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=BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES1M ABERDEEN PROVING: GROUND. MD.

MEMORANDUMREPORT No. 593 (05

\J

An Effectiveness Study of the C0,

Infantry Rifle __D rY

K DONALD L HALL

XAki '

SECURITYMARKING

The classified cr limited. status of this repoit applies

to each page, unless otherwise marked,Separate page printouts MUST be marked accordingly.

THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE OFTHE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18,U.S.C., SECTIONS 793 AND 794. THE TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION OFITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BYLAW.

NOTICE: When government or other drawings, specifications or otherdata are used for any purpose other than in connection with a defi-nitely related government procurement operation, the U. F. Governmentthereby incurs no responsibility, nor any obligation whatsoever; andthe fact that the Government may have formulated, furnished, or in anyway supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data is notto be regarded by implication or otherwise as in any manner licensingthe holder or any other person or corporation, or conveying any rights.-or permission to manufacture, use or sell any patented invention thatmay in any way be related thereto.

BALLISTIC R353.ARCH LABORATORIIS

IU2RM")!I D9PORT NO. 593

Murch 1952

AN WTECTIVEMNS STUDY OF THE IWhNT1IM M7T

Donald Le Hall

Dtc.of tb2 Ifra '-~~n ~ ftb, ]18PIOnago L3-z, ::=Ing of the,~ 9 c~7Its tra~is±C1 0 r 71 iz( 794,'

*SI.'to an~ j

prjojct No. TB3-02301 of the os~ea-c an md

De~op'mut D±iziion, Orftance Gorp

A aitRD I I NP ROV IN G GROUND, XkAULA11D

Isecum It

PMTI P=1 US MAlE, TH~WQ WAS IV IDT .rr=

BRAISTIC ZSIUM LWa MTOIS

MMRMD I WORT NO 593

DLHaUl/btsAberdeen Proving Ground, FA.March 1952

AN ifFECTIVENSS STUDY OF THE INFANTR RIFL

ABSTRACT

A study of the probability of hitting and of wounding for afamily of rifles is made. The rifles are compared on the basisof the single shot probability and the expected number of killefor a given total weight of rifle and ammunition.

Sone experiment4l data on a commercial cal. .220 rifle areincluded.

MWIW T -MeS .BA VAS B K TvVZ WAS r mVID.

rflTRODUCTION

In accordance it, h the request of Office, Chief of Ordnance intheir letter /00 4h4/18 (a) dated 28 Nov 50, a study has been made ofthe effectiveness of an infantry rifle. This report was prepared with-out regard to present established military characteristics of the ArWrField Forces, since the purpose of research is to provide basic datawhich may assist Army Field Forces in developing future reqitirements.The stat' of ;ritical raw materials was not considered. The conclu-sions ccrn-a.ined herein are tentative and are subject to experimentalconfirmation.

in evaluating such a weapon, it is necessary to consider its proba-bility of hdtting when in the hands of a combat soldier, its ability towound, and the weight of rifle and ammunition. These characteristicsare somew.hat dependent on each other. The probability of hitting of arifle is primarily dependent on the range and muzzle velocity, or moreexplicitly on the flatness of the trajectory. The wounding power is afunction of mass, striking velocity, and bullet shape. Both the hitprobability and the wounding ability could be improved by increasingthe muzzle energy, but this would increase the weight of both the gunand the ammunition thus decreasing the number of rounds that the soldiercould carry.

In this study a family of wearons was considered. The caliber wasvaried from .30 to .21 and the wetitt of the charge was taken to be 1.0,0.8, and 0.6 times the charge (53 grains) nor-lly used in the presentstandard Ball M-2 Cal. .30 ammunition.

IRTHOV

All bullets were considered to be homologous to the Cal. .30 BallM-2 amir-ition. Musals velocities for the various calibers and chargeweights were extracted from an unpublished report prepared for Mr. 1.R. Kent* of BEM. These data are summarized in Table I.

7h determi;Ung the number of rounds of ammunition to be attributedto each gun, it was assumed that the weight of tU:- cartridge case wasdirectly proportional to the weight of the charge. Knowing the weightof the bullet, it was possible to determine the weight of the completeround. The M-1 ri•le with 96 roimds* of Cal.,.30 Ball M-2 amumitionwas taken as a standard. The weight of gun plus ammunition is approxi-natly 15 lbs.

