Understanding the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Child and Maternal Health among the Poor: Opportunities for South Asia

8/6/2019 Understanding the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Child and Maternal Health among the Poor: Opportunities for S…

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Bvo|s ed gprgvdka bghkdb jov gp|ovrs `kzg eh|kcrgb cowdrvegs }òsg gcodohegs`gkzeau bg|gdb od gp|ovr vgzgdwgs$ Hgvc`kdbesg gp|ovrs codrvkcrgb ed Edbek! Dg|ka!\kiesrkd! kdb Sve Akdik$ Ed Fkdmakbgs`! gp|ovr mvo}r` sao}gb swfsrkdrekaau ozgv r`gugkv ro Nwdg 6<<5! kdb r`g Hkabezgs es gp|gvegdcedm k bvo| ed rowvesh (KBF 6<<5%$




5

]èag igu gcodohec edbeckrovs sggh ro sò} vgseaegdcg khodmsr Sowr` Ksekdcowdrvegs ro r`g gcodohec cveses! Fkwgv (6<<5% ebgdrejegs r`g hked eh|kcr c`kddgas rofg r`vowm` r`g akfov hkvigrs }erèd cowdrvegs$ @g dorgs r`kr kd gp|ovr sgcrov kdkauseses aeheredm kdb cowab hksi r`g gjjgcrs }erèd r`g fkci}kvb aedikmgs oj zkawg c`kedvgakrgb akfov hkvigrs kdb r`g edjovhka sgcrov$

Gh|aouhgdr mvo}r` vkrgs fgr}ggd ;55; kdb 6<<: `kzg fggd hkvmedka ed Sowr` Ksekks k }òag (e$g$! 6–6$2'%! ks }gaa ks ed gkc` cowdrvu$ R`g gh|aouhgdr vkrg ed r`gvgmeod `ks vghkedgb vgakrezgau srkmdkdr jvoh r`g ;55<s ro 6<<: (kr 77'! }er` SveAkdik `kzedm r`g ao}gsr vkrg kr 7;'%$ Wdgh|aouhgdr ed r`g vgmeod `ks mvo}d jvoh3$=' ed ;55; ro 7$=' ed 6<<=! kdb ed 6<<= }ks èm`gsr ed r`g Hkabezgs (;2$2'%!Kjm`kdesrkd (0$7'%! kdb Sve Akdik (:'% (Wdergb Dkreods Gcodohec kdb SocekaCohhesseod jov Ksek kdb r`g \kcejec YWDGSCK\X 6<<5%$ R`gsg vkrgs kvg odauedbeckrezg oj r`g |vofaghs vgakrgb ro nof aossgs kdb bo dor ck|rwvg r`g jwaa gprgdr oj r`geh|kcr oj r`g cveses od edcvgksedm wdgh|aouhgdr$ :

Fop ;> R`g Maofka Vgcgsseod kdb Gcodohegs ed Sowr` Ksek

… Kjm`kdesrkd> Karòwm` r`g eh|kcr oj r`g gcodohec cveses od r`g Kjm`kd gcodohu es skeb ro fg hedov

fgckwsg ers jedkdceka susrgh kdb gcodohu kvg vgakrezgau shkaa kdb }gkiau edrgmvkrgb }er` maofka

hkvigrs! r`g khowdr oj bodov kssesrkdcg kzkeakfag ro r`g cowdrvu hku fg kjjgcrgb fu vgcgsseodkvu

codbereods ed bodov cowdrvegs (KBF 6<<5%$ R`g cowdrvu codredwgs ro fg kjjgcrgb fu |oaerecka

wdcgvrkedru kdb codjaecr r`kr |akcgs ers o}d codsrvkedrs od r`g `gkar` codbereods oj ers |o|wakreod$

… Fkdmakbgs`> MB\ mvo}r` }ks gsrehkrgb ro fg 7$6' ed 6<<5! fwr r`g mvo}r` vkrgs oj edbwsrvu!

sgvzecgs! kdb vgherrkdcgs es gp|gcrgb ro sao}! }èc` cowab codrked codswhgv s|gdbedm (KFB 6<<5%$

Fkdmakbgs` }ks jovcgb ro eh|ovr 3<<' hovg vecg ed 6<<= (Joob kdb Kmvecwarwvg Ovmkde~kreod/]ovab

Joob \vomvkhhg bkrk% bwg ro cucaodgs kdb jaoobedm kr k rehg oj vesedm joob kdb jwga |vecgs$ Kr r`g

skhg rehg! ers gp|ovrs! gs|gcekaau jvoh r`g mkvhgdr sgcrov! cowab fg kjjgcrgb bwg ro }gki maofka

bghkdb ed 6<<5$ Hemvkdr vgherrkdcgs sw||ovrgb r`g cwvvgdr kccowdr fkakdcg ed 6<<0 (Wdergb Dkreods

Cèabvgd-s Jwdb YWDECGJX 6<<5%$

… F`wrkd> F`wrkd―s gcodohu es akvmgau bvezgd fu r`g codsrvwcreod oj ùbvo|o}gv srkreods (s|gcejeckaau

r`g Rkak @ubvogagcrvec \vongcr% kdb |o}gv |vobwcreod gp|ovrgb ro Edbek! }èc` mvg} fu 5' ed odg ugkv

(6<<0 – 6<<5%$ Gp|gvrs swmmgsr r`kr rès kcrezeru es dor aeigau ro fg kjjgcrgb ed r`g codrgpr oj r`g cveses

ks vgmeodka bghkdb }eaa codredwg! fwr F`wrkd es `gkzeau bg|gdbgdr od ers gp|ovrs ro Edbek$ R`g

cowdrvu―s fwbmgr jov 6<;< kaso `ks k akvmg |ozgvru vgbwcreod ovegdrkreod r`kr cowab cwsèod r`g gjjgcrs

oj r`g cveses$ MB\ mvo}r` }ks gsrehkrgb kr :' ed 6<<5 (KBF 6<<5%$ R`g rowvesh sgcrov cowab fg

wdbgv r`vgkr ks maofka rowvesh bghkdb bvo|s (WDECGJ 6<<5%$

… Edbek> K |wfaec gp|gdberwvg agb mvo}r` srvkrgmu es vgswaredm ed semds oj vgcozgvu! bgs|erg gp|ovrs r`kr

kvg ao}gv r`kd gp|gcrgb$ Edbek―s gp|ovrs |awdmgb fu ;7' ed Ocrofgv 6<<0 kdb fu kdor`gv ;5' ed

: Kaso dorgb fu Fkwgv (6<<5%$




;<

Jgfvwkvu 6<<5! ks k bevgcr vgswar oj r`g maofka gcodohec cveses$ Akfov edrgdsezg sgcrovs swc` ks r`g

mkvhgdr edbwsrvu! agkr`gv! mghs! kdb ng}gavu }gvg r`g }ovsr kjjgcrgb (WDECGJ 6<<5%$

… Hkabezgs> R`g gcodohu es |kvrecwakvau zwadgvkfag ro r`g cveses fgckwsg rowvesh kccowdrs jov hovg

r`kd k {wkvrgv oj r`g cowdrvu―s MB\$ R`g mozgvdhgdr |akds ro edrvobwcg dg} rkpgs! swc` ks kd

kev|ovr rkp kdb k mvggd rkp! ks }gaa ks ro srkvr |vezkre~edm srkrg gdrgv|vesgs ro ojjsgr sohg oj ers

vgzgdwg sòvrjkaas }èag cwvrkeaedm srkrg gp|gdberwvg$ R`g cowdrvu es bg|gdbgdr od joob kdb jwga

eh|ovrs kdb r`ws `ks jkcgb k akvmg edcvgksg ed ers eh|ovr cosrs (KBF 6<<5 kdb WDECGJ 6<<5%$

… Dg|ka> Dg|ka! ghgvmedm jvoh k bgckbg oj codjaecr kdb ao} mvo}r`! eh|ovrs k akvmg s`kvg oj ers moobs

kdb sgvzecgs r`vowm` Edbek! edcawbedm jwga kdb joob$ @o}gzgv! srvodm jao}s oj hemvkdr vgherrkdcgs

|vo||gb w| jkaaedm cwvvgdr kccowdr fkakdcgs ed 6<<0! ròwm` rès gjjgcr k||gkvgb ro fg }kdedm ed

6<<5$ Rowvesh hku bgcaedg ks k vgswar oj codrvkcredm edcohgs ed rowvesr ovemed cowdrvegs (WDECGJ

6<<5%$

… \kiesrkd> \kiesrkd―s gcodohu es gprvghgau jvkmeag kdb es khodm r`g hosr zwadgvkfag ed r`g vgmeod bwg

ro èm` jescka kdb cwvvgdr kccowdr bgjecers! vwdk}ku edjakreod r`kr es bg|agredm jovgemd gpc`kdmg

vgsgvzgs! k }gki cwvvgdcu! kdb codsebgvkfag edrgvdka sgcwveru esswgs$ \kiesrkd `ks fggd jovcgb ro

ksi jov jedkdceka kssesrkdcg ro cozgv ers sòvr rgvh bgfr kdb srkfeae~g ers gcodohu$ Ed Dozghfgv 6<<0!

r`g Edrgvdkreodka Hodgrkvu Jwdb k||vozgb k WS"=$: feaaeod aokd |kcikmg jov \kiesrkd (WDECGJ

6<<5%$

… Sve Akdik> Ers gcodohu vghkeds wdbgv sgzgvg srvked kdb! }er` r`g gdb oj r`g cezea }kv ed 6<<5! r`g

cowdrvu hwsr bgka }er` r`g `gkzu cosrs oj |osr codjaecr vgcodsrvwcreod gjjovrs$ Joaao}edm k jkaa ed

jovgemd gpc`kdmg vgsgvzgs! r`g Edrgvdkreodka Hodgrkvu Jwdb k||vozgb k WS"6$: feaaeod srkdbfu aokd

ed sw||ovr oj r`g mozgvdhgdr―s khfereows |vomvkh oj jescka! hodgrkvu! kdb gpc`kdmg vkrg vgjovhs

(KBF 6<<5%$ Sve Akdik es bg|gdbgdr od joob kdb jwga eh|ovrs (WDECGJ 6<<5%$

3$6 \gvsesredm \ozgvru kdb Gcodohec Edg{wkaeru ed r`g Vgmeod

\ozgvru! bgjedgb ks WS";$67 |gv bku (}èc` gdkfags gprvghg |ozgvru coh|kvesodskcvoss cowdrvegs%! `ks fggd bgcaededm sedcg ;55< ed r`g vgmeod$ Sohg cowdrvegs! swc`ks Fkdmakbgs` kdb \kiesrkd! `kzg sò}d semdejeckdr bgcaedgs ed r`g |vo|ovreod oj|go|ag aezedm ed gprvghg |ozgvru fgr}ggd ;55< kdb 6<<7$ @o}gzgv! bkrk mk|s edcowdrvegs aeig Kjm`kdesrkd! F`wrkd! Hkabezgs! kdb Dg|ka bo gpesr ro sohg gprgdr$\ozgvru aedg edjovhkreod hku kaso dor |vozebg k coh|agrg |ecrwvg oj |go|ag }ò `kzgjkaagd edro |ozgvru ks k vgswar oj r`g cveses ks er bogs dor hk| zwadgvkfeaeregs kdb r`gbudkhecs oj |ozgvru$ Kcido}agbmedm r`g bkrk―s aeherkreods! er es wsgb `gvg ro èmàem`rr`g |orgdreka eh|kcrs od r`g kfsoawrg dwhfgv oj |oov$




;;

Rkfag ;> \gvcgdrkmg oj r`g \o|wakreod fgao} r`g \ozgvru Aedg (WS";$67% ed Sowr`Ksek

Vgmeod kdb Cowdrvu

\o|wakreod Aezedm od Agss R`kd WS";$67(6<<7\\\% k Bku

\o|wakreod AezedmFgao} r`g Dkreodka

\ozgvru Aedg

;55< ;55: 6<<6 6<<7 Gkvaegsr AkrgsrSowr` Ksek (edcawbedmSowr` kdb Sowr` ]gsrKsek% 2=$< 26$3 30$= 37$7 Kjm`kdesrkd Fkdmakbgs` ::$0 (5;% 75$2 (57% 7=$0 (<<% 25$: 70$0 (56% 2<$< (<7%F`wrkd 6:$6 (<3% Edbek 7;$3 2:$: 23$5 2;$: 3:$< (52% 6=$7 (<7%Hkabezgs Dg|ka :0$2 (57% 77$; (<3% 2;$0 (5:% 3<$5 (<2%\kiesrkd :2$= 20$; 37$5 (<;% 66$: (<2% 60$: (53% 66$3 (<:%Sve Akdik ;7$< ;:$3 (57% ;2$< 6<$< (5;% ;7$6 (<=% 8 bkrk wdkzkeakfag! \\\ 8 |wvc`ksedm |o}gv |kveru! WS" 8 Wdergb Srkrgs boaakv$

Dorgs> Dwhfgvs ed fvkcigrs edbeckrg bkrk sowvcg ugkv$

Dkreodka \ozgvru Aedg> Rès vgjgvs ro k hodgrkvu kaaockreod (edcohg ov gp|gdberwvg% r`kr sre|wakrgs ksrkdbkvb khowdr oj moobs kdb sgvzecgs (joob kdb dod joob% }èc` k òwsgòab vg{wevgs ro hggr ksgr oj bgjedgb dggbs$

Sowvcg> WDGSCK\ 6<<0k$

R`g s`kvg oj rorka edcohg gkvdgb fu r`g |oovgsr `ks vghkedgb ao} bgs|erg mvo}r`9 rèses edbeckrezg oj aehergb |vo |oov mvo}r` ed r`g vgmeod$ Ed sohg cowdrvegs! r`gev s`kvg `ksbgcvgksgb gzgd jwvr`gv! }èc` es edbeckrezg oj }ovsgdedm codbereods ed rgvhs oj edcohg$

Rkfag 6> S`kvg oj r`g \oovgsr [wedreag ed Edcohg ov Codswh|reod ('% ed Sowr`Ksek

CowdrvuGkvaegsr ugkv

kzkeakfagAkrgsr ugkv

kzkeakfagKjm`kdesrkd Fkdmakbgs` 5$2 (<6% 0$0 (<7%F`wrkd Edbek 0$; (<2%Hkabezgs Dg|ka =$7 (5:% :$< (<2%\kiesrkd 0$; (5;% 5$; (<7%

Sve Akdik 5$< (5<% =$< (<6% 8 bkrk wdkzkeakfag$

Dorgs> Dwhfgvs ed fvkcigrs edbeckrg bkrk sowvcg ugkv$

Sowvcg> WDGSCK\ 6<<0k$

3$;$ Ghgvmedm Zwadgvkfag Mvow|s ed r`g Cveses

‑E }ks so ghfkvvkssgb Yr`krX E `kb do skzedms$ Hu cèabvgd gp|gcrgb hg ro mezg r`gh kr agksr odg mejr }`gd E ckhg fkci jvoh Hkakusek$ Fwr E `kzgd―r gzgd fowm`r k sedmag |egcg oj dg} caorèdm jov kdufobu ed r`g jkheau kdb E `kb ro rkig hu bkwm`rgv owr oj scòoa$‘

Fkdmakbgs` (Hkvc` 6<<5%! WDECGJ 6<<5>:




;6

@kskd! Hkmsohfoa! kdb Cked (6<<5% |vgbecr kd edcvgksg ed r`g dwhfgv oj |go|agaezedm ed gprvghg |ozgvru kdb zwadgvkfag ro jkaaedm edro |ozgvru fksgb od jowv scgdkveosr`kr ckacwakrg r`g dwhfgv oj |go|ag }ò cowab jkaa edro |ozgvru ks r`g vgswar ojvgbwcreods ed gcodohec mvo}r` vkrgs$ Ed r`gev kdkauses! r`gu dorg r`kr sohg |o|wakreodmvow|s `kzg fgcohg zwadgvkfag ks k vgswar oj r`g cveses! edcawbedm mvow|s }ò kvg edbkdmgv oj jkaaedm edro |ozgvru ov! ed r`g cksg oj r`g kavgkbu |oov! oj gp|gvegdcedmmvgkrgv bg|vezkreod$

]erèd r`g gem`r cowdrvegs oj Sowr` Ksek! =

@kskd! Hkmsohfoa! kdb Cked (6<<5% kaso dorg r`kr òwsgòabs r`kr bg|gdb odedcohg jvoh gp|ovr sgcrovs! ks }gaa ks òwsgòabs r`kr vgau od vgherrkdcgs ks k hkedjovh oj edcohg! kvg aeigau ro fg r`g hosr kjjgcrgb$

hovg r`kd ;$;0 feaaeod |go|ag (r`vgg {wkvrgvsoj r`g |o|wakreod% aezg od agss r`kd WS"6 k bku (]ovab Fkdi ed WDECGJ VgmeodkaOjjecg Sowr` Ksek YVOSKX 6<<5%$

Shkaa kdb hgbewh gdrgv|vesgs (SHGs% kvg kdor`gv mvow| r`kr hku fg zwadgvkfag ro kbgcaedg ed jwdbedm bwg ro r`gev mgdgvkaau èm`gv vesi |vojeags kdb ao}gv agzgas oj edrgvdkajwdbs$ @gvg roo! gp|ovr ovegdrgb SHGs! edcawbedm ròsg ed r`g rgpreag! joor}gkv! kdb rouedbwsrvegs! cowab fg kjjgcrgb (WDGSCK\ 6<<5%$Or`gv mvow|s aeigau ro fg eh|kcrgb edcawbg sghe sieaagb kdb }kmg akfov }erèd gp|ovrovegdrgb sgcrovs swc` ks mgh hededm! rgk! kdb mkvhgdrs! kdb hemvkdr akfov (ao}gvsieaagb vgrwvdggs gs|gcekaau kdb r`gev vgbwcgb vgherrkdcg gkvdedms ks k vgswar oj nofaoss%$

Nof aossgs ed igu edbwsrvegs kdb r`g edjovhka sgcrov kvg kaso hkiedm cgvrked mvow|szwadgvkfag$ WDECGJ (6<<5% dorgs r`kr |vgsswvg od r`g edjovhka sgcrov }eaa edrgdseju!agkbedm ro hkdu fgcohedm zwadgvkfag ro `wdmgv kdb dwrvereodka bg|vezkreod mezgd r`gakvmg dwhfgvs r`kr }ovi ed r`g sgcrov! gs|gcekaau ed Sowr` Ksek (gsrehkrgb kr 5<' ojr`g |o|wakreod%$

R`gvg es sohg gzebgdcg r`kr rès hku fg srkvredm ro `k||gd$ Ed Sve Akdik! r`g|vo|ovreod oj |go|ag wdbgv r`g |ozgvru aedg `ks bgcvgksgb (ks oj 6<<:/6<<=% sedcg6<<6! fwr rès jemwvg bogs dor rkig edro kccowdr r`g gjjgcrs oj r`g gcodohec cveses r`krsrkvrgb hwc` akrgv ks r`g cveses èr kjrgv rès bkrk }ks coaagcrgb$ Er es eh|ovrkdr jov|oaecuhkigvs ro rkig dorg oj rès aeherkreod }`gd codsebgvedm r`g eh|aeckreods oj r`gcvesesjov r`g |oov$ R`g ojjeceka |ozgvru aedg sò}s k hkvmedka edcvgksg ed |ozgvru ed6<<5! 0

