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Understanding Phosphorous Acid on Injury
and Uptake in Tubers Andy Robinson, Potato Extension Agronomist, NDSU / U of M
www.ag.ndsu.edu/potatoextension
Phosphorous Acid Applications
• Phosphorous acid applied to protect crop
from Pink Rot and Late Blight tuber rot.
– Applied foliar and direct on tubers going into
storage.
• When applied foliar growers often report
leaf burning especially if the crop is under
moisture, fertility, or disease stress.
2
Phosphorous Acid Applications
• Shown to be highly effective at controlling late blight and pink rot (Gudmestad).
• Also data indicates silver scurf control in storage.
• Not effective against soft rots, leak, Fusarium.
• There is potential for leaf burning especially if the crop is under moisture, fertility, or disease stress.
Gefu Wang-Pruski,PhD Tudor Borza, PhD
Evaluation of ConfineTM Residue in Field and Postharvest
Treated Tubers 2012
Wang-Pruski’s Conclusions
– Ion chromotograhy effective at quantifying
phosphite in tubers
– Post harvest application resulted in highest
levels of phosphites in cortex and tuber
– Rate response (10 pt/a applied 3x was better
than 2x)
– Concentrations: Cortex>medulla>skin
– Foliar treatments translocate to the tuber
(Gefu Wang-Pruski Ph.D, Tudor Borza Ph.D)
Avocado Growers
Preferred Treatment Methods
7
Current Application Use Patterns
Examples of treatments:
• Chemigation 4.8 L/a 2X
• Aerial 2.4 L/a 4-6X
• Aerial 3.3 L/a 2X chemigate 3.3 L/a 1X
• Aerial 3.3 L/a 3X
• Ground rig 3.3 L/a 1X
• Aerial 4.8 L/a 1X chemigated 4.8 L/a 1X
• None
• Many others…
Variation because growers are trying to reduce injury.
8
9
Picture of burn…
10
Efficacy and Injury
Injury
• Greenhouse trial (2014)
• Field trials (2014-2015)
Efficacy
• Lab testing for phosphite
• Challenge inoculation for pink rot
Spring 2013 Samples - Europhins Lab
Dr. Neil Gudmestad
Location Method Rate Pink rot (%) Phos acid
(mg/kg)
1 Linton Check 0 15.0 No test
2 Larimore Flown 4 X 2.4 L/a 1.3 89.7
3 Dawson Flown 1 X 4.8 L/a 1.3 62.9
Chemigation 1 X 4.8 L/a
4 Karlsruhe Chemigation 2 X 4.8 L/a 3.8 24.8
5 Park Rapids Flown 2 X 2.4 L/a 3.8 28.3
Chemigation 1 X 4.8 L/a
6 Park Rapids Flown 4 X 2.4 L/a 10.0 2.2
7 Park Rapids Flown 2 X 2.4 L/a 3.8 15.8
Chemigation 1 X 4.8 L/a
LSD p=0.05 7.1
Adjuvants
Can adjuvants
reduce injury
from phosphoric
acid?
