PowerPoint Presentation

Understanding Network Failures in Data Centers: Measurement, Analysis and Implications

Phillipa GillUniversity of TorontoNavendu Jain & Nachiappan NagappanMicrosoft Research

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SIGCOMM 2011

Toronto, ON

Aug. 18, 2011

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Motivation

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Motivation

$5,600 per minute

We need to understand failures to prevent and mitigate them!

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Overview

Our goal: Improve reliability by understanding network failures

Failure characterization

Most failure prone components

Understanding root cause

What is the impact of failure?

Is redundancy effective?

Our contribution: First large-scale empirical study of network failures across multiple DCs

Methodology to extract failures from noisy data sources.

Correlate events with network traffic to estimate impact

Analyzing implications for future data center networks

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Road Map

Motivation

Background & Methodology

Results

Characterizing failures

Do current network redundancy strategies help?

Conclusions

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Internet

Data center networks overview

Servers

Top of Rack (ToR) switch

Aggregation Agg switch

Load balancers

Access routers/network core fabric

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Internet

Data center networks overview

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How effective is redundancy?

What is the impact of failure?

Which components are most failure prone?

What causes failures?

?

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Failure event information flow

Failure is logged in numerous data sources

LINK DOWN!

Syslog, SNMP traps/polling

Network event logs

Troubleshooting

Tickets

Troubleshooting

LINK DOWN!

Ticket ID: 34

LINK DOWN!

Diary entries,

root cause

Network traffic logs

5 min traffic averages on links

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Data summary

One year of event logs from Oct. 2009-Sept. 2010

Network event logs and troubleshooting tickets

Network event logs are a combination of Syslog, SNMP traps and polling

Caveat: may miss some events e.g., UDP, correlated faults

Filtered by operators to actionable events

still many warnings from various software daemons running

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Key challenge: How to extract failures of interest?

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Network event logs

Extracting failures from event logs

Defining failures

Device failure: device is no longer forwarding traffic.

Link failure: connection between two interfaces is down. Detected by monitoring interface state.

Dealing with inconsistent data:

Devices:

Correlate with link failures

Links:

Reconstruct state from logged messages

Correlate with network traffic to determine impact

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Reconstructing device state

Devices may send spurious DOWN messages

Verify at least one link on device fails within five minutes

Conservative to account for message loss (correlated failures)

DEVICE DOWN!

Top-of-rack switch

Aggregation switch 1

Aggregation switch 2

LINK DOWN!

LINK DOWN!

This sanity check reduces device failures by 10x

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Reconstructing link state

Inconsistencies in link failure events

Note: our logs bind each link down to the time it is resolved

What we expect

UP

DOWN

Link state

LINK DOWN!

LINK UP!

time

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Inconsistencies in link failure events

Note: our logs bind each link down to the time it is resolved

Reconstructing link state

What we sometimes see.

UP

DOWN

Link state

LINK DOWN 1!

LINK UP 1!

time

LINK DOWN 2!

LINK UP 2!

?

?

How to deal with discrepancies?

1. Take the earliest of the down times

2. Take the earliest of the up times

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Identifying failures with impact

Summary of impact:

28.6% of failures impact network traffic

41.2% of failures were on links carrying no traffic

E.g., scheduled maintenance activities

Caveat: Impact is only on network traffic not necessarily applications!

Redundancy: Network, compute, storage mask outages

Network traffic logs

LINK DOWN

LINK UP

BEFORE

DURING

AFTER

Correlate link failures with network traffic

time

Only consider events where traffic decreases

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Road Map

Motivation

Background & Methodology

Results

Characterizing failures

Distribution of failures over measurement period.

Which components fail most?

How long do failures take to mitigate?

Do current network redundancy strategies help?

Conclusions

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All Failures 46K

Visualization of failure panorama: Sep09 to Sep10

Widespread failures

Long lived failures.

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Link Y had failure on day X.

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