Since the receiver and chamber sizes are directly proportional tothe cartridge lengths and since a reduction in caliber and charge wouldreduce the cartridge length, a reduction in receiver and chamber sizescan be computed and the reduction in rifle weight determined. Because

Pr Mr. IL P. Hitchcock atd Mr. Jame Preom.

This ammiton load was recoAmmnded by Col. . L. A. Marshall inhi book, 'The Soldier's Load and the Ibbility of a Natiou'.

this has disregarded all other factors which might contribute to thereduction of rifli weight, it is felt that this tend* to undremtt-mate any reduction iA rifle might from smaller rounds and to favorthe heavier charge and larger caliber. Table II shows the wqpectedreduction in rifle wight and the ammition wight. Table nl alsoshows the total number of rounds the soldier can carry without exceedinga total weight of 15 lbs. and the reduction iD the soldier's load •fhe were limited to only 96 rounds for all rifles.

To determine the hit probability the following asswuptionm, feltto be riasonable, were made:

(1) A standard deviation of range estimation of 20% of the rangeto the target.

(2) A standard deviation of cross wind estimation of 3 miles perhour.

(3) A standard deviation of aiming and ballistic error of 096 mle

for all ranges.

(4i) A target 3-1/2 ft. high and 1 ft. vide.

Ballistic data for all computations wre takon from Siacci tableseSince the bullets more all taken to be homologous to the Cal. .30 BaIlM-2, the saw form factor wus used.

The hit probability was calculated4 for ranges of 200 to 1000yards and is plotted in Figures 1, 2, and 3.

Bo as to get a better overall picture as to the result of oagntcaliber and charge wight, the ratio of the probability of a hit fora given gun to that for the N-1 caliber .30 rifle has bee comuted adIs plotted in Figure 6, As may be expected, the higher the musale velo-city, the greater the expected hit probabilitys.

To obtain the probability that a target when bit would be severelywounded ir inrapacitated, wound ballistic data wre used both from D.Sterne's Te~nImical Note No. 556 and from estimates of Dr. F. A. Ode11of the Biopbysics reanch, Hbdical L&Loratory, Army Chemical Center.

Appreciation is expressed for the help received from 1'. N. Pe Mob-cock through his advice on the computation of trajectories and deter-mination of form factors.

The author is indebted to *k. W. C. Benjamin for all the ealuland graphs appearing in this repor.

6

For Dr. Odell .I ti.ates the folIouzig assumptions were arbitrarily

(1) That the target was itanding, facing the gun with a uniformprobability density o' possible impact points. (Al pointsof impact equally likel: on the target.)

(2) The soldier had good motiiting powers and there'fre had willto fight and would not stop unless he was severely wounded.

(3) The wounded soldier was near a first aid station so that ifhe were severely wounded and relized that his life would pro-bably be saved if be went back tc the first aid station, hewould do so rather than continue fighting.

(4) Areas such as hands, feet, and skin curface not near impor-tant blood vessels were excluded from the total target areas,since, should wounds be inflicted in these areas, a severe Awound would not be produced regardless of the mass or thevelocity of the bullet. This excluded area is equivalent to15% of the total body area.

(5) It was assumed that upon impact none of the bullets wouldtumble, deform or break up. Actually for the smaller cali-ber bullets, this is a pessimistic assumption for they tendto tumble more readily than bullets of larger caliber due tothe reduced transverse moment of inertia.

Dr. Odell's estimates of the probability of a severe wound as relatedto striking velocity are plotted in Figure 5. These estimates are basedon his understanding of the effects of caliber and velocity on the sizeof the maximum teLporary cavity in gelatin molds, which is considered tobe a good measure of the severity of the wound and also of the rate ofincapacitation. Figure 6 shows these data replotted to a relative basis.using the Cal. .30 M-1 rifle T- Ball amuirition as a standard.

To determine the single shot probability of hitting and then incapa-citating, relative to the Cal. .30, the hit probability was multipliedby the probability of a severe wound and then divided by the correspon-ding product for the Cal..30 JM-1 rifle. This relative single shot effec-tiveness has been plotted in Figure 7.

To determine the relative expected number of kills per soldier, therelative single shot probability of a kill was multiplied by the ratioof number of rounds carried with a given gun as shorn in Table II tothat carried with the M-1 rifle. This is plotted in Figure 8.