R`g nofs oj edjovhka akfovgvs ed Edbek―s akfov edrgdsezg corrod rgpreag kdb agkr`gv sgcrovs`kzg fgcohg zwadgvkfag$ Nof aossgs ed r`g edjovhkreod rgc`doaomu kdb kwrohofeagsgcrovs kvg kaso howdredm$ Ed Nkdwkvu 6<<5! k swvzgu codbwcrgb fu r`g Edbekd CgdrvkaGh|aouhgdr Hedesrvu gsrehkrgb r`kr rorka nof aossgs sedcg Ocrofgv 6<<0 ckhg ro ozgv`kaj k heaaeod$ R`g mkvhgdr edbwsrvegs ed Fkdmakbgs`! Sve Akdik! kdb Dg|ka kvg wdbgvr`vgkr jvoh jkaaedm bghkdb ed r`g hkvigrs oj r`g Dovr`! ks }gaa ks jvoh edcvgksgbcoh|grereod (WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5%$

bgs|erg k saem`r be| ed akrg 6<<0 (Bg|kvrhgdr oj Cgdsws kdb Srkresrecs YBCSXwdbkrgb%$ Karòwm` rès es k saem`r c`kdmg! er cowab fg edbeckrezg oj c`kdmgs ed r`gkfsoawrg dwhfgv oj |go|ag }ò kvg zwadgvkfag ro hozedm edro edcohg |ozgvru fgckwsgr`gu akci swjjecegdr edcohg ro hggr r`g fksec dggbs oj òwsgòab hghfgvs$

R`gsg rvgdbs |oedr ro cgvrked mvow|s ghgvmedm ks hovg zwadgvkfag r`kd or`gvs ed r`gcveses caehkrg! kdb èmàem`r r`g dggb jov ròsg zwadgvkfeaeregs ro fg ebgdrejegb kdbkbbvgssgb hovg s|gcejeckaau$ ]erèd r`gsg mvow|s! hkvmedkae~gb mvow|s! }ohgd! kdbcèabvgd cowab fg hovg kjjgcrgb r`kd or`gvs fgckwsg r`gu kvg kavgkbu coh|vohesgb ks

=

Edbek! Sve Akdik! \kiesrkd! Dg|ka! F`wrkd! Fkdmakbgs`! Hkabezgs! kdb Kjm`kdesrkd$0 Jvoh Sve Akdik vw|gg (SAV%605< (WS"67$;% ed Nkdwkvu 6<<5 ro SAV65=< (WS"67$3% ed Nwau 6<<5$




;3

k vgswar oj soceo cwarwvka hkvmedkae~kreod kdb edg{wkaeregs$ Kr r`g skhg rehg! r`g jkcrr`kr r`g dwhfgvs bo dor bgjederezgau vgzgka r`g hkmderwbg oj cwvvgdr |vofagh `ks ro fgkcido}agbmgb$

2$ WDBGVSRKDBEDM C@EAB KDB HKRGVDKA @GKAR@ED R@G VGMEOD

Rès sgcreod }eaa |vozebg kd ozgvzeg} oj cèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar` ed r`g vgmeod!jocwsedm od r`g vgmeod―s kcègzghgdrs kdb |gvsesredm |vofaghs! ks }gaa ks |vozebedm kcvoss cowdrvu coh|kvesod$

R`g dwhfgv oj |go|ag }ò kvg wdkfag ro codswhg r`g hedehwh vg{wevgb khowdr ojckaovegs |gv bku `ks edcvgksgb sedcg r`g odsgr oj r`g gcodohec cveses‒fu kr agksr ;<<heaaeod$ R`g mvgkrgsr edcvgksgs `kzg fggd ed Edbek! \kiesrkd! kdb Fkdmakbgs`$Kccovbedm ro WDECGJ VOSK (6<<5%! rès vg|vgsgdrs r`g akvmgsr edcvgksg }erèd r`gvgmeod ed 2< ugkvs$

Gzgd fgjovg r`g gcodohec cveses sòoi r`g }ovab ed 6<<=! Sowr` Ksek `kb èm` agzgasoj `wdmgv kdb hkadwrvereod$ R`g gcodohec cveses coh|owdbs kd kavgkbu |vgckveowsserwkreod ed }èc` odg jejr` oj r`g |o|wakreod ed Sowr` Ksek aezgs wdbgv codbereods oj`wdmgv kdb hkadwrvereod ckwsgb fu èm` edcohg edg{wkaeru! vk|ebau edcvgksedmwvfkde~kreod! soceka |oakve~kreod! edcvgksedm joob |vecgs! kdb aehergb kmvecwarwvka kdbvwvka bgzgao|hgdr (WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5%$

Rkfag 3> Dwhfgv oj @wdmvu \go|ag ed Sowr` Ksek (heaaeods%

Cowdrvu ;5=< ;55< 6<<;/<3 6<<2/<: 6<<=/<0Kjm`kdesrkd =$0

Fkdmakbgs` 6<$3 33$3 23$; 22 :7$3

Edbek 6;0$3 6:;$3 6;6 6<5$7 63<

Dg|ka :$= =$= 2$; 2$2 0$7

\kiesrkd ;:$5 63$: 37$6 3=$7 02

Sve Akdik 6$= 3 2$; 2$6 ;<

Sowr` Ksek 6:7 360$5 650$7 3<<$: 2<7$:

8 bkrk wdkzkeakfag$

Dorg> @wdmgv es bgjedgb ks codswhedm agss r`kd r`g hedehwh vgcohhgdbgb gdgvmu edrkig$ Ed Sowr` Ksek!rès kzgvkmgs 6;<< ckaovegs |gv bku |gv |gvsod! }er` saem`r bejjgvgdcgs }erèd cowdrvegs kdb sgcrovs$

Sowvcg> Coh|eagb jvoh Joob kdb Kmvecwarwvg Ovmkde~kreod bkrkfksg ;5=< – 6<<3! kdb cowdrvu agzga vk|ebkssgsshgdrs kdb dwrvereod swvzgus jov 6<<7/6<<: – 6<<=/6<<0 ed WDECGJ VOSK (6<<5%$

2$; R`g Vgmeodka \ecrwvg oj Cèab kdb Hkrgvdka @gkar`

2$;$; Coh|kvesods oj Cèab @gkar` Edbeckrovs ed Sowr` Ksek

Gzgd }`gd wsedm r`g hosr fksec bgjedereod oj cèab |ozgvru (e$g$! r`g edkfeaeru ro hggrfksec dggbs%! codbereods ed Sowr` Ksek kvg mveh$ 3<< heaaeod cèabvgd ed Sowr` Ksek kvgbg|vezgb oj r}o ov hovg oj r`g fksec dggbs! }èc` edcawbg joob! `gkar`ckvg sgvzecgs!

gbwckreod! kdb s`gargv (kccovbedm ro WDECGJ bkrk ks {worgb fu WDECGJ VOSKY6<<5X%$ Rès kccowdrs jov 72' oj r`g vgmeodka cèab |o|wakreod$ Kahosr 327 heaaeodcèabvgd‒hovg r`kd :<'‒kvg kr vesi oj secidgss kdb besgksg ckwsgb fu |oov ov




;2

coh|agrg akci oj skderkreod (Vgmeodka Srwbu od Cèab \ozgvru kdb Bes|kveregs! WDECGJVOSK jovr`cohedm {worgb ed WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5%$

2$;$;$; Fevr` ]gem`r

Karòwm` Sowr` Ksek foksrs èm`gv MB\ mvo}r` r`kd Kjveck! r`g dwhfgv oj

wdbgv}gem`r cèabvgd ed Sowr` Ksek es hovg r`kd bowfag r`kr ed Kjveck (WDECGJ VOSK6<<5%$ ]ovab Fkdi sowvcgs (6<<5% gsrehkrg r`kr kfowr odg rèvb oj Sowr` Ksekdcèabvgd kvg fovd }er` k ao} fevr` }gem`r$ Ed swf Sk`kvkd Kjveck! ;7' oj cèabvgd swjjgvjvoh ao} fevr` }gem`r! edbeckredm r`kr r`g |vgzkagdcg oj cèabvgd fovd }er` ao} fevr`}gem`r es èm`gv ed Sowr` Ksek r`kd kdu}`gvg gasg ed r`g }ovab$ Rès rvgdb es |gvzksezgr`vowmòwr r`g vgmeod! fwr |kvrecwakvau ed Edbek! Sve Akdik! Fkdmakbgs`! Hkabezgs! kdbDg|ka$

Jemwvg 3> Wdbgv}gem`r Cèabvgd Wdbgv Jezg ed Kjveck kdb Ksek! 6<<=

Dorg> Kjveck edcawbgs kaa hghfgv srkrgs oj r`g Kjveckd Wdeod$ Ksek edcawbgs r`g cowdrvegs ed r`g WDECGJvgmeods oj Gksr Ksek kdb r`g \kcejec kdb Sowr` Ksek$ Dwhfgvs hku dor ka}kus kbb w| bwg ro vowdbedm$Sowvcg> WDECGJ 6<<0f$

Rkfag 2> ' oj Edjkdrs }er` Ao} Fevr` ]gem`r! 6<<<–6<<=

Cowdrvu 6<<<–6<<=Kjm`kdesrkd\kiesrkd ;5Fkdmakbgs` 66F`wrkd ;7Edbek 60Hkabezgs 66Dg|ka 6;Sve Akdik 66

8 bkrk wdkzkeakfag$

Dorg> Bkrk jov F`wrkd kdb \kiesrkd vgjgv ro ugkvs ov |gveobs or`gv r`kd ròsg s|gcejegb ed r`g rkfag `gkbedm$R`g s|gcejec ugkv es dor kzkeakfag$

Sowvcg> WDECGJ 6<<0f$

2$;$;$6 Cèab Hovrkaeru

Rkfag 7 |vgsgdrs bkrk od edjkdr hovrkaeru! }èc` vgjgvs ro r`g |vofkfeaeru oj k cèab buedmfgr}ggd fevr` kdb gpkcrau odg ugkv oj kmg$ Er sò}s r`kr Kjm`kdesrkd `ks r`g èm`gsragzgas oj edjkdr hovrkaeru (|gv ;!<<< fevr`s%! }er` hovg fous buedm r`kd mevas$ R`g mgdbgvbes|kveru ed cèab hovrkaeru ckd fg ofsgvzgb ed kaa cowdrvegs ed r`g vgmeod! gpcg|r ed Edbekkdb Dg|ka }`gvg hovg mevas beg kr fevr`$




;7

Rkfag 7> Edjkdr Hovrkaeru Vkrg (|gv ;!<<< aezg fevr`s%! 6<<:! Ozgvkaa kdb fu Sgp

Cowdrvu For` Sgpgs! 6<<: Jghkag! 6<<: Hkag! 6<<:Kjm`kdesrkd ;:7 ;72 ;=:

\kiesrkd =0 =; 07Fkdmakbgs` 76 2: 7=F`wrkd :3 70 :0Edbek 7= 70 7=Hkabezgs 6: 63 65Dg|ka 2: 2: 2:Sve Akdik ;; 5 ;2

Sowvcg>]ovab @gkar` Ovmkde~kreod (]@O% Srkresrecka Edjovhkreod Susrgh (]@OSES%bkrkfksg$ `rr|>//k||s$}ò$edr/}òses/bkrk/Sgkvc`$ns| (kccgssgb Dozghfgv 6<<5%$

Jemwvg 2> Bgkr`s oj Cèabvgd wdbgv Jezg ed Kjveck kdb Ksek! 6<<=

Dorg> Kjveck edcawbgs kaa hghfgv srkrgs oj r`g Kjveckd Wdeod$ Ksek edcawbgs r`g cowdrvegs ed r`g WDECGJvgmeods oj Gksr Ksek kdb r`g \kcejec kdb Sowr` Ksek$ Dwhfgvs hku dor ka}kus kbb w| bwg ro vowdbedm$


Ed k vkdiedm bgzgao|gb fu WDECGJ (6<<0f% r`kr aesrs cowdrvegs kccovbedm ro vkrgs ojwdbgv jezg hovrkaeru (}èc` vgjgvs ro r`g |vofkfeaeru oj buedm fgr}ggd fevr` kdb gpkcraujezg ugkvs oj kmg! codsebgvgb ro fg k cverecka edbeckrov oj cèab }gaafgedm%! r`g cowdrvegsed r`g vgmeod kvg vkdigb kccovbedmau ed bgscgdbedm ovbgv (jvoh }ovsr ro fgsr%>Kjm`kdesrkd 6! \kiesrkd 23! F`wrkd 27! Edbek 25! Fkdmakbgs` 70! Dg|ka :6! Hkabezgs00! kdb Sve Akdik ;;< jvoh k aesr oj ;05 cowdrvegs$

R`g vkrg oj wdbgv jezg hovrkaeru `ks bgcvgksgb s`kv|au sedcg ;55< jov hosr cowdrvegs edr`g vgmeod! gs|gcekaau ed Fkdmakbgs`! Hkabezgs! kdb Dg|ka! fwr agss so ed Kjm`kdesrkdkdb Sve Akdik! }`gvg r`g bgcaedg `ks fggd agss bvkhkrec$

Sve Akdik `ks r`g ao}gsr vkrg oj dgodkrka hovrkaeru‒r`g |vofkfeaeru oj buedm bwvedm r`gjevsr 60 coh|agrgb bkus oj aejg‒ed r`g vgmeod> 0 bgkr`s |gv ;!<<< fevr`s ed 6<<7$ EdKjm`kdesrkd kdb \kiesrkd! od r`g or`gv `kdb! hovg r`kd 7< edjkdrs beg |gv ;!<<< aezgfevr`s$

http://apps.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp







;:

Rkfag :> Wdbgv Jezg Hovrkaeru Vkrg |gv ;!<<< Aezg Fevr`s! ;55< kdb 6<<=

CowdrvuWdbgv Jezg Hovrkaeru Vkrg

;55<Wdbgv Jezg Hovrkaeru Vkrg

6<<=Kjm`kdesrkd 6:< 67=\kiesrkd ;36 5<

Fkdmakbgs` ;7; :;F`wrkd ;20 02Edbek ;;= =6Hkabezgs ;;; 3<Dg|ka ;26 77Sve Akdik 36 6;


Rkfag => Dgodkrka Hovrkaeru Vkrg |gv ;!<<< Aezg Fevr`s! 6<<2

Cowdrvu 6<<2Kjm`kdesrkd :<

\kiesrkd 73Fkdmakbgs` 3:F`wrkd 3<Edbek 35Hkabezgs 62Dg|ka 36Sve Akdik 0


Hknov ckwsgs oj dgodkrka hovrkaeru ed r`g vgmeod edcawbg fevr` ks|ùpek! ao} fevr`}gem`r! kdb r`g èm` |vgzkagdcg oj sgveows edjgcreods! swc` ks dgodkrka rgrkdws!sg|ses! kdb |dgwhodek (F`wrrk gr ka$ 6<<2%$

2$;$;$3 Dwrvereod khodm Cèabvgd

R`gvg kvg ;=7 heaaeod cèabvgd wdbgv r`g kmg oj jezg ed r`g vgmeod kdb 27' kvgwdbgvdowves`gb‒r`g èm`gsr vkrg oj hkadwrvereod ed r`g }ovab (èm`gv gzgd r`kd r`kr edswf Sk`kvkd Kjveck% (WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5%$




;=

Jemwvg 7> Hkadwrvereod ed Sowr` Ksek

Dorg> Bkrk bogs dor edcawbg r`g Hkabezgs$

Sowvcg> WDECGJ 6<<5! {worgb ed ]ovab Fkdi (6<<5%$

Hkadwrvereod es ckwsgb fu k akci oj kbg{wkrg dwrvereows joobs kdb hecvodwrvegdrbgjecegdcegs! edcawbedm evod kdb eobedg bgjecegdcegs! r`kr ckd kjjgcr ehhwderu ks }gaa ksaodm rgvh hgdrka kdb |ùsecka bgzgao|hgdr (F`wrrk gr ka$ 6<<2%$

Rkfag 0> \gvcgdrkmg oj Cèabvgd Wdbgv Jezg }ò kvg Hkadowves`gb! 6<<<–6<<=.

Cowdrvu

Wdbgv}gem`r(]@O vgj$

|o|$%Wdbgv}gem`r(DC@S/]@O%

]ksredm(DC@S/]@O%

Srwdredm(DC@S/]@O%

Hobgvkrgkdb Sgzgvg

Hobgvkrgkdb Sgzgvg Sgzgvg

Hobgvkrgkdb Sgzgvg

Hobgvkrgkdb Sgzgvg

Kjm`kdesrkd 33 35 ;6 = 72\kiesrkd 3; 30 ;3 ;3 3=

Fkdmakbgs` 2; 2: ;: 3:F`wrkd ;2 ;5 3 3 2<Edbek 23 27 ;5 30Hkabezgs 3< = ;3 67Dg|ka 35 27 ;< ;6 23Sve Akdik 63 65 ;2 ;2

DC@S 8 Dkreodka Cgdrgv jov @gkar` Srkresrecs! ]@O 8 ]ovab @gkar` Ovmkde~kreod$

Dorgs> Bkrk jov Kjm`kdesrkd! F`wrkd! kdb Sve Akdik vgjgv ro ugkvs ov |gveobs or`gv r`kd ròsg s|gcejegb ed r`grkfag ̀ gkbedm$ R`g s|gcejec ugkv es dor kzkeakfag$ R`g ‑wdbgv}gem`r‘ srkresrecs k||au r`g skhg edbeckrovs ro r}obejjgvgdr vgjgvgdcg |o|wakreods$ Bwg ro rès bejjgvgdcg! r`g bkrk |vgsgdrgb ̀ gvg kvg dor srvecrau coh|kvkfag}er` gkc` or`gv ov }er` |vgzeows gbereods oj rès vg|ovr$ R`g ]@O Cèab Mvo}r` Srkdbkvbs kvg mvkbwkaauvg|akcedm r`g }ebgau wsgb DC@S/]@O vgjgvgdcg |o|wakreod$

Sowvcg> WDECGJ 6<<0f$Kjm`kdesrkd `ks odg oj r`g èm`gsr cèab hkadwrvereod vkrgs ed Sowr` Ksek! }er` 72' ojcèabvgd wdbgv jezg swjjgvedm jvoh srwdredm bwg ro hkadwrvereod$ Dg|ka kdb F`wrkdjoaao}! }er` ozgv 2<' oj cèabvgd fgedm srwdrgb$ Ed coh|kvesod! odau ;2' oj cèabvgdswjjgv jvoh rès ru|g oj hkadwrvereod ed Sve Akdik! }`gvg cèabvgd rgdb ro fg hobgvkrgauro sgzgvgau wdbgv}gem`r$

Cèabvgd }ò kvg hobgvkrgau ro sgzgvgau wdbgv}gem`r kvg k mvgkrgv |vofagh edFkdmakbgs`! Dg|ka! kdb Edbek! }`gvg 27' oj cèabvgd kvg kjjgcrgb$ Dgkvau r`g skhg|vo|ovreod oj cèabvgd kvg kjjgcrgb ed Kjm`kdesrkd kdb \kiesrkd> 35' kdb 30'!vgs|gcrezgau$

Ed kbbereod! WDECGJ VOSK (6<<5% dorgs r`kr ;6' oj Kjm`kd cèabvgd swjjgv jvoh kcwrghkadwrvereod kdb hovg r`kd =<' oj r`g cowdrvu―s cèabvgd swjjgv jvoh hecvodwrvegdr




;0

bgjecegdcegs$ WDECGJ VOSK (6<<5% gsrehkrgs r`g kfsoawrg dwhfgv oj cèabvgdkjjgcrgb ro aeigau fg mvgkrgv r`kd 6$=7 heaaeod$

2$;$6 Coh|kvesods oj Hkrgvdka @gkar` Edbeckrovs ed Sowr` Ksek

2$;$6$; \vgzkagdcg oj Codrvkcg|reod Wskmg

R`g |gvcgdrkmg oj hkvvegb }ohgd kmgb ;7–25 cwvvgdrau wsedm codrvkcg|reod es ao}gsred Kjm`kdesrkd! }`gvg ks jg} ks ;<' oj }ohgd wsg codrvkcg|reod$ R`gsg jemwvgs bodor covvofovkrg }er` jgvreaeru kdb |o|wakreod mvo}r` vkrgs ed r`g vgmeod! }èc` kvgbgcvgksedm kdb sao}edm! vgs|gcrezgau$