14
WATER
WATER + SURFACTANT
15
North Dakota Adjuvant CompendiumFor other adjuvants: www.herbicide-adjuvants.com/
Fertilizer
AMS (Dry)AMS (liquid)
VariousVarious
$0.35 lb$6.00 gal
4 to 8.5 lb/A2 to 4 qt/A
28% UAN/Bulk Various $3.00 to 10.00 gal 2 to 4 qt/A
Nonionic Surfactant (NIS)
Activator 90APSA-80ChemSurf 90WetcitHypertonicInduceLiberate LeciTechPen-A-trate IIPrefer 90PreferenceProtyxR-11Surf-AC 910Tradition 93TranslateWet-Sol 99
LovelandAmwayUnited Suppl.Oro AgriCHSHelenaLovelandPrecision LabsWest CentralWinfieldPrecision LabsWilbur-EllisDrexelRosensUnited Suppl.Schaeffers
$30.00 gal$32.00 gal$32.00 gal$75.00 gal$31.00 gal$31.00 gal$40.00 gal$32.00 gal$32.00 gal$35.00 gal$100.00 g$27.00 gal$25.00 gal
$ - gal$38.00 gal$30.00 gal
0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.8% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v
0.125% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v0.25 to 0.5% v/v
NIS Approved for use in WaterSurfactants approved for use in bodies of water are: Activate Plus Agridex BroncPlusDryEDTClass Act NG Induce Level 7 Liberate L-TechPreference R-11 Top Surf X-77
Surfactant & Silicone
FreewayKineticSil-FactSilkinSpeedSur-PlusSylcoat
LovelandHelenaDrexelWinfieldPrecision LabsUnited Suppl.Wilbur-Ellis
$110.00 g$100.00 g$45.00 gal$96.00 gal$135.00 g$87.00 gal$122.00 gl
0.75 to 2 pt/100 gal 0.75 to 2 pt/100 gal0.75 to 2 pt/100 gal0.75 to 2 pt/100 gal
0.25 to 2 pt/100 gal0.5 to 2 pt/100 gal
0.75 to 2 pt/100 gal
Surfactant & AMS
Bronc PlusDryEDTClass Act NGClass Act FlexDeliverImpressive DBPowerhouseRe-DuceSurfate Ultra Surf AMSWheelhouse
Wilbur-EllisWinfieldWinfieldPrecision LabsRosensRosensHelenaLovelandUnited Suppl.CHS
$1.65 lb$13.00 gal$15.00 gal$14.00 gal
$1.25 lb$12.00 gal$12.00 gal$23.00 gal$10.00 gal$12.00 gal
10 lb/100 gal2.5% v/v
1 to 4 % v/v2.5% v/v2.25 lb/A
5 to 10 qt/100 gal1% v/v1% v/v
2.5% v/v2.5% v/v
AMS Replacement / Water Conditioning Agent (WCA)
CitronCut-RateQuest/RequestSpeedway
Farm DirectWilbur-EllisHelenaUnited Suppl.
$3.50 lb$2.50 lb
$22.00 gal$38.00 gal
2.2 lb/100 gal4 lb/100 gal
0.5% v/v0.5% v/v
AMS & WCA (AMS Replacement)
AllianceBronc MaxChoice W-MasterEnactSeQuel
WinfieldWilbur-EllisLovelandRosensHelena
$20.00 gal$24.00 gal$29.00 gal$25.00 gal$15.00 gal
1.25% v/v0.5% v/v0.5% v/v0.5% v/v
1 to 5 pt/100 gal
Surfactant & AMS Replacement (WCA)
FastrackFlameTransport Ultra
United Suppl.LovelandPrecision Labs
$28.00 gal$42.00 gal$39.00 gal
0.75% v/v0.5% v/v
0.25 to 0.75% v/v
Surfactant & AMS & AMS Replacement (WCA)
Bronc TotalTransport LpH
Wilbur-EllisPrecision Labs
$30.00 gal$20.00 gal
0.75 to 1% v/v0.5 % v/v
Acidic AMS Replacement (contains AMADS)
AMADS - Monocarbamide dihydrogen sulfate = urea + sulfuric acid
AduroBrimstoneET-4000FixateGun SmokeHel-FireImportJackhammer
WinfieldWilbur-EllisMK Ag ServiceCHSLovelandHelenaPrecision LabsWest Central
