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AD821794

NEW LIMITATION CHANGE

TOApproved for public release, distributionunlimited

FROMDistribution authorized to U.S. Gov't.agencies only; Administrative/OperationalUse; 15 Jul 1967. Other requests shall bereferred to Army Engineering Research andDevelopmental Labs., Fort Belvoir, VA.

AUTHORITY

AERDL ltr, 20 Jan 1971

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

FINAL TECHNIC~AL rn~i ORT

1ESF.1ARCH Al~D DMII-1oHFIMNTon

Comnpact Arc Neavr Infrl3-FodRadloti on SOUrccei

Au&'.ust 9, 19165 - July 15a 1967

Contraot Nlo: DA 41[-Oc9-Al.:C -104l9(T)

Submitted to: Re scarcli wid Dove lopwiant Procurement OfficeUS A TR I) IFort JBelvoli', Va.

BY: Duro-Te'st CorporationPor th lBorgucn No"., Jor s(;y

FINAL TEOIINTOAL HRPO1PT

RftESARCfl AND DflVXLOIIMNT

ON

OOMPACT AHO NEAR INFRA-HEI)HIADIATXON SOURCES

REPORT PERIODAUGUST 9, 1965 = JULY 15, 1967

Contract No: DA-44-o09-AMC-1O49(T)Requisition No: 42/1'1215/65 (65-1075-0)

STATMMYT #3 UNLA•SIF "'- .

* ,qn rni .1t.l of thi rýCoU;uUllt cut,21ro the agenciesl of U,oveiOIllloet must L,;"o prior cipproval of ---------------

Submitted to: Research and Development Procurement OfficeBuilding 314 USAERDLFort Belvoir, Va.

By: Duro-Test CorporationNorth Bergen, New Jersey

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FINAL TECHINICAL REPORT

RESEARCH AND DE~VELOPMEN1TON

COMPACT ARC NEAR INFRA-REDRADIATION SOURCES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageSummary

I. IntroductionA. Provisional. Program for P'ull

Contract Period

B. Amended Program for Full

Contract Period

II. InvestigationA. Measurements of Quartz Envelope

Xenon Lamp 7B. Fabrication and Processing

Procedure for Compact Are SapphireLamps 9

C. Radiance and Irradiance Measure-ments of Cesium-Xenon, Cesium-Mercury-Xenon, and Rubidium-XenonLamps 19

111, DiscussionA. Mercury Addition to the Cesium-Xenon

Discharge 23

B. Spectral Irradiance and RadlanceResults

IV. Conclusions 27

V. Financial Statement 28

"( S)UMMARY

This is the final technical report onthe development of prototype compact arc radiation

sources directed towards increasing the infra-red

radiance in the 0.85 to 1.5 micron region over pure

xenon lamps of equal wattage.

Included in this report are all design

and fabrication techniques employed for the construc-

tion of synthetic sapphire envelope short arc lamps

with cesium, rubidium, mercury, and xenon fills.

Spectral irradiance curves have been measured for a

(I 250 watt xenon lamp as well as for cesium-xenon, and

cesium-mercury-xenon, and rubidium-xenon lamps operating

at various partial pressures and wattages. Radiance

data for a quartz envelope xenon lamp and sapphire

envelope cesium-xenon and rubidium-xenon lamps are

shown for the applicable spectral range. The expected

power and energy increase in that spectral range was

obtained with increasing cesium and rubidium pressures.

The characteristically strong cathodic concentration

and higher plasma temperature of the xenon discharge,

however, result in lower radiance values for cesium-

xenon, cesium-mercury-xenon, and rubidium-xenon dis-

charges when equal arc areas are compared.

I. Introduction

A. Provisional Program for the Full Contract Period

The following tentative program was based on

(1) USAERDL RFQ AMC(T)-44-oo9-65-1075-C, (2)

plan of technical approach as detailed in the

proposal for the RFQ by Duro-Test Corp., and

(3) the present contract's Work and/or Services

Schedule - Article I - Scope of Work. Following

discussions and negotiations with Mr. S. B.

Gibson and Dr. D. Fromm, USAERDL, Combat Sur-

veillance, Night Vision and Target Acquisition

Lab., Night Vision Lab.,, Fort Belvoir, Va.*

( the provisional program was amended to concentrate

on a particular phase of development which will

be described in detail under B. below.)

1. Experimental investigation and tests and

fabrications of prototype samples, all directed

toward substantial increases in the near infra-

red spectral radiance, within the region from

0.85 to 1.50 microns, of high intensity gaseous

discharge sources. The general areas of in-

vestigation shall include, but not necessarily

be limited to, the following:

*) The Contracting Officer's representatives for thisContract.