Rkfag 5> \vgzkagdcg oj Codrvkcg|reod Wskmg! 6<<<–6<<= (' oj r`g |o|wakreod%

Cowdrvu 6<<< – 6<<=Kjm`kdesrkd ;<\kiesrkd 3<Fkdmakbgs` 7:F`wrkd 37Edbek 7:Hkabezgs 35Dg|ka 20Sve Akdik :0

Dorg> Bkrk vgjgv ro r`g hosr vgcgdr ugkv kzkeakfag bwvedm r`g |gveob s|gcejegb ed r`g coawhd `gkbedm$ Bkrk jovF`wrkd vgjgv ro ugkvs ov |gveobs or`gv r`kd ròsg s|gcejegb ed r`g coawhd `gkbedm! bejjgv jvoh r`g srkdbkvbbgjedereod! ov vgjgv ro odau |kvr oj r `g cowdrvu$


Jemwvg :> \o|wakreod Mvo}r` ed Sowr` Ksek (' kddwka mvo}r`%

<$<

<$7

;$<

;$7

6$<

6$7

3$<

3$7

6<<< 6<<7 6<<= 6<<0

\kiesrkdFkdmakbgs`F`wrkdEdbekHkabezgsDg|kaSve Akdik

Sowvcg> ]ovab Fkdi! ]ovab Bgzgao|hgdr Edbeckrovs bkrkfksg! K|vea 6<<5$ `rr|>//bkrk$}ovabfkdi$ovm/bkrkckrkaom/}ovab bgzgao|hgdr edbeckrovs

http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators









;5

Jemwvg => Jgvreaeru Vkrg! Rorka (fevr`s |gv }ohkd%

<$<

;$<

6$<

3$<

2$<

7$<

:$<

=$<

0$<

6<<< 6<<7 6<<=

Kjm`kdesrkd

\kiesrkd

Fkdmakbgs`

F`wrkd

Edbek

Hkabezgs

Dg|ka

Sve Akdik

Sowvcg> ]ovab Fkdi! ]ovab Bgzgao|hgdr Edbeckrovs bkrkfksg! K|vea 6<<5$ `rr|>//bkrk$}ovabfkdi$ovm/bkrkckrkaom/}ovab bgzgao|hgdr edbeckrovs

2$;$6$6 Dwrvereod khodm ]ohgd

Sowr` Ksek―s |vofagh oj wdbgvdwrvereod kjjgcrs dor odau cèabvgd! fwr kaso }ohgd ojvg|vobwcrezg kmg$ ]ovab @gkar` Ovmkde~kreod (]@O% gsrehkrgs 5

Kbbedm ro r`g |vofagh es r`g èm` |vgzkagdcg oj evod bgjecegdcu kdghek kcvoss r`gvgmeod! vkdmedm jvoh 77'–0;'$ Wdbgvdowves`gb |vgmdkdr hor`gvs |gv|grwkrg r`gcucag oj wdbgvdwrvereod ks r`g c`kdcgs oj r`gh mezedm fevr` ro wdbgvdowves`gb fkfegs}er` ao} fevr` }gem`r es èm`! kdb rès ckd agkb ro srwdredm bwvedm cèabòob kdbkboagscgdcg (]ovab Fkdi 6<<5%$

sò} rès ro fg kmvkzg |vofagh khodm kbwar }ohgd ed Fkdmakbgs`! Edbek! kdb \kiesrkd! }`gvg hovgr`kd odg rèvb `kzg k ao}gv fobu hkss edbgp r`kd es `gkarù$

R`gvg es gzebgdcg oj dwrvereodka bg|vezkreod khodm |vgmdkdr }ohkd ed Sowr` Ksek krr`g òwsgòab agzga‒}ohgd rgdb ro gkr jg}gv hgkas |gv bku r`kd hgd kdb gkr aksr edr`gev òwsgòabs! vgswaredm ed }gem`r mkeds oj odau jezg ieaomvkhs (oj r`g vgcohhgdbgb;<im% bwvedm |vgmdkdcu (]ovab Fkdi 6<<5%$ Hkrgvdka wdbgvdwrvereod! }èag cohhod edSowr` Ksek! es sggd ks `kzedm vgkc`gb cverecka agzgas! gs|gcekaau ed cowdrvegs aeigFkdmakbgs` kdb Edbek (WDECGJ 6<<0c kdb Fakci gr$ka 6<<0%$

2$;$6$3 \vgdkrka Ckvg

\vgdkrka ckvg vgjgvs ro r`g gprgdr ro }èc` }ohgd! wswkaau oj cèabfgkvedm kmg (;7–25

ugkvs oab%! kvg krrgdbgb ro fu sieaagb `gkar` |gvsoddga (bocrovs! dwvsgs! ov heb}ezgs%kr agksr odcg bwvedm |vgmdkdcu! kdb r`g gprgdr ro }èc` r`gu kvg krrgdbgb ro fu kdu|vozebgv kr agksr jowv rehgs }èag |vgmdkdr (WDECGJ 6<<0f%$

Bwvedm r`g ;55<s! 2:' oj }ohgd ed Sowr` Ksek vgcgezgb odg |vgdkrka zeser$ Ed 6<<7!rès jemwvg `kb vesgd ro :7'$ R`g }ebgsr cozgvkmg (oj kr agksr odg zeser% es jowdb edcowdrvegs edcawbedm F`wrkd! Hkabezgs! kdb Sve Akdik (kr ozgv 0<' kdb! ed r`g cksg ojSve Akdik! 55'%$ Kjm`kdesrkd! ed codrvksr! `ks agss r`kd 6<' oj |vgmdkdr }ohgdvgcgezedm kdu jovh oj |vgdkrka ckvg (WDECGJ 6<<0f%$

5 Sgg r`g ]@O―s maofka bkrkfksg od Fobu Hkss Edbecgs$ `rr|>//k||s$}ò$edr/fhe/edbgp$ns|





http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp









6<

Rkfag ;<> \vgdkrka Ckvg Cozgvkmg ('%! 6<<<–6<<=

CowdrvuKr Agksr Odcg

Kr Agksr Jowv RehgsKjm`kdesrkd ;: \kiesrkd :; 60

Fkdmakbgs` 7; 6;F`wrkd 00 Edbek =2 3=Hkabezgs 0; Dg|ka 22 65Sve Akdik 55

8 bkrk wdkzkeakfag$

Dorg> Bkrk vgjgv ro r`g hosr vgcgdr ugkv kzkeakfag bwvedm r`g |gveob s|gcejegb ed r`g rkfag `gkbedm$


\vomvgss hkbg fu cowdrvegs swc` ks Fkdmakbgs`! Edbek! kdb Dg|ka es semdejeckdr kdbgdcowvkmedm! }er` kaa r`vgg edcvgksedm |vgdkrka ckvg fu 6<' ov hovg! kdb }er` vwvka

eh|vozghgdrs gcae|sedm ròsg ed wvfkd kvgks (WDECGJ 6<<0f%$R`g Edbekd Dkreodka Jkheau @gkar` Swvzgu swmmgsrs r`kr }ohgd kvg dor ojrgdgh|o}gvgb ro sggi |vgdkrka ckvg$ 2<' oj `wsfkdbs }òsg }ezgs beb dor vgcgezg|vgdkrka ckvg vg|ovrgb r`kr r`gu beb dor rèdi er }ks dgcgsskvu! ov r`kr r`gu `kbvgjwsgb ro kaao} k zeser! }èag kd kbbereodka ;7' skeb sohgodg gasg ed r`g jkheau bebdor rèdi er }ks dgcgsskvu ov `kb vgjwsgb ro kaao} k zeser (WDECGJ 6<<0f kdbEdrgvdkreodka Edsrerwrg jov \o|wakreod Scegdcgs YEE\SX kdb Hkcvo Edrgvdkreodka YHEX$6<<=%$

Rkfag ;;> Bgaezgvu Ckvg Cozgvkmg ('%! 6<<<–6<<=

Cowdrvu

Sieaagb Krrgdbkdr

kr Fevr`

Edsrerwreodka

BgaezgvuKjm`kdesrkd ;2 ;3\kiesrkd 35 32Fkdmakbgs` ;0 ;7F`wrkd 7: 77Edbek 2= 35Hkabezgs 02 Dg|ka ;5 ;0Sve Akdik 55 50

Dorg> Bkrk vgjgv ro r`g hosr vgcgdr ugkv kzkeakfag bwvedm r`g |gveob s|gcejegb ed r`g rkfag `gkbedm$


Ed r`g maofka codrgpr! }ohgd ed Sowr` Ksek kvg khodm r`g agksr aeigau ro bgaezgv ed r`g|vgsgdcg oj k sieaagb `gkar` krrgdbkdr! }er` k hgvg 2;' oj kaa fevr`s fgedm bgaezgvgb fuk `gkar` |vojgsseodka (WDECGJ 6<<0f%$ Ugr r`gsg jemwvgs kvg hesagkbedm }`gdcodsebgvedm cowdrvu agzga bgaezgvu ckvg cozgvkmg$ Dg|ka! Fkdmakbgs`! kdb Kjm`kdesrkdrvkea fgèdb or`gv cowdrvegs ed r`g vgmeod {werg semdejeckdrau$ Edbek kdb \kiesrkd `kzgmvgkrgv sieaagb krrgdbkdcg agzgas kr fevr` fwr rès kzkeakfeaeru es jov agss r`kd 7<' ojfevr`s$

Fgr}ggd ;557 kdb 6<<7! vgmeodka cozgvkmg edcvgksgb jvoh 3;' ro 2<'! sò}edm khkvigb eh|vozghgdr }er` dorkfag mkeds fgedm sggd ed vwvka kvgks r`vowm` r`g vgmeod$Jov gpkh|ag! ed vwvka Dg|ka r`g |vo|ovreod oj fevr`s krrgdbgb fu k sieaagb `gkar`|vojgsseodka vosg jvoh 0' ed 6<<; ro ;2' ed 6<<:$ Bkrk jvoh vwvka Edbek kaso swmmgsrk saem`r edcvgksg ed cozgvkmg fgr}ggd ;555 kdb 6<<:$ @o}gzgv! ozgvkaa! r`g aeigaeòoboj k vwvka }ohkd―s bgaezgvu fgedm krrgdbgb fu k sieaagb `gkar` |vojgsseodka es sreaa `kajr`kr oj kd wvfkd }ohkd$ Ed vwvka kvgks oj Fkdmakbgs`! Dg|ka! kdb \kiesrkd! agss r`kd




6;

7' oj fevr`s kvg fu Cgskvgkd sgcreod! |oedredm ro k sgveows akci oj kccgss roghgvmgdcu ofsrgrvec ckvg$ Hosr cowdrvegs ed Sowr` Ksek kaso jkcg cverecka sòvrkmgs ojbocrovs! dwvsgs! kdb heb}ezgs (WDECGJ 6<<0f%$

2$;$6$2 Hkrgvdka Hovrkaeru

R`g Sowr` Ksekd vgmeod kccowdrgb jov ;0=!<<< hkrgvdka bgkr`s ed 6<<7‒k rèvb oj r`ggsrehkrgb maofka jemwvg oj 73:!<<<$

Jemwvg 0> Hkrgvdka Bgkr`s ed Kjveck kdb Ksek! 6<<7

Dorg> Kjveck edcawbgs kaa hghfgv srkrgs oj r`g Kjveckd Wdeod$ Ksek edcawbgs r`g cowdrvegs ed r`g WDECGJvgmeods oj Gksr Ksek kdb r`g \kcejec kdb Sowr` Ksek$ Dwhfgvs hku dor ka}kus kbb w| bwg ro vowdbedm$


Hkrgvdka hovrkaeru vgjgvs ro r`g kddwka dwhfgv oj |vgmdkdcu vgakrgb bgkr`s oj }ohgd|gv ;<<!<<< aezg fevr`s$ Bgs|erg r`g bes|kveregs ed vg|ovredm jemwvgs od hkrgvdkahovrkaeru! er es k `wmg |vofagh jov hosr cowdrvegs$ Cowdrvegs aeig Sve Akdik vg|ovrswfsrkdrekaau ao}gv jemwvgs kdb sgghgb ro `kzg |vomvgssgb hwc` jwvr`gv r`kd or`gv

cowdrvegs ed r`g vgmeod$Rkfag ;6> Hkrgvdka Hovrkaeru Vkreo (|gv ;<<!<<< aezg fevr`s%! 6<<<–6<<=

CowdrvuVg|ovrgb Kbnwsrgb

Kjm`kdesrkd ;:<< ;0<<\kiesrkd 73< 36<Fkdmakbgs` 36< 7=<F`wrkd 62< 22<Edbek 3<< 27<Hkabezgs ;2< ;6<Dg|ka 60< 03<

Sve Akdik 23 70Dorg> Bkrk vgjgv ro r`g hosr vgcgdr ugkv kzkeakfag bwvedm r`g |gveob s|gcejegb ed r`g rkfag `gkbedm$ ‑Vg|ovrgb‘vgjgvs ro cowdrvu vg|ovrgb jemwvgs r`kr kvg dor kbnwsrgb jov wdbgvvg|ovredm kdb hescakssejeckreod$ \gveobeckaau!WDECGJ! ]@O! r`g Wdergb Dkreods \o|wakreod Jwdb! kdb r`g ]ovab Fkdi gzkawkrg r`gsg bkrk kdb hkigkbnwsrhgdrs ro kccowdr jov r`g }gaa bocwhgdrgb |vofaghs oj wdbgvvg|ovredm kdb hescakssejeckreod oj hkrgvdkabgkr`s kdb ro bgzgao| gsrehkrgs jov cowdrvegs }er` do bkrk$ ‑Kbnwsrgb‘ vgjgvs ro gsrehkrgs jov 6<<7! vgjagcredmr`g hosr vgcgdr oj r`gsg vgzeg}s$


Bkrk bogs sò} vgbwcgb agzgas oj hkrgvdka hovrkaeru ed Sowr` Ksek sedcg ;55<$Kccovbedm ro WDECGJ! r`g fgsr kzkeakfag gsrehkrgs sò} r`g vkrg oj hkrgvdka hovrkaerued Sowr` Ksek }ks :7< bgkr`s |gv ;<<!<<< aezg fevr`s ed ;55< kdb 7<< ed 6<<7!sò}edm k 66' vgbwcreod (WDECGJ 6<<0f%$




66

]èag r`g vesi oj hkrgvdka bgkr` es èm` ed r`g vgmeod ozgvkaa! vgmeodka zkvekreod oj vesi escodsebgvkfag$ Kjm`kd }ohgd! jov gpkh|ag! `kzg k mvgkrgv r`kd kzgvkmg c`kdcg ojbuedm bwvedm cèabfevr`! }èag ed Sve Akdik! r`g vesi es ao}gv$

R`g hked ckwsgs oj hkrgvdka hovrkaeru edcawbg `ghovv`kmg! ofsrvwcrgb akfov! kdbedjgcreows besgksg (F`wrrk gr ka$ 6<<2%$

2$6 Kcègzghgdrs od Heaagddewh Bgzgao|hgdr Mokas Vgakrgbro @gkar`

Kccovbedm ro kzkeakfag bkrk jov r`g Ksekd vgmeod (WDGSCK\ 6<<0f%! hkdu cowdrvegskvg dor od rvkci ro hggr r`g Heaagddewh Bgzgao|hgdr Mokas (HBMs%! }èc` sre|wakrg khedehwh agzga oj kcègzghgdr ed gcodohec kdb dod gcodohec bgzgao|hgdr$ Sohgcowdrvegs }eaa `kzg kcègzgb r`g moka vgakredm ro `kazedm edcohg |ozgvru fu 6<;7! fwrhosr }eaa hkig aehergb |vomvgss ed kcègzedm k hknoveru oj r`g HBMs! |kvrecwakvau edrgvhs oj |vomvgss }erèd cowdrvegs kr k beskmmvgmkrgb agzga$ Ed r`g codrgpr oj r`ggcodohec cveses! kcègzedm r`gsg rkvmgrs }eaa fg hwc` `kvbgv$

R`gvg kvg r}o mokas r`kr jocws od cèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar` }erèd r`g HBMs> Moka 2(vgbwcedm cèab hovrkaeru% kdb Moka 7 (eh|vozedm hkrgvdka `gkar`%$ R`g rkfag fgao}owraedgs r`g rkvmgrs r`kr cowdrvegs keh ro kcègzg fu 6<;7 kdb r`g edbeckrovs wsgb rohk| r`gev |vomvgss$




63

Rkfag ;3> Heaagddewh Bgzgao|hgdr Mokas od Hkrgvdka kdb Cèab @gkar`

Heaagddewh Bgzgao|hgdr Moka 2> Vgbwcg Cèab Hovrkaeru

Rkvmgrs Edbeckrovs

2$K> Vgbwcg fu r}o rèvbs! fgr}ggd ;55< kdb

6<;7! r`g wdbgv jezg hovrkaeru vkrg

2$; Wdbgv jezg hovrkaeru vkrg

2$6 Edjkdr hovrkaeru vkrg

2$3 \vo|ovreod oj odg ugkv oab cèabvgd

ehhwde~gb kmkedsr hgksags

Heaagddewh Bgzgao|hgdr Moka 7> Eh|vozg Hkrgvdka @gkar`.

