that its shape above the zero point was that of a rectangular hyperboloid
(Reference 3). Thus, confining the discussion for the moment to the upper
portion of the true crater, the equation of the crater wall can be repre
·sented by
x2
~-c
where re represents the values of both the semitransverse and semiconju
gate axes and x and y are horizontal and vertical coordinates,
1 v indicates last significant figure.
10
.,
• --r• ··-· · ... • ... ,... ,--·--- ··--· ··• - ··· ··----•---,-. --- - · · · · · ··-·· .. ,- --···--- --- -
.,
. -· ,- r,, 1 ·
. ~ : 1j' .• .. ,, :
respectively. The volume of the upper portion of the true crater can be
cetermined by considering the entire crater from original ground surface
to the depth of burst. (DOB or Z) to be inclosed within a right circular
cylinder of radius equal to the true crater radius (rt), and then sub
tracting the volume generated by rotation of the area under the true crater
side (see Figure B.3.2a). Thus, with the volume of the lower portion of the
cavity added, an equation for the true crater volume can be written as
follows:
vt = volume of cylinder - volume under hyperbola+ volume of lower portion of cavity
(B.3.7)
This reduces to
Vt= 4.030 X 106 - 2.205 X 106 + 9.725 X 104
= 1.922 X 106
ft3
or 71,200 cubic yards. As will be noted in Figure B.3.2a, this procedure V
probe.bly results in a sanewhat lesser volume than that of the assumed
hyperbola and hence in a vt larger than the actual. \
B,3,4 ~TED MATERIAL
From Equation B.3.1, the volume of in situ rock dissociated by the
explosion is
The variables v f and vu are interchangeable in a soil medium but
apparently unrelated in canpetent rock. Because of the physical properties
of rock, it seems clear that vf did not contribute to the Danny Boy crater
formation. Since flowage did not occur, the upthru,st was apparently the
11
)\{f ::er:';,;) . i, . .. .. .. . . . . . . . l ' :., ;4 x,, '' \ \,~!,•\~!,,• '"l•)!~ ,t,'\~ ' l ~
• t ~ •
-°?-}{ --~
• \I,~ ' I ' \~~~:,,:1#-z~i.~·t:1 •.1 \~:· ~~H~~~~u~~:a~:rr.ii:. "1\il ~f~(;Jf.~\~),J.\',. 11' ' ~, l~,t- ~1~il!1. ~ : i~k:.~:~, . ~\th .. ;J,~,:~~'.'.~~jJ~l/;~~~·;~~~:\ ::-~.~-)~1(~.f{~f4!,~(:'·"r1, :,. : .~:·./. (.' .:• '. ".'~. . ~\ .. ·,. -I ,• i , ' • .• '.;·• ., f•·:, ·. /':=·, ~ , •-•• ·\ , , .1 •.~• i ·:•• ·:·• J ·•·,,. --•:,· , ;, ~J·•'
..... , ,·:
result of spallation in general and bulking of the material immediately
surrounding the crater rim. TheGe effects were attributed to the action
of the compressive shock wave and its r efl ection at ground surface and
to cas expansion in the cavity. Any volume initially formed by compression
in the upward direction is later neeated by ventine , so it is concluded,
at least for practical purposes, that the energy expended to form the
upthrust region actually made no contribution to crater size. It seems
likely that the same mechanism may occur to ::; ome extent in a deep burst
in soil.
Using the quantities previously developed,
vd. = 71,200 - (3, 610 + 0 + 12) = 67,578 yd3 is v
Either the dissociated mat2rial was ejected completely from the crater
to form the ejecta portion of the lip and the dust cloud, or it fell back
into the true crater to form the apparent crater. From Equation B. 3 .2,
The ratio
Therefore,
(Po) . Ve + V fb = ~ V dis
is approximately 4,250 lb/yd3 + 3,620 lb/yd3, or 1.17.
The volwne of the apparent crater, as determined by plan:imetric
measurement, was found to be 38,200 cubic yards. From Equation B,3,3, V
·· 71,200 - 38,200 = 33,000 yd3 V
Therefore,
= 79,000 - 33,000 = 46,000 yd3 V
12
.. ···•··~·-· -· . .... - ----,-:--:--- - - ------~ · . . I
·•.',. '/· .