_ I

t a. Compilation, study, and analysis of

excitaticn energies, ionization

energies, dissociation energies,

energies of resonance spectral lines,

and vapor pressures of elements and

compounds which are most promising

for increased near infra-red spectral

radiance in low wattage compact arc

lamps.

b. Experimental investigation to establish

the interactions between carrier gases

and additives which influence shifts In

(• the spectral distribution toward the near

infra-red region.

c. Test measurements on selected plasma com-

positions to determine radiation, thermal,

chomical, electrical, and mechanical re-

quirements of lamps for proper operation

and control.

d. Fabricate, test and deliver experimental

prototype lamps which demonstrate the

feasibility of producing metallic-vapor arc

sources of high intensity near infra-red

radiance for military applications. The

CI

experimental lamps shall have the following

design goals:

1) Power ranges: 100 to 250 watts

250 to 350 watts

350 to 500 watts

2) Near infra-red radiation efficiency:

100% higher than a pure xenon lamp

of equal wattage and equal visual

security when viewed through an IR

filter with a sharp out-off at 0.85

microns.

3) Operating life: 25 hours (minimum)

( I4) Arc length: 3 millimeters (operating minimum)

2) In connection with, and as part of the work and

services to be performed the following shall be

furnished:

a. A total of 9 experimental prototype arc

lamps, including 3 in each of the power

ranges specified under item IA ld above.

These nine lamps will be selected by the

government as those exhibiting the most

desirable operational and configuratory

characteristics.

b. All experimental and test materials, not

C,

t ýSA +

(i. expended, and all experimentel devices

fabricated in connection with the work

and services performed under this contract.

o. One complete and reproducible set of de-

tailed working drawings of all equipment,

devices, assemblies, and subassemblies

which may be developed in connection with

the work and services of this contract.

The drawings shall be sufficiently complete

to allow reproducing the equipment,devices,

etc., at the research and development level.

d. Three Qua"terly Technical Progress Reports

in accordance with the requirements as

specified in "Instructions fo:, Preparation

of Reports."

a. One Final Technical Report in accordance

with the requirements as specified in

"Instructions for Preparation of Reports."

3. The areas of study listed under I above may be

supplemented, to the extent applicable by

Section II, "Plan of Technical Approach to

Proposal by Duro-Test Corp, on RFQ AMC(T) -

44-oo9-65-I075-C. This proposal was dated

c February 8, 1965.

S~~~B. AmoridmdlPt:•u m tho P1,']l Co<Mt.-ot. Y'ol.•,d

Prior to the start of itiml work on thm oon..

tract it was thought thnt th, progrPin Wokld

essentially follow the "P'Din of Tolihnlool

Approaoh" outlineid in the propoLarl of 8 Feb. 1965

and referred to under IA3 above. 'Iris meant t)vt

first priority was to be given to "Solution i" -

mercury vapor high prossur, compact arc in quartz

bulb with cesium as main additive nnd potassium,

cadmium, zinc, and thallium aus secondary adal~ives;

all additives to bo introduced as iodides; xenon

as a starting gas with limited contribution to

( IR emission - and "Solution 2" - xenon high

pressure compact arc in quartz bulb with cesium

and mercury as main additives and potassim1,

cadmium, zinc, thallium, as secondnry additives;

all additives, except mercury, introduced as

iodides and xenon fill pressure lower than in pure

rt4on compact ro types.

Investigation and study of literature had ro-

7ealed the significant shift in spectral distribu-

tion nf the cesium-xenon discharge when the cesium

pressmue is increased from 30 to 540, and 1000 mm

of mercury. These spectral data, shown in Fig. 1,,,c.

Worm thilm.ht to tin h1R)1y mli'iA'.bloe to th.

601dfIeIviont, of t '.d Coot.PPoo ohjeot~v .1 VC been

of tho 1io0RNI~njg ene1ry outpit in the 0.9

to 1.5i mloi'on rog1nn aji• detoroalngi neergy

outputU In Via 0. to 0.9 region (where vtiat1

soourity la an Important factor) with inc•reair,

oosaum Va.por pro'aitu•n'

Fg. .2 indiaatea that pa.rtiA1 proseures of those

umagn;ttudos would recliiro 1200 0 C - 13000 if the

cosium were introduood as an iodide compound.

Quartz, however, is not cepablo of operating

at these temperatures. Also, quartz is not able

to ohonmioally withstend elemental cesium which

would obtain the required vapor pressure at

only, 6,5o0 c - 75000.