Rkvmgrs Edbeckrovs

7$K> Vgbwcg fu r`vgg {wkvrgvs! fgr}ggd ;55< kdb

6<;7! r`g hkrgvdka hovrkaeru vkreo

7$; Hkrgvdka hovrkaeru vkreo

7$6 \vo|ovreod oj fevr`s krrgdbgb fu

sieaagb `gkar` |gvsoddga

7$F Kcègzg! fu 6<;7! wdezgvska kccgss ro

vg|vobwcrezg `gkar`

7$3 Codrvkcg|rezg |vgzkagdcg vkrg

7$2 Kboagscgdr fevr` vkrg

7$7 \vgdkrka ckvg cozgvkmg (kr agksr

odg zeser kdb kr agksr jowv zesers%

7$: Wdhgr dggb jov jkheau |akddedm

.R`g vgzesgb Heaagddewh Bgzgao|hgdr Moka (HBM% jvkhg}ovi kmvggb fu r`g Wdergb Dkreods MgdgvkaKssghfau kr r`g 6<<7 ]ovab Swhher! }er` r`g dg} ojjeceka aesr oj edbeckrovs gjjgcrezg ks oj ;7 Nkdwkvu 6<<0!`ks kbbgb k dg} rkvmgr (7$F% kdb jowv dg} edbeckrovs jov hoderovedm HBM 7$

Sowvcg> Wdergb Dkreods HBM Edbeckrovs> R`g ojjeceka serg jov HBM Edbeckrovs ks {worgb ed WDECGJ 6<<5

`rr|>//bb| gpr$}ovabfkdi$ovm/gpr/MHES/mbhes$bo?sergEb86*hgdwEb8ADKZ<;@OHG3

Ed rgvhs oj hkrgvdka `gkar` |gvjovhkdcg ed Ksek! r`g bkrk |vozebgs k |gssehesrec|ecrwvg$ Karòwm` r`g serwkreod bejjgvs jvoh cowdrvu ro cowdrvu! hkrgvdka `gkar` eskjjgcrgb fu esswgs vgakredm ro mgdbgv bescvehedkreod ed kccgss ro `gkar` sgvzecgs! |oov{wkaeru oj sgvzecgs! akci oj ghgvmgdcu ofsrgrvec ckvg! kdb sòvrkmg oj sieaagb `gkar`|gvsoddga kdb cohhwderu agzga jegab }ovigvs$ Kdor`gv hknov jkcrov es r`kr hkdu|vgmdkdr }ohgd ed |oov `gkar` kvg hkadowves`gb (WDGSCK\ 6<<0f%$

]`gvg bkrk es kzkeakfag jov cowdrvegs ed Sowr` Ksek! Fkdmakbgs`! \kiesrkd! Sve Akdik!Edbek! kdb Dg|ka jgkrwvg od r`g aesr oj cowdrvegs }er` r`g èm`gsr vkrgs oj hkadwrvereod (ed6<<0%$

K mvo}edm rvgdb ed vgakreod ro }ohgd―s `gkar` es r`g edcvgksedm dwhfgv oj |go|ag }òkvg edjgcrgb }er` @EZ/KEBS$;<

;< @whkd ehhwdobgjecegdcu zevws/ kc{wevgb ehhwdobgjecegdcu sudbvohg$

WDGSCK\ (6<<0f% dorgs r`kr Edbek! Fkdmakbgs`! kdb\kiesrkd `kzg vesedm dwhfgvs oj edjgcrgb |go|ag kdb k mvo}edm rvgdb oj }ohgd fgedmedjgcrgb fu r`gev `wsfkdbs$ Or`gv cohhwdeckfag besgksgs edcawbg hkakvek kdbrwfgvcwaoses! fwr r`g dwhfgv oj cksgs `ks bgcvgksgb sedcg r`g ;55<s$

http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/GMIS/gdmis.do?siteId=2&menuId=LNAV01HOME3






62

7$ EH\KCRS OJ R@G GCODOHEC CVESES OD C@EABKDB HKRGVDKA @GKAR@

7$; ]kvdedm Semds jvoh \ksr Cvesgs

Ks dorgb gkvaegv! |vgzeows cvesgs |vozebg agssods od ò} ro hedehe~g r`g gjjgcrs oj r`g|vgsgdr cveses! edcawbedm fu |vorgcredm fwbmgrs jov r`g hosr fksec kdb cosr gjjgcrezgsgvzecgs bgaezgvgb ro r`g |oov! kdb fu hkiedm |vozeseods jov soceka |vorgcreod kdbskjgru dgrs$

Kccovbedm ro r`g Gksr Ksekd gp|gvegdcg bwvedm r`g ;55=–;550 Ksekd Jedkdceka Cveses!kr agksr k ;' edcvgksg ed s|gdbedm od skjgru dgrs es vg{wevgb ro |vorgcr r`g |oov$Vgbwcedm jedkdceka fkvvegvs ro kccgssedm `gkar`ckvg `ks fggd sò}d ro `kzg k |oserezgeh|kcr (g$m$! fvedmedm ed s|gcejec edrgvzgdreods r`kr |vorgcr kccgss }èag ksswvedm

kbg{wkrg {wkaeru% (Ojjecg oj r`g \vehg Hedesrgv oj Dov}ku 6<<5%$Kr r`g skhg rehg! r`g kzkeakfeaeru oj rehgau edjovhkreod kdb hoderovedm susrghs escvwceka jov codredmgdcu |akddedm ed cksg oj gcodohec bgrgveovkreod$ Ks |go|ag―sedcohgs bgcaedg! akfov |vomvkhs‒swc` ks wdgh|aouhgdr fgdgjers! vgrvkededm! nofcawfs! kdb akfov edrgdsezg |wfaec }ovis‒ckd sgvzg ro cwsèod kmkedsr sòci$Cowdrvegs ckd kaso jocws od fgcohedm hovg gjjecegdr ed r`gev `gkar` s|gdbedm! wsedmrès ks kd o||ovrwderu ro jocws od vgswars (Ojjecg oj r`g \vehg Hedesrgv oj Dov}ku6<<5%$

7$6 Kbg{wkrg Dwrvereod es k Aedmgvedm \vofagh jov KaaCowdrvegs ed r`g Vgmeod

R`g eh|kcr oj r`g maofka cveses `ks s|kvgb do Sowr` Ksekd cowdrvu$ Edbek `ks r`g }ovsrsrkresrecs jov joob edsgcwveru ed r`g }ovab }er` hovg r`kd 63< heaaeod `wdmvu$ Hovg r`kd6<' oj r`g Edbekd |o|wakreod swjjgvs jvoh c`vodec joob bg|vezkreod$ Edbek es kaso òhgro k aerrag agss r`kd 2<' oj r`g }ovab―s `wdmvu cèabvgd! k jemwvg r`kr es èm`gv r`kd r`kred swf Sk`kvkd Kjveck kdb semdejeckdrau èm`gv r`kd r`g maofka `wdmgv kdb dwrvereodjemwvgs$

Hkadwrvereod codredwgs ro fg k agkbedm ckwsg oj cèab bgkr`s! gs|gcekaau khodmuowdmgv cèabvgd$ Rès es oj |kvrecwakv codcgvd ed aem`r oj r`g jkcr r`kr joob |vecgedcvgksgs kdb sòvrkmgs cowab }ovsgd ej dor kbg{wkrgau kbbvgssgb$ K Wdergb Dkreods]ovab Joob \vomvkhhg vg|ovr ({worgb ed WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5% gsrehkrgs r`kr ;$7

heaaeod cèabvgd ed Edbek cowab fgcohg hkadowves`gb bwg ro r`g joob |vecg cveses ed6<<0$ R`g Hkabezgs kdb Sve Akdik kafger ro k agssgv gprgdr (ks hkadwrvereod codredwgsro fg odg oj r`g femmgsr |vofaghs Sve Akdik srvwmmags }er`% kvg `kzedm r`g hosrswccgss ed r`g vgmeod ed vgbwcedm hkadwrvereod$ Cèab hovrkaeru ed r`g Hkabezgs es ao}kdb aejg gp|gcrkdcu r`gvg es r`g èm`gsr ed r`g Sowr` Ksekd vgmeod$ @o}gzgv!hkadwrvereod codredwgs ro fg kd odmoedm |vofagh! bgs|erg swfsrkdreka eh|vozghgdr9kahosr odg ed jowv sreaa vghked wdbgv}gem`r (]@O SGKVO%$

Bgs|erg Sve Akdik―s ao} cèab hovrkaeru vkrgs! sohg codbereods ed r`g cowdrvu sòwab fgdorgb! gs|gcekaau ers dwrvereodka edbeckrovs$ Kccovbedm ro r`g Bghomvk|èc kdb @gkar`Swvzgu 6<<=! 66' (dgkvau k {wkvrgv% oj Sve Akdikd cèabvgd kvg wdbgv}gem`r! }er` 2'cakssejegb ks sgzgvgau wdbgv}gem`r9 ;7' oj cèabvgd swjjgv jvoh }ksredm! }er` 3'sò}edm semds oj sgzgvg }ksredm9 kdb ;0' oj cèabvgd kvg srwdrgb! }er` 2' swjjgvedmjvoh sgzgvg srwdredm$ R`g edcebgdcg oj wdbgv}gem`r! }ksredm! kdb srwdredm vesgs }er`r`g kmg oj r`g cèab kdb |gkis kr ;0–63 hodr`s$ R`g |vgzkagdcg oj wdbgv}gem`r es




67

èm`gv jov fous r`kd jov mevas! }er` r`g cèabvgd oj gsrkrg/|akdrkreod sgcrov }ovigvssò}edm èm`gv agzgas oj wdbgv}gem`r r`kd ròsg aezedm ed wvfkd ov vwvka kvgks$ Kahosrk rèvb oj |vgmdkdr }ohgd ed Sve Akdik swjjgv jvoh kdghek$ Kd ghgvmedm |vofagh r`krkaso |oedrs ro edkbg{wkrg dwrvereod es ozgv}gem`r! gs|gcekaau ed sgmhgdrs oj r`g|o|wakreod }er` èm`gv edcohgs (WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5%$

Fkdmakbgs` es òhg ro sohg oj r`g hosr hkadowves`gb cèabvgd ed Sowr` Ksek! }er` kaerrag agss r`kd `kaj oj Fkdmakbgsè cèabvgd fgedm hobgvkrgau ov sgzgvgau wdbgv}gem`r$Fkdmakbgs` vgaegs od vecg eh|ovrs ro coh|gdskrg jov joob cvo|s bgsrvougb bwg rocucaodgs kdb jaoobedm$ R`gsg codbereods kvg coh|owdbgb fu r`g codsrkdr fkrrgvedmr`g cowdrvu vgcgezgs jvoh jaoobedm kdb vgakrgb edcebgdrs! kdb kvg rkiedm k roaa od cèabkdb hkrgvdka `gkar`$ R`g gjjgcrs oj r`g gcodohec cveses }eaa cohg od ro| oj r`gsg kdbcowab }ovsgd codbereods$ Kcwrg hkadwrvereod kjjgcrs kahosr odg ed gzgvu jezg cèabvgd edsohg kvgks oj Dg|ka kdb 33 owr oj =7 besrvecrs ed r`g cowdrvu swjjgv jvoh c`vodec joobedsgcwveru (WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5%$

7$3 @owsgòab Agzga Eh|kcrs od r`g Cveses

‑Er `wvrs hu `gkvr r`kr }g ckddor |vozebg r`g rèdms hu cèabvgd dggb$ Ro gkvd gdowm` hodgu ro jggb r`g jkheau jov odg bku }g `kzg ro }ovi jov r}o bkus$ ]g `kzg soab r}o oj owv fwaas kdb hosr oj hu vedms kdb dgciakcgs$ R`g odau kssgrs }g `kzg agjr kvg rès òwsg kdb r`vgg shkaa fwaas fwr }g ckddor mgr r`gh moob jobbgv$‘

Dg|ka (K|vea 6<<5%! WDECGJ VOSK (6<<5>;%

]er` jkheaegs srvwmmaedm kmkedsr wdgp|gcrgb c`kaagdmgs! }ohgd kdb cèabvgd hku sggk c`kdmg ed r`g vgsowvcgs r`kr kvg wswkaau kaaockrgb ro r`gh jov joob kdb gbwckreod$Cèabvgd jkcg èm`gv c`kdcgs oj fgedm bvk}d edro }ovi! for` |keb kdb wd|keb! }èc`kbzgvsgau kjjgcrs |akurehg kdb gbwckreod$ Rès es gs|gcekaau rvwg jov oabgv cèabvgd$

WDECGJ kaso |oedrs owr r`g ghgvmedm vesis oj gkvau hkvvekmg kdb `whkd rvkjjeciedm!gs|gcekaau }`gd jkheaegs srvwmmag }er` ao}gv edcohgs! agss joob! kdb vgsrvecrgb aezedmcodbereods (WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5%$

@owsgòabs kvg jkcedm vgbwcreods ed r`gev codswh|reod kdb s|gdbedm (g$m$! od r`g{wkdreru kdb {wkaeru oj joob! `gkar`ckvg! kdb edzgsrhgdr ed r`gev cèabvgd―s gbwckreod%$Bvk}edm od òwsgòab skzedms kdb sgaaedm kssgrs! swc` ks aezgsroci! kvg cohhodvgs|odsgs ro gcodohec sòcis (@kv|gv gr ka$ 6<<5%$

C`kdmgs ed edcohg kdb òwsgòab codswh|reod kvg aeigau ro kjjgcr r`g {wkdreru kdb{wkaeru oj cèabvgd―s joob edrkig kdb r`gev kccgss ro hgbecedg! `gkar`ckvg! kdbgbwckreod$ R`gsg kdb or`gv fksec dggbs hku fg kjjgcrgb ed r`g aodm rgvh! gzgd ej|kvgdrs‒gs|gcekaau hor`gvs‒sggi ro hedehe~g r`g eh|kcrs oj gcodohec sòcis furkiedm od kbbereodka edcohg mgdgvkredm kcrezeregs kdb kargvedm r`gev o}d joobcodswh|reod$ Còecgs kfowr ò} ov }`gr`gv kaaockreods oj òwsgòab vgsowvcgs rocèab }gaafgedm kvg c`kdmgb ov vgbwcgb‒ed |kvrecwakv! ej s|gcejec vgsowvcgs sòwab moro mevas ov fous! ov ro oabgv ov uowdmgv sefaedms‒}eaa bg|gdb od k dwhfgv oj jkcrovs> (e%r`g agzga oj gbwckreod oj jkheau bgceseod hkigvs kdb r`g aocws oj |o}gv (}er` cèab}gaafgedm fgedm covvgakrgb }er` }ohgd―s fkvmkededm |o}gv%9 (ee% òwsgòab }gkar` kdbkssgr fksg9 (eee% òwsgòab coh|osereod9 kdb (ez% jkheau gaemefeaeru jov mozgvdhgdrka ovdod mozgvdhgdrka soceka |vorgcreod (@kv|gv gr ka$ 6<<5%$

Ed rgvhs oj òwsgòab akfov sw||au! |ksr cvesgs `kzg ojrgd `kb k bes|vo|ovreodkrgaudgmkrezg gjjgcr od }ohgd―s gh|aouhgdr! jvg{wgdrau agkbedm ro aodmgv }oviedm òwvskdb k hozg ro vesiegv kdb ao}gv srkrws jovhs oj gh|aouhgdr! edcawbedm cohhgvceka sgp}ovi$ Bgcaededm òwsgòab gh|aouhgdr o|reods kaso jvg{wgdrau vgswar ed edcvgksgb

cèab akfov! ger`gv |keb (gs|gcekaau jov fous% ov wd|keb bohgsrec }ovi (gs|gcekaau jovmevas% (@kv|gv gr ka$ 6<<5%$




6:

Hgdbo~k (6<<5% swmmgsrs r`kr co|edm srvkrgmegs kaso kjjgcr edbezebwkas }erèdòwsgòabs$ Srwbegs edbeckrg r`kr |oov òwsgòabs kvg ojrgd wdkfag ro s`kvg r`g vesigjjgcrezgau! agkbedm ro sohg edbezebwkas‒ojrgd }ohgd kdb cèabvgd‒fgkvedm hosr ojr`g eh|kcr kdb jkcedm hovg oj r`g dgmkrezg codsg{wgdcgs$

7$2 @gkar` S|gdbedm

Maofkaau! bwvedm 6<<2–6<<7! ojjeceka bgzgao|hgdr kssesrkdcg jov cèab! dg}fovd! kdbhkrgvdka `gkar` edcvgksgb fu 60'$ Rès edcawbgb k 25' edcvgksg ed s|gdbedm jov cèab`gkar` kdb k 6;' edcvgksg jov hkrgvdka kdb dg}fovd `gkar`$ Rès edcvgksg }ks sggded hosr Cowdrbo}d |veoveru cowdrvegs!;;

Rkfag ;2> Gprgvdka Vgsowvcgs jov @gkar` ks k \gvcgdrkmg oj Rorka Gp|gdberwvg od@gkar`! 6<<2–6<<:

fwr k bgcvgksg }ks sggd ed or`gvs$ ]èag r`gfgdgjers oj r`g edcvgksgb keb `kzg vgswargb ed eh|vozghgdrs ed r`g kvgks oj cèab!hkrgvdka! kdb dg}fovd `gkar`! WDECGJ (6<<0c% dorgs r`kr r`g |vomvkhs jocwsedm odr`gsg kvgks kvg sreaa wdbgvjwdbgb! }er` hwc` hovg dggbedm ro fg bodg ro vgcreju r`gserwkreod$

Cowdrvu 6<<2 6<<7 6<<:Kjm`kdesrkd 7$5 ;3$; 6<$;\kiesrkd 6$7 3$: 3$6Fkdmakbgs` ;2$5 ;6$6 ;2$:F`wrkd ;7$= 3=$; 20$6Edbek <$7 <$2 <$=Hkabezgs ;$7 <$5 <$3Dg|ka ;=$3 ;:$2 ;7$=Sve Akdik ;$3 ;$6 ;$6

Sowvcg>]@O Srkresrecka Edjovhkreod Susrgh (]@OSES%bkrkfksg$ `rr|>//k||s$}ò$edr/}òses/bkrk/Sgkvc`$ns| (kccgssgb Dozghfgv 6<<5%$

Rkfag ;7! fgao}! vgjagcrs rès ro sohg gprgdr$ Cowdrvegs r`kr `kzg sò}d srgkbueh|vozghgdrs ozgv r`g ugkvs ed sohg kvgks oj cèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar`! swc` ks r`gHkabezgs kdb Sve Akdik! `kzg semdejeckdrau jg}gv vgsowvcgs jov `gkar`$ Bgs|erg Edbek―sdggb ro kbbvgss hkdu `gkar` bes|kveregs! gprgvdka vgsowvcgs jov `gkar` vghked {wergao}$

R`g joaao}edm rkfags dorg edbeckrg! ò}gzgv! r`kr srkrg gp|gdberwvg es r`g bvezedm jovcgfgèdb hkiedm vgsowvcgs kzkeakfag jov `gkar` sgvzecgs jov sohg cowdrvegs ed r`g vgmeod$Ed sohg edsrkdcgs r`gsg gp|gdberwvgs ckd fg srvkedgb (swc` ks ed cowdrvegs aeigKjm`kdesrkd% ov aehergb (swc` ks ed \kiesrkd! Edbek! Dg|ka! kdb Fkdmakbgs`%! bgs|ergr`g jkcr r`kr srgkbu edcvgksgs ckd fg ofsgvzgb ed kaa r`gsg cowdrvegs gpcg|r \kiesrkd$

;; Foaezek! Gvervgk! Mwkrghkak! Bghocvkrec \go|ag―s Vg|wfaec oj Iovgk! Ako \go|ag―s Bghocvkrec Vg|wfaec!Agsorò! Hovocco! \gvw! Fvk~ea! @kere! Hgpeco! Fgded! Fwviedk Jkso! Ckhgvood! Cgdrvka Kjveckd Vg|wfaec!C`kb! Codmo! Bghocvkrec Vg|wfaec oj r`g Codmo! Còrg b―Ezoevg! G{wkroveka Mwedgk! Mkfod! Mkhfek! M`kdk!Mwedgk! Mwedgk Fesskw! Aefgvek! Hkae! Hkwverkdek! Demgv! Demgvek! Sgdgmka! Segvvk Agodg! Romo! Bnefowre!Gmu|r! Evk{! Swbkd! Ughgd! K~gvfkenkd! Rkneiesrkd! Rwvihgdesrkd! Kdmoak! Fors}kdk! Fwvwdbe! Grèo|ek!