Since the wound ballistic estirates of Dr. Odell were based onlimited experimental data, a check on the results was made using reIwund criteria deveioaed by Dr. T. 3. Utarne* of BRL from experimentsconducted by the Biophysics Branch, Medical Laboratories, Army Chemical

Center, Maryland. Dr. Sterne has determirid the probability of incapa-citation as a function of MV/A, where M Is •.heo mass in grams, V thestriking velocity in cn per sec, and A the average presented area in sq.centimeters. Ths resulting curves from Dr. Stbeam's report have beenreproduced in thiL.9 report in Figure 9. Also shown are the Odell curvesreplotted to the same abscissa.

It should be noted that the Sterns wound criterion was devnlopedfor fragments and it is not expected to be more than very roughly validfor bullets. The quantity MV/A is a measur' of ability to penetrateand should therefore determine the prr'labil v that if a bullet hitsit will pass through protective clotH ' , and bone, and reachcertain vital organs. However, the "a& .,1,ate to penetrationthrough clothing, skin, and body-w-ll sejl.a: % bably be the udznimcross-section of the bullet while after tht ' ;-;t has penetrated thebodq-wall it tends to tumble, and such tub n% should be expected notonly to influence the amount of damage caused by the bullet to vitalorgans in or near its path, but also to increase its effective area A.The criterinn in its present form, appropriate to fragments, has notbeen designed to take into account the phenomenon of a bullet enteringthe body with a small A and then, by tumbling, acquiring a larger A.In order to use Sterns's criterion some value had to be given to thequantity A, and the value used was the tumbling value, one-fourth ofthe total superficial area. Therefore the penetrating power of thebullet was underestimated during its passage through the outer protec-tive layers, and it is felt that an underestimate has consequently beenmade of the probability of incapacitation from a random hit.

Figures 10, 11, and 12 show the relative single shot probabilitiesof hitting and incapacitating of the various guns using Dr. Sterne'swound criteria for 5 sec., 5 min., and "B" kills. Figures 1L., 14, and15 show the overall expected number of kills where the number of rowifdcarried is considered.

USULTS

There is little difference between the results obtained from Odell'scrit~rion and Sterns's criterion. Although Odell's shows a. mch higher-

Technical Note No. 556

S+

single-shot wounding probability, when the rifles are all compared tothe M-1 as a standard, there Is very little difference. According toSterno's curves, the effectiveness for quick incapacitation of the lower-powered, smaller caliber rifles drops off considerably at the longerranges. However, the effectiveness for lower rates of incapacitationor "8 kills is still high and it may be argued that a high rate ofincapacitation is in general not required at long ranges.

In generall it can be stated that -if the combined weight of rifleand ammunition is fixed at 15 lbs., a man carrying the Cal. .21 riflewould have an expectation of killing about 2-1/2 times as many targetsas with the M-I rifle. The range at which this occurs depends on th-amount of charge. The 0.6 charge rifle is most effective at the sL,%tranges because of the lighter ammunition. The 1.0 charge is most effec-tive at the longer ranges because of its flatter trajectory,*

The final curves of relative overall expected number of kills showthat rifle! with heavy charges are preferable at the longer ranges, butthose with the lighter charges are made preferable at the short ranges.It is beyond the scope of the present report to state which is the opti-mum rifle, for this would depend on the most probable comtit range. Anindication as to this range may be obtained from a report of a woundballistic survey in Korea. A curve based on data from this report isreproduced in Figure 16. This shows estimated ranges at which riflehits were obtained. The mean range is about 120 yards. At rangesgreater than 300 yds. less than i0,1' of the hits were obtained. Fromthis it might be concluded that a rifle that is more effective at rangesup to 500 yds. should be favored over one that is more effective atranges greater than 500 yds. This conclusion is independent of thefrequent use of the rifle for inaccurate fire at lonher ranges, sinceall of the rifles considered will be lethal to two thousand yards al-though at such ranges the probability of hitting will be negligible.

* Due to the fact that wound ballistic data are lacking on the caliber

.30 carbine, this gun was not shown in the curves of this report.However, estimates on the wound ballistics by the author show thatat 300 yds. the single shot effectiveness is approximately one-halfthat of the standard M-1 rifle. This is due to the low muzzle velo-city (1970 fps)* Since the carbine is quite light it would take 240rounds to bring the total weight of gun and ammuniticn to 15 lbs.Therefore the overall effectiveness is high at very close ranges butfalls off rapidly for increasing ranges so that it is the least effec-tive for all the guns for ranges greater tVan 300 yds.