The data shown in Figs. 1 and 2 made it obvious

that cesium-xenon short arc lamps in alkali re-

sis tant synthetic sapphire bulbs would providethe most promising approach in order to attain

the contract goals. Bulbs of synthetic sapphire.

were proposed in our "Plan of Technical Approach"

under "Solution 3 and 4" in order to take advantage

of the higher partial pressure of pure alkali

additives; however, the exact nature of the spectral

C output as a function of pure alkali vapor pressure

was not known at that time.

f'Based on A. and B. above, imnediate priority

was givon to the fabrication of short arc

synthetic saplp.hire lampn• with cesia•Pn.xenon

plasma. "Solution 3 and 4" of the "Plan of

Technical Approach" were therefore substituted

for "Solution 1 and 2" in order of importance

and effort. This was approved by the Contract-

ing Officer's representatives.

ii ~II. Inve stiga~tion

A. Measixrements of quartz Envelope Xenon Lamps.

I In order to establish a basis of comparison of

spectral output in the 0.85 micron to 1.5 micron

region between regular xenon lamps and sapphire

infra-red emission sources, the spectral irradiance

of a quartz xenon lamp, fabricated for this pur-

pose, was measured at 250 watts. Instrumentation

and measuring techniques are as described by L.

Thorington, J. Parascondola, and G. SchiazzanoI.

Fig. 3 shows the plotted spectral irradiance in

watts/cm2 -nm and lists the electrical, arc spacing,

and operating pressure characteristics.

1. Chromaticity and Color Rendition of Light Sources fromFundamental Spectroradiometry. L. Thorington, J.Parascondola and G. Schiazzano. Illuminating EngineeringSeptember 1914 page 637.

L " 4 S. AL

8-

For radiance comparison measurements within

specific arc areas a system shown schematically

in Fig. 4 was constructed. The spectral trans-

mittance of the type XK6 filter is plotted in

Fig. 5. This filter transmits at 1.75 microns;

consequently, a water cell with a 10 mm light

path, which cuts off at 1,4 microns is inserted,

ahead of the filter. The complete system is

therefore capable of detecting in the desired

0.85 to 1.4 micron spectral range. The Eppley

#4875 thermopile is calibrated at an intensity

of 87 x 10-6 watts/cm2 and generates 0.078

( microvolts/microwatts/cm:2. The thermopile was

found to maintain linear output up to 450 x 10-6

watts/cm2 . The image distance shown in Fig. 4 was

chosen to stay within this value. Fig. 6 is a

plot of radiance vs. detector output for the optical

system described in Fig. 4. Fig. 7 shows detector

outputs along the center line of the arc for the

areas indicated of the quartz xenon lamp at 66.3

watts and 100 watts. The dashed lines represent

the visible arc configuration. Wi;h the aid of Fig. 6

the individual area microvolt values can be con-

verted to watts/steradian-cm2 values. The 66 watt and

C

-9-

100 watt data points are shovr in order to compare

directly to similar .attage synthetic sapphire

lamps with cesium and rubidium fills.

B. Fabrication and Processing Procedure for CompactArc Sapphire Lamps.

1. First Experimental Prototypes

The use of synthetic sapphire bulbs in con-

junction with an alkali high pressure plasma

requires the fabrication of vacuum tight metal

to sapphire seals with intermediate materials

that resist chemical attack from the hot

alkali metals. In order to establish basic

( construction and processing procedures, however,

it was decided to first use the less expensive

polycrystallino alumina as an envelope material.

Accordingly, Fig. 8 to 13 show detailed initial

lamp design, assembly, and processing techniques.

Based on the 650-7500C operating temperature

requirement of the lamp, an envelope size of

34" long, 3/8" 0. D. x 5/16" I. D. was chosen.

A room temperature arc spacing of 3 mm was

obtained with the tungsten anode and cathode

as detailed in Fig. 8. A piece of columbium

tubing 3/32" 0. D. x .010" wall is prepared as

shown in Fig. 9. The .031 diameter hole located

9/64." from one end serves to introduce the fill

, ba

A

1 10 -

Cj gas and cesium vapor into the lamp. The

shank end of the cathode is inserted Into

the exhaust tubing end near the exhaust hole

so that the tubing end is located 1/8" beyond

the cathode groove. The columbium is then

rolled and titanium brazed into the groove for

mechanical joining.

Fig. 10 shows the anode and cathode columbium

cap designs. The anode cap (bottom of drawing)

was purposely left as part of a columnbium rod

so that it serves as an induction generator

susceptance during the titanium brazing of the

C anode shank into the columbium cup recess. After

the brazing the cup-anode assembly is completed

by cutting and machining the cup portion off the

columbium rod.