' ..
,~1· .· '• t i,1,·.':•d;'~~.l'/l.• ,, ,.~ ,, :; ... ,.;.,:,·;-'~Ci3 ', ~1,~ _--•'.,3J"',/,.'', ( ',1_ ••..,_t ~,:'1:1;1 .. ;J•'\.l't~.l!\f/~l~\t!>t!1-'.'.·,, ~ 3.•/~•••;'.':.)., '~\~:;,,~.,rfJ ,,'t~ ~,~~! . .," \,;1 · •(,.,,'',';;,~,;,'i;:·,~~;lt~J ••t :.i': •,:,t:ud ,)'~ ••• )•, , 1 f. ' ,l' IJ.•\••• 1 ,, .. lr ~•~• ~i ,.,, ?J t,,.-, , l. • tr• • 1" /,' •1 , , 11 .~\.l;..11. .. "' ' ) f ,tf,r;r! • ,.",.,-~- •;:, ~,'·l"dtit•f
I ',/ {ir•1,5; •,.~ •r~•~B~~t-".;~ . \. :i~.;,' \:•.~~•a.i\.~~l~j•1:'11~:, 1J~·. ~ 1, ' ', f,\;~'~ / ;;~ Sf:1~:- ~· r·;~--~t~ :: , f 'l,/. ~'1l~lr~~.: ,J\•rt' ·,,.? f!('_ ·.'·,~f .;w1:r\~•t4~"1','t*"~';jf~'~,{i'_ .. :: 1\ t:~;\~~i; , 1·ir,,~:~\l1!);? f:,. '
\--:~ " 'l',lo7 .• 'I :,: •!f,-,!:'!,i "-1.' ,,.<-;.IJ • .r , • J,W, ~ '~ ' ., } ' ',' • ~ ' ' •\.,, ~, ' ~r' ' ~ ., 1, , ' " • , • •
' ,~,
'.'-: ),
·: . . ..
..... " ': .,,i· .''
The compaction which initially occurs in the material above the cavity
(prior to ventinr, ) is not taken into account in thc~c equations . The
comminut ion which ac.:compani c!S venting probalJl y ncf~ates most of th r: initial
density chanl~<-~.
In the dust cloud formed by the explosion, particl es which wer e
essentially windborne we:rc transported far from GZ. From a careful esti.rlate
of the mass of the Sedan dust cloud (a nuclear event near optimum depth
in desert alluvium), it was concluded that in that event approximately
1 percent of the apparent crater mass was thus deposited beyond about 20
crater radii from GZ (Refer ence 8). Although the Danny Boy Project 1. 6
layout extended much farther than this, the deposition from the cloud could
not, at the greater distances, be distinguished by weight or volume from
dust accumulations from other sources. Observation of the event, however,
indicates that the scaled ejecta volume attributable to the dust 1 :loud was
much smaller than that of Sedan, which should be expected from a consider
ation of the differences in the cratered media. As a rough estimate,
probably less than 0.5 percent of the apparent crater volume, or about
150 cubic yards of earth material, was in the Danny Boy cloud. V
With the completion of the crater lip in-✓estigations, direct measure
ment of the ejecta volume is possible. Using the profiles of Figure B.2.3
and mathematically rotating geometric sections about the GZ axis, volumes
of the lip and upthrust regions can be computed. Thus, vJ, = 7~,800 cubic
yards and v = 20,500 cubic yards. The volume of ejecta in the lip U V
equals vi, - v , or 58,300 cubic yards. To this must be added the volume U V
of ejecta deposited beyond the lip but within the general crater area and
that transported far .away by the dust cloud. To find the fonner, a new
13
a
.. -.i~ ·:,.,_ _~ •• , ',.';_
" -: , ' '\, y, '. S· .. •
. . . "~ ,- ~-, ·~~ '\, .. ~.-~ , .... · .. ,.