S.. . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

f1AIU TAL DATA OM A .220 RIFIXCZ

During the course of this study a number of conclusions were qies-tioned because of the fact that the popular commercial .220 Swift rifleis generally felt to be less effective as a hunting rifle than a 30-06rifle. Actually the .220 Swift cannot be reasonably compared with anyof the rounds in tne present study, because these rounds all involvedscaled-down versions of the excellent Cal. .30 Ball M-2 bullet, andtherefore have considerably better ballistic characteristics than theinferior .220 Swift. The .220 Swift has a h8 grain, soft nose bulletin contrast to the 60 grain Cal. .22 bullet, of the present study, thatwould be homologous to the Cal. .30 Ball 4-2.

Through the assistance of Col. Studler of the Ordnance Office, arifle and 200 rounds of am&unition were acquired with a bullet shapethat was nearly, but not quite homologous to the Cal. .30 Ball M-2,The homologous Cal. .22 bullet would be a 60 grain bullet having a7.0 Cal. radius tangent ogive and be 0.825" long. The rounds receivedhad a 6.0 Cal. radius tangent ogive, were 0.76" long, and weighed 60grains. As a result, the experimental ammunition had a ballistic coef-ficient of 0.13 (by actual measurements) as compared to 0.18 (calcula-ted)* for the homologous bullet. This inforration is shown in the formof curves of remaining velocity vs. range in Figure 17. Ballistic dataare also shown for the .220 Swift and Cal. .30 ?4-I rifle. Figure 18shows the effect of cross wind on both the Cal. .22 and Cal. .30 bullets.These curves were taken from nomograms by Coxe and Bugless appearingin Johnson and Haver's book "Ammunition". It is noted that there inlittle difference between the two rifles.

The 200 rounds of Cal. .220 ammunition were fired in a specialifinchester rifle with a 10" twist to obtain ballistic,, accuracy, andpenetration data. This work was performed by the Small Arms Sectionof D&PS*e, and a condensation of the results is shown in Table IMIAll accuracy data wsre made with a telescopic sight and the rifle waon a bench rest so as to eliminate as much as possible the aming errors.

The results of these tests show that if the Cal.*.22 bullet is madei th a weight of 60 grains and a 6.0 cal. tangent ogive, it will havegood accuracy and ballistic characteristics. If tho bullet can be designedwith a 7.0 Cal. tangent ogive, its ballistic characteristics Will beconsiderably improved, and its effective range increased about 25%.

Mr. H. P. Hitchcock of H assisted the author is making bellisticcomputations. His help in this matter is greatly appreciated.

Appreciation is expressed to Mr. 0. A. Guatafson and r. WilliamDaviv of D&P5 for their cooperation with these tests, and for theirvaluable advice,

10

An interesting comparison is made in the ability to penetrate 10gauge (.137") cold r-.1-led sheet steel. The experimental Cal.e.220 roundgave complete penetration at 500 yds. (or 1800 ft/sec velocity) andpartial penetration at 600 yds. (or 1600 ft/sec). A Cal.*.30 Ball M1-2round will completely penetrate the same 10 gauge steel at 625 yds. (or1i00 ft/sec) and partially penetrate at 725 yds. If, however, the Cal..22 was made with a 7.0 Cal. tangent ogive (so as to give it the sameform factor as the Cal. .30), the range at which the velocity would dropbelow 1800 ft/sec would be 700 yds. or approximately equal to the Cal..30. This is not unreasonable when it is considered that the value of

MV4/ 3 /A, where M is the bullet mass, V the striking velocity, and A themaximum diametrical area, is practically the same at these velocitiesfor both the Cal. .30 and .22.

Due to the limited supply of ammunition, it was not practicablefor the Army Chemical Center to determine the wound ballistic charac-teristics. Therefore, to get an indication of wound ballistics, firingwas conducted against 5" cubes of "Plastilina" modeling clay. To obtainreduced striking velocities the rounds were fired with reduced loads.The results of these tests are shown in Figure 19, where the resultingcavity volume, entrance and exit holes, are shown plotted against strikingvelocity. Photographs of the molds are in Figures 20 through 23A. Thiswas a rathar small sample of experimental data and it is doubtful if anyfirm conclusions can be drawn from it. However, if it could be assumedthat a bullet will behave in flesh the same way as it did in the modelingclay, and if the size of the cavity were a measure of the severity ofthe wound, it could be concluded that for the same striking velocity,the Cal. .220 is practically as effective as the Cal. .30. This may bedue to the fact that the Cal. .220 appeared to tumble in the clay at allthe velocities considered. Furthermore, under the above assumptions,since the Cal. .22 will have a higher striking velocity than the Cal..30j, the severity of the wound for a given range should be much greaterfor the Cal...22 than for the Cal. .30.