Four components are now ready for lamp assembly

with #1731 glass frit a) tungsten anode-cup

assembly, b) polycrystalline alumina envelope,

c) tungsten cathode - exhaust tube assembly,

d) oolumbium cathode cup (Fig. 3, top portion).

The frit mixed with a low burn-off vehicle such

as butyl acetate is applied to the ends of the

alumina tube and inside of cups as well as to the

*0

- 13i -

area of the exhaust tubing adjacent to the

cathode cup hole.

Fig.ll shows the arrangement employed in the

process used to melt and flow the frit and

thereby join the four components. The lamp

assembly with the tubulation down is placed

on a two part moly support with the free

tubulation end resting on the lower moly support.

As the, cathode has been previously attached to

the tubulation tubing and the anode-cup assembly

sits on top of the envelope, the desired arc

spacing is determined completely by the length

(i of the exhaust tubing extending beyond the cathode

cap and sitting on the lower moly support.

(Variations in arc spacings can, of course, be

obtained by changing anode and cathode lengths).

A ceramic sleeve is placed around thtq lamp assembly

to prevent any evaporation from the tungsten oven

or moly supports to reach the lamp envelope.

After the tungsten oven is placed onto the assembly

a vacuum jacket (not shmin) is inserted over the

lamp assembly-support structure and connected to

a high vacutun system.

0

-12-

An induction generator is used to induction

heat the tungsten oven which in turn radiates

energy to the lamp assembly. All heating is

done in vacuum at a maximum pressure of l0_.mm

of mercury. The temperature rise and fall time

is controlled by the induction generator input

power. Vrious time-temperature rates have been

tried in order to obtain the glazed frit flow

and blue-gray color appearance characteristics

suggested by the Corning Glass Works (frit

manuf acturer).

Fig. 12 shows the detail of the assembled and

fritted prototype short arc lamp ready for ex-

hausting and cesium-xenon filling.

A pyrex glass appendage is prepared in which a

cross arm holds a separately distilled capsule

of cesium metal. A tungsten hammer is inserted,

which during initial processing, may rest on the

cesium capsule. The lamp columbium tubulation

is joined to a columbium sealing glass, Corning

Code #7280, to which are joined #7052 and #3320

glasses to complete the graded seal to #7740 pyrex.

The lamp-glass appendage assembly ic placed on

the vacuum system. The lamp is baked by sliding

~ ~..

- 13 -

! (ji a quartz cylinder over the lamp, flushing

argon through the cylinder while torching the

outside of the cylinder. Heat is therefore

conducted to the lamp through the quartz

cylinder and argon gas. Xenon is filled in

the conventional way by freezing. The appendage

is then tipped off at the point indicated in

Fig. 13. The tungsten hammer is forced against

the cesium capsule, breaking it, and allowing

cesium to enter the appendage when heat is

applied. By carefully torching the glass appendage

cesium is driven into the columbium exhaust

( tubulation. The lamp is then tipped off at the

7280 glass portion of the graded seal. The

tipped off lamp is inserted into a quartz cylinder

through which argon is flushed. The columbium

tubulation is heated by induction heating, driving

the oesium into the lamp. The lamp is kept in the

liquid nitrogen dewar during this operation. The

colambiuia exhaust tubing is pinched in several

locations with pinch-off jaws equipped with tungsten

carbide elements. The completed lamp is mounted

into a support structure and sealed into an outer

bulb. The lamp construction described above is

listed in Table Iand is designated as (a). Lamp

Q number 16 through 25, 27, 28, 34, and 36 were

fabricated in this wry. (Lamps # I through 15 were

A

-14-

experime~ntal processing units not meant to

result in finished lamps.) The operating re-

sults can be sunmmarized as follows:

a. Columbium, tubulation pinch-off not tight.

b. Ignition at 1 atmosphere or less xenon

fill occurred at inner edge of columibiumn

tubulation instead of the tungsten cathode

tip. *The lower thermionic work function of

columbium (3.96 eV) compared to tungsten

4.45 eV) is responsible for this.I0c 4 atmospheres of xenon fill was r~equired

( in order to achieve proper ignition.

2. Construction Changes to Eliminate IPnitionDif fic ultie s

Fig. 14 shows a dosign in which anode and cathode

were lengtha~ned. The length between the columbium

exhaust tube edge and the cathode tip was,

therefore, increased. It was thought that even

with low xenon fill pressures and the lower work

function of col~unrbiuni with respect to tungsten

the arc would strike at the cathode tip. This

design also allc*ted the use of a 1 1/A." long

envelope capable of dissipating a higher lamp

wattage. Test results (see lamp #26 Table I) still

C) indicated unr~eliable starting and operation. The

arc was observed to switch randoimly between cathode

/-7 7

m -

/

0• tip, cathode chamfer, and columbium exhaust

tubing.