$32.00 gal$38.00 gal$31.00 gal$32.00 gal$40.00 gal$35.00 gal$37.00 gal$32.00 gal
4 pt/100 gal4 pt/100 gal4 pt/100 gal4 pt/100 gal4 pt/100 gal4 pt/100 gal4 pt/100 gal4 pt/100 gal
Basic pH Blend
AxonLinkageNewtoneQuad 7
CHSWest CentralWinfieldLoveland
$24.00 gal$24.00 gal$30.00 gal$22.00 gal
1% v/v1% v/v1% v/v1% v/v
Petroleum Oil Concentrate (POC/COC)
Agri-Dex HerbimaxWCS Crop OilPrime OilProtyx AerialR-WayROC Crop Oil
HelenaLovelandWest CentralWinfieldPrecision LabsRosensWilbur-Ellis
$24.00 gal$20.00 gal$14.00 gal$15.00 gal$21.00 gal
$ - gal$12.00 gal
1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A
0.5 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A
Crop (Soybean) Oil Concentrate
BeanOil Drexel $15.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Methylated Seed Oil (MSO)
EmulateFire-ZoneMES-100MSO Leci-TechMSO UltraNoblePersist UltraPremium MSOSucceedSundance IISuperspread MSOUpland MSO
CHSHelenaDrexelLovelandPrecision LabsWinfieldJ.R. Simplot HelenaUnited Suppl.RosensWilbur-EllisWest Central
$22.00 gal$27.00 gal$16.00 gal$25.00 gal$26.00 gal$22.00 gal$20.00 gal$20.00 gal$19.00 gal$21.00 gal$24.00 gal$22.00 gal
1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A1 to 2 pt/A
High Surfactant Methylated Oil Concentrate (HSMOC)
Cide WinderDestiny HCDuceHot MESKixytSavvyWoodside
HelenaWinfieldHelenaDrexelPrecision LabsWest CentralCHS
$40.00 gal$38.00 gal $34.00 gal$29.00 gal$44.00 gal$36.00 gal$36.00 gal
1 to 1.5 pt/A1 to 1.5 pt/A1 to 1.5 pt/A1 to 1.5 pt/A1 to 1.5 pt/A1 to 1.5 pt/A1 to 1.5 pt/A
126
Greenhouse study
• Screened and evaluated adjuvants over
multiple runs
– Many adjuvants available today
• Carrier volume of 140 L/ha
• All treatments used 5.8 kg/ha phosphorus
acid (4.8 L/a Phostrol) + adjuvant
16
Greenhouse Testing
17
Field Study (2014)
• Commercial Russet Burbank field 2014 and
repeating some treatments in 2015
• RCBD with 4 replicates
• Treatments were various adjuvant combinations
• Application at dime-sized tuber and 14 days
after dime-sized tubers
• Estimated crop injury & biomass at 3 days after
treatment
• ANOVA with a LSD at p=0.05
19
20
Crop injury and estimated biomass 3 days after treatment applied on July
29, 2014 in Osage, MN.
Treatment Rate
1 Non-treated
2 Phostrol 2.4 L/a
3 Phostrol 4.8 L/a
4 Ingery MSO 6 fl oz/a
5 K-Tone 0.5% v/v
6 Phostrol + Inergy MSO 4.8 L/a + 6 fl oz/a
7 Phostrol + K-Tone 4.8 L/a + 0.5% v/v
8 Phostrol + Liberate
LeciTech 4.8 L/a + 0.5% v/v
9 Phostrol + Silkin 2.4 L/a + 0.25% v/v
10 Phostrol + Silkin 4.8 L/a + 0.25% v/v
11 Phostrol + Class Act NG 2.4 L/a + 2.5% v/v
12 Phostrol + Class Act NG 4.8 L/a + 2.5% v/v
13 Phostrol + Penncozeb 3.3 L/a + 2 lb/a
14 Phostrol + Bravo Weather
Stick 3.3 L/a + 1.5 pt/a
LSD at P=0.05
21
Crop injury and estimated biomass 3 days after treatment applied on July
29, 2014 in Osage, MN.