Igduk! Hkbkmksckv! Hkak}e! Ho~khfe{wg! V}kdbk! Sohkaek! Sowr` Kjveck! S}k~eakdb! Wdergb Vg|wfaec ojRkd~kdek! Wmkdbk! ̂ khfek! êhfkf}g! Kjm`kdesrkd! Fkdmakbgs`! Edbek! Dg|ka! \kiesrkd! Ckhfobek!\go|ag―s Vg|wfaec oj Cèdk! Edbodgsek! Hukdhkv! \k|wk Dg} Mwedgk! \èae||edgs$








6=

Rkfag ;7> Mgdgvka Mozgvdhgdr Gp|gdberwvg od @gkar` ks k \gvcgdrkmg oj RorkaGp|gdberwvg od @gkar`! 6<<2–6<<:

Cowdrvu 6<<2 6<<7 6<<:Kjm`kdesrkd ;:$6 6< 6=$7\kiesrkd ;0$7 ;=$7 ;:$2Fkdmakbgs` 65 65$; 3:$0F`wrkd =<$3 =; :0$:Edbek ;=$= ;5 ;5$:Hkabezgs =0$; 07$: 02$;Dg|ka 6=$7 60$; 3<$7Sve Akdik 27$= 2:$6 25$6


Rkfag ;:> Mgdgvka Mozgvdhgdr Gp|gdberwvg od @gkar` ks k \gvcgdrkmg oj RorkaMozgvdhgdr Gp|gdberwvg! 6<<2–6<<:

Cowdrvu 6<<2 6<<7 6<<:Kjm`kdesrkd 6$; 3$3 2$2\kiesrkd ;$: ;$7 ;$3Fkdmakbgs` :$6 7$7 =$2F`wrkd :$; :$7 =$3Edbek 3$; 3$7 3$2Hkabezgs ;: ;=$= ;2Dg|ka 0$= 0$2 5$6Sve Akdik 0$6 =$0 0$3


R`g bkrk sò}s r`kr r`gvg es bgjedergau vooh jov eh|vozghgdr kdb r`kr mozgvdhgdrsckddor cwr fkci od `gkar` vgakrgb s|gdbedm kdb vgsowvcg kaaockreods bwvedm rès cveses$R`g edbeckrovs èmàem`r r`g dggb jov hovg edzgsrhgdr ed ovbgv ro heremkrg sòcis!vkr`gv r`kd coh|akcgdcu! ks er es cagkv r`kr r`g kaaockrgb vgsowvcgs kvg edswjjecegdr rohggr cwvvgdr dggbs$

7$7 \gvs|gcrezgs od r`g Eh|kcrs oj r`g Gcodohec Cveses ed SveAkdik

Ed ovbgv ro ofrked sohg edereka vgkcreods ro ò} òwsgòabs kdb |o|wakreods ed mgdgvkacowab fg co|edm }er` r`g cwvvgdr cveses! r`g kwròvs oj rès |k|gv codbwcrgb k sgvegs ojigu |gvsod edrgvzeg}s ro ks cgvrked |vojgsseodka zeg}s od r`g gjjgcrs oj r`g cveses odcèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar`$ ;6

Rès sgcreod }eaa |vgsgdr r`gsg jedbedms ks edsem`rs r`kr }eaa ò|gjwaau edjovh hovghecvo agzga vgsgkvc` bocwhgdredm ò} òwsgòabs kvg co|edm }er` r`g cveses$

R`g edrgvzeg}s jocwsgb od> (e% cèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar`rvgdbs ed Sve Akdik kdb r`g |orgdreka eh|kcrs oj r`g cveses od r`gsg rvgdbs9 (ee% ò}kjjgcrgb òwsgòabs kvg fu r`g cveses kdb ò} r`gu kvg co|edm9 kdb (eee% dkreodka agzgahgc`kdeshs r`kr `kzg fggd eh|aghgdrgb ro kbbvgss cèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar`$

Rvgdbs ed Cèab kdb Hkrgvdka @gkar`

Kaa vgs|odbgdrs dorgb r`kr Sve Akdik `ks hkbg semdejeckdr mkeds ed cèab kdb hkrgvdka`gkar` ozgv r`g ugkvs ks k vgswar oj ers codsesrgdr soceka }gajkvg |oaecegs r`kr `kzggdswvgb jvgg kccgss ro `gkar`ckvg kdb gbwckreodka sgvzecgs r`vowmòwr r`g cowdrvu$

;6 Sgg K||gdbep ; jov k aesr oj edrgvzeg}s codbwcrgb$












60

]èag bes|kveregs gpesr bwg ro bejjgvgdcgs ed owrvgkc` kdb kzkeakfeaeru! Sve Akdik―sk||vokc` `ks vgswargb ed er fgedm k`gkb oj hkdu cowdrvegs ed r`g vgmeod$

Gp|gvrs dorgb! ò}gzgv! r`kr dwrvereod‒ed rgvhs oj codswhedm r`g vem`r ru|gs oj joobkdb ido}agbmg oj hecvodwrvegdrs‒vghkeds k srwhfaedm faoci jov Sve Akdik$ Rès ckd|kvrekaau fg krrvefwrgb ro fg`kzeovka `gkar` |vkcrecgs vkr`gv r`kd seh|au ro r`g

kzkeakfeaeru kdb kccgssefeaeru oj dwrvereows joobs$‑]`gd }g aooi kr jggbedm |vkcrecgs! r`gvg kvg |vofaghs$ Dwrvereod es caosgau vgakrgb ro |ozgvru fwr |ozgvru kaodg es dor r`g jkcrov$ R`gvg kvg aors oj fg`kzeovka gaghgdrs$ Cèabvgd dggb odau shkaa khowdrs oj joob fwr r`gu bod―r mgr r`g covvgcr ru|g kr r`g covvgcr rehg kdb r`g covvgcr khowdr$ Aor oj fg`kzeovka c`kdmgs dggb ro rkig |akcg! od ckvedm |vkcrecgs kdb jggbedm |vkcrecgs$‘

Cèab @gkar` Gp|gvr! Jkheau @gkar` Fwvgkw

R`gu kaso dorgb r`kr r`gvg es kd wvmgdr dggb ro aooi kr dwrvereod hovg caosgau mezgd r`gsòvr! hgbewh! kdb aodm rgvh eh|kcrs r`kr er ckd `kzg od k cèab―s aejg kdb ozgvkaa

bgzgao|hgdr$‑…So ej r`gu bod―r vgcgezg dwrvegdrs kr r`g covvgcr agzgas kr r`g covvgcr rehg! r`gev fvked bgzgao|hgdr }eaa fg kjjgcrgb kdb ks k vgswar edrgaaemgdcg! hghovu |o}gv! YkdbX krrgdreod s|kd bgcvgksg…|vobwcrezeru }eaa vgbwcg ed r`g aodm rgvh$ Hkadowves`gb cèabvgd kvg hovg swscg|refag ro dod cohhwdeckfag besgksgs so r`g vesi oj bekfgrgs! `gkvr besgksg grc edcvgksg…‘


Sve Akdik `ks k vgakrezgau ao} vkrg oj hkrgvdka bgkr`s ro aezg fevr`s$ Gzgvu hkrgvdkabgkr` r`kr occwvs es edzgsremkrgb }er` r`g kcrezg |kvrece|kreod oj |vojgsseodka fobegsswc` ks r`g Coaagmg oj Ofsrgrvecekds! r`g Hedesrvu oj @gkar`! kdb r`g Jkheau @gkar`Fwvgkw$ Rès `ks `ga|gb ebgdreju kdb |vgzgdr sohg ckwsgs oj bgkr`$ @o}gzgv! er }ksdorgb r`kr ckwska |krrgvds kvg c`kdmedm kdb esswgs dor bevgcrau vgakrgb ro r`ghkdkmghgdr oj akfov kvg cohedm owr ks agkbedm ckwsgs oj hkrgvdka bgkr`$ R`gsgedcawbg |osr |kvrwh `ghovv`kmedm kdb sg|rec kfovreod ckwsgb fu eaagmka kfovreods|gvjovhgb fu wdsieaagb |gvsoddga$

‑…Ckwsgs oj hkrgvdka bgkr`s `kzg c`kdmgb‒r`g agkbedm ckwsg }ks |osr |kvrwh `ghovv`kmg ‒ ks ed bgzgao|gb cowdrvegs$ Do} r`g dwhfgvs kvg cohedm bo}d coh|kvgb ro or`gv cowdrvegs kdb or`gv (|vgzeows% ugkvs fgckwsg oj r`g |kvrece|kreod jvoh |vojgsseodka fobegs swc` ks Coaagmg oj Ofsrgrvecekds ks }gaa ks Hedesrvu oj @gkar` kdb r`g Jkheau @gkar` Fwvgkw ro edzgsremkrg gkc` kdb gzgvu hkrgvdka bgkr` ed rès cowdrvu$ Gkc` hkrgvdka bgkr` es vg|ovrgb ro r`g Hkrgvdka @gkar` Wder oj r`g J@F kdb r`gvg kvg ed{wevegs codbwcrgb kr gzgvu agzga ro jedb owr r`g ckwsgs oj r`gsg bgkr`s$‘

Dwrvereod Codswarkdr! WDECGJ

Er }ks dorgb r`kr sohg `wvbags codredwg ro |gvsesr ed Sve Akdik$ R`g cowdrvu dggbs roeh|vozg scvggdedm jkceaeregs jov }ohgd ro rgsr jov codbereods r`kr }eaa hkig |vgmdkdcubkdmgvows jov r`g hor`gv! `kzg kbg{wkrg k}kvgdgss vkesedm ckh|kemds kfowr r`gsgcodbereods! kdb |vozebg cowdsgaedm kdb codrvkcg|reod jov }ohgd kdb cow|ags kr vesi$

‑R`g sgcodb agkbedm ckwsg oj hkrgvdka bgkr`s es sg|rec kfovreod…R`gvg kvg hkdu }ò `kzgd―r swccwhfgb fwr swjjgv jvoh sohg or`gv sebg gjjgcrs$ Owr oj r`gsg hor`gvs }ò begb! vowmàu 37 – 2<' oj r`gh gp|gvegdcg kd wdhgr dggb ed rgvhs oj codrvkcg|reod$‘





65

Eh|kcrs oj r`g Cveses od @gkar`

R`g eh|kcr oj r`g gcodohec cveses od cèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar` es |gvcgezgb ro fghedehka$ R`g hedehka eh|kcr es krrvefwrgb ro srkrg |oaecegs r`kr `kzg fggd |vohoredmaocka! òwsgòab agzga joob |vobwcreod (r`vowm` òhg mkvbgds%! ks }gaa ks codrvoas ojsohg joob |vecgs (hkedau vecg%! }èc` `kzg `ga|gb ro hkedrked joob kzkeakfeaeru$

@o}gzgv! er es dorgb r`kr r`g bezgvseru oj joob codswhgb hem`r `kzg fggd kjjgcrgb kdbr`kr jkheaegs hku fg vgsrvecredm r`gev edrkig oj cgvrked ru|gs oj dwrvereows joob$

‑R`g bezgvseru oj r`gev joob hkufg kjjgcrgb$ Hku vgsrvecr bezgvseru gs|gcekaau }`gd er cohgs ro kdehka sowvcgs oj |vorged hovg r`kd ckaoveg sowvcgs$‘


]èag r`gvg es k cgvrked agzga oj coh|akcgdcu khodm ojjecekas! or`gvs }kvd r`kr er hkufg roo gkvau ro bgrgvhedg }`kr r`g eh|kcrs hku fg ks r`gvg es dor ugr kbg{wkrgedjovhkreod$ R`g kzkeakfag bkrk od |ozgvru kdb cèab }gaafgedm bogs dor ck|rwvg r`gbudkhesh oj r`gsg codbereods kdb! `gdcg! es wdkfag ro jwaau kssgss r`g eh|kcrs oj r`g

gcodohec cveses$ Kr r`g skhg rehg! r`g gcodohec cveses es dor codsebgvgb k |veoveru edaem`r oj or`gv ghgvmgdcegs! swc` ks r`g cezea codjaecr kdb ers gjjgcrs$ Ks k vgswar! r`gvg esk akci oj |gvcgezgb wvmgdcu ro eh|vozg edjovhkreod khodm or`gv hgc`kdeshs rokbbvgss r`g `gkar` eh|kcrs oj r`g cveses$‑]g wsg bejjgvgdr `gkar` edbeckrovs ro hgkswvg hkrgvdka kdb cèab `gkar`$ Edjovhkreod od sohg oj r`gsg kvg coaagcrgb odau kddwkaau$ R`g jedkdceka cveses `k||gdgb vgcgdrau so r`gvg hem`r dor fg k aor oj edjovhkreod$‘

Bevgcrov! Hedesrvu oj @gkar`ckvg kdb Dwrvereod

@owsgòab(Agzga Co|edm

Bescwsseod }er` `gkar` |vojgsseodkas jwvr`gv swfsrkdrekrgb r`kr r`g edcvgksg ed |vecgs ojjoob cowab agkb ro jkheaegs! gs|gcekaau ròsg ed r`g ao}gv edcohg mvow|s! fwuedmc`gk|gv joob r`kr es dor oj èm` dwrvereodka zkawg$ \vorged codswh|reod! gs|gcekaau ojkdehka |vorged! cowab fg hedehe~gb ed kd gjjovr ro vgbwcg cosr! r`gvgjovg gpkcgvfkredmr`g |vofagh oj wdbgvdwrvereod ed Sve Akdik$‑Ugs! r`g cosr oj aezedm `ks modg w|$ ]`krgzgv r`g rèdm! |go|ag kvg moedm ro cwvrkea gp|gdsgs od joob$ Ed owv cowdrvu do hkrrgv }`kr `k||gds }g bod―r cwvrkea cèabvgd―s gbwckreod$ Warehkrgau r`gu kvg moedm ro vgsrvecr r`g |wvc`ksedm |o}gv oj r`g joob r`gu gkr$ Dwrvereod es bevgcrau kjjgcrgb$ E rèdi r`gvg }eaa fg vgbwcgb edrkig oj joob ov r`gu mo jov c`gk| joob$ R`gu hem`r vgbwcg r`g khowdr ov {wkaeru$ R`gu hem`r `kzg vecg }er` odg cwvvu hkufg! dor `kzedm k fkakdcgb begr$‘


]ohgd ed ao}gv edcohg mvow|s kvg hovg kr vesi oj fgedm ed serwkreods }`gvg r`gev`gkar` }eaa fg kbzgvsgau kjjgcrgb r`kd or`gvs ed r`gev òwsgòabs$ @gkar` |vojgsseodkasdorgb r`kr r`g dwrvereod oj r`g `wsfkdb kdb cèabvgd! gs|gcekaau ed r`g ao}gv edcohgmvow|s! es |wr jevsr fgckwsg ej r`g `wsfkdb hessgs k bku oj }ovi bwg ro fkb `gkar`! r`gòwsgòab―s edcohg }eaa b}edbag! kjjgcredm gzgvuodg$ Hor`gvs hku kaso vgbwcg r`gevjoob codswh|reod ed ovbgv ro mezg |veoveru ro r`g gbwckreod oj r`gev cèabvgd$

Ederekrezg ro Kbbvgss Cèab kdb Hkrgvdka @gkar`

Sve Akdik―s |wfaec `gkar`ckvg susrgh es dorgb ks fgedm k hked bvezgv oj |oserezgc`kdmgs ed r`g cowdrvu kdb k ckwsg oj ers fgedm k`gkb oj or`gv cowdrvegs ed r`g vgmeod$




3<

@o}gzgv! bes|kveregs ed kccgss kdb èbbgd cosrs kvg dorgb ks jkcrovs r`kr dgmkrezgaukjjgcr ̀ gkar` codbereods$

‑…gzgd ed r`g vwvka kvgks kvg vgkc`gb fu r`g |wfaec `gkar` susrgh }`gvg r`gu kvg bgaezgvgb edrgmvkrgb edrgvzgdreods$ Joaao} w| es vgmwakv9 r`gvg es vgmwakv hoderovedm for` fgjovg kdb kjrgv cèabfevr`$ Fwr owv susrgh beb dor vgkc` r`gh Yròsg ed r`g gsrkrg sgcrovX$ R`gvg kvg mk|s!

`whkd vgsowvcg mk|s gpesr9 r`gev kccgssefeaeru es |oov9 vokb dgr}ovis kvg dor kbg{wkrg9 |go|ag bod―r `kzg kbg{wkrg rvkds|ovr sgvzecgs ro vgkc` r`gh$ R`gvg kvg k aor oj |vofaghs$‘


‑Eh|vozedm r`g wvfkd sgcrovs! r`g gsrkrg sgcrovs! zwadgvkfag mvow|s! beskbzkdrkmgb |o|wakreods kvg kaso zgvu! zgvu eh|ovrkdr ‒ eh|vozg r`g jkceaeregs jov r`gh ro mgr s|gcekae~gb ckvg$ 50' oj hor`gvs bo bgaezgv ed k òs|erka$ Odau 6' bgaezgv kr òhg! so r`kr 6' es }òh uow dggb ro rkvmgr$ Ròsg òhg bgaezgvegs |vozebg r`g s|kcg jov hor`gvs ro beg ov `kzg hovfeberegs$ Ed Sve Akdik }g kbzockrg òs|erka bgaezgvegs kdb ej uow }kdr òhg bgaezgvegs! ro `kzg k sieaagb krrgdbkdr |vgsgdr$‘


‑@gkar`ckvg ed Sve Akdik es jvgg fwr ed hosr oj r`g cksgs uow mgr r`g |vgscve|reod jvoh r`g bocrov fwr uow mgr r`g hgbecedg kr k |vezkrg |`kvhkcu$ So kaa r`gsg rèdms kvg èbbgd jkcrovs r`kr kjjgcr |go|ag$‘

Sgdeov Kbzesov! Skzg r`g Cèabvgd Sve Akdik

Ederekrezgs ro heremkrg r`g gjjgcrs oj r`g cveses ckddor fg eh|aghgdrgb fu r`g srkrgkaodg$ R`gvg es k dggb jov codredwgb rgc`decka kdb jedkdceka kssesrkdcg jvoh or`gv|kvrdgvs ej cwvvgdr mkeds kvg ro fg hkedrkedgb$ Er }ks kaso dorgb r`kr ed aem`r oj r`ggcodohec cveses kdb r`g dggb ro |veovere~g jwdbs! bodovs hem`r mezg |veoveru ro or`gvcowdrvegs ks k vgswar oj Sve Akdik―s cwvvgdr mkeds! |orgdrekaau |wrredm ròsg mkeds ed

ngo|kvbu$

‑…gs|gcekaau kr Yr`gX |vozedceka agzga! r`g bodovs |aku k akvmg voag$ Kr rès agzga jwdbs kvg hkedau wsgb jov kcrezeregs aeig sgvzecg bgzgao|hgdr kdb ck|kceru fweabedm so bodov sw||ovr es cvwceka Yed eh|vozedmX$$$ dwrvereod YkdbX hkrgvdka kdb cèab `gkar`! Ykdb vgbwcedm r`g edcebgdcg ojX dod cohhwdeckfag besgksgs$‘

Bevgcrov! Hedesrvu oj @gkar`ckvg kdb Dwrvereod

‑R`gvg cowab fg |veovere~kreod oj or`gv cowdrvegs ozgv Sve Akdik! ugs r`kr es k |ossefeaeru! ks Sve Akdik `ks kcègzgb k aor oj moob edbeckrovs$ R`gvg es k |vofagh oj mgrredm jwdbs coh|kvgb ro r`g or`gvs$‘


Kbbvgssedm cèab kdb hkrgvdka dwrvereod esswgs‒gs|gcekaau hkadwrvereod‒vg{wevgs kdedrgmvkrgb kdb hkedsrvgkh k||vokc` r`kr rkigs edro kccowdr fg`kzeovka |vkcrecgs kdbòwsgòab bgceseod hkiedm |krrgvds$ R`g esswg oj dwrvereod es cwvvgdrau odau kbbvgssgbfu r`g Hedesrvu oj @gkar`ckvg kdb Dwrvereod kdb ks swc` kbbvgssedm er ks kd esswg escgdrvkae~gb$ Ojjecekas kvg oj r`g zeg} r`kr er dggbs ro kaso fg edcawbgb ed bgzgao|hgdr|vomvkhs vwd fu or`gv hedesrvegs kdb edsrerwreods (}er` r`g edzoazghgdr oj r`g Hedesrvuoj @gkar`ckvg kdb Dwrvereod%! ed kbbereod ro odmoedm |vomvkhs$‑Robku hkadwrvereod es hosrau bwg ro |oov cèabckvg |vkcrecgs$ Ro eh|vozg r`g serwkreod! er `ks ro fg kd edrgmvkrgb k||vokc` }`gvg or`gv kvgks swc` ks kmvecwarwvg! gbwckreod! kdb |ozgvru kaagzekreod hwsr }ovi }er` r`g `gkar` sgcrov$‘




3;

\vojgssov oj Hgbecedg! Wdezgvseru oj Coaohfo

‑R`g Hedesrvu oj @gkar`ckvg kaodg ckd―r fg vgs|odsefag$ E rèdi dwrvereod `ks ro fg coovbedkrgb kr k èm`gv agzga kdb er hwsr fg edrgmvkrgb }er` or`gv hedesrvegs swc` ks rvkbg! kmvecwarwvg!aezgsroci! jes`gvegs grc fgckwsg kaa r`gsg |oaecegs hkrrgv$‘


:$ SOAWREODS RO CODSEBGV ]@GD RVUEDM ROHEREMKRG S@OCIS

R`g aergvkrwvg dorgs k dwhfgv oj }kus r`kr sòcis ro r`g |oov ckd fg heremkrgb$ Rèssgcreod kehs ro |vgsgdr sohg edrgvzgdreods r`kr cowab fg codsebgvgb ed ovbgv roheremkrg r`g eh|kcr od cèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar`$ Soceka |vorgcreod es ebgdrejegb ks kigu coh|odgdr r`kr cowab `ga| |oov òwsgòabs! fwr er es kaso dorgb ks wswkaau fgedmjocwsgb od r`g |oov vkr`gv r`kd od r`g zwadgvkfag$




