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Understanding TerrorismIWOF LECTURE 2
DR. FRANK O’DONNELL
Structure of Presentation 1. Definitions of Terrorism 2. History of Terrorism 3. Terrorism in the 20th Century 4. Different Forms of Terrorism Today
Learning Outcomes 1. Deconstruct and analyse common definitions of terrorism 2. Understand historical evolution of terrorism 3. Understand different forms of terrorism today
Defining Terrorism US DoD definition: "The unlawful use of violence or threat of violence, often motivated by religious, political, or other ideological beliefs, to instill fear and coerce governments or societies in pursuit of goals that are usually political.”
NATO definition: “The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence against individuals or property in an attempt to coerce or intimidate governments or societies to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives.”
No UN definitionpp. 51-52:
Problem: States' use of armed forces against civilians
Problem: Right of resistance to foreign occupation
History of Terrorism: Ancient Terrorism
Assassination of Julius Caesar, 44BC
Sicarri Jewish Zealots, 70AD
History of Terrorism: Toward Modernity
Transition from Ancient to Modern Terrorism
“As the civilian, the voter and opinion former in democracies, holds much more influence in politics than in the past, the targeting of civilians – or ‘noncombatants’ – becomes more prominent in the twentieth century”G. Chailand and A. Blin (eds.) The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al-Qaeda (University of California Press, 2007) p. 8.
Terrorism in the 20th Century
Categorising Terrorist Groups
1. By motivating ideologya. Religiousb. Political (secular)
I. Right-wingII. Left-wing
c. Ethnic-nationalistd. Social
2. By aegis of operation
a. Domesticb. International
3. By relationship to government
a. Independentb. State-sponsored
Learning Outcomes 1. Deconstruct and analyse common definitions of terrorism 2. Understand historical evolution of terrorism 3. Understand different forms of terrorism today
Exercise for Tomorrow Split into groups of 4 people each Pick a terrorist group to give a 5-minute presentation about Presentation should focus on the group:•Origins•Structure•Strengths•Vulnerabilities