Treatment Rate Crop injury Biomass
------------------ % ------------------
1 Non-treated 0 100
2 Phostrol 2.4 L/a 21 88
3 Phostrol 4.8 L/a 30 85
4 Ingery MSO 6 fl oz/a 5 100
5 K-Tone 0.5% v/v 9 95
6 Phostrol + Inergy MSO 4.8 L/a + 6 fl oz/a 31 88
7 Phostrol + K-Tone 4.8 L/a + 0.5% v/v 24 90
8 Phostrol + Liberate
LeciTech 4.8 L/a + 0.5% v/v 40 79
9 Phostrol + Silkin 2.4 L/a + 0.25% v/v 11 96
10 Phostrol + Silkin 4.8 L/a + 0.25% v/v 30 88
11 Phostrol + Class Act NG 2.4 L/a + 2.5% v/v 15 96
12 Phostrol + Class Act NG 4.8 L/a + 2.5% v/v 41 79
13 Phostrol + Penncozeb 3.3 L/a + 2 lb/a 18 95
14 Phostrol + Bravo Weather
Stick 3.3 L/a + 1.5 pt/a 13 94
LSD at P=0.05 10 7
22
Crop injury and estimated biomass 3 days after treatment applied on July
29, 2014 in Osage, MN.
Treatment Rate Crop injury Biomass
------------------ % ------------------
1 Non-treated 0 100
2 Phostrol 2.4 L/a 21 88
3 Phostrol 4.8 L/a 30 85
4 Ingery MSO 6 fl oz/a 5 100
5 K-Tone 0.5% v/v 9 95
6 Phostrol + Inergy MSO 4.8 L/a + 6 fl oz/a 31 88
7 Phostrol + K-Tone 4.8 L/a + 0.5% v/v 24 90
8 Phostrol + Liberate
LeciTech 4.8 L/a + 0.5% v/v 40 79
9 Phostrol + Silkin 2.4 L/a + 0.25% v/v 11 96
10 Phostrol + Silkin 4.8 L/a + 0.25% v/v 30 88
11 Phostrol + Class Act NG 2.4 L/a + 2.5% v/v 15 96
12 Phostrol + Class Act NG 4.8 L/a + 2.5% v/v 41 79
13 Phostrol + Penncozeb 3.3 L/a + 2 lb/a 18 95
14 Phostrol + Bravo Weather
Stick 3.3 L/a + 1.5 pt/a 13 94
LSD at P=0.05 10 7
23
Crop injury and estimated biomass 3 days after treatment applied on July
29, 2014 in Osage, MN.
Treatment Rate Crop injury Biomass
------------------ % ------------------
1 Non-treated 0 100
2 Phostrol 2.4 L/a 21 88
3 Phostrol 4.8 L/a 30 85
4 Ingery MSO 6 fl oz/a 5 100
5 K-Tone 0.5% v/v 9 95
6 Phostrol + Inergy MSO 4.8 L/a + 6 fl oz/a 31 88
7 Phostrol + K-Tone 4.8 L/a + 0.5% v/v 24 90
8 Phostrol + Liberate
LeciTech 4.8 L/a + 0.5% v/v 40 79
9 Phostrol + Silkin 2.4 L/a + 0.25% v/v 11 96
10 Phostrol + Silkin 4.8 L/a + 0.25% v/v 30 88
11 Phostrol + Class Act NG 2.4 L/a + 2.5% v/v 15 96
12 Phostrol + Class Act NG 4.8 L/a + 2.5% v/v 41 79
13 Phostrol + Penncozeb 3.3 L/a + 2 lb/a 18 95
14 Phostrol + Bravo Weather
Stick 3.3 L/a + 1.5 pt/a 13 94
LSD at P=0.05 10 7
Storage Tuber Testing
• Tubers were taken from
storage in January and
February 2015.
• Tested for phosphoric
acid in tubers.
• Challenge inculcated for
pink rot.
25
Phosphoric Applied x Tuber Phosphite
26
Y = 11.8 + 0.34x
R2 = 0.24
Phosphoric acid x Pink rot
27
Y = 5.1 – 0.11x
R2 = 0.12
Conclusions: Injury
• Apply earlier
• Use higher water carrier volumes
• Use lower rates (2.4-3.3 L/a)
• Silicone surfactants may help (don’t apply
foliar fungicide for 2-3 days after using
silicone surfactant)
Conclusions: Efficacy
• Air and air + chemigation had more phos acid in tubers tested.