36

Rkfag ;=> Sdk|sòr oj Vgs|odsgs ed r`g Vgmeod ro \vgzkeaedm Zwadgvkfeaeregs

Cowdrvu Zwadgvkfeaeregs Srkrg vgs|odsg Kjm`kdesrkd … Codjaecr kjjgcrgbdgss

… Jghkag `gkbgb òwsgòabs… Bes|akcgb |o|wakreods

… Vghozka oj eh|ovr rkp od }`gkr kdbsrk|ags

… Bescwssedm srvkrgmec mvked vgsgvzg

susrgh… Joob eh|ovrs… Noedr k||gkas jov joob keb kdb

kmvecwarwvka vgcozgvu… Jezg ugkv soceka |vorgcreod srvkrgmu

edrgmvka ed dg} bgzgao|hgdr srvkrgmuFkdmakbgs` … Dkrwvka besksrgv |vodgdgss

… Akci oj akdb… Ao} edcohg kdb vwvka

òwsgòabs

… \wfaec joob besrvefwreod susrgh… O|gd hkvigr skags… Joob jov }ovi kdb cks` jov }ovi

|vomvkhs… Jgvreae~gv swfsebu

Edbek … Vwvka sgcrov (jkvhgvs kvgzwadgvkfag! èm` swecebgs%

… Kzkeakfeaeru oj joob kmkedsrr`g |o|wakreod-s dggbs

… Vgsgvzgs oj 3;$: heaaeod rods oj joobmvked

… Rkvmgrgb |wfaec joob besrvefwreod susrgh… Gp|ovr vgsrvecreods… Hebbku hgka sc`ghgs… ]`gkr fksgb dwrvereod |vomvkh… Dkreodka vwvka gh|aouhgdr mwkvkdrgg

sc`ghg… Joob kdb jgvreae~gv swfsebegs… ;;r` jezg ugkv |akd dwrvereod sgcwveru… Vwvka mvked fkdis

Dg|ka … Jaoob |vodgdgss… Bgcvgksgb |vobwcreod oj

hke~g kdb aocka cvo|s… Akci oj hkvigr kccgss… \oov kdb gpcawbgb mvow|s

(g$m$! Bkaers! edbemgdowsmvow|s! akdbagss%

… Vgsrvecreods od joob mvked gp|ovrs… Vgbwcreod ed jwga |vecgs (fwr sreaa èm`%… Keb hofeae~kreod ed zgdgvkfag joob

besrvecrs… Soceka |vorgcreod (codsebgvedm

edrvobwcedm vkreod ckvbs%… Rkvmgrgb igvosgdg kdb A\M swfsebu

(|akddgb%\kiesrkd … Jghkag @@! vwvka @@! wvfkd

|oov! fovbgv besrvecrs… 6$7 heaaeod hgrvec rods oj }`gkr eh|ovrgb… ; heaaeod hgrvec rods oj }`gkr

hkedrkedgb ks srvkrgmec vgsgvzg… Vghozka oj bwru od }`gkr… Hedehwh gp|ovr |vecg od vecg… Swfsebe~gb }`gkr besrvefwreod… Fgdk~ev cvgber ckvb (jov sòvr rgvh aokds

ro shkaa jkvhgvs kdb cks` swfsebegs rojezg heaaeod |oov @@%Sve Akdik … Codjaecr kjjgcrgb

… EB\ |o|wakreods! jghkag @@!beskfeaeregs

… Bevgcr eh|ovrs ro hggr sòvrjkaa… Dkreodka Dwrvereod \akd (hware sgcrov

k||vokc` ro dwrvereod%… Vgbwcedm r`g |vecg oj heai |o}bgv… Bevgcr joob kssesrkdcg! `gkar` fksgb

edrgvzgdreods! kdb |ozgvru vgbwcreod|vomvkhs

@@ 8 ̀ owsgòab! EB\ 8 edrgvdkaau bes|akcgb |gvsods! A\M 8 Ae{web \grvoagwh Mks$

Dorg> Aehergb edjovhkreod kzkeakfag jov F`wrkd kdb r`g Hkabezgs$

Sowvcg> WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5$




33

:$; ]gajkvesr K||vokc`> Sve Akdik―s K||vokc` ro @gkar`Sgvzecgs

Sve Akdik es ojrgd dorgb ks k cowdrvu r`kr `ks kcègzgb èm` srkdbkvbs oj soceka kdb`gkar` bgzgao|hgdr coh|kvgb }er` or`gv cowdrvegs kr k seheakv srkmg oj gcodohec

bgzgao|hgdr$ R`gsg mkeds `kzg fggd krrvefwrgb ro ers wdezgvska jvgg kccgss |oaecegs ro`gkar`ckvg kdb gbwckreod sgvzecgs r`vowmòwr r`g cowdrvu$

Fop 6> Hk||edm @gkar` \vomvgss ed Sve Akdik> Sohg Igu Heagsrodgs

… Hkrgvdka hovrkaeru vkreo bgcaedgb jvoh 32< |gv ;<<!<<< aezg fevr`s ed ;5:< ro 23 |gv ;<<!<<<

aezg fevr`s ed 6<<7! kdb 50' oj fevr`s do} rkig |akcg ed òs|erkas$ Vkrgs oj |vgdkrka ckvg (kr

agksr odg zeser% kdb sieaagb krrgdbkdcg kr fevr` srkdb kr 55'$

… Ed 6<<= r`g ozgvkaa jgvreaeru vkrg }ks ;$5 ‒ coh|kvgb ro 3$< jov r`g Sowr` Ksek vgmeod$

… R`g wdbgv jezg hovrkaeru vkrg `ks jkaagd jvoh 36 |gv ;!<<< aezg fevr`s ed ;55< ro 6; |gv ;!<<<aezg fevr`s ed 6<<=$

… R`g dgodkrka hovrkaeru vkrg `ks kaso jkaagd! }er` kvowdb gem`r |gv ;!<<< fevr`s ed 6<<2$

… Dgr |vehkvu scòoa gdvoahgdr srkdbs kr hovg r`kd 5=' jov for` mevas kdb fous$

… Aergvkcu vkrgs khodm uowdm |go|ag kmgb ;7–62 kvg 5=' jov hkags kdb 50' jov jghkags$

Sowvcg> Kbk|rgb jvoh WDECGJ (6<<0f%$

Ed 6<<0! r`g rorka `gkar` fwbmgr sk} kd edcvgksg oj 0$7'‒kfowr ;$=' oj MB\$

Kccovbedm ro Cgdrvka Fkdi bkrk! r`g dwhfgv oj mozgvdhgdr òs|erkas ed r`g cowdrvu es:;5! }er` k rorka oj :7!037 fgbs$ Rès khowdrs ro r`vgg fgbs |gv ;!<<< |gvsods$[wkaejegb bocrovs ed r`g srkrg sgcrov dwhfgvgb ;3!<6:! kbbedm w| ro odg bocrov jovgzgvu ;!776 |gvsods$ R`gvg }gvg kaso k rorka oj 66!55: {wkaejegb dwvsgs‒k dwvsg jovgzgvu 0=5 |gvsods‒fu r`g gdb oj 6<<0 (Cgdrvka Fkdi oj Sve Akdik YCFSAX 6<<0%$

Rkfag ;0> Skaegdr Jgkrwvgs oj @gkar` Sgvzecgs ed Sve Akdik

Ergh 6<<= 6<<0 k Mozgvdhgdr@os|erkas (|vkcrecedm }gsrgvd hgbecedg% (Do$% :;5 :;5Do$ oj fgbs :6!;5= :7!037Cgdrvka bes|gdskvegs (Do$% 30= 2;;

Rorka do$ oj bocrovs ;;!226 ;3!<6:Rorka do$ oj Kssesrkdr Hgbecka \vkcrereodgvs ;!622 ;!665Rorka do$ oj dwvsgs 66!<00 66!55:Rorka do$ oj krrgdbkdrs =!6<; =!;02

\vezkrg@os|erkas (|vkcrecedm }gsrgvd hgbecedg% (Do$% 6;6 66<Do$ oj fgbs 0!7<< 0!07<Rorka do$ oj Kuwvzgbec bocrovs ;0!:7; ;5!<52

Rorka mozgvdhgdr `gkar` gp|gdberwvg (feaaeod SAV% :0$= =2$7Cwvvgdr gp|gdberwvg 7;$= 77$5Ck|erka gp|gdberwvg 77$5 ;0$=

Dorgs> SAV 8 Sve Akdik vw|gg9 k 8 \vozeseodka! f 8 Vgmesrgvgb }er` r`g Bg|kvrhgdr oj Kuwvzgbk$

Sowvcg> CFSA (6<<0%$




32

R`g |vezkrg sgcrov sgvzgs kvowdb ;<–;7' oj ed|kregdrs kdb k||vopehkrgau :<' ojowr|kregdrs$ Kr r`g gdb oj 6<<0! 66< |vezkrg `gkar` edsrerwreods }er` 0!07< `gkar`|vkcrereodgvs }gvg vgmesrgvgb }er` r`g \vezkrg @gkar` Sgvzecg Vgmwakrovu Cowdcea(CFSA 6<<0%$

R`g Sve Akdikd mozgvdhgdr `ks vgcomde~gb r`g dggb ro kbbvgss kdb vgcreju r`g

|vofagh oj hkadwrvereod$ Kccovbedm ro r`g cgdrvka fkdi! ‑k vgcgdr Joob kdb Dwrvereod\oaecu jov 6<<2–6<;< gh|`kse~gb r`g dggb jov jocwsedm od r`g |oov kdb edrgmvkredmdwrvereod }er` or`gv sgcrovka kcrezeregs! edcawbedm `gkar`! kmvecwarwvg! gbwckreod!gcodohec vgjovh! kdb vwvka bgzgao|hgdr‘ (CFSA 6<<0%$

R`gsg |akds kvg ed r`g |vgaehedkvu srkmgs oj bgzgao|hgdr kdb dggb ro fg rvkcigb jov|vomvgss! ks }gaa ks ro gdswvg r`kr zwadgvkfag kdb hkvmedkae~gb mvow|s kvg fgedmedcawbgb ed |vomvkhs$ Kccovbedm ro `gkar` hedesrvu sowvcgs! ;3

Fop 3> Codredwgb C`kaagdmgs ed Sve Akdik! Bgs|erg Mkeds ed r`g @gkar` Sgcrov

r`gsg |akds kvg kasofgedm bgzgao|gb }er` r`g sw||ovr oj k bgcgdrvkae~gb hgbecka susrgh kr r`g |vozedcekakdb besrvecr agzgas$

…

Sòvrkmg oj `gkar`ckvg }ovigvs$ Kccovbedm ro ]ovab @gkar` Srkresrecs 6<<0 (]@O 6<<0%! edr`g 6<<<–6<<: |gveob r`g cowdrvu `kb odau sep bocrovs kdb ;= dwvsgs kdb heb}ezgs |gv

;<!<<< ed`kferkdrs$

… Sgvzecgs `kzg bgrgveovkrgb ks jedkdceka vgsowvcgs `kzg fggd s{wgg~gb! }er` `gkar`

s|gdbedm fgedm edswjjecegdr ro hggr r`g bghkdb$

… \vezkrg s|gdbedm od `gkar`! hosr oj }èc` es owr oj |ocigr! kccowdrs jov hovg r`kd `kaj oj

rorka `gkar` gp|gdberwvg$

… Gdswvedm joob sgcwveru `ks fggd bejjecwar! kdb }eaa vghked so ej maofka joob |vecgs vghked

èm`$

… R`g cowdrvu sreaa `ks hkvigb agzgas oj wdbgvdwrvereod khodm dg}fovds kdb cèabvgd wdbgv

jezg$ Hovg r`kd odg ed gzgvu jezg dg}fovds es fovd }er` k ao} fevr` }gem`r! kdb 63' oj

cèabvgd wdbgv jezg kvg hobgvkrgau ov sgzgvgau wdbgv}gem`r$

… Eh|vozedm r`g agzga oj gpcawsezg fvgksrjggbedm jov cèabvgd wdbgv sep hodr`s oab jvoh ers

cwvvgdr agzga oj 73' }eaa fg zerka ro swsrkededm Sve Akdik―s mkeds ed dgodkrka kdb cèab

hovrkaeru$

Sowvcg> Kbk|rgb jvoh WDECGJ (6<<0f%$

Or`gv hovg aockae~gb |oaecegs kdb sc`ghgs r`kr kvg dorgb fu gp|gvrs ks `kzedmcodrvefwrgb ro r`g eh|vozghgdrs ed cèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar` edbeckrovs edcawbg> (e%hkdbkrovu fvgksrjggbedm oj edjkdrs (ròwm` rès `ks fggd dorgb ro `kzg dgmkrezgaueh|kcrgb oabgv edjkdrs ks fvgksr heai es wsgb ro sw||aghgdr or`gv soaeb joob%! (ee%

;3 Bescwsseods }er` r`g Bevgcrov oj \akddedm! Hedesrvu oj @gkar`! Sve Akdik$




37

hkrgvderu agkzg gprgdseods (r` owm` rès k||aegs odau ro r`g jovhka sgcrov%! kdb (eee%aockae~gb |vgsgdcg oj k heb}ejg$ ;2

:$6 Cèvkdnggze Sc`ghg> Hkrgvdka @gkar` Jedkdcedm ed Mwnkvkr

R`g èm` |vo|ovreod oj hkrgvdka bgkr`s ed r`g srkrg oj Mwnkvkr! Edbek `ks fggdkrrvefwrgb ro r`g ao} {wkaeru oj sgvzecgs kzkeakfag jov |vgmdkdr }ohgd! gs|gcekaaukhodm r`g |oov! r`kr vgswars ed òhg fksgb bgaezgvegs ed wdskderkvu codbereodsozgvsggd fu wdrvkedgb |gvsoddga$

R`g Cèvkdnggze Uonkdk |vomvkh! eh|aghgdrgb fu r`g Mozgvdhgdr oj Mwnkvkr! kehs roeh|vozg r`g kccgssefeaeru oj edsrerwreodka `gkar`ckvg sgvzecgs ro |oov jkheaegs$ Rès esbodg fu |vozebedm jedkdceka sgvzecgs ro jkheaegs kdb cozgvedm r`gev owr oj |ocigr cosrskssocekrgb }er` rvkzgaedm ro vgkc` r`g `gkar`ckvg jkceaeru$ R`g sc`ghg kaso |vozebgsjedkdceka sw||ovr ro r`g kccoh|kduedm |gvsod jov aoss oj }kmgs$ R`g sc`ghg wsgs r`gFgao} \ozgvru Aedg ckvb ro rkvmgr |oov jkheaegs$ Akwdc`gb ed 6<<7 ks k |eaor ed odgbesrvecr! r`g sc`ghg `ks do} fggd gprgdbgb ro r`g }òag srkrg$

Kd gzkawkreod oj r`g |vomvkh (F`kr gr ka$ 6<<=%! wdbgvrkigd ed odg besrvecr! jowdb r`krr`g sc`ghg dor odau |vozebgb k aedi fgr}ggd r`g cohhwderu kdb r`g edsrerwreod! fwrkaso |vozebgb jedkdceka |vorgcreod ro r`g hkvmedkae~gb sgcreod oj r`g |o|wakreod$Mozgvdhgdr `gkar` gh|aouggs (g$m$! kwpeaekvu dwvsgs kdb heb}ezgs% }gvg jowdb ro fggjjgcrezg ed fweabedm k}kvgdgss kdb mwebedm caegdrs ro wreae~g r`g sgvzecgs! ròwm`|vgdkrka kdb |osrdkrka ckvg sgvzecgs dggbgb jwvr`gv srvgdmr`gdedm kdb dgodkrka ckvg}ks vgcohhgdbgb ro fg edcawbgb ed r`g |kcikmg$ R`g srwbu kaso swmmgsrs r`kr r`gkzkeakfeaeru oj vg{wevgb hgbecedgs dggbs ro fg eh|vozgb kdb r`kr bgs|erg r`gkbzkdrkmgs oj r`g Fgao} \ozgvru Aedg ckvb! dor kaa |oov jkheaegs `kzg kccgss ro er ro!kdb r`ws kvg wdkfag ro kzkea r`ghsgazgs oj r`gsg sgvzecgs$

:$3 Soceka \vorgcreod kdb Skjgru Dgrs

Soceka |vorgcreod edcawbgs |oaecegs kdb |vomvkhs r`kr kvg bgsemdgb ro |vozebgkssesrkdcg ro r`g |oov }er` k zeg} ro}kvb hggredm fksec dggbs kdb eh|vozedm ozgvkaa}gaafgedm$ R`gsg |vomvkhs ckd edcawbg sòvr kdb aodm rgvh sw||ovr jov joobcodswh|reod kdb aezgaeòob (sohgrehgs ojjgvedm |vorgcreod kmkedsr vesi kdbzwadgvkfeaeru%! kdb `ga| ro heremkrg sòcis ro òwsgòab edcohg$ Soceka |vorgcreodru|eckaau vgzoazgs kvowdb r`g joaao}edm gaghgdrs> (e% soceka edswvkdcg (swc` ks `gkar`!aejg! kdb kssgr edswvkdcg! }èc` hku edzoazg codrvefwreods jvoh gh|aougvs kdb/ovfgdgjecekvegs%9 (ee% soceka kssesrkdcg (hkedau cks`! joob! zowc`gvs! ov swfsebegs%9 kdb(eee% soceka sgvzecgs (swc` ks hkrgvdka kdb cèab `gkar` kdb dwrvereod |vomvkhs%(Hgdbo~k 6<<5%$

Cagkvau r`g aesr oj soceka |vorgcreod |vomvkhs o|gvkredm ed r`g vgmeod es akvmg (sggK||gdbep 6%$ Ed r`g codrgpr oj r`g cwvvgdr cveses! er hku fg dorgb r`kr k dwhfgv oj r`gsoceka |vorgcreod |vomvkhs r`kr kvg ed |akcg hku jocws od r`g gprvghgau |oov$ Ej ròsgbevgcr eh|kcrgb fu r`g gcodohec sao}bo}d ed r`g vgmeod kvg wdaeigau ro fg r`ggprvghgau |oov! swc` |vomvkhs sòwab fg gzkawkrgb ed rgvhs oj r`gev sw||ovr oj agss|oov (zwadgvkfag% mvow|s$ Jov edsrkdcg! hkdu gp|ovr sgcrov }ovigvs hku dor jkaa fgao}dkreodka ov edrgvdkreodka |ozgvru aedgs$ Kr r`g skhg rehg! |ozgvru aedg! mk| kdb s{wkvgbmk| bkrk bogs dor ck|rwvg mvow|s }ò `kzg hozgb edro |ozgvru ks k vgswar oj r`gcveses$ @o}gzgv! er es |vgcesgau r`gsg }ovigvs }ò kvg aosedm nofs ks Ksek―s gp|ovrscodrvkcr (@kskd! Hkmsohfoa! kdb Cked 6<<5%$ R`g Edsrerwrg oj Bgzgao|hgdr Srwbegs(6<<0% vgcohhgdbs r`kr sgzgvka igu agssods jvoh r`g ;55=–;550 Ksekd jedkdcekacveses fg codsebgvgb>

;2 Jvoh igu |gvsod edrgvzeg}s$




3:

… Gp|kdb gsrkfaes`gb skjgru dgr |vomvkhs vkr`gv r`kd cvgkredm dg} odgs$

… \vorgcr |vo |oov s|gdbedm od igu sgcrovs! edcawbedm `gkar` kdb gbwckreod$

… Rkvmgr soceka |vorgcreod |vomvkhs$ Sohg gpkh|ags edcawbg codbereodka|vomvkhs r`kr edcawbg vg{wevghgdr ro }ovi ro eh|vozg rkvmgredm ed Kvmgdredk!

joob swfsebegs ed Edbodgsek kjrgv ;55=! wdcodbereodka cks` rvkdsjgvs r`kr ckd fgvoaagb owr jksrgv r`kd hovg so|èsreckrgb codbereodka cks` rvkdsjgvs (g$m$!\VOMVGSK ed Hgpeco%$

Mvos` gr ka$ (6<<0% dorg r`kr r`g joaao}edm codbereods sòwab kaso fg codsebgvgb }`gdaooiedm kr |vomvkhs kdb soceka |vorgcreod>