The lamp design shown in Fig. 15 and represented

by (c) in Table I, resulted in reliable ignition

and operation even at low xenon fill pressures.

The edge of the columbium exhaust tubing is

completely shielded by the tungsten cathode step

and there is no tendency for the arc to be "drawn"

to the lower work function columbium tubing.

3. Temporary Solution for Columbium Tip-Off

The many columbium tip-off leaks obtained with

(2 construction (a) necessitated a temporary method

of sealing the tubulation while a permanent method

was being developed. Corning Code #7280 glass was

found to bead to columbium tubing and also with-

stand attack of cesium metal and vapor. A lamp

tip-off could, therefore, be effected in a conven-

tional glass tip manner. Fig. 14 and Fig, 15

show these types of tip-offs.

At no time was it considered that the 7280 glass

would be used in a finally developed lamp. The

method, however, *allowed lamps to be built and

valuable data to be obtained until metal pinch-off

method was established.

41..i -

A3.

Desin fr Rduong nvolopim Cracks,

As l1isted in Table I several sapphire and

alumina lamps developed cracks near the end

caps. These cracks were longitudinal in direc-

tion (protruding about 1/8"1 beyond the rim of

the caps) and belidved to be mechanical in

origin due t.o the oorifiningp effec~t of the

relativoly massive caps and their consequent

lack of sufficient flexibility with respect to

the envelopes at elevated ternperstues, Expan~sion

coefficients of columbium and alumina at 10000 C

are 7.88 x 10-6 om/cin-QO arid 8.5 x 10-6 cm/cm-0DC

respectively,. which clearly requires flexibility

in end cap design. This belief was further con-

firmed by the observation that all cracks,, exceupt

one., occurred at the anode cap end. Because of

the recessed construction this cap is miore massive

than the cathode cap.

Two additional design changes were, therefore,

incorporated as per Fig. 16 and Fig. 17. Fig. 16

shows the reduction in end cap lips and fig. 17

shows the method employed to obtain the same end

cap mass for the anode and cathode ends. Finished

lamps are classified as (d) and (e) respectively

0 in Table I.

.- 17 -

Fig. 18 showS t~htt 1'h.1t Ut tj.;ot maIde to rn'ib-

stituto a ,eotnl pitoh-ofi' method for the 7280

glass tip. A .015" wall thioknosa #52 alloy

(52% Ni 148% Fe) sleevo was placed over the

oolwnbiwLuv exhnst ubing. The lamp was prooesaaed

in the way doscribod under 13. When the lamp was

ready to be tipped off, the #52 alloy sleeve

was pinched as shown in the drawing. Although

there is no hermetic seal between the 0.D. of

the colunbiwu tubing and the 1. D. of the #52

alloy sleeve, the soft #52 material apparently

( "squeezed" into the colurnbiuin, thus seriling any

cracks or tears which easily oactur in that brittle

material. Lamp number 62 and 63 (construction (f)

4n Table 1) were made according to this method.

Lamp number 63 burned 6 hours before a small leak

was observed in the tubulation pinch-off. Fig. 19

and Fig. k0 show the final developed lamp construction

and metal pinch-off method. This construction is

designated as (g) in Table I. The lamp is prepared

with columbium end cap.. and erhaust tubing as

described under Bl, Referring to Fig. 19, the

columbium tubulation is then cut approxiirately 3/8"

from the bottom of Vf1,e lamp. A piece of 304 atainletssteel tubing, 0.125" O.D. - .035" wall thickness,

and a piece of Kovar tubing 0.125"O.D. - 0.010" wall

thitoaiess are machlned as shown. A 72% Titanium

28% nickel alloy wire is placed on the tubing

JoInts to allow a vacuum braze to made between

the threia different tubing segments, The Kovar

end of tho lamp is then spliced to Corning Code

#Yu•,2, tubing which is sealed to Corning Code #3320

tublng and then Joined to the Code #7740 pyrex

appendage 4s described and shown in Fig. 13. Lamp

filling techniques are maintained as specified

under B1. Fig. 20 shows a completed pinched-off

lamp.

( Fig. 21 illustrates the mounting of alumina and

sapphire lamps in an outer envelope of quartz.

This has the purpose of preventing oxidation of

the colurnbium parts. rrhe outer envelope is filled

with a xenon pressure equal to that existing inside

the lcmps. In thi.s way the possibility of ignition

between the exteriial edges of the columbium caps

is prevented.