-
. - - - - - - - ---------~---
,,. ,, .,
mass distribution equation was computed by the meth:>d of l eact squares ,
us ine; only collec t or rings C, D, and E (440 to 880 f eet from GZ). Ring B
(310 fe et from GZ) was excluded because the :., tations on t.his ring which were
not recuvered wer e actually under the outer ede;e of the lip, and the results
f th ld t . ( s::_ 2 91 · 1018 R-S .S5) th . . d Th o . e o equa ~on u = • u X were us biase . e new
equation is
(B.3.8)
Where: 5 = mass distribution in kg/meter2 2
R = radial distance from GZ in met ~rs
The metric system is used here to perrnit direct comparison wi.th the equa
tion for rings B through E develo_pPd in the main report to which this is an
appendiY.. Using Equation B.3.8 e..nd integrating from the outer edge of
the average crater lip to infinity,
CD
Ew = 2,r J 6 R dR 3
67 m
(B.3.9)
where Ew equals total weight of ejecta deposited beyond crater lip but
within general crater area. The concept of this integration and revolution
is shown graphically in Figure B-3.2b. Substituting,
a,
\, = 2n f (1.42 X 1019
R-8 ·86) R dR = 3,86 x 106 kg
"'67
2 Multiply kg/meter2 by 0.205 to obtain lb/feet2•
3 Multiply meters by 3.28 to obtain feet.
4 Multiply kilograms by 2.205 to obtain pounds (weight).
14
4
I . '
w.· .. ) .
6 or 8.52 X 10 pounds. Using t,he postshot density given on page 3, this
weight is found to represent a volume of 2,360 cubic yards. Thus, by V
direct measurement, the entire volume of ejected material -- lip, close
in deposit, and windborne -- is 61,000 cubic yards, to the greatest
accuracy justified by the input data. A logarithmic plot of mass dis
tribution versus radial distance f1 ·om GZ for Danny Boy, revised to include
data points computed for the crater lip, is contained in Figure B.3.3.
The Sedan event, similar in. geometry but much larger in yield and in
a different medium, is included for comparison. Danny Boy crater vol
umes are recapitulaterJ, to the greatest justifiable accuracy, in
Table B.3.1.
The discrepancy between directly measured and inferred ejecta volumes
( ... 15 ,000 cubic yards) represents the uncertainty of these measurementa
and/or inferences. The most likely sources of error are the true crater
volume and the density factor, p0/p1 . Subsurface exploration of the
true crater has been necessarily limited, and a considerable uncertainty
exists as to its size; also, the assumption of a hyperboloid configuration
results in an error (Section B.3.3). While the density factor appears to
be based upon a good sample (al.mat 1 percent of the total ejecta volume),
its value is suspiciously low. Errors in either true crater volume or the
density factor would tend to discred~t the inferred method, so the volume
of ejecta listed in Table B.3.1 is the direct measurement rounded off to
the nearest 10,000 cubic yarda. Division of the accumulated ejecta and
fallback volumes by vdis yields a density factor of approximately 1.3~,
which may more nearly represent the true density factor P0/P1 •
•. , , . . . . . ( ~ .: . . ' ,"
'-:· .: . •"
' . ' I .
15
.,,·
-.,:.,~ °{·•I •'",
·,·,.
B.3.5 CORRELATION WITH PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS
Using the foregoing computations, Figure B.3.2, and data from the
main text of this report (PORjwT-1815) a plot of ejecta deposition versus
distance from GZ has been prepared and is presented in Figure B.3.4. For
comparison, an envelope of data for shots in desert alluvium (from Refer
ence 9) has been included. The envelope includes shot geometries from
near-surface to near-optimum DO~'s. Figure B.3.5 {from Reference 6) is a
plot of apparent crater volume versus total volume of ejecta for a similar
range of shot geometries in alluvium, to which the Danny Boy data have
been added. The upper and layer 1imits of these data were established by
the direct and inferred ejecta measurements, respectively.
16
-------------- f./ ,,'.i' ;,
·. _··.,(.•'
ti.;.·\·L~ 4 : /·~r, ; •·~-1, _:- ·> .· /,.-
' l I ·f
i,.•:;
:,. !-
:J.1
·. ," .. , ... .....
'\_'If ' •·, ,
~- >. I • -:~ :- , • ,
', ,-;:;-(,'::[ttt: ' ... ~
-- -- - --~~~----~.-----.---------------------------... -....
