undamentals Training Program of CONCRETE … · IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005 7 PHRC organization Manufacturers / Suppliers Penn College of Technology

IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005

Training Program

Version 1.0August 2004

Updated March 2005

Training Program Training Program

Version 1.0Version 1.0August 2004August 2004

Updated March 2005Updated March 2005

Denotes slide will be hidden in attendee handouts

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undamentalsof CONCRETE MASONRY

for the 2003 International Building Code

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undamentalsof CONCRETE MASONRY

for the 2003 International Building Code

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Concrete Masonry Requirements of the 2003 IBC

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P ennsylvaniaH ousingR esearch / ResourceC enter

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MissionMissionMission

To serve the housing industry and the housing consumer in PA. To improve the quality and affordability of housing.To provide information, training and education.To conduct research, development and demonstration.

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PHRC organizationPHRC organizationPHRC organization

Manufacturers / Suppliers

Penn College of Technology(Williamsport)

Operations Committee

IndustryAdvisory Council

Builders

Remodelers

DCED & OtherGovernment Agencies

Educators

Consumers

PHRC

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Applied researchApplied researchApplied research

Glue Joints in Floors (Floor Sheathing and Joist)

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Repairing Masonry (Helix SS Ties)

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This program was developed with support from:This program was developed with support from:This program was developed with support from:H

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Program OverviewProgram Overview

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Program ObjectivesProgram ObjectivesProgram Objectives

Provide an overview of masonry related requirements of the 2003 IBC, including:

Design considerationsFire safetyStructuralThermal enclosure

Some of the relevant changes between 96 BOCA and 2003 IBC


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HousekeepingHousekeepingHousekeeping

IntroductionsHandoutsQuestionsCell phones & PagersBathroomsSmoking

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Program OverviewProgram Overview

This MorningGeneral info on UCC

General IBC design considerations

Building planning

Structural considerations

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Program OverviewProgram OverviewProgram Overview

This Afternoon:

Fire resistive construction

Sound

Energy conservation

Field Inspections

Common code violations (Wrap up)

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Important Stuff the Program Will Not Cover:Important Stuff the Program Will Not Cover:Important Stuff the Program Will Not Cover:

Special use and occupancy (chapter 4)

Unlimited area buildings (507)

Mezzanines (507)

Alarm and sprinklering requirements (Ch. 9)

Accessibility (ADA)

Means of egress (Exiting)

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Your BackgroundYour BackgroundYour Background

How many here are familiar with the IBC?

Who has a background working with BOCA?

Is there anyone who has not worked with a “commercial”building code?

How many here are:

Architects

Engineers

Code Officials

Other?

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Pennsylvania'sUniform Construction Code

(UCC)

Pennsylvania'sUniform Construction Code

(UCC)


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1. 44% of municipalities have a building code.33% use BOCA or CABO.25% use up-to-date codes.

2. 21.5% of fastest growing municipalities do not have a building code. (32% of new housing starts).

Reasons for UCCReasons for UCCReasons for UCC

Provide for the protection of life, health, property and the environment.

Establish one statewide code.Eliminate restrictive and obsolete codes. Allow faster adoption of innovative materials and methods.Provide for adequately trained Code Officials

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UCC Enactment & EnforcementUCC Enactment & EnforcementUCC Enactment & Enforcement

LegislationRegulations

(PA DLI)

AdministrationTraining & Certification

Act 45 of 1999Act 43 of 2001Act 13 of 2004Act 92 of 2004

Act 230 of 2004

www.dli.state.pa.us/codes

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UCC Administration & EnforcementUCC Administration & EnforcementUCC Administration & Enforcement

State Owned Buildings

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Non-Municipal EnforcementNonNon--Municipal EnforcementMunicipal Enforcement

ResidentialResponsibility of permit applicant to obtain 3rd party agency

CommercialAdministered by L&IMunicipality to notify L&I of applicant


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Municipal Enforcement of the UCCMunicipal Enforcement of the UCCMunicipal Enforcement of the UCC

Opt out, 278

Opt in, 2287

Opt-In Municipalities2,287 or 89%

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AppealsAppealsAppeals

XAccessibility Issues

XState Owned Buildings

XOpt-out MunicipalitiesXOpt-in Municipalities

GeneralBuildings

Issues

L&ILocalAppeals

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ICC Codes Adopted by the UCCICC Codes Adopted by the UCCICC Codes Adopted by the UCC

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Concrete Masonry Requirements of the 2003 IBC

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Grandfathered OrdinancesGrandfathered OrdinancesGrandfathered Ordinances

Municipalities may retain pre-July 1, 1999 ordinances if:

Ordinances must equal or exceed the UCC

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May propose amendments (by ordinance).Proposed amendments must equal or exceed the requirements of the UCC.Proposed amendments must be reviewed and approved by the Department.Enacted ordinance may be challenged by an aggrieved party.

Municipal AmendmentsMunicipal Amendments


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Agricultural BuildingsStores hay, feed, grain, farm implements, etc.Houses livestock or poultryStorage of agricultural or horticultural productsMilking operations

Exclusion does not apply to:Habitable spacesSpaces open to general publicSpaces used for food processing or packaging

Exempt BuildingsExempt BuildingsExempt Buildings

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Activities Regulated by the UCCActivities Regulated by the UCCActivities Regulated by the UCC

Construction

Alteration

Repair

Movement

Equipment

Demolition

Maintenance

Change of Occupancy

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A Permit is Not Required for the Exceptions:

A Permit is Not Required for A Permit is Not Required for the Exceptions:the Exceptions:

Building construction

Electrical work

Gas work

Plumbing repairs Review lis

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General IBC Considerations

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Overview of IBC RequirementsOverview of IBC RequirementsOverview of IBC Requirements

The following design information shall be provided:Use and occupancy of all spaces (302)Construction type (Table 601)Building height and area (Table 503)Fire rated assemblies (Ch. 7)

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Problems and solutions: Client needs and IBC Requirements

Problems and solutions: Problems and solutions: Client needs and IBC RequirementsClient needs and IBC Requirements

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Building Site ConsiderationsBuilding Site ConsiderationsBuilding Site Considerations

Sloping lotNew building will abut existing shops at upper levelLower level will be 21′ to the lot lineStreet exposure on three sides

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Design ParametersDesign ParametersDesign Parameters

Mercantile 9,000 sq. ft.Parking for mercantile or Business 10,000 sq. ft.Possible restaurant or bar tenant space at street level 1,500-2,000 sq. ft.Business tenant spaces (above) 10,000 sq. ft. Three stories based on zoning limits

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General IBC Considerations

General IBC General IBC Considerations Considerations

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OverviewOverviewOverview

Plan preparation requirements (UCC 403.42a)Design approach

Use and occupancyConstruction typeBuilding height and areaHeight and area modifiersMixed-use buildings

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Plan Submittal Requirements & Construction Documents

Plan Submittal Requirements & Plan Submittal Requirements & Construction DocumentsConstruction Documents

The following design information shall be provided:Use and occupancy of all spaces (302)Construction type (Table 601)Building height and area (Table 503)Fire rated assemblies (Ch. 7)Special inspections (UCC 403.42a, 1704)Soils report (1802)Masonry design requirements (2101.3)


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Construction DocumentsConstruction DocumentsConstruction Documents

Plans are required to be prepared by a PA registered design professional (403.42a), additionally:

Plans, special inspection programs and other data shall be submitted in one or more sets with each application for a permit.Documents shall be clear, indicate the nature and extent of work proposed, and show in detail that the work will conform to the UCC.Site plan indicating boundary lines, distances to lot lines, established street and finish grades.