• Chemigation alone had less phos acid in tubers tested.
• Tuber phosphite level of 30 ppm had < 2% pink rot incidence. But pink rot challenge was likely too late.
– Other research suggests 100 ppm is needed for Phythophtora spp. control.
More Studies in 2015
• Commercial Russet Burbank field (2015)
• RCBD with 4 replicates
• Treatments: Dose
– Test if earlier treatments will cause less burn and can
more easily be applied with ground sprayer
• Application started at tuber initiation and weekly
afterward
• Estimated biomass.
30
Treatments
31
Treatment No. Rate (L/a) Treatment Date
1 Untreated Check 0
2 Phostrol 2.4 L/a 2.4 18-Jun
3 Phostrol 4.7 L/a 4.7 18-Jun
4 Phostrol 7.1 L/a 7.1 18-Jun
5 Phostrol 9.5 L/a 9.5 18-Jun
6 Phostrol 11.8 L/a 11.8 18-Jun
7 Phostrol 14.2 L/a 14.2 18-Jun
8 Phostrol 3.3 L/a x 3 3.3 9-Jul
3.3 16-Jul
3.3 23-Jul
9 Phostrol 2.4 L/a x 4 2.4 9-Jul
2.4 16-Jul
2.4 23-Jul
2.4 30-Jul
10 Phostrol 4.7 L/a x 2 4.7 9-Jul
4.7 23-Jul
11 Phostrol 4.7 L/a x 2 4.7 18-Jun
4.7 25-Jun
12 Phostrol 4.7 L/a x 3 4.7 18-Jun
4.7 25-Jun
4.7 9-Jul
Emergence: 28 May
Row closure: 28 June
Estimated Biomass (4 DAT)
32
Non-treated
33
14.2 L/a Phosphorous acid
34
Graded Yield
Marketable Yield
Pink Rot Challenge
Pink Rot and Yield
38
• Treatment 10:
- 9 & 23 July
• Treatment 11
- 18 & 25 June
• All Fs had a
treatment on
July 9th and/or
after
Treatments
39
Treatment No. Rate (L/a) Treatment Date
1 Untreated Check 0
2 Phostrol 2.4 L/a 2.4 18-Jun
3 Phostrol 4.7 L/a 4.7 18-Jun
4 Phostrol 7.1 L/a 7.1 18-Jun
5 Phostrol 9.5 L/a 9.5 18-Jun
6 Phostrol 11.8 L/a 11.8 18-Jun
7 Phostrol 14.2 L/a 14.2 18-Jun
8 Phostrol 3.3 L/a x 3 3.3 9-Jul
3.3 16-Jul
3.3 23-Jul
9 Phostrol 2.4 L/a x 4 2.4 9-Jul
2.4 16-Jul
2.4 23-Jul
2.4 30-Jul
10 Phostrol 4.7 L/a x 2 4.7 9-Jul
4.7 23-Jul
11 Phostrol 4.7 L/a x 2 4.7 18-Jun
4.7 25-Jun
12 Phostrol 4.7 L/a x 3 4.7 18-Jun
4.7 25-Jun
4.7 9-Jul
Summary
• 3+ applications of phosphoric acid after
were best for pink rot control.
• Timing is important – after July 9th in this
study there was better pink rot control.
• Surfactant and silicone adjuvants can
help reduce injury when phosphoric acid
rates were low (<2.4 L/a).
40
What Does All This Work Mean?
• Multiple applications of low amounts
(<2.4-3.3 L/a) of phosphoric acid at the
right time with a surfactant/silicone will
provide the least injury and best
protection from pink rot.
41
Acknowledgements
• Nufarm Americas Inc.
• JR Simplot Company
• RD Offutt Company
• MN Area II Research and Promotion
counsel
42
Questions /
Comments? z.umn.edu/spud