TABLE B.3.1 DIMENSIONS AND VOLUMES OF DANNY BOY CRATER REGIONS
Metric equivalents: 1 foot= 0.305 meters 1 cubic yard= 0.765 cubic meters
Crater Region Depth Average Volume or Radial Extent
Height from GZ Axis
feet feet cubic yards
Apparent crater 62a 108 38,000
True crater 146a 108 71,000
Fallback 84a 100 33,000
Lip (total) 25b 310 79,000
Lip (ejecta) llb 310 58,000
Lip (upthrust) 14b 220 21,000
Ejecta (total) 60,000
Crater cavity 36c 36 3,600
Dissociated material -- 68,000
Melted material 8d 75
Vaporized material 4d 12
a Below OZ. b Average maximum height above original ground surface. c Below zero point. d Ignoring device configuration (i.e. assuming true point source of
energy).
17
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Figure B,3,3 Average mass distribution of ejecta versus radial distance from OZ, including lip ejecta, for Danny Boy. Plot for the Sedan event is inc~uded for comparison (Reference 8).
20
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B.3
.5
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anny
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B.4.1 CONCWSIONS
CHAPI'ER B.4
CONCLUSIONS A.ND RECOMMENDATIONS
A large difference is observed between direct and inferred measure
ments of ejected material for the Danny Boy crater. An examination of the
various crater volumes reveals that:
1. The al):parent crater volume amounts to slightly more than half of
the true crater volume.
2. Approximately 65 percent of the material dissociated by the ex
plosion, representing a volume about 1.6 times that of the apparent crater,
was permanently ejected from the crater; the remainder fell back within
the confines of the true crater. Thus, a significantly larger percentage
of ejecta was realized on this event than in similar shots in dry soil.
3. Ejecta accounted for almost three-fourths of the crater lip
volume; upthrust of the original ground surface was responsible for the
remainder.
4. More than 98 percent of the ejected material fell within 3
crater radii of GZ to form the lip. Distribution of ejecta was generally
much closer to GZ than for shots in dry soil.
B.4.2 RF£0MMEIIDATIONS
For tuture cratering experiments, it is recamnended that preshot plans
and preparations include an experimental array and measurement techniques
that will facilitate quantitative &n&l.ysis of the crater formation in terms
of the contributions provided by each cratering mechanism.
23
'r
' ,
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·- .. -----~------------------------------------......... ,... .......
REFERENCES
1. J. A. Miskel and N. A. Bonner; "Danny Bey: Distribution of the
Radioactivity fran a Nuclear Cratering Experiment"; Project 21.1,
WT-1817, 31 December 1964; University of California, Lawrence
Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California; Unclassified.
2. N. M. Short; "Project Danny Boy: The Definition of True Crater
Dimensions by Post-Shot Drilling"; WT-1834, 6 July 1964; University
of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livennore, California;
Unclassified.
3. J. F. Leisek; "Postshot Geologic Investigations of the · Danny Boy
Nuclear Cratering Experiment in Basalt"; UCRL-7803, 13 March 1964;
University of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livennore,
California; Unclassified.
4. D. C. Banks and R. T. Saucier; "Engineering Geology of Buckboard
Mesa"; Atomic Energy Commission Preliminary Report PNE 5001P, July
1964; U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
Mississippi; Unclassified.
5. M. D. Nor~ke; "Project Danny Boy: Crater Studies"; ITR-1816,
15 Nov•ber 1962; University of California, Lawrence Radiation
Laboratory, Livermore, California; Unclassified.
24
\
. . ·\, , ,, I .... .,!.l_, : • \ '...,:·- ,- -.•-~-----------~
,; r ,! -~ .\. •
. \ --~' . \ ·. '\;
·. ·:. ~
,t· ' .•t
,I
'';.-' • !--~~
' :_,;-?/'.::/~.- '\•
7. G. W. Johnson, G. H. Higgins, and C. E. Violet; "Underground Nuclear
Detonations"; UCRL-5626, 8 July 1959; University of California,
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Liver1nore, California; Unclassifi~d.
8. R. H. Carlson and W. A. Roberts; "Pl·oject Sedan: Mass Distribution
and Throwout Studies"; PNE 217F, 6 Angust 1963; The Boeing Company,
Seattle, Washington; Unclassified.
9. R. H. Carls~n an<i W. A. Roberts; "Distribution o:f.' Ejecta from Cratering
Explosions"; April 1963; The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington;
Unclassified (Unpublished paper).
25
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