… Codrgprs }erèd }èc` |vomvkhs kvg ro fg eh|aghgdrgb hkrrgv! `gdcg r`gvg esdo fakdigr soawreod$ ]èc`gzgv |vomvkh es kbo|rgb dggbs ro fg kbk|rgb roaocka codbereods kdb r`g dggbs oj aocka kjjgcrgb |o|wakreods$ \vomvkhs dggb rofg cwsrohe~gb ro hggr aocka dggbs edsrgkb oj fgedm seh|au vg|aeckrgb$

… R`g voag oj susrghs r`kr }ovi kdb moob eh|aghgdrgvs kvg zerka jov gjjgcrezg|vomvkhhedm$ \vomvkhs ojrgd `kzg k aehergb eh|kcr fgckwsg r`gu ckd fg coo|rgb jov |oaerecka mked$

… R`g eh|kcr oj joob srkh|s od dwrvereod es dor gkseau bghodsrvkrgb! fwr r`gu`kzg fggd hovg gjjgcrezg r`kd cks` rvkdsjgvs ed hkedrkededm joob codswh|reod|krrgvds$ Seheakvau! jggbedm |vomvkhs hku `kzg k |oserezg eh|kcr odkrrgdbkdcg! fwr agss oj kd eh|kcr od dwrvereodka mked fgckwsg r`g ru|g oj joobr`kr es besrvefwrgb es dor mgdgvkaau swjjecegdr ro hkig rès eh|kcr ov er hku fg rooakrg ro edjawgdcg aodm rgvh dwrvereodka bgzgao|hgdr$

=$ KBBVGSSEDM R@G CVESES KDB HOZEDM K@GKB>EDZGSREDM ED AODM RGVH SOAWREODS

Krrgh|rs ro kbbvgss r`g gcodohec cveses sòwab edcawbg codredwows gdmkmghgdr odesswgs vgakrgb ro cèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar`! edcawbedm odmoedm jedkdceka sw||ovr$ R`gdggb ro codsceowsau jocws od r`gsg esswgs kdb ro srku gdmkmgb es gzgd hovgeh|ovrkdr ed |oov vgmeods fgckwsg r`gsg kvgks ojrgd akci |vo|gv jwdbedm ed r`g jevsr|akcg$ R`g cwvvgdr gcodohec cveses cowab r`vgkrgd jwdb kaaockreod ro kbbvgss cèab kdbhkrgvdka `gkar` vgakrgb esswgs kdb gpkcgvfkrg codbereods! gs|gcekaau khodm r`g |oov$

R`g dggb ro jocws od cèabvgd kdb od sw||ovredm r`gev òwsgòabs ro ozgvcohg|ozgvru es aedigb ro `kzedm k srvodm kdb `gkarù |o|wakreod r`kr ckd swsrked r`gbgzgao|hgdr oj k cowdrvu$ Cowdrvegs sòwab dor rvgkr r`g aodmgv rgvh eh|kcrs oj aehergbedzgsrhgdr aem`rau$

K vg|ovr od |vorgcredm r`g zwadgvkfag bwvedm rehgs oj cveses (Ojjecg oj r`g \vehg Hedesrgvoj Dov}ku 6<<5% ckaas jov hkrgvdka! dg}fovd! kdb cèab `gkar` ro fg |veovere~gb! mezgdr`kr hovrkaeru vesis jov hor`gvs kdb cèabvgd kvg èm`gsr ed r`g cverecka òwvs kdb jevsrbkus kvowdb fevr`$ Jocwsedm od r`g {wkaeru oj ckvg bwvedm fevr`‒sieaagb krrgdbkdcg kdbghgvmgdcu kdb dgodkrka ckvg‒ks }gaa ks ckvg ed r`g ehhgbekrg |osrdkrka |gveob kdbfguodb! edcawbedm jkheau |akddedm! es oj igu eh|ovrkdcg$

Bogs r`g cveses |vozebg kd o||ovrwderu jov srkigòabgvs ro gdmkmg }er` rès esswgbejjgvgdrau? Rès es kd eh|ovrkdr {wgsreod ro codsebgv$ R`g cveses ckd fg sggd ks kdo||ovrwderu ro gdmkmg }er` r`gsg esswgs bejjgvgdrau kdb ro |veovere~g rès gdmkmghgdrjov jwrwvg mkeds$ Er es eh|ovrkdr jov cowdrvegs ro gp|aovg r`gev }gajkvg srvkrgmegs rogpkhedg ò} r`gu ckd kbbvgss mvo}edm zwadgvkfeaeregs! sckag w| swccgssjwaedrgvzgdreods! kdb bo}dmvkbg edrgvzgdreods r`kr kvg cosrau kdb |vozebg hedehka vgswars$Er es kd o||ovrwderu jov dod srkrg (e$g$! |vezkrg sgcrov kdb dod mozgvdhgdrka%




3=

ovmkde~kreods ro }ovi ro sw||ovr r`g srkrg hgc`kdesh ro hkig `gkar` sgvzecgs jovzwadgvkfag mvow|s hovg kjjovbkfag! kccgssefag! kdb hgkdedmjwa$

Ks r`g WDECGJ VOSK (6<<5% vg|ovr dorgs! wdbgvsrkdbedm kdb rvkciedm r`g gjjgcrs ojrès coh|agp edrgv|aku oj maofka! gzoazedm rvgdbs kdb r`gev eh|kcr od |oov kdb gpcawbgbcohhwderegs ed r`g vgmeod es cvwceka ro bgrgvhededm r`g |oaecegs kdb srvkrgmegs vg{wevgb$

R`gsg |oaecegs sòwab fg hware|vodmgb! `ga| cwsèod r`g ehhgbekrg fao}s oj r`g cveses!kdb rkig srg|s ro |vorgcr r`g }gaafgedm oj r`g hosr zwadgvkfag ed r`g aodmgv rgvh$

=$; R`gvg es k Dggb jov Hovg Edjovhkreod kdb Vgsgkvc` od r`gEh|kcrs oj r`g Cveses

R`gvg es k dggb ro wdbgvsrkdb r`g |vofagh kr `kdb ed k hovg codcvgrg }ku$ R`gvg essreaa edswjjecegdr bkrk r`kr kssgssgs r`g ehhgbekrg eh|kcr oj r`g cveses r`kr ckd edjovh|oaecegs kdb |vkcrecgs$ R`g bkrk kzkeakfag es fksgb od gcodohec jkcrovs kdb bgkaedm}er` srkdbkvb edbeckrovs oj `gkar` kdb dwrvereod$ Rès bkrk bogs dor ck|rwvg r`ggp|gvegdcgs oj òwsgòabs ed r`g cveses kdb es wdkfag ro codrvefwrg ro owv

wdbgvsrkdbedm oj ò} zwadgvkfag jkheaegs kdb cèabvgd co|g }er` r`g eh|kcr oj r`gcveses$ @o}gzgv! rès |vocgss oj bkrk coaagcredm dggbs ro rkig |akcg ed |kvkaaga }er`bgkaedm }er` r`g cveses$ R`gvg es kaso k dggb ro gpkhedg ò} |go|ag kccgss joobsw||aegs! }`kr r`gev jggbedm |vkcrecgs kvg! kdb ò} r`gsg `kzg fggd kjjgcrgb fu r`gcveses kdb joob |vecg edcvgksgs$

=$6 Edzgsredm ed Soceka \vorgcreod kdb Skjgru Dgrs esEh|gvkrezg

K vgcgdr codjgvgdcg `gab ro kssgss r`g eh|kcr oj r`g gcodohec cveses od cèabvgdebgdrejegb r`g eh|ovrkdcg oj sckaedm w| kdb edzgsredm ed soceka |vorgcreod sc`ghgs rocwsèod kjjgcrgb |o|wakreods (WDECGJ 6<<5%$ ]èag edzgsrhgdr ed r`g gcodohu roedcvgksg nofs sgghs ro fg r`g |vgjgvvgb }ku ro bgka }er` r`g gjjgcrs oj r`g gcodoheccveses! edzgsrhgdr ed soceka |vorgcreod ckd kaso `ga| cohfkr ers eh|kcrs$

Cowdrvegs ed r`g vgmeod wsg k vkdmg oj soceka |vorgcreod sc`ghgs! swc` ks |ozgvruvgakrgb cks` rvkdsjgv |vomvkhs$ R}o gpkh|ags kvg r`g Sve Akdikd Skhwvbè |vomvkhkdb \kiesrkd―s vgcgdr ederekrezg‒r`g Fgdk~ev Jwdb‒}èc` kehs ro cozgv jezg heaaeod|oov òwsgòabs! |vehkveau kbbvgssgs }ohgd―s dggbs! kdb `ks hosr vgcgdrau fggdgp|kdbgb ro edcawbg dg}au bes|akcgb |o|wakreods (WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5%$

Hkdu cowdrvegs `kzg scòoa hgka |vomvkhs! codrvefwredm ro scòoa kmg cèabvgd―sfksec joob edrkig kdb sgvzedm ks kd edcgdrezg ro krrgdb cakssgs$ Kjm`kdesrkd!Fkdmakbgs`! Edbek! Dg|ka! \kiesrkd! kdb Sve Akdik `kzg }gaa gsrkfaes`gb joob jov }ovikdb cks` jov }ovi gh|aouhgdr |vomvkhs$ Edbek edrvobwcgb k akvmg gh|aouhgdrmwkvkdrgg sc`ghg (DVGMK% jov r`g vwvka |oov ed 6<<7 kdb rès k||vokc` es fgedmvg|aeckrgb ed Fkdmakbgs` kdb Dg|ka$ Fkdmakbgs`! Edbek! \kiesrkd! kdb Sve Akdik wsgsusrghs oj vkreod ckvbs ov |vecg codrvoaagb sò|s ro kbbvgss joob |vecg edjakreod(WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5%$

Sve Akdik `ks kbo|rgb k dkreodka dwrvereod |akd r`kr edcawbgs kccgss ro dwrvereows joobjov ao} edcohg òwsgòabs$ ]èag kaa gem`r cowdrvegs jgkrwvg |wfaec sgcrov oab kmg|gdseods! Dg|ka `ks k wde{wg susrgh oj dod codrvefwrovu oab kmg |gdseods jov kaacere~gds ozgv r`g kmg oj =<! }èc` vgkc`gs gzgd vghorg kvgks oj r`g cowdrvu (WDECGJVOSK 6<<5%$

Or`gv ebgks wdbgv bescwsseod edcawbg>

… |vozeseod oj dwrvereodka sw||aghgdrs ks |kvr oj |wfaec gh|aouhgdr sc`ghgs(Dg|ka%9




30

… wdezgvska |gdseods jov r`g gabgvau kdb beskfagb (Edbek%9

… `gkar` vgakrgb mvkdrs! swc` ks hkrgvderu fgdgjers ov rvkds|ovr mvkdrs! ro cozgvbgaezgvu gp|gdberwvgs (Edbek kdb Dg|ka%9 kdb

… r`g kbo|reod oj k coh|vg`gdsezg soceka |vorgcreod |kcikmg! s|kddedm wdezgvska

jvgg |vehkvu `gkar`ckvg! k soceka |gdseod! kdb srkrg codrvefwreods ro gksg joobkdb rvkds|ovr |vecgs (Hkabezgs% (WDECGJ VOSK 6<<5%$

Ugr fkvvegvs ro wreae~kreod sreaa gpesr kdb rès |vgzgdrs gzgd jvgg |vomvkhs jvoh fgedmkccgssgb fu r`g |oov$ Soceka edswvkdcg sc`ghgs jov r`g edjovhka sgcrov kvg kahosrdodgpesrgdr (WDECGJ 6<<5%! fwr ckd sgvzg ro |vorgcr zwadgvkfag |o|wakreods! swc` ksròsg kr vesi oj nof aossgs$

Seheakvau! |vomvkhs r`kr ojjgv wdezgvska cozgvkmg ckd `ga| sw||ovr r`g hosr zwadgvkfagcèabvgd kdb hor`gvs$ Wdezgvska rkvmgredm `ga|s |vorgcr kaa cèabvgd kdb hor`gvs$ R`gSve Akdikd gpkh|ag oj jvgg `gkar`ckvg kdb gbwckreod kdb r`g srkrg―s cohherhgdr rocodredwedm r`gsg |vomvkhs }eaa `ga| |vozebg jov r`g fksec `gkar`ckvg kdb gbwckreodkadggbs oj cèabvgd kdb hor`gvs$ ]`kr es kaso dggbgb es odmoedm sw||ovr oj swc`

|vomvkhs! gs|gcekaau bwvedm r`gsg rehgs! ro gdswvg r`kr |ksr mkeds kvg dor kjjgcrgb$

=$3 Edrgmvkreod oj Joob Sgcwveru edro Soceka \vorgcreod

R`g |vohoreod oj joob sgcwveru es cverecka }erèd kdu soceka |vorgcreod sc`ghg r`kr kehsro gdswvg kbg{wkrg dwrvereod‒gs|gcekaau jov edjkdrs kdb uowdm hor`gvs‒kdb hkigswvg r`kr joob (|kvrecwakvau srk|ags% es kzkeakfag kr kd kjjovbkfag |vecg$ Dwrvereod ojzwadgvkfag edjkdrs kdb hor`gvs sòwab fg hoderovgb! }er` |vozeseods jovsw||aghgdrkvu jggbedm jov ròsg kr vesi (@kv|gv gr ka$ 6<<5%$

=$2 Sw||ovredm @owsgòabs ro Co|g }er` r`g Cveses

‑\oaecu sòwab dor wdbgvgsrehkrg r`g kmgdcu oj òwsgòabs! edcawbedm cèabvgd! edvgs|odbedm ro cveses$ R`g c`kaagdmg es ro sw||ovr codsrvwcrezg co|edm hgc`kdeshs kdbsggi ro bescowvkmg wdcodsrvwcrezg odgs‘ (@kv|gv gr ka$ 6<<5>;%$ Er es gssgdreka r`kr }gjocws od r`g sòvr! hgbewh! kdb aodm rgvh eh|kcrs ks r`gu kvg kaa edrgmvkaauedrgvaedigb$ Kbbvgssedm odg sgr oj eh|kcrs bogs dor dgcgsskvu sgvzg ro heremkrg r`gozgvkaa dgmkrezg eh|kcrs oj r`g cveses od òwsgòabs$

Er es kaso eh|ovrkdr ro jocws od r`g ‑evvgzgvsefags‘‒edcawbedm dwrvereod! kccgss rogbwckreod! fgedm |ws`gb edro }ovi! kdb wdskjg }oviedm codbereods‒r`kr vgswar ed kdevvgzgvsefag cucag oj |ozgvru (@kv|gv gr ka$ 6<<5%$ Jkcrovedm ed r`g voag oj cèabvgd edbgkaedm }er` r`g cveses kr r`g òwsgòab agzga es kaso eh|ovrkdr$ @o} cèabvgd |gvcgezgr`g eh|kcr oj r`g cveses kdb ò} r`gu jgga kfowr er kjjgcrs r`gh kdb r`gev jkheaegs! kdbckd kaso |vozebg zkawkfag edsem`rs edro |ossefag |oaecu bevgcreods$ R`g sòvr! hgbewh!kdb aodm rgvh gjjgcrs oj gcodohec bg|vezkreod od cèabvgd vgswar ed r`g bgzgao|hgdr ojco|edm srvkrgmegs r`kr ckd jwvr`gv bgsrkfeae~g r`gev aezgs$

=$7 Srkrg Edrgvzgdreods r`kr Heremkrg Zwadgvkfeaeregs Vgswaredmjvoh r`g Cveses

Ed Sowr` Ksek! k dwhfgv oj cowdrvegs `kzg vgcgdrau eh|aghgdrgb jescka srehwaws |oaecu!edcawbedm Edbek (WS"2 feaaeod% kdb Sve Akdik (WS";2; heaaeod% (Ioàgv 6<<5 ed @kv|gv grka$ 6<<5%$ Ugr rès dggbs ro cohg }er` k cohherhgdr ro c`kddga r`gsg vgsowvcgs roigu sgcrovs! edcawbedm `gkar`ckvg$ Ed Sve Akdik! r`gvg `kzg fggd dwhgvows }kvdedms

r`kr jescka mkeds kvg fgedm c`kddgagb edro cgvrked kvgks (|osr codjaecr% ov kvg fgedm




35

wsgb ro sw||ovr aokd |kuhgdrs vkr`gv r`kd ro kbbvgss cverecka sgcrovs ed aem`r oj r`gcveses$

R`g voag oj r`g srkrg es cverecka! for` ed vgcomde~edm r`g codsg{wgdcgs oj r`g cveses! kdbed }oviedm ro heremkrg ers eh|kcrs$ Ed Sve Akdik r`gvg sgghs ro fg do sgdsg oj wvmgdcued kbbvgssedm r`g gjjgcrs oj r`g cveses fguodb ers gcodohec eh|kcr$ Rès cowab fg

fgckwsg oj Sve Akdik―s aodm srkdbedm }gajkvg k||vokc` r`kr |vozebgs jvgg kccgss ro`gkar`ckvg kdb gbwckreodka sgvzecgs$ Ks k vgswar oj r`gsg |oaecegs! òwsgòabs `kzgfggd cwsèodgb ro k cgvrked gprgdr$ Ugr! rès susrgh swjjgvs jvoh esswgs oj kccgssefeaerukdb {wkaeru oj sgvzecgs r`kr hgkds er bogs dor vgkc` sohg sgmhgdrs oj r`g |o|wakreod$Bescwsseod }er` `gkar` sgcrov |vojgsseodkas vgzgkagb r`kr }ovigvs ed r`g rgk |akdrkreodsgcrov kvg odg swc` mvow|$ Kccgss ro `gkar`ckvg sgvzecgs es aehergb ed r`gsg kvgks kdbkavgkbu |oov codbereods cowab fg jwvr`gv kjjgcrgb fu r`g cveses ks k vgswar oj r`g sgcrovfgedm kjjgcrgb fu gp|ovr hkvigr cwrfkcis$

Ed cowdrvegs aeig Sve Akdik r`kr kvg mvk||aedm }er` hware|ag ghgvmgdcegs (g$m$! ks kvgswar oj codjaecr%! mvgkrgv gjjovrs kvg fgedm hkbg ro kbbvgss sohg ehhgbekrg dggbsozgv or`gvs$ @o}gzgv! r`gsg gjjovrs }eaa ofscwvg r`g dggbs oj or`gv zwadgvkfag mvow|s!

edcawbedm ròsg kjjgcrgb fu r`g gcodohec cveses! ej |oaecuhkigvs kdb |vkcrereodgvs bodor codsebgv r`g cveses ro fg kd ghgvmgdcu serwkreod r`kr hwsr fg kbbvgssgb ozgv for`r`g sòvr kdb aodm rgvh$ R`g bescwsseods }er` |vkcrereodgvs mkzg sohg edbeckreod r`krrès cveses es dor |gvcgezgb ks kd ghgvmgdcu serwkreod$




2<

VGJGVGDCGS

Ksekd Bgzgao|hgdr Fkdi (KBF%$ 6<<5$ Ksekd Bgzgao|hgdr Owraooi 6<<5 W|bkrg> Fvokbgdedm O|gddgss jov k Vgseaegdr Ksek $ Hkdeak> KBF$

`rr|>//}}}$kbf$ovm/Bocwhgdrs/Foois/KBO/6<<5/w|bkrg/kbo6<<5 w|bkrg$|bjFkwgv! K$ 6<<5 (Bvkjr%$R`g Soceka Eh|kcrs oj r`g Maofka Gcodohec Cveses od r`g \oov

kdb Zwadgvkfag \go|ag ed Ksek $ \k|gv |vg|kvgb jov r`g 3vb \VC KSGKD Jovwhod Soceka Bgzgao|hgdr kdb \ozgvru Vgbwcreod kdb r`g 2r` KSGKD)3 @emÀgzga Sghedkv od \ozgvru Vgbwcreod! Hedesrvu oj Kmvecwarwvg kdb VwvkaBgzgao|hgdr oj r`g Mozgvdhgdr oj Zegr Dkh! Srkrg Cowdcea Agkbedm Mvow|Ojjecg oj \ozgvru Kaagzekreod kdb Bgzgao|hgdr oj r`g \VC! KSGKD Sgcvgrkvekr!kdb KBF! @kdoe! 60–3< Sg|rghfgv 6<<5$

F`kr! V$! B$ Hkzkakdikv! \$ Z$ Sedm`! kdb D$ Sedm`$ 6<<=$ Hkrgvdka @gkar` Jedkdcedm ed Mwnkvkr> \vgaehedkvu Vgswars jvoh k @owsgòab Swvzgu oj Fgdgjecekvegs wdbgv Cèvkdnggze Sc`ghg $ K`hgbkfkb! Edbek> Edbekd Edsrerwrg ojHkdkmghgdr$ `rr|>//}}}$ecbbvf$ovm/ehkmgs/N@\D;=6Hkrgvdka_@gkar`ckvg_Jedkdcedm$|bj (kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5%$

F`wrrk! ^$! gr ka$ 6<<2$Hkrgvdka kdb Cèab @gkar`> Es Sowr` Ksek Vgkbu jov C`kdmg? Gbwckreod kdb Bgfkrg$ Fveres` Hgbecka Nowvdka 360> 0;:–0;5$

Fakci! V$ G$! gr ka$ 6<<0$ Hkrgvdka kdb Cèab Wdbgvdwrvereod> maofka kdb vgmeodkagp|oswvgs kdb `gkar` codsg{wgdcgs$ R`g Akdcg r 3=; (5:<0% > 623–6:<$

Cgdrvka Fkdi oj Sve Akdik$ 6<<0$ Kddwka Vg|ovr 6<<0 $ Coaohfo> Cgdrvka Fkdi oj SveAkdik$

Bg|kvrhgdr oj Cgdsws kdb Srkresrecs$ Wdbkrgb$ Ojjeceka \ozgvru Aedg jov Sve Akdik $BCS ]gfserg$ `rr|>//}}}$srkresrecs$moz$ai/|ozgvru/hodràu_|ozgvru/edbgp$`rh ! kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5$

Mvos`! H$! C$ Bga Deddo! G$ Rgsawec! kdb K$ Owgvmè$ 6<<0$Jov \vorgcreod *\vohoreod> R`g Bgsemd kdb Eh|aghgdrkreod oj Gjjgcrezg Skjgru Dgrs $]ksèdmrod! BC> ]ovab Fkdi$

@kv|gv! C$! D$ Nodgs! K$ HcIku! kdb N$ Gs|gu$ 6<<5$ Cèabvgd ed Rehgs oj GcodohecCveses> \ksr Agssods! Jwrwvg \oaecegs $Fkcimvowdb Dorg |vg|kvgb jov WDECGJWI kdb r`g C`vodec \ozgvru Vgsgkvc` Cgdrvg$ Aodbod> Ozgvsgks Bgzgao|hgdrEdsrerwrg$ `rr|>//}}}$obe$ovm$wi/vgsowvcgs/bo}daokb/60:7$|bj (kccgssgb Kwmwsr6<<5%$

@kskd! V$! H$ V$ Hkmsohfoa! kdb N$ S$ Cked$ 6<<5$ \ozgvru Eh|kcr oj r`g Gcodohec

Sao}bo}d ed Bgzgao|edm Ksek> Sohg Scgdkveos$ KBF Gcodohecs ]oviedm\k|gv Sgvegs ;73$ Hkdeak> KBF$ `rr|>//}}}$kbf$ovm/Bocwhgdrs/]oviedm\k|gvs/6<<5/Gcodohecs ]\;73$|bj (kccgssgb Dozghfgv 6<<5%$

Edsrerwrg oj Bgzgao|hgdr Srwbegs$ 6<<0$ Zoecgs jvoh r`g Sowr`> R`g Eh|kcr oj r`g Jedkdceka Cveses od Bgzgao|edm Cowdrvegs$ Fvem`rod! WI>EBS$ `rr|>//}}}$ebs$kc$wi/WsgvJeags/jeag/maofkaeskreod_rgkh/jedkdceka_cveses/Zoecgs'6<jvoh'6<r`g'6<Sowr`'6<Vg|ovr$|bj (kccgssgb Kwmwsr 6<<5%$

Edrgvdkreodka Edsrerwrg jov \o|wakreod Scegdcgs (EE\S% kdb Hkcvo Edrgvdkreodka (HE%$6<<=$ Dkreodka Jkheau @gkar` Swvzgu (DJ@S 3%! 6<<7–<:> Edbek> Zoawhg E!EE\S!Hwhfke$

http://www.icddrb.org/images/JHPN172-Maternal_Healthcare_Financing.pdf




http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/vol371no9608/PIIS0140-6736(08)X6004-0


http://www.statistics.gov.lk/poverty/monthly_poverty/index.htm



http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/2865.pdf



http://www.adb.org/Documents/Working-Papers/2009/Economics-WP153.pdf




http://www.ids.ac.uk/UserFiles/file/globalisation_team/financial_crisis/Voices%20from%20the%20South%20Report.pdf
















2;

Hgdbo~k! V$ 6<<5$ Kmmvgmkrg Sòcis! \oov @owsgòabs! kdb Cèabvgd> Rvkdshesseod C`kddgas kdb \oaecu Vgs|odsgs$ Soceka \oaecu ]oviedm \k|gv! Bezeseod oj\oaecu kdb \vkcrecg$ Dg} Uovi! DU>WDECGJ$ `rr|>//}}}$wdecgj$ovm/|oaecukdkauses/jeags/\osrscve|r_Jovhkrrgb_KMMVGMKRG_S@OCIS_KDB_C@EABVGD_3$<2$<5$|bj (kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5%$

Ojjecg oj r`g \vehg Hedesrgv oj Dov}ku$ 6<<5$ Agkbedm fu Gpkh|ag ‒ \vorgcredm r`g Hosr Zwadgvkfag Bwvedm r`g Gcodohec Cveses$ R`g Maofka Ckh|kemd jov @gkar`Heaagddewh Bgzgao|hgdr Mokas 6<<5$ Osao> Ojjecg oj r`g \vehg Hedesrgv ojDov}ku$ `rr|>//}}}$kwskeb$moz$kw/|wfaeckreods/|bj/agkb_fu_gpkh|ag$|bj (kccgssgbKwmwsr 6<<5%$

Wdergb Dkreods Gcodohec kdb Soceka Cohhesseod jov Ksek kdb r`g \kcejec (WDGSCK\%$6<<0k$ Srkresrecka Ugkvfooi jov Ksek kdb r`g \kcejec 6<<0 $ Fkdmioi>WDGSCK\$ `rr|>//}}}$wdgsck|$ovm/Srkr/bkrk/suf6<<0/GSCK\ SUF6<<0$|bj (kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5%$

‒‒‒$ 6<<0f$ K Jwrwvg ]erèd Vgkc` 6<<0> Vgmeodka \kvrdgvsè|s jov r`g Heaagddewh Bgzgao|hgdr Mokas ed Ksek kdb r`g \kcejec$ Fkdmioi> WDGSCK\! KBF! kdbWDB\$ `rr|>//}}}$hbmksek|kcejec$ovm/jeags/s`kvgb_joabgv/bocwhgdrs/K Jwrwvg ]erèdVgkc` 6<<0$|bj (kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5%$

‒‒‒$ 6<<5$ Gcodohec kdb Soceka Swvzgu oj Ksek kdb r`g \kcejec 6<<5> Kbbvgssedm Rve|ag R`vgkrs ro Bgzgao|hgdr$ Fkdmioi>WDGSCK\$ `rr|>//}}}$wdgsck|$ovm/|bb/|wfaeckreods/swvzgu6<<5/bo}daokb/Swvzgu6<<5$|bj (kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5%$

WDECGJ$ 6<<0k$\vomvgss jov Cèabvgd> K Vg|ovr Ckvb od Hkrgvdka Hovrkaeru! Dwhfgv =$Dg} Uovi! DU>WDECGJ$ `rr|>//}}}$cèabedjo$ovm/jeags/|vomvgss_jov_cèabvgd_hkrgvdkahovrkaeru$|bj

‒‒‒$ 6<<0f$ R`g Srkrg oj r`g ]ovab―s Cèabvgd 6<<5$ Dg} Uovi! DU>WDECGJ$

(kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5%$

`rr|>//}}}$wdecgj$ovm/so}c<5/bocs/SO]C<5 JwaaVg|ovr GD$|bj

‒‒‒$ 6<<0c$ Cowdrbo}d ro 6<;7 ‒ Hkrgvdka! Dg}fovd! kdb Cèab Swvzezka$ Rvkciedm \vomvgss ed Hkrgvdka! Dg}fovd * Cèab Swvzezka‒R`g 6<<0 Vg|ovr! Zgvseod 6$Dg} Uovi! DU>WDECGJ$

(kccgssgbSg|rghfgv 6<<5%$

`rr|>//}}}$cowdrbo}d6<;7hdc`$ovm/bocwhgdrs/6<<0vg|ovr/6<<0Cowdrbo}d6<;7JwaaVg|ovr_6dbGbereod_;p;$|bj (kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5

‒‒‒$ 6<<5$ Eh|kcr oj r`g Gcodohec Cveses od Cèabvgd $ CodjgvgdcgVg|ovr$

%$

Sedmk|ovg WDECGJ Gksr Ksek kdb r`g \kcejec ! sw||ovrgb fu dkreodkamozgvdhgdrs oj Gksr Ksek kdb r`g \kcejec! Agg Iwkd Ug} Scòoa oj \wfaec \oaecu!

Dkreodka Wdezgvseru oj Sedmk|ovg! kdb Sedmk|ovg Hedesrvu oj Jovgemd Kjjkevs!Sedmk|ovg! :–= Nkdwkvu6<<5$ `rr|>//}}}$wdecgj$ovm/gk|vo/Eh|kcr_oj_r`g_Gcodohec_Cveses_od_Cèabvgd_

_Codjgvgdcg_Vg|ovr$|bj (kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5%$

(wdbkrgb%$\oaecu Kbzockcu kdb \kvrdgvsè|s jov Cèabvgd-s Vem`rs> Joob \vecg Edsrkfeaeru$WDECGJ ]gfserg$ `rr|>//}}}$wdecgj$ovm/|oaecukdkauses/edbgp_25<=;$`rha(kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5

WDECGJ Vgmeodka Ojjecg Sowr` Ksek (VOSK%$ 6<<5$K Hkrrgv oj Hkmderwbg> R`g Eh|kcr oj r`g Gcodohec Cveses od ]ohgd kdb Cèabvgd ed Sowr` Ksek$ WDECGJVOSK$

%

`rr|>//}}}$wdecgj$ovm/vosk/Akrgsr_Hkrrgv_oj_hkmderwbg$|bj (kccgssgbKwmwsr 6<<5%$

http://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Postscript_Formatted_AGGREGATE_SHOCKS_AND_CHILDREN_3.04.09.pdf




http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/lead_by_example.pdf



http://www.unescap.org/Stat/data/syb2008/ESCAP-SYB2008.pdf



http://www.mdgasiapacific.org/files/shared_folder/documents/A-Future-Within-Reach-2008.pdf




http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/survey2009/download/Survey2009.pdf




http://www.childinfo.org/files/progress_for_children_maternalmortality.pdf


http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09-FullReport-EN.pdf


http://www.countdown2015mnch.org/documents/2008report/2008Countdown2015FullReport_2ndEdition_1x1.pdf




http://www.unicef.org/eapro/Impact_of_the_Economic_Crisis_on_Children_-_Conference_Report.pdf




http://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/index_49071.html


http://www.unicef.org/rosa/Latest_Matter_of_magnitude.pdf






















26

]ovab Fkdi$ 6<<5$ Sowr` Ksek Vgmeodka Bgzgao|hgdr Hkvigr|akcg od Dwrvereod 6<<5 ‒Eddozkrg jov Dwrvereod> Jkheau kdb Cohhwderu K||vokc`gs ro Eh|vozg Edjkdr kdb Uowdm Cèab Dwrvereod$]ksèdmrod! BC> ]ovab Fkdi $

]ovab @gkar` Ovmkde~kreod Vgmeodka Ojjecg jov Sowr` Gksr Ksek (]@O SGKVO% (wdbkrgb%$;; `gkar` {wgsreods kfowr r`g ;; SGKV cowdrvegs> Hkabezgs $ ;30 ;:7$

`rr|>//}}}$sgkvo$}ò$edr/AediJeags/Cowdrvu_@gkar`_Susrgh_\vojeag_: hkabezgs$|bj

6<<0$ ]ovab @gkar` Srkresrecs$

! kccgssgb Sg|rghfgv 6<<5$

`rr|>//}}}$}ò$edr/}òses/}òsrkr/GD_]@S<0_Jwaa$|bj (kccgssgb Kwmwsr 6<<5%$

http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Country_Health_System_Profile_6-maldives.pdf

http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS08_Full.pdf









23

K\\GDBEP ;> IGU \GVSODS EDRGVZEG]GB

Bv$ Swseg \gvgvk! Bevgcrov oj \oaecu Kdkauses kdb Bgzgao|hgdr! Hedesrvu oj @gkar`ckvg

kdb Dwrvereod! Sve Akdik

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Bv Bgg|eik Krremkaag! Codswarkdr Cohhwderu \ùsecekd kdb Dkreodka \vomvkhhg

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Dwrvereodesr! WDECGJ Sve Akdik

Hv$ Hgrèseve Bg Seazk! Kbzesov‒@owsgòab Gcodohec Sgcwveru \vomvkhhg! Skzg r`g

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Bv$ @evkdrè ]enguhkddg! Codswarkdr! Dkreodka Cèab \vorgcreod Kwròveru! Sve Akdik

\vojgssov \veukde Sousk! Ghgverws \vojgssov oj \gbekrvecs! Wdezgvseru oj Coaohfo




22

K\\GDBEP 6> SOCEKA \VORGCREOD ED R@G VGMEOD

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Sohg oj r`gsg jocws od hkrgvdka kdb cèab `gkar`! }èag or`gvkvg rkvmgrgb ro}kvb r`g òwsgòab fwr ckd sreaa fg wsgjwa ro codsebgv mezgd r`g vgakrgbeh|kcr oj r`g cveses od cèab kdb hkrgvdka `gkar`$ R`g skjgru dgr sc`ghgs edcawbg>

… Ed iedb joob rvkdsjgvs kdb or`gv joob fksgb |vomvkhs$ R`gsg |vomvkhs hkigjoob kzkeakfag ro zwadgvkfag jkheaegs ed r`g jovh oj joob vkreods! sw||aghgdrkvukdb scòoa jggbedm |vomvkhs! ov ghgvmgdcu joob besrvefwreod$ Joob fksgb|vomvkhs kvg ojrgd rkvmgrgb kdb ckd `ga| hkedrked r`g dwrvereodka srkdbkvbs ojhor`gvs kdb cèabvgd bwvedm cveses |gveobs$ R`gu ckd kaso `ga| zwadgvkfagòwsgòabs ro |kvrece|krg ed soceka |vomvkhs$ R`gsg |vomvkhs cowab wsgwdezgvska |vecg ov rkp swfsebegs jov fksec cohhoberegs$ Sohg gpkh|ags edcawbgk rkvmgrgb! dggb fksgb |vomvkh ed Edbek ed }èc` cgvrejegb |oov codswhgvs }òjkaa fgao} r`g |ozgvru aedg ckd |wvc`ksg }`gkr kdb or`gv cohhoberegs kr

vgbwcgb |vecgs r`vowm` |wfaec besrvefwreod susrghs9 r`g Zwadgvkfag Mvow|Bgzgao|hgdr \vomvkhhg ed Fkdmakbgs` r`kr edrgmvkrgs joob sgcwveru kdbdwrvereod }er` bgzgao|hgdr kdb edcohg mgdgvkreod khodm |oov vwvka }ohgd9sw||aghgdrkvu jggbedm |vomvkhs kr cèab jggbedm cgdrgvs ed Fkdmakbgs`9 r`gheb hovdedm sdkci |vomvkh jov scòoa cèabvgd ed Fkdmakbgs`9 r`g Joob jovGbwckreod \vomvkhhg ed Fkdmakbgs`! }èc` |vozebgs }`gkr ov vecg ro jkheaegszek cèabvgd ed |vehkvu scòoas kdb `ks sedcg fggd c`kdmgb ro k cks` sre|gdb|vomvkh$

… Mgdgvka swfsebegs $ R`gsg kvg eh|aghgdrgb }er` r`g keh oj codrvoaaedm |vecgc`kdmgs oj joob kdb gssgdreka cohhoberegs$ R`gsg |vomvkhs kvg dor rkvmgrgbkdb kaa `kzg kccgss ro r`gsg swfsebegs$

… Edcohg mgdgvkreod |vomvkhs $ R`gsg |vomvkhs sw||au ao} sieaagb nofs edcohhwderu agzga edjvksrvwcrwvg |vongcrs kdb |vozebg }kmgs ed cks` ov ed iedb rocodrvkcrgb |go|ag! |vozebedm sohg cwsèodedm kmkedsr nof aossgs$ R`g|vomvkhs bo dor dggb ro rkvmgr |wfaec }ovis gpcawsezgau! fwr ckd kaso jocws od

nof rvkededm! nof |akcghgdr! kdb hecvocvgber |vomvkhs r`kr ckd sw||ovraezgaeòob kcrezeregs$ Edcohg mgdgvkreod |vomvkhs ckd kaso coh|aghgdr rvkdsjgv|vomvkhs! }èc` ckd fg wsgb ro |vorgcr òwsgòabs ed r`g sòvrgv rgvh vkr`gvr`kd fweabedm bg|gdbgdcg od rvkdsjgvs$ Sohg gpkh|ags edcawbg r`gedjvksrvwcrwvg vgcodsrvwcreod }ovi kjrgv r`g 6<<2 Rswdkhe ed Sve Akdik! r`gJoob jov ]ovi \vomvkhhg ed Fkdmakbgs`! r`g Hk`kvks`r`vk Gh|aouhgdr

;7 Sgg K||gdbep F ed Mvos` gr ka$ (6<<0% jov bgrkeagb bgscve|reods oj r`g hgdreodgb skjgru dgr |vomvkhs$




27

Mwkvkdrgg Sc`ghg ed Edbek! kdb r`g Nk}k`kv Gh|aouhgdr \vomvkhhg edEdbek$

… \vorgcredm `whkd ck|erka kdb |vozebedm kccgss ro fksec sgvzecgs ‒codbereodkarvkdsjgvs r`kr gdcowvkmg r`g wsg oj gbwckreodka kdb `gkar` jkceaeregs$ R`gsg|vomvkhs `ga| gdswvg r`kr zwadgvkfag mvow|s! swc` ks }ohgd kdb cèabvgd!

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… Jgg }kezgvs! gpgh|reods! kdb scòakvsè|s ‒`ga|edm |oov òwsgòabs kccgsssgvzecgs kr k swfsebe~gb vkrg$ R`gsg ckd edcawbg jgg }kezgvs! zowc`gvs! kdbscòakvsè|s ro kccgss `gkar` kdb gbwckreodka sgvzecgs$ Sohg gpkh|agsedcawbg Sve Akdik―s jvgg wdezgvska |wfaec kdb cwvkrezg `gkar`ckvg susrgh kdb|vehkvu! sgcodbkvu! kdb rgvrekvu gbwckreod susrghs9 kdb ers Ugkv 7 Scòakvs` e| |vomvkh kehgb kr eh|vozedm r`g kccgssefeaeru oj |wfaec sgcodbkvu gbwckreod9 ;: sre|gdb |vomvkhs jov mevas ed Fkdmakbgs` kdb \kiesrkd9 |gvjovhkdcg vgakrgb

mvkdrs jov gbwckreod ed Fkdmakbgs`! \kiesrkd! kdb Dg| ka9 rