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Understanding and Evaluating How Leaders Solve Problems
Decision Making in Educational Leadership, Chapter 6
ON THE JOB DECISION MAKING
• How can it be explained?
• How can it be evaluated?
Decision Making & Problem Solving
• Recognizing situations that resemble previous experiences to help determine the best course of action
• Based on experience
• Quick, not quality
• Choosing between alternative courses of action based on their calculation of the probability of each alternative satisfying their preference
• Based on information (lots of it)
• Unrealistic assumptions
DECISION MAKING APPROACHES
Classical Naturalistic
EVALUATING PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem: A demand that a goal be achieved, plus constraints on the manner in which it is achieved
• Constraints: Conditions that define what counts as an acceptable solution to the problem• Reduce the number of possible solutions• Interact in ways that require weighing and integrating
EVALUATING PROBLEM SOLVING
• Accuracy: Are the assumptions of the solution and/or constraints correct?
• Effectiveness: Does the solution achieve intended outcomes, and satisfy constraints?
• Coherence: Are the constraints prioritized and weighted appropriately
• Improvability: Is there room to ask questions to evaluate the solution
• Is the solution theory effective? (Single Loop Learning)
• Have key constraints been weighted? Are new ones needed? (Double Loop Learning)
Problem-Based Models use evaluative criteria to determine the quality of possible solutions
• Attached to a tree
• Inexpensive materials
• Simple to install
DECIDING ON A TREE SWING
Constraints
• Attached to a tree
• Inexpensive materials
• Simple to install
• A kid can swing on it
• No more than one rope per branch
DECIDING ON A TREE SWING
Constraints
• Attached to a tree
• Inexpensive materials
• Simple to install
• A kid can swing on it
• No more than one rope per branch
DECIDING ON A TREE SWING
Constraints
• Attached to a tree
• Inexpensive materials
• Simple to install
• A kid can swing on it
• No more than one rope per branch
DECIDING ON A TREE SWING
Constraints
• Attached to a tree
• Inexpensive materials
• Simple to install
• A kid can swing on it
• No more than one rope per branch
NEGOTIATING CONSTRAINTSConstraints
• Attached to a tree
• Inexpensive materials
• Simple to install
• A kid can swing on it
• No more than one rope per branch
Constraints
TABLE TALK
• What was the problem?
• What were the constraints?
• Which constraints were the most important?
• Did you reach a good solution?• How do you know?
Think of a problem you have helped to solve
EVALUATING PROBLEM SOLVING
• Accuracy: Are the assumptions of constraints correct?
• Effectiveness: Do the solution options satisfy constraints?
• Coherence: Are the constraints prioritized and weighted appropriately
• Improvability: Is there room to ask questions to evaluate the solution
• Is the solution theory effective? (Single Loop Learning)
• Have key constraints been weighted? Are new ones needed? (Double Loop Learning)
Problem:
Select the Holy Grail from the multitude of options
Constraints:• It should be in the room• It should be an appropriate cup for a
_______
THOUGHTS, QUESTIONS, COMMENTS?
IMAGE SOURCESChoose Wisely:
• http://rpmftns.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Choose-Wisely.jpg
He Chose Poorly :
• http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dIqFrcAiH_Y/TJfl77lGzFI/AAAAAAAAAN4/EYoHZ0OHRwM/s1600/indiana+jones+and+the+last+crusade.jpg
Tire Swing Illustrations:
• https://www.lullabot.com/sites/lullabot.com/files/tire_swing.png
You Must Choose:
• https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/800/1*-j9Dfc-b1A0BQ1IWxErs2A.jpeg