Lamp number 67 (see Table I) was placed on life

test. The lamp wRs burned at 96 watts for 3.9 hours

after whiuh a small leak appeared near the anode

cap to alumins frit seal. This result indicaties

c that the construction and pinch-off techniques

-19 -

developed approach the contract objective of

25 hours life.

C,. Radiance and Irradiance Measurements

Fig. 22 shows radiance values of a sapphire

desium-xenon lamp (see lamp #63 Table I.) for

the indicated areas along the center line of the

arc. The same detecting system is used here as

previously described in A. The results can,

therefore, be directly compared to those obtained

in Fig. 7. The strong cathodic constriction, which

-is such a marked characteristic of the d.c. xenon

arc discharge, is absent from the cesium-xenon

discharge. This rosults in radiance values ýihich

are lower by an approximate factor of 3 in that

region of the discharge,. Although the cesium

discharge shows higher radiance values near the

anode, the average radiance along the arc center

line for the xenon discharge at 65 watts and 100

watts is 38 percent and 51ý percent higher, respectively,

than for the cesium discharge.

In order to determine how the power of a cesium

discharge distributes itself between 0.85 to 1.5

microns, spectral irradiance measurements were

.5

-,-20-

C. made. Fig. 23 and 24 show results for a

cesium-xenon discharge at indicattd operating

pressures and wattages. Fig. 25, 26, and 27

show data for a cesium-mercury-xenon discharge.

(The reason for introducing mercury into the

cesium-xenon discharge will be explained in the

Discussion). The results of these measurements

can be tabulated as follows:

Lamp Ave.rage PowerFigure Wattage 0.85 - 1.5 micronsNumber Discharge atts Biorowatts/cm-mm

2 Cs-Xe 42.5 9.73Cs-Xe 72 20

25 Cs-Hg-Xe 73-618526 Cs-Hg-Xe 0 23.2

(T 27 Cs-Hg-Xe 93.5 27.9

The above measurements were mate with alumina lamps

according to the method described for the measure-

ment of the quartz xenon lamp. The in-line trans-

mission of polycrystalline alumina in the 0.85 - 1.15

micron range is 45 percent. The illumination of the

entrance part on the integrating sphsre attached

to the radiometer entrance slit must therefore be

corrected for the use of sapphire lamps with an

in-liile transmission of 90%, An experiment was

conducted comparing the forward illumination of

sapphire and alumina lamps, (see Table I lamp nos.

53 and 54), operating at the same wattage. Measure-

Cments were taken at various distances from a photocell.

aet eetke tvros itne ro htcl

~ :|

21 -

G In all oases the sapphire lamp produced a forward

illumination which was greater by a factor of

2.08 to 2.12.

Applying this factor (2.10) to the above tabulation

and comparing thia to the xenon lamp measurement

the following' obtains:

Lamp Average PowerFigure Wattage 0.85 - 3.5 mi ronsNumber Djscharge W.Uts _ microwat ts/omem

27 Cs-Hg-Xe 93.5 58.5

3 Xe non 100 37.3

The cesium-mercury-xenon discharge operating in a

sapphire envolopo, therefore, shows a 57% increase

in spectral irradiance over a comparable wattage

xenon discharge.

"A further result of the measurements is that as

the cesium pressure is increased by an increase in

lamp wattage, reabsorption of the 8521X and 89431

resonance radiation causes a decrease in output in

the 0.85 to 1.1 micron region. This Is accompanied

by a marked increase in output for the 1.2 to 1.5

micron region.

Although the contract objective called for an

investigation from 0.85 to 1.5 microns, there was

general agreement that a principal range of interest

OW-,

A 2

, •• ° .•i • .... ... . . ...... ... .... ... .... ... . .... . ... .. • . ... ..... ... . , _• . • ... i• . ...............

-22-

Was the 0.85 to 1.1 micron region. Present filter

response (such as CS7-56 Corning filter with

S-1 phototube) requires that I. R. Sources

emit predominantly from 0.85 to 1.1 microns.

Based on the data obtained in Fig. 23-27 and

discussions with the contracting officer's represen-

tative, rubidium was considere1d to meet these

principal spectral requiremonts. The reabsorption

of the broadened 7800R and 79481 rubidium iesonanoe

lines should result in high continuum output in the

1.0 micron region. Fig. 28 shows the vapor pressure

ourve for rubidium. The values are sufficiently

close to cesium to allow the same lamp construction

in order to obtain similar operating pressures at

equal lamp wattages.