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Design Approach (pink handout)Design Approach (pink handout)Design Approach (pink handout)

1. Classify use or occupancy2. Consider characteristics of the 5 types of

construction3. Determine building height and area4. Determine construction type for single use or non-

separated mixed use groups5. Determine construction type for mixed use separated

use groups

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1) Use Groups (302)1) Use Groups (302)1) Use Groups (302)

Use Group CodeAssembly A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5 303Business B 304

Educational E 305Factory F-1 and F-2 306

High Hazard H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5 307Institutional I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4 308Mercantile M 309

Residential R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 310Storage S-1 and S-2 311

Utility and Miscellaneous U 312 46


Mercantile 9,000 sq. ft. (M)

Parking for mercantile & business (S-2)

Possible restaurant or bar tenant space at street level (A-2)

Business above (B)

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2) Types of Construction2) Types of Construction2) Types of Construction

See Table 601 (Blue handout)Five possible construction types Each construction type denotes type of materials usedFire Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements (in hours) is shown

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Construction Type (Table 601)Construction Type (Table 601)Construction Type (Table 601)

Non-combustibleCom/non-com

Heavy timberCombustible

Protected (typical) Unprotected (typical)


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Building MaterialsBuilding MaterialsBuilding Materials

Protected UnprotectedBuilding materials are protected when they are encased in other materials that have a higher resistance to fire. As shown in the figure below, wood can be encased in gypsum to increase its fire-resistance rating, just as steel can be encased in concrete to increase its fire-resistance rating.

Unprotected building materials are not encased in protective coating. As shown in the figure below, a wood beam and a steel girder are examples of unprotected materials.

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Type I Construction (Section 602.2)Type I Construction (Section 602.2)Type I Construction (Section 602.2)

Structural members are constructed of protected noncombustible materials.

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Type II Construction (Section 602.2)Type II Construction (Section 602.2)Type II Construction (Section 602.2)

Protected Noncombustible Materials

Unprotected Noncombustible Materials

Structural members are constructed of noncombustible materials.II-A is protected; II-B is unprotected.

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Type III Construction (Section 602.3)Type III Construction (Section 602.3)Type III Construction (Section 602.3)

Noncombustible/Combustible Protected/Unprotected

Exterior walls are constructed of noncombustible materials and the interior structural elements may be of wood.III-A is protected; III-B is unprotected.

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Type IV Construction (Section 602.4)Type IV Construction (Section 602.4)Type IV Construction (Section 602.4)

Noncombustible/Combustible Heavy Timber

Exterior walls are constructed of noncombustible materials and the interior structural elements are constructed of heavy timber.Materials are unprotected.

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Type V Construction (Section 602.5)Type V Construction (Section 602.5)Type V Construction (Section 602.5)

Typically, the structural members and exterior walls of a Type V building are standard wood frame construction.V-A is protected; V-B is unprotected.

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Building HeightBuilding HeightBuilding Height

Important definitions (502)Height, Building

Grade Plane

Average Grade

Story above Grade

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3) Building Height3) Building Height3) Building Height

The vertical distance from grade plane to the average height of the highest roof surface (Section 502.1).

In this case, the term “average height” for a sloping roof is the midway point between the extremes of the sloping roof.

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Exception, PenthousesException, PenthousesException, Penthouses

A structure located above the roof of a building which does not exceed 33⅓ percent of the roof area (Section 1502).

If the structure is multilevel and still is to be classified as a penthouse, the aggregate area of all levels cannot exceed 33⅓ percent of the roof area.

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Exception, PenthousesException, PenthousesException, Penthouses

A penthouse, when considered part of the floor below, is not added to the height of the building.

However, if the area of the structure exceeds 33⅓percent of the roof area, it must be labeled as a story and is included in the height measurement.

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Grade PlaneGrade PlaneGrade Plane

The level or elevation of ground adjoining the exterior wall of a building.Grade is easy to calculate if the land adjoining a building is flat.In the case of sloping ground, grade is the lowest ground elevation within 6 feet of an exterior wall, or, if the lot line is within that 6 feet, the lowest ground elevation between the wall and the lot line (Section 502.1).

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Average GradeAverage GradeAverage Grade

A “plane” of ground next to the building walls.Once the grade elevation along the points of an exterior wall have been determined, these points are then averaged using the following formula:


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An alternate method for determining average grade is as follows:The figure shows an exterior wall with adjoining ground that does not have a constant elevation. To determine what the average grade is, find that area of wall surface entirely above the earth.

This area can be determined by breaking the odd configuration of the wall above grade into several geometric shapes. The area of each shape can easily be found.

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By adding the area of the shapes together, the total area of the wall above grade can be determined. Dividing this area by the wall length will result in a determination of the distance from the top of the wall to the average grade “plane”.

In this example, the average height (elevation) is 3 feet 4 inches from the top of the wall. Therefore, grade can be stated to be that plane which is 3 feet 4 inches below the top of the wall.

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Average Grade Calculation (for our project)Average Grade Calculation (for our project)Average Grade Calculation (for our project)

Average Grade CalculationBuilding Section - East

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Story Above GradeStory Above GradeStory Above Grade

Consider as being above grade if:The finished surface of the floor above is more than 6 feet above the adjoining ground for more than 50% of the perimeter of the building.The finished surface of the floor above is more than 6 feet above grade plane.

The finished surface of the floor above is more than 12 feet above the adjoining ground at any point around the perimeter of the building.

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Building HeightBuilding HeightBuilding Height

Table 503 Allowable Height & Building AreasHeight Limits Shown as Stories and Feet Above Grade PlaneArea Limits Determined by Definition of “Area, Building” Per Floor (gross square footage)

(Yellow Handout)

This table represents the base height and area allowed for buildings based on the type of construction.

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Height ModificationsHeight ModificationsHeight Modifications

Automatic sprinkler system increase for buildings equipped throughout with an NFPA 13 system (504.2)

maximum height increased by 20 feetmaximum number of stories is increased by one story


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Height Modifications for “R” UseHeight Modifications for Height Modifications for ““RR”” UseUse

Automatic sprinkler system increase for buildings equipped throughout with an NFPA 13 system or 13R system

Maximum height increased by 20 feetMaximum number of stories is increased by one storyNot to exceed four stories or 60 feet

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Building Area ModificationsBuilding Area ModificationsBuilding Area Modifications

Increase for Frontage (open perimeter) (506.2) Maximum increase = 75%Width limits (506.2.1)

Sprinklered throughout with an NFPA 13 system (506.3):

Area of table 503 is increased up to 200% for multistory buildings, and;Increased up to 300% for single story buildings

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North East South WestFrontage (506.2) 60 180 60 158Total Frontage (F) 60 + 180 + 60 + 158 = 458Perimeter (P) 60 + 180 + 60 + 180 = 480

Minimum width of open space W = 27Width Limits (506.2.1 – weighted average)

27458

(158x21) (60x30) (180x30) (60X30) WLimitsWidth =+++

=

(North) (East) (South) (West)

Frontage Increase:

3025.0100If

WPF

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ −=

302725.0

480458 100 ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣⎡ −=

63=

Allowable Area per foot:

1)-5(Equation 100

IA100

I AAA st ftta ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣⎡+⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣⎡+=

0

1.63x A100

63 x AA tt

t =⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡+=

Frontage Calculation (open perimeter under BOCA) 506.2Frontage Calculation Frontage Calculation (open perimeter under BOCA) 506.2(open perimeter under BOCA) 506.2

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Mercantile (M) 9,000 sq. ft. Parking (S-2) 10,800 sq. ft. Restaurant (A-2) tenant space 1684 sq. ft. Business (B) 3rd floor; 10,800 sq. ft. 40 feet in heightBuilding Area (footprint) = 10,800 sq. ft.