To illustrate the above point, the diameter of the exit cavity asshown in the curves of Figure 19 has been replotted as a function ofrange for the Cal.*.30, the experimental Cal. .220 and for the homolo-gous Cal. .22 which has the-improved ballistic coefficient. This isshown in Figure 24.

SUMNAX

The theoretical consideration of a family of rifles indicates thatsmaller caliber rifles than the .30 have a greater single-shot kill proba-bility than the Cal.e.30 1-1. This is obtained by increasing the musslevelocity and therebr obtaining a flatter trajectory, so that the adverseeffect of range estimation errors is reduced. When the combined weightof gun and ammunition is held constant at 15 lb.. the overall expectednumber of kills for the Cal. .21 rifle is approximately 2.5 times thatof the present standard Cal. .30 rifle. If the number of rounds is fixed

..

at 96,, the total load carried by a soldier with a Cal* .21. rifle and.aimiuition with 6/10 the charge in the M-2 cartridge will be 3.6 lbs.less than that carried by a'soldier with a Cal. .30 M-1 rA--flew This is-2a 25% reduction in load.

Furthermore, if it were necessary for a sol~dier with the Mi-1 tocarry the rounds required for the same expected number of kills at 500yda, as a soldier with 15 lbs. of Cal. .21 6/10 charge rifle and ammuni-tion, it would be necessary for him to carry 10 lbs. wsre ammunitionor a total load of 25 lbs.

The experime~ntal data on a high vel,'city Cal. .220 rifle tend tosubstantiate the conclusions of the theoretical study.

The conclusions using Odell.'s wounding estimates agree with thoseobtained using Sterna's criterion.

It is recognized that this study has not considere( the practica-bility of building the smaller o~liber rounds or rifles and that thismay limi~t the choice of the optimum caliber. It is hoped that thisreport will stimulate comment on this from a rms manufacturers**

CONCLUSIONS ANID RECOMMR!NDATIONS

A smaller caliber, higher velocity rifle than the Standard Cal. .30is miore effective than the Cal. .30 when compared on the single-shotbasis; the basis of equal combined weight of rifle and ammuitiong thebasis of load required for equal amount of ammunition carritvi, and onthe basis of load required for an equal number of targets killede

It in recosmmended tbat tests be conducted to determine tbe falloidaginformations

(a) Single-shot hit probability an a function of range, musslevelocity and obstacles such as brush and vegetation.

(b) Probability of causing certain typ es or rates of incapacitationas a function L., striking velocity and projectile waight.

(c) Effect of recoil on the probability of hitting for seud-autc-matic and automatic rapid fire,

The author would be grateful for comments from the using services,from arms designers, and from arms manufacturers,

*The effect of barrel erosion at high msmile velocities has bbeen acnsidered. It is not expected to be important with the improved pordmo,becuse accuracy life in expected to exceed service requxeaments#

3.1

43

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133

TANZ II

Hatio of ChargeWeight to Weight Rifle Weight Weight Reduction

of Charge for Reduction From No. Rounds for Rifle andCal. .30 Bll 1M-2 Caliber YO-1 for Total Weight Only 96 RoundsAmmunition (inches) (lbs.) of 15 lbe. (Ibs,)

1.0 .30 .00 96 .0.27 .06 108 .6.24 .12 122 1.2.21 .18 135 1.6

.8 .30 .31 118 1.i

.27 .37 136 1.7.24 .43 151 2.1

.21 .49 170 2.6

.6 .30 .62 142 2.0.2T .68 166 2.6.24 .74 194 3.1.21 .80 224 3.6

Weight of Cal. .30 M-1 rifle 9.6 lbs.

Weight of Cal. .30 Ball W-2Round, lss clip .057 lbs.

a

'>.

S•iIi

TAE~nZ

Ballet WeVight 60 grains

Bullet Length .760, 6 caliber tangent ogive

Charge 40.5 grains IMR 6362, Blend 9

Muzzle Velocity 3660 fps

Ballistic Coefficient, using G6 tables - .132

ACCURACT

Range No. of xtreme Spread Yvi Radius(yds) Hounds (inches) (inches)

100 30 2 .,43 0.75

800 20 24.4 8.0

Penetration of 10 gus-ge (.137 in.) mild ste.,l plate:-

(1) Cal. .220, partial at 600 yds, complete at 500 yds.(2) Cal. .30, M-2 Ball, partial at 725 yds, complete at 625 yda.

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