Accordingly, rubidium-xenon lamps were fabricated

and tested (See Table 1,lamp numbers 65, 68-71,

73-78). Radiance data are shown in Fig. 29. Results

are similar to those obtained for cesium. The arc

configuration matches that of cesium and the radiance

values for each specified arc area are within 10%

of those obtained for cesium.

Spectral irradianoe data are shown in Fig. 30. The

L predicted increase in output in the 0.85 to 1.1

'14

-23-

Cregion over a cesium discharge operating at the

same wattage has been achieved. As is shown the

average power for the rubidium-xenon discharge

is 29.9 microwatts/cm2 -nm compared to 27.9

microwatts/cm2 -nm for the cesium-mercury discharge

as shown in Fig. 27.

III. Discussion

A. Mercury Addition to the Cesium-Xenon Discharge

The study of various gas and vapor compositions and

their influence on the spectral output of I.R.

sources wa~s within the scope of this contract.

-- Experiments were limited to xenon and mercury additions

to cesium and rubidium discharges.

Xenon serves as a starting gas and also allows the

lamps to operate at a high internal pressure for

cleaner operation. Spectral irradiance data show

that the strong xenon emission in 0.82 to 0.99 micron

region is completely absent in the cesium-xenon dis-

charges. This is due to the lower excitation levels

of cesium and the partial pressure of each element

existing in the lamps fabricated and measured. Also,

data in Table I (see lamp number 34, 35, 37 and 38)

show that, for the xenon pressure range investigated,

0." '

- 24 -

C) the voltage gradient, and consequently the lamp

voltage is determined only by the cesium vapor

pressure. This is explained by the low atomic cross

section for electron interaction of xenon compared

to cesium at the existing plasma temperature (equiva-

lent to 0.5 - 1.0 eV).

Mercury addition, also, does not influence the

spectral content when added to the cesium-xenon

discharge due to the low excitation levels of cesium

when compared to mercury. As is evident from Table I,

however, the discharge voltage gradient, and there-

fore the lamp voltage, increases. This is due to the

fact that the cross-section of the mercury atom for

interaction with electrons is similar to those of

cesium and the other alkali metals for the average

electron energy of approximately 0.5 to I eV which

prevails in the arc plasma. The addition of mercury,

therefore, considerably reduces the mobility of the

electrons in the plasma and thus increases the gradient,

according to:G j

e nebe

(G: Gradient; J: current density; e" electroniccharge; no: electron density; be:electron mobility).

Mercury addition, therefore, allowed lamp wattage to

be increased without increasing the lamp currents.

)This has the advantage in that a less massive anode

*a . . .

U-j and cathode can be ustd. Also, lamp efficacy will

be higher as the elotrode losses are a smaller

part of the total lamp voltage.

B. Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Results.

The increase in spectral output coupled with the

decrease in radiance for equal arc areas of sapphire

cesium and rubidium lamps as compared to xenon lamps

must be evaluated in terms of their application in

optical systems.

Arc concentration is, of course, a required source

attribute for high beam characteristics. The lack

_- of concentration and constriction of the cesium

and rubidium discharges considerably reduces their

usefulness where good optical control is a require-

ment. The increased spectral output in the 0.65 to

1.5 micron range can be used to advantage only if

a method of constricting the cesiam or rubidium

discharge can be found.

The addition of hydrogen, which was previously studied

with pure xenon lam-ps 1 , and which showed a strong

arc contraction may provide similar results with cesium

1. Xenon Compact Arcs with Increased Brightness throughAddition of Hydrogen, W. E. Thouret, H. S. Strauss,Illuminating Engineering, Vol. LVIII, No. 5, °Page 371.

-4*

-26-

and rubidium discharges. Hydrogen, as a molecular gas,

C) ii predominantly dissociated into atoms within the arc

discharge and predominantly in tho molecular state in

the non-radiating gas volume between arc and lamp envelope.

Therefore, a substantial amount of energy is carried away

from the arc through diffusion of dMssociated hydrogen

atoms into the cooler surrounding gas volume, where they

release their dissociation energy in the process of re-

combining into molecules. This loss of dissociation

energy from ti, arc is equivalent to a marked increase of

thermal conductivity in the surrounding gas. Calculations

of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen as a function of

temperature and pressure which include the effect of

dissociation energy transfer reveal a pronounced maximum

( in the temperature range of 3,000 - 4,000OK. This tempera-

ture exists at the edge of the xenon radiating arc. A

steep drop of temperature further inside the arc occurs

which is the cause of the strong contraction resulting in

a higher axial temperature, brightness, and radiance.