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Design ApproachDesign ApproachDesign Approach

1. Classify use or occupancy2. Consider characteristics of the 5 types of

construction3. Determine building height and area4. Determine construction type for single use or non-

separated mixed use groups5. Determine construction type for mixed use separated

use groups

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Mixed Occupancies (302.3)Mixed Occupancies (302.3)Mixed Occupancies (302.3)

A building, or portion thereof, occupied by two or more uses not included in the same occupancy classification shall comply with one of the following:

Non-separated uses (302.3.1) Separated uses (302.3.2) orCombination of these sections

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Non-Separated Uses (302.3.1)NonNon--Separated Uses (302.3.1)Separated Uses (302.3.1)

Each portion of the building shall be individually classified as to use

The most restrictive type of construction, so determined, shall apply to the entire building

Other code requirements apply to each portion of the building based on the use of that space except that the most restrictive provisions of 403 and Chapter 9 shall apply to these non-separated uses

Fire separations are not required between uses except as required by other provisions

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4) Minimum Construction Type for Single Use or Non-separated Mixed Use Groups

4) Minimum Construction Type for Single Use or 4) Minimum Construction Type for Single Use or NonNon--separated Mixed Use Groupsseparated Mixed Use Groups

Use Table 503Can we design our building as a mixed non-separated occupancy?

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5) Minimum Construction Type for Mixed Use Separated Use Groups

5) Minimum Construction Type for Mixed Use 5) Minimum Construction Type for Mixed Use Separated Use GroupsSeparated Use Groups

Table 302.3.2Separation, in hours, for our “use” groupsWhat “reduced” construction type can we use if we consider this design option?

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Separated Uses (302.3.2)Separated Uses (302.3.2)Separated Uses (302.3.2)

Each portion of the building shall be individually classified as to use and shall be separated from adjacent fire areas in accordance with Table 302.3.2

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Mixed Occupancy Separated UsesMixed Occupancy Separated UsesMixed Occupancy Separated Uses

Section 302.3.2 (Review)In each story, the building area shall be such that the sum of the ratios of the floor area of each use divided by the allowable area for each use shall not exceed oneMixed use calculation


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Construction Type IIBConstruction Type IIBConstruction Type IIB

Construction Type IIB Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)

Story

Group Actual Floor Area

Adjusted Floor Area

Actual Height

Allowable Height

Feet Stories Feet Stories 1 S-2 10,800 6,626 14 1 65 5 2 A-2 1,684 1,033 14 1 65 3 2 M 9,120 5,595 28 2 65 4 3 B 10,800 6,626 42 3 65 5

Construction Type IIB Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)

Story


Adjusted Floor Area

Actual Height

Allowable Height


PART 1

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Construction Type IIBConstruction Type IIBConstruction Type IIB

=AreaTabular Allowable

*AreaFloor AdjustedOK125.0

000,26626,6

∴<=

PART 2

OK156.0500,12595,5

500,9031,1

∴<=+

OK129.0000,23626,6

∴<=

FactorConversionAreaFloor ActualAreaFloor Adjusted* =

Story

3

2

1

2B Construction OK

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Construction Type IIIAConstruction Type IIIAConstruction Type IIIA

Construction Type IIIA Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)

Story


Adjusted Floor Area

Actual Height

Allowable Height


Construction Type IIIA Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)

Story


Adjusted Floor Area

Actual Height

Allowable Height


77.0500,28626,6

500,18595,5

000,14031,1

000,39626,6

AreaTabular Allowable*AreaFloor Adjusted

=+++=

(Table 503)

Factor ConversionAreaFloor ActualAreaFloor Adjusted* = permitted. isIIIA Type 177.0 ∴<

= .17 + .07 + .30 + .23 = .77

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Construction Type IVConstruction Type IVConstruction Type IV

Construction Type IV Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)

Story


AdjustedFloor Area

Actual Height

Allowable Height


Construction Type IV Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)

Story


AdjustedFloor Area

Actual Height

Allowable Height


69.0000,36626,6

500,20595,5

000,15031,1

500,38626,6

AreaTabular Allowable*AreaFloor Adjusted

=+++=

(Table 503)

FactorConversionAreaFloor ActualAreaFloor Adjusted* = permitted. is IV Type 169.0 ∴<

= .17 + .07 + .27 + .18 = .69

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Conclusion for Mixed Separated UsesConclusion for Mixed Separated UsesConclusion for Mixed Separated Uses

Separation in hours between use groups:B / M (horizontal) 2 hr.A-2 / B (horizontal) 2 hr.A-2 / M (vertical) 2 hr.A-2 / S-2 (horizontal) 1 hr. (footnote c)M / S-2 (horizontal) 1 hr. (footnote c)Note: these ratings come from Table 302.3.2 (green handout)

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Conclusion for Construction TypeConclusion for Construction TypeConclusion for Construction Type

Type IIA:Structural frame 1 hr.Bearing walls (interior and exterior) 1 hr.Nonbearing walls 0 hr.Floor construction 1 hr.Roof construction 1 hr.Note: these ratings come from Table 601(blue handout)


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Other ConsiderationsOther ConsiderationsOther Considerations

Incidental Use Areas (Table 302.1.1)

Structural Considerations

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Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations

IBC: Ch16

Design Standards:ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02: Building Code Requirements for Masonry StructuresACI 530.1-02/ASCE 6-02/TMS 602-02: Specification for Masonry StructuresASCE 7-02: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other StructuresASTM Various Standards

90


Information Required On Design DocumentsDesign Live Loads (1607) (T1607.1) (ASCE 7-02)Roof Live Load (1607.11)Roof Snow Load (1608) (ASCE 7-02)

Pg, Pf, Ce, Is, Ct

Wind Design Data (1609) (ASCE 7-02)V3s, Iw, Exposure Factor, Internal Pressure Coefficient, Cladding Design Pressure

Seismic Design Data (1614-1620)IE, Ss, S1, Site Class, SDS, SD1, Seismic Design Category, Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System, Design Base Shear, CS, R, Analysis Procedure Used

IBC: Ch16


91


IBC:T1604.592

Structural Considerations Structural Considerations Structural Considerations

General Design Requirements (1604)Serviceability (1604.3)

Deflections are governed by ACI 530-02

Anchorage (1604.8.2)Masonry walls shall be anchored to elements that provide lateralsupport by a direct positive connection able to resist a minimumload of 280 plf horizontal force, substitute for “E” in the applicable load combinations

Load CombinationsStrength Design / Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) (1605.2)Allowable Stress Design (ASD) (1605.3)

IBC: Ch16

93


Allowable Stress Design (ASD) (1605.3)DD + LD + L + (Lr or S or R)D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R)0.6D + W0.6D + 0.7E

Where roof snow load is 30 psf or less it does not need to be combined with seismic loads. Where roof snow load exceeds 30 psf, 20 percent shall be combined with seismic loads.

IBC: Ch1694


Load Reduction (1605.3.1.1)It is permitted to multiply the combined effect of two or more variable loads by 0.75 and add to the effect of dead load. The combined load used in design shall not be less than the sum of the effects of dead load and any one of the variable loads. The0.7 factor on E does not apply for this provision

Increases in allowable stresses specified in the appropriate materials section of this code or referenced standard shall not be used with the load combinations of section 1605.3.1 except that a duration of load increase shall be permitted in accordance with Chapter 23 (wood)

IBC: Ch16

95


Snow Loads (1608)Ground Snow loads are determined from the map in Figure 1608.2.Site-specific case studies shall be made in areas designated with a “CS” on Figure 1608.2.Snow loads for areas with an elevation exceeding the (xxx) limits shown on Figure 1608.2 and for areas designated “CS”shall be approved. These shall be based on an extreme value statistical analysis with a 2% annual probability of being exceeded, or a 50 year mean recurrence interval.

IBC: Ch1696


Ground Snow Load Map for Pennsylvania

(700 FT)


97


Snow Loads (1608)Be careful to contact the local code administration to determine localized snow considerations

Ex. State College, Pennsylvania (1184 ft)

Figure 1608.2 – Pg = 30 psf (700 ft)

Local Amendment – Pg = 40 psf

IBC: Ch1698


Wind Loads (1609)Minimum wind load pressure is 10 psf (1609.1.2)Wind & Seismic Detailing (1609.1.5)

Lateral-force-resisting systems shall meet the seismic detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in this code, even when wind code prescribed load effects are greater than seismic load effects

IBC: Ch16

99


Soil Lateral Load (1610)Soil loads from Table 1610.1 shall be used as the minimum design lateral soil load unless specified otherwise in a soil investigation report approved by the building officialHorizontal wall movement or rotation is resisted at the top:

Design must use at-rest soil pressures

Wall is free to move and rotate at the top:Design may use active soil pressures

Exception: Basement walls extending not more than 8 feet below grade and supporting flexible floor systems shall be permitted to be designed for active pressure.

IBC: Ch16100


2

21 HKγ

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

−=

245tan

sin1

2

0

φφ

aK

K

H/3

For granular non-cohesive materials:

H

Equivalent fluid pressure:

γγ

γγ

K

HHK

EQ

EQ

=

= 22

21

21

101


°==

30120

φγ pcf

( )

( )

( )( )

plf

ftpcfP

pcf

pcf

K

EQ

3000

10602160

1205.05.0

30sin1

2

0

=

=

=

==

°−=

γ

Using silty gravels (GM):

( )

( )( )

plf

ftpcfP

pcf

pcf

K

EQ

a

2000

10402140

120333.0333.0

23045tan

2

2

=

=

=

==

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ °

−=

γ

At-Rest Pressure Active Pressure

102


IBC: Ch16


103


Earthquake Loading (1613-1622)All structures and portion thereof, shall as a minimum, be designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions and assigned a Seismic Design Category as set forth in Section 1616.3. Structures determined to be in Seismic Design Category A need only comply with section 1616.4.

IBC: Ch16104


Exemptions:1. Designed by the provisions of ASCE 7-02 Sections 9.1-9.6 &

9.13-9.142. Detached 1 & 2 family dwellings in Seismic Design Categories A,

B, and C or located where Ss < 0.4g are exempt from 1613 – 16223. Seismic-force resisting system of wood-frame buildings that

conform to 2308 (light frame construction) are not required to be analyzed as specified in 1616.1

4. Ag storage structures intended only for incidental human occupation are exempt from 1613-1622

IBC: Ch16

105


Exemptions cont.:5. Structures located where SS ≤ 0.15g and S1 ≤ 0.04g shall be

categorized as Seismic Design Category A and need only comply with 1616.4

6. Structures located where SDS ≤ 0.167g and SD1 ≤ 0.067g shall be categorized as Seismic Design Category A and need only comply with 1616.4

IBC: Ch16106

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107


Short Duration (0.2 sec.) Spectral Response Acceleration (SS) Map

IBC: Ch16108


1 Second Spectral Response Acceleration (S1) Map

IBC: Ch16


109


Site Class Definitions

IBC:T1615.1.1110


Seismic Design Coefficients

IBC:T1617.6.2

111

Soils&

Foundations

Chapter 18

112

Soils & FoundationsSoils & FoundationsSoils & Foundations

1805.5 Foundation walls. Concrete and masonry foundation walls shall be designed in accordance with Chapter 19 or 21. Foundation walls that are laterally supported at the top and bottom and within the parameters of Tables 1805.5(1) through 1805.5(4) are permitted to be designed and constructed in accordance with Sections 1805.5.1 through 1805.5.5.

IBC: Ch18

113


Table 1805.5(1) Plain Masonry Foundation Walls

IBC: Ch18114


Table 1805.5(2) 8 in. Reinforced Masonry Foundation Walls

IBC: Ch18


115


1805.5.5.2 Seismic requirements for masonry foundation walls.Masonry foundation walls designed using Tables 1805.5(1) through1805.5(4) shall be subject to the following limitations:

IBC:S1708

A design using Tables 1805.2(2) through 1805.5(4) subject to the seismic requirements of Section 2106.6.

Seismic Design Categories E and F


Seismic Design Category D


Seismic Design Category CNo additional seismic requirements.Seismic Design Categories A and B

116


Section 1806 Retaining Walls

1806.1 General. Retaining walls shall be designed to ensure stability against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation pressure and water uplift. Retaining walls shall be designed for a safety factor of 1.5 against lateral sliding and overturning.

IBC: Ch18

117


Other ResourcesTek Manual For Concrete Masonry Design & Construction Published by The National Concrete Masonry Association Availablein print or on-line @ www.NCMA.org

15-2B Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Foundation Walls15-7A Concrete Masonry Cantilever Retaining Walls

NCMA: TEK118

Masonry

Chapter 21

119

MasonryMasonryMasonry

Design MethodsWorking Stress Design (2101 – 2104) & (2106 – 2107)Strength Design (2101 – 2104) & (2106 – 2108)Prestressed Masonry (2101 – 2104), (2106), (ACI 530: Ch 1-4), & Special Inspections (1704.5)Empirical Design (2101 – 2104) & (2106 – 2109) or (ACI 530: Ch 5)Masonry Veneer (Ch 14)

IBC: Ch21

120


2106.1 Seismic design requirements for masonry. Masonry structures and components shall comply with the requirements in Section 1.13.2.2 of ACI 530 and Section 1.13.3, 1.13.4, 1.13.5, 1.13.6 or 1.13.7 of ACI 530 depending on the structure’s seismic design category as determined in Section 1616.3. All masonry walls, unless isolated on three edges from in-plane motion of the basic structural systems, shall be considered to be part of the seismic-force-resisting system.

IBC: Ch21


121


2106.1.1 Basic seismic-force-resisting system. Buildings relying on masonry shear walls as part of the basic seismic-force-resisting system shall comply with Section 1.13.2.2 of ACI 530 or with Section 2106.1.1.1, 2106.1.1.2 or 2106.1.1.3.

Additional Requirements Based On Seismic Design CategoryCategory B (2106.3)Category C (2106.4)Category D (2106.5)Category E & F (2106.5)

IBC: Ch21

122


Modifications to the acceptable design methods:Working Stress Design (2107)Strength Design (2108)Empirical Design (2109)

IBC: Ch21

123

Structural Design ResourcesStructural Design ResourcesStructural Design Resources

2003 International Building Code: International Code CouncilSEI/ASCE 7-02 Minimum Design Loads For Buildings and Other Structures: American Society of Civil EngineersACI 530-02/ASCE 6-02/TMS 402-02 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures: Masonry Standards Joint Committee (American Concrete Institute/American Society of Civil Engineers/The Masonry Society)TEK Manual for Concrete Masonry Design and Construction:National Concrete Masonry Association2003 International Building Code Commentary: International Code Council2003 International Building Code ASTM Referenced Standards:International Code CouncilYour local PCMA Producer Member

124

Fire Separation DistanceAnd

Fire Resistive Construction

125

Fire Separation DistanceFire Separation DistanceFire Separation Distance

H126


Definition (702.1)Table 602 (blue handout)


127


The distance measured from the building face to:

The closest interior lot line;The center line of a street, alley, or public way; or To an imaginary line between two buildings on a lotThe distance shall be measured at right angles from the face of the wall.

128

Allowable Area of Openings (704.8)Allowable Area of Openings (704.8)Allowable Area of Openings (704.8)

129

Fire Resistive ConstructionFire Resistive ConstructionFire Resistive Construction

Fire Walls, Fire Barriers, Fire Partitions… What’s the difference?Important definitions:

Fire Wall (702, 705)

Fire Barrier (702, 706)

Fire Partitions (702, 708)

Shafts (702, 707)

130

Fire Resistance Ratings & Fire Rated Assemblies

Fire Resistance Ratings & Fire Resistance Ratings & Fire Rated AssembliesFire Rated Assemblies

Design professional determines and provides documentation validating fire performance characteristics of material or assemblyFire resistance ratings determined by one of the following methods:

ASTM E-119 (703.2)Prescriptive Fire Resistance (720)Calculated Fire Resistance (721)Other methods acceptable to the “Authority Having Jurisdiction”

Complete listings and details of construction of fire rated assemblies required on the “Construction Documents”

131

Fire Wall (705)Fire Wall (705)Fire Wall (705)

Must be non-combustible construction (unless Type V construction)Must remain in place if construction on either side collapses (but not if both sides collapse)Commonly used to divide a structure into two separate buildings or separate a new addition from the existing structureFirewalls create separate buildingsMinimum two hour ratingShall extend beyond exterior walls (exceptions)Shall extend 30” above adjacent roofs (exceptions)

132

Fire Barrier (706.4)Fire Barrier (706.4)Fire Barrier (706.4)

Used for separation of:Shafts, exits and incidental use areasDifferent occupanciesA single occupancy into separate fire areas


131

Fire Wall (705)Fire Wall (705)Fire Wall (705)

Must be non-combustible construction (unless Type V construction)Must remain in place if construction on either side collapses (but not if both sides collapse)Commonly used to divide a structure into two separate buildings or separate a new addition from the existing structureFirewalls create separate buildingsMinimum two hour ratingShall extend beyond exterior walls (exceptions)Shall extend 30” above adjacent roofs (exceptions)

132

Fire Barrier (706.4)Fire Barrier (706.4)Fire Barrier (706.4)

Used for separation of:Shafts, exits and incidental use areasDifferent occupanciesA single occupancy into separate fire areas

133

Fire BarrierFire BarrierFire Barrier

Figure 706.4Continuity of Fire Barriers

134

Fire Partition (708.4)Fire Partition (708.4)Fire Partition (708.4)

Used for separating:Dwelling units in the same buildingSleeping units in group R-1, R-2, I-1Mall tenant spacesCorridor walls per 1016.1Elevator lobbies per 707.14.1

135

Example of Fire Partition (corridor wall in R-2)Example of Fire Partition (corridor wall in RExample of Fire Partition (corridor wall in R--2)2)

Oh boy – that looks bad

H

136

Fire PartitionFire PartitionFire Partition

Figure 708.4Continuity of Fire Partitions


137

ShaftsShaftsShaftsH

Shaft….John Shaft

138

ShaftsShaftsShafts

Successive openings in floorsRequired to be enclosed with fire resistance rated assemblies to help prevent the vertical spread of fire from story to storyExamples include:

Interior stairwaysDuct and plumbing “chases” (exceptions)Refuse and linen chutesElevator and dumbwaiter hoistways

139

Example of Shaft constructionExample of Shaft constructionExample of Shaft construction H

140

Example of Exit ShaftExample of Exit ShaftExample of Exit ShaftH

141

H

142

Shafts are required to be constructed as Fire Barriers (706) and are not permitted to be supported by non-rated floors (706.4)

H

Code Violation


143

H

Code Violation 144

Horizontal Fire Barriers (706.5, 711)Horizontal Fire Barriers (706.5, 711)Horizontal Fire Barriers (706.5, 711)

Fire resistance ratings per Table 302.3.2 (711.3)Must be supported by structure elements at least equal in fire rating to the horizontal rated assembly being supported (711.4)Used to subdivide a fire area into smaller fire areas

145

Example of a Horizontal Fire BarrierExample of a Horizontal Fire BarrierExample of a Horizontal Fire Barrier

146

Figure 711.3.1Ceiling Panels Used in Fire-Resistance-Rated Assemblies

Fire-Resistance-RatedFireFire--ResistanceResistance--RatedRated

147

Additional Considerations

148

Allowable Building Area vs. Fire AreaAllowable Building Area vs. Fire AreaAllowable Building Area vs. Fire Area

Definition of Building Area (502.1)Definition of Fire Area (702.1)Table 503 addresses limits of a building areaSection 903.2 identifies common thresholds of fire areas/sprinkler requirements


149

Summary of Occupancy-Related Automatic Sprinkler Thresholds

Summary of OccupancySummary of Occupancy--Related Related Automatic Sprinkler ThresholdsAutomatic Sprinkler Thresholds

H

150

Special Provisions (508)Special Provisions (508)Special Provisions (508)

Exempts or modifies heights and/or areas based on occupancy and construction typeDeals mostly with attached parking structuresReduces hardship of including parking in mixed use buildingsConditions typically involve a three hour fire resistance rated separation between the garage and other parts of the building

Sound

152

Sound Transmission Considerations

Chapter 1207

153

Sound TransmissionSound TransmissionSound Transmission

1207.1 Scope. This section shall apply to common interior walls, partitions and floor/ceiling assemblies between adjacent dwelling units or between dwelling units and adjacent public areas such as halls, corridors, stairs or service areas.

IBC: 1207154


1207.2 Air-borne sound. Walls, partitions and floor/ceiling assemblies separating dwelling units from each other or from public or service areas shall have a sound transmission class (STC) of not less than 50 (45 if field tested) for air-borne noise when tested in accordance with ASTM E 90. Penetrations or openings in construction assemblies for piping; electrical devices; recessed cabinets; bathtubs; soffits; or heating, ventilating or exhaust ducts shall be sealed, lined, insulated or otherwise treated to maintain the required ratings. This requirement shall not apply to dwelling unit entrance doors; however, such doors shall be tight fitting to the frame and sill.

IBC: 1207


155

NCMA 13-1A

STC ≈ 0.18W + 40Where: W = wall weight (psf)

156

NCMA 13-1A


157

NCMA 13-2

STC ratings for CMU walls can be estimated using:

STC = 23 w0.2Where: w = wall weight (psf)

158


IBC: 1207

Cavity Walls (Exterior)Cavity Walls (Exterior)Cavity Walls (Exterior)

159

8″ C.M.U. Wall Systems88″″ C.M.U. Wall SystemsC.M.U. Wall Systems

160


1207.3 Structure-borne sound. Floor/ceiling assemblies between dwelling units or between a dwelling unit and a public or service area within the structure shall have an impact insulation class (IIC) rating of not less than 50 (45 if field tested) when tested in accordance with ASTM E 492.

IBC: 1207

161


8″ Hollow Core Floor Systems88″″ Hollow Core Floor SystemsHollow Core Floor Systems

162



163


Energy

165

Commercial Energy Code ComplianceIECC 2003

Envelope RequirementsChapter 8 IECC

166

Overview of Code ComplianceStructure of the IECC

Overview of Code ComplianceOverview of Code ComplianceStructure of the IECCStructure of the IECC

Chapter 1 Administrative & EnforcementChapter 2 DefinitionsChapter 3 Design ConditionsChapter 4 Residential - Systems AnalysisChapter 5 Residential - Component PerformanceChapter 6 Simplified Prescriptive RequirementsChapter 7 ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Code ReferenceChapter 8 Design by Acceptable Practice for Commercial BuildingsChapter 9 Referenced Standards Chapter 8 covered in

this presentation.

167

Overview of Commercial Energy CodesCode Requirements

Building EnvelopeMandatory RequirementsPrescriptive Requirements

Mechanical SystemsSimple SystemsComplex Systems

Service Water HeatingLighting Systems

Commercial Compliance OutlineCommercial Compliance Outline

2003 IECC Chapter 8 Envelope

Requirementscovered in this presentation.

Requirements for Chapter 7 (ASHRAE

90.1) are not included in this presentation.

168

ApplicationApplicationApplication

When does the IECC apply?

Newly conditioned space

New construction in existing buildings

Alterations to existing spaces

Additions

Mixed use buildings

Change in occupancy


169

ExceptionsExceptionsExceptions

Very low energy use buildings (<3.4 Btu/h-ft2 or 1 watt/ft2) for all purposes

Buildings (or portions) not heated or cooled

Buildings designated as historic

170

IECC Chapter 8Design by Acceptable Practice

IECC Chapter 8IECC Chapter 8Design by Acceptable PracticeDesign by Acceptable Practice

Mandatory Mandatory ProvisionsProvisions

(required for all compliance options)

Envelope

Mechanical

Lighting

HVAC

SWH

Building SystemBuilding System Compliance OptionsCompliance Options

Energy Energy Code Code

ComplianceCompliance

Prescriptive Prescriptive OptionOption

Trade Off Trade Off OptionOption

Performance Performance OptionOption

171

IECC Building Envelope RequirementsIECC Building Envelope RequirementsIECC Building Envelope Requirements

Mandatory Requirements:Moisture ControlAir Leakage

Prescriptive Requirements:RoofAbove Grade WallsBelow Grade WallsFloorSlabSkylights, Windows, and Doors

172

Moisture Control - Vapor RetarderMoisture Control Moisture Control -- Vapor RetarderVapor Retarder

Install in non-vented framed ceilings, walls, floorsMust have a Perm Rating of <1.0Install on the “warm-in-winter”side of insulation

Lets take a look at the IBC requirements

173

Vapor retarder (1403.3)Vapor retarderVapor retarder (1403.3)(1403.3)

An approved vapor retarder shall be provided.Exception:

1. Where other approved means to avoid condensation and leakage of moisture are provided.

2. Plain and reinforced concrete or masonry walls designed and constructed in accordance with Chapter 19 or 21.

174

SealingSealingSealing

Building envelope

Sealed with caulking materials or

Closed with gasketing systems

Joints and seams sealed or taped or covered with a moisture vapor-permeable wrapping material


175

Building Envelope Prescriptive RequirementsBuilding Envelope Prescriptive RequirementsBuilding Envelope Prescriptive Requirements

Mandatory Requirements:Moisture ControlAir Leakage

Prescriptive Requirements:RoofAbove Grade WallsBelow Grade WallsFloorSlabSkylights, Windows, and Doors

176

Building Envelope RequirementsBuilding Envelope RequirementsBuilding Envelope Requirements

For buildings ≤ 50% glazing to gross wall areaMinimal calculationsBased on:

Climate zoneWindow wall ratioConstruction assembly

All components must meet or exceed building envelope requirements

177

U-FactorsUU--FactorsFactors

The amount of heat in Btu (British thermal units) that flows each hour through one square foot, when there is a 1ºF temperature difference across the surfaceThe smaller the number the better

U FactorR Value

- =-

1

178

Map of IECC Climate ZonesMap of IECC Climate Zones

Zone 14A Zone 15

Zone 12A Zone 11B

Zone 13B

Zone 10BZone 12B

179

IECC Prescriptive TableIECC Prescriptive TableIECC Prescriptive Table

Section 802

Climate Zone 12BWINDOW & GLAZED DOOE AREA 10% OR LESS OF ABOVE GRADE WALL AREA

< 10%10% - 25%25% - 40%40% - 50%

180

Glazing Area PercentageGlazing Area PercentageGlazing Area Percentage

Glazing percentage to Above Grade Wall

Gross window area / gross wall area Gross wall area includes

Above-grade wallsBand joist and subfloor between floorsArea of all doors and windows


181

Above Grade WallsAbove Grade WallsAbove Grade Walls

Meet or exceed R-value requirement

Insulation PlacementsInsulation between framing membersContinuous R-value

Wall TypesFramedCMU - ≥8" with Integral InsulationOther

Equal mass on each side of insulation

≥37 lb/ft2

CMU ≥ 8"182

Wall InsulationWall InsulationWall InsulationH

183

Below-Grade WallsBelowBelow--Grade WallsGrade Walls

≤85% below gradeProposed R-value(s) must meet or exceed required R-value

184



Envelope

Mechanical

Lighting

HVAC

SWH









185

H

www.energycodes.gov


187 188

189 190

191

COMcheck-EZ printout

H

192



Envelope

Mechanical

Lighting

HVAC

SWH









COMcheck-PLUSDOE-2


193

Who is responsible?Who is responsible?Who is responsible?

Who assures compliance with the energy requirements?

Architect

HVAC Engineer

Electrical Engineer

Lighting Designer

Etc. 194

Field Inspection

195

Inspection Concerns Inspection Concerns Inspection Concerns

Why Inspect Masonry Construction???

To ensure that the constructed assembly is constructed as designed and detailed in the construction documents.

196

Inspection ConcernsInspection ConcernsInspection Concerns

PreconstructionReview construction documents and detailsReview material submittalsReview submittals for specialty itemsReview hot & cold weather construction requirementsReview details of embedded non-structural items

ConstructionObserve how materials are being storedVerify proportions of site prepared mortar / groutVerify construction of mortar jointsVerify reinforcement placement and detailsVerify grout space and lift heightObserve grout placementObserve construction of required test specimens

197

Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry

2104.3 Cold weather construction. The cold weather construction provisions of ACI 530.1, Article 1.8 C, or the following procedures shall be implemented when either the ambient temperature falls below 40°F or the temperature of masonry units is below 40°F.

2104.3.1 Preparation.1. Temperatures of masonry units shall not be less than 20°F when laid

in the masonry. Masonry units containing frozen moisture, visible ice or snow on their surface shall not be laid.

2. Visible ice and snow shall be removed from the top surface of existing foundations and masonry to re-ceive new construction. These surfaces shall be heated to above freezing, using methods that do not result in damage.

IBC: Ch21198


H


199


2104.3.2.1 Construction requirements for temperatures between 40°F and 32°F.

1. Glass unit masonry shall not be laid.2. Water and aggregates used in mortar and grout shall not be heated

above 140°F.3. Mortar sand or mixing water shall be heated to produce mortar

temperatures between 40°F and 120°F at the time of mixing. 4. When water and aggregates for grout are below 32°F, they shall be

heated.

IBC: Ch21200



1. The mortar temperature shall be maintained above freezing until used in masonry.

2. Aggregates and mixing water for grout shall be heated to producegrout temperature between 70°F and 120°F at the time of mixing. Grout temperature shall maintained above 70°F at the time of grout placement.

IBC: Ch21

201



1. Masonry surfaces under construction shall be heated to 40°F.2. Wind breaks or enclosures shall be provided when the wind velocity

exceeds 15 miles per hour (mph) (24 km/h).3. Prior to grouting, masonry shall be heated to a minimum of 40°F.

IBC: Ch21202


2104.3.2.4. Construction requirements for temperatures below 20°F. The requirements of Sections 2104.3.2.1, 2104.3.2.2 and 2104.3.2.3 and the following construction requirement shall be met when theambient temperature is below 20°F: Enclosures and auxiliary heat shall be provided to maintain air temperature within the enclosure to above 32°F.

IBC: Ch21

203


H204


2104.3.3.2 Protection requirements for temperatures between 40°F and 25°F. Newly constructed masonry shall be covered with a weather-re-sistive membrane for 24 hours after being completed.

2104.3.3.3 Protection requirements for temperatures between 25°F and 20°F. Newly constructed masonry shall be completely covered with weather-resistive insulating blankets, or equal protection, for 24 hours after being completed. The time period shall be extended to 48 hours for grouted masonry, unless the only cement in the grout is Type III portland cement.

2104.3.3.4 Protection requirements for temperatures below 20°F.When the temperature is below 20°F, newly constructed masonry shall be maintained at a temperature above 32°F for at least 24 hours after being completed by using heated enclosures, electric heating blankets, infrared lamps or other acceptable methods. The time period shall be extended to 48 hours for grouted masonry, unless the only cement in the grout is Type III portland cement.

IBC: Ch21


205


H206


H

207


H208

Hot Weather MasonryHot Weather MasonryHot Weather Masonry

2104.4 Hot weather construction. The hot weather construction provisions of ACI 530.1 Article 1.8 D, or the following procedures shall be implemented when the temperature or the temperature andwind-velocity limits of this section are exceeded.

IBC: Ch21

209


2104.4.1 Preparation. The following requirements shall be met prior to conducting masonry work. 2104.4.1.1 Temperature. When the ambient temperature exceeds 100°F, or exceeds 90°F with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph:

1. Necessary conditions and equipment shall be provided to produce mortar having a temperature below 120°F.

2. Sand piles shall be maintained in a damp, loose condition.

2104.4.1.2 Special conditions. When the ambient temperature exceeds 115°F, or 105°F with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph, the requirements of Section 2104.4.1.1 shall be implemented, and materials and mixing equipment shall be shaded from direct sunlight.

IBC: Ch21210


2104.4.2 Construction. The following requirements shall be met while masonry work is in progress.

2104.4.2.1 Temperature. When the ambient temperature exceeds 100°F, or exceeds 90°F with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph:

1. The temperature of mortar and grout shall be maintained below120°F.

2. Mixers, mortar transport containers and mortar boards shall be flushed with cool water before they come into contact with mortar ingredients or mortar.

3. Mortar consistency shall be maintained by retempering with cool water.

4. Mortar shall be used within 2 hours of initial mixing.

IBC: Ch21


211


2104.4.2.2 Special conditions. When the ambient temperature exceeds 115°F, or exceeds 105°F with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph, the requirements of Section 2104.4.2.1 shall be implemented and coolmixing water shall be used for mortar and grout. The use of ice shall be permitted in the mixing water prior to use. Ice shall not be permitted in the mixing water when added to the other mortar or grout materials.

IBC: Ch21212


2104.4.3 Protection. When the mean daily temperature exceeds 100°F, or exceeds 90°F with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph, newly constructed masonry shall be fog sprayed until damp at least three times a day until the masonry is three days old.

IBC: Ch21

213

MortarMortarMortar

Mortar is Proportioned OnSite by Volume

H214

Masonry Assembly TestsMasonry Assembly TestsMasonry Assembly Tests

Where f′m is the specified compressive strength of masonry verified by either of two methods:

Unit Strength MethodPrism Test Method

215

Masonry Assembly TestsMasonry Assembly TestsMasonry Assembly Tests

IBC 2105.3: Testing Prisms from Constructed Masonry

216

Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details

Bar size, M #19³

Letter or symbol for producing mill

Main ribs

Type of steelType of steel

Bar size, M #19³

Letter or symbol for producing mill

Main ribs

Grade mark

Grade line (one line only)

Grade 60 and A 706Grade 40 and 50


217


Both the Allowable Stress Design provisions and the Strength Design provisions of the IBC (as has as Strength Design ACI 530-02) have incorporated a new design equation:

ld= (0.16 db2 fyγ)/(K (f’m)1/2) ≥ 15 in

IBC – Lap Splice Requirements

218


Typical Lap Splices Typical Lap Splices –– 8 inch CMU8 inch CMU

68243No. 1161193No. 1055149No. 948115No. 84281No. 73658No. 63032No. 52426No. 41819No. 3

MSJC ASD Required Lap (in.)

IBC Required Lap (in.)

Bar Size

219


Typical Lap Splices Typical Lap Splices –– 6 inch CMU6 inch CMU

68358No. 1161281No. 1055215No. 948164No. 842114No. 73682No. 63040No. 52426No. 41819No. 3

MSJC ASD Required Lap (in.)

IBC Required Lap (in.)

Bar Size

220


Options to avoid long lap lengths:

Use smaller diameter bars more frequently.

Incorporate mechanical couplers or welded connections when possible.

Cover is key – maximize cover for minimum lap lengths.

221


Clear distance between horizontal reinforcement bars shall be the greater of the nominal bar diameter or 1 in.

Clear distance between vertical reinforcement bars in columns and pilasters shall be the greater of 1.5 times the nominal bar diameter or 1.5 in.Minimum grout cover between masonry units and reinforcement shall be ¼ in for fine grout and ½ in for course grout.

222


Standard Hooks180 degree turn plus a 4 bar diameter but not less than 2-1/2 in extension90 degree turn plus a 12 bar diameter extension

Minimum Diameters of Bend#3 - #7 Grade 40

5 Bar diameters

#3 - # 8 Grade 50 & 606 Bar diameters

#9 - #11 Grade 50 & 608 Bar diameters


223


Permissible Bending Permissible Bending of Foundation Dowelsof Foundation Dowels

224


Must be spliced a minimum of 6 inches per ACI 530-02Joint ReinforcementJoint Reinforcement

225


2104.1.3. Installation of wall ties. The ends of wall ties shall be embedded in mortar joints. Wall tie ends shall engage outer face shells of hollow units by at least ½ in. Wire wall ties shall be embedded at least 1 ½ in into the mortar bed of solid masonry units or solid grouted hollow units. Wall ties shall not be bent after being embedded in grout or mortar.

226

Masonry GroutingMasonry GroutingMasonry Grouting

Grout Slump Grout Slump -- 8 to 11 inches8 to 11 inches

227


Grout Compression TestingGrout Compression Testing

228


Removal of Removal of Mortar FinsMortar Fins

Intended to permit the passage and consolidation of grout around reinforcement.

TEK 3-2


229


CleanoutsCleanouts

Cleanouts are required for grout pours over 5 ft. and are necessary to remove the accumulation of mortar droppings - 3 in minimum opening.

230


231

Construction TolerancesConstruction TolerancesConstruction Tolerances

Although intended to apply only for structural considerations, many of the construction tolerances have an aesthetic basis.

232


233


234



235

Proper ClearancesProper ClearancesProper Clearances

Air SpaceAir SpaceClear and free2 in. minimum ( 1 in. if precautions taken to prevent mortar bridging across cavity).

236

Weeps required in outside wythe of hollow masonry at 33 in. o.c. max. > 3/16 in. diameter.Cotton sash cord for drainage path (remove after wall is laid up)Partially open head joints (preferred)

WeepsWeeps

237

Poor DetailPoor DetailPoor Detail

H238

End DamsEnd DamsEnd Dams

H

239

H

240

H


241

H

242

H

243

H

244

SpecialInspections

Chapter 17

245

Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections

General Requirements (1704)Where application is made for construction as described in this section, the owner or the registered design professional in responsible charge acting as the owners agent shall employ one or more special inspectors to provide inspections during construction on the types of work listed under Section 1704. The special inspector shall be a qualified person who shall demonstrate competence, to the satisfaction of the building official, for inspection of the particular type of construction or operation requiring special inspection.

IBC: CH17246


Exemptions:1. Special inspections are not required for work of a minimal nature2. Special inspections are not required for building components

unless the design involves the practice of professional engineering or architecture

3. Unless otherwise required by the building official, special inspections are not required for occupancies in Group R-3 and occupancies in Group U that are accessory to a residential occupancy

IBC: Ch17


247


1704.1.2 Report requirement. Special inspectors shall keep records of inspections. The special inspector shall furnish inspection reports to the building official, and to the registered design professional in responsible charge. Reports shall indicate that work inspected was done in conformance to approved construction documents. Discrepancies shall be brought to the immediate attention of thecontractor for correction. If the discrepancies are not corrected, the discrepancies shall be brought to the attention of the building official and to the registered design professional in responsible charge prior to the completion of that phase of the work. A final report documenting required special inspections and correction of any discrepancies noted in the inspections shall be submitted at a point in time agreed upon by the permit applicant and the building official prior to the start of work.

IBC:S1704.1.2248


ACI 530-02

Engineered Masonry DesignDesigned in accordance with:

ACI 530-02 Chapter 2 / IBC 2107: Allowable Stress Design (ASD)ACI 530-02 Chapter 3 / IBC 2108: Strength Design of Masonry (LRFD)ACI 530-02 Chapter 4: Prestressed MasonryIBC 2106: Seismic Design of Masonry

Empirical / Prescriptive Masonry DesignDesigned in accordance with:

ACI 530-02 Chapter 5 / IBC 2109: Empirical Design of MasonryACI 530-02 Chapter 6 / IBC CH14: VeneerACI 530-02 Chapter 7 / IBC 2110: Glass Unit Masonry

249


1704.5 Masonry construction. Masonry construction shall be inspected and evaluated in accordance with the requirements of this section, depending on the classification of the building or structure or nature of occupancy, as defined by this code (see Table 1604.5 and Section 1617.6).

Exception: Special inspections shall not be required for:1. Empirically designed masonry, glass unit masonry or masonry

veneer designed by Section 2109, 2110 or ACI 530, Chapters 5, 6 or 7, when they are part of nonessential buildings

2. Masonry foundation walls constructed in accordance with Tables 1805.5(1) through 1805.5(4).

IBC:S1704.5250


IBC:S1704.5

Non-Essential Facilities:Engineered Masonry:

Level 1 Inspections Required: Table 1704.5.1

Essential Facilities:Empirically Designed Masonry

Level 1 Inspections Required: Table 1704.5.1

Engineered MasonryLevel 2 Inspections Required: Table 1704.5.3

251


IBC:T1604.5252


IBC:T1616.2

1616.2.3 Seismic Use Group III.Seismic Use Group III structures are those having essential facilities that are required for post earthquake recovery and those containing substantial quantities of hazardous substances, as indicated in Table 1604.5, or as designated by the building official.


253IBC:T1704.5.1

254

IBC:T1704.5.1

255

IBC:T1704.5.3256

IBC:T1704.5.3

257


Additional special inspections are required for:Buildings of Seismic Design Category C, D, E, or FHigh wind regions with a 3 sec. gust speed of 120 mph and exposure A & BHigh wind regions with a 3 sec. gust speed of 110 mph and exposure C & D

IBC: CH17258


IBC:S1708

1708 STRUCTURAL TESTING FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE

1708.1 Masonry. Testing and verification of masonry materials and assemblies prior to construction shall comply with the requirements of this section, depending on the classification of building or structure or nature of occupancy, as defined in this code (see Table 1604.5 or Section 1616.2).


259


IBC:S1704.5

Non-Essential Facilities:Empirically Designed Masonry:

Certificates of compliance used in masonry constructionshall be verified prior to construction

Engineered Masonry:Level 1 Inspections Required: Table 1708.1.2.

Essential Facilities:Empirically Designed Masonry

Level 1 Inspections Required: Table 1708.1.2.Engineered Masonry

Level 2 Inspections Required: Table 1708.1.4.

260


IBC:S1708

Common Code Violations/Design Violations

262

Common Code Violations/Design ViolationsCommon Code Violations/Design ViolationsCommon Code Violations/Design Violations

Improper construction type specified

Fire Barriers and shafts bearing on non-rated floors (706.3.7; also atrium walls (404.5) See Diagram

Improper construction of fire barriers and fire walls; don’t meet requirements of their definition, terms are notinterchangeable.

Cold weather & hot weather requirements (2104.3, 2104.4), notes on plans or in specifications are to be provided.

H

263


Unbalanced fill; lack of reinforcing in accordance with the appropriate table (1805.5)

Improper placement of grout, lifts, wet-sticking reinforcement

Fire separation distance and opening limitations/protectives(702.1, 602, 704.8, table 704.8)

Failure to specify special inspections program (1704)

H

264


Failure to specify the occupancy load for all spaces on drawings

Failure to identify the use of all spaces on drawings

Failure to provide complete listings for assemblies of fire rated walls, floors, etc. (Underwriters Laboratories, National Gypsum Association, etc.)

H


265

H

266

H

267

H

268

H

269

H

270

H


271

H