Temperature profile measurements of alkali discharges are

described in the literature and values of 4,000 - 4,5000 K

in the arc center have been reported i. Temperatures near

the edge of the radiating arc have been measured at 1500[K.

The addition of hydrogen may, therefore, cause an arc con-

trection near the arc center in cesium and rubidium lamps

with a consequent increase in radionce.

1. Paramaters of the High Pr'essure Sodium Discharge Column.K. Schmidt, General Electric Co., Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio.(Available from author.)

....

~ ~. L

-27

IV. Conclusions

A technique has been established, and made available

to the government, for fabricating sapphire envelope

lamps operating with cesium-xenon, cesium-mercury-xenon,

and rubidium-xenon electrode stabilized arc discharges.

As dotailed in Table I, performance reliability must be

improved. Mechanical design changes, involving anode

and cathode end-caps can accomplish this by increasing

their flexibility. Thus, the thermal expansion and

contraction characteristics of synthetic sapphire will

not lead to occasional cracking of envelopes as encountered

even durinz the later stages of the contract work.

C! Nine sapphire lamps were delivered under the contract

to the Night Vision Lab., Fort Belvoir, Va. 3 lamps

wer-, filled with cesium-xenon and 6 lamps were filled

with rubidium-xenon. Table I lists their operating

data.

As stated in the report, a significant increase in

sp~ectral output (based on irradiance measurements) for

cesium and rubidium lamps over pure xenon lamps at equal

wattage was achieved in the 0.85 to 1.5 micron region.

Individual arc area radiance measurements, however, showed

considerably lower values than for pure xenon lamps of

equal wattage.

C

* '

.9 -28-i

CV. Financial Statement

At the end of the completed contract period, July 15,

1967 the total fixed contract price of $42,392.00

has been spent.

The Accounting Department of Duro-Test Corp. will

render a detailed statement.

Serr S. StraussManagerVapor and Xenon Lamp Engineering

S. F. Corto illoEngineer in Charge of Lamp Designand Processing

H. KeeEngineer in Charge of Mechanicaland Tool Design

A. i. OlsenEngineer working with Mr. Cortorilloon Lamp Processing During LastStages of Contract

Approved:W. E. ThouretAssociate Director, Engineering

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DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R&D(IRweevfi 614aa0If.en of atookl, be* of abates*# W%4 tnoeakwn anne*.Dlers 1,14u8 e entered whe.n ow ovvftt5 b"Port to oGAMRSH10)

I, GAIiINATIN 0 ACTIVITY (O.ea..e. auft 6~.2. REPORT SECURITY C LASGIIICATi@N

DURO TEST CORlP UNCLASSIFIEDNORTH BERGEN, N. J. 26. OP

COMPACT ARC NEAR INF'RA-RED RADIATION SOURCES

FINAL TECHNICAL REPORTI. AUTH4OR(S) (Lost amos. first "me. Ueohhat)

Strauss# H. S; CortorilloS. F.; Kee#HO

6- ARPORT DATE 7Ju 197OYA L NO. OF PAoE 7b. No. OF nF

80. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9S.. ORIOINATOR3s REPORT NUMBER(8)

DA-4I4-OO9-AMC-lO049( T)&PROjec T No, Final Technical Report

a. S S. &IHKRRJPO RT NO(S) (Any othet nunbeta fkat may be a.ssiged

10. AVAIL ASILITY/LIMITATION NOTICES

qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from DDC

II- SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IS PONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY

S urveillance, Night Vision andTaretAcquisition Lab. Night

_______________________ VisionLab.,_FortBelvoir,_Va.

IS. ASSTRACT

This is de final technical report on theanalysis, investigation and fabrication ofprototype compact arc sources directed towardssubstantially increasing the inrira-red radiancein the 0.85 to 1.5 micron region over purexenon lamps of equal wattage,. (U)

The report includes all design and fabrication

sapphire envelope cesium-xenon, rubidium-xenon,

cesium-mercury-xenon short are lamps. Spectralirradiance and radiance measurements are includedand compared to pure xenon lamps operating atequal wattage.

DD I AN4 1473 UNCLASSIFIEDSecirity Classification

4ý4

UNCLASSIFIEDSecurity Classific-tion

LINK A LINK 8 LINK CKEY WORDS - ---

ROLM WY ROLKE WT ROLM WY

i Infra-Red Compact Arc SourcesS~Fabricating Techniques,

-Processing TechniquesS' Electrical Test ResultsSpectral Irradiance

Radiance compared to xenon lamps

+ i~iINSTRUCTIONS

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UNCLASSIFIED-- . . ... Security Classificetion

S---.---- . . . . . . -.- --..f -'.-

1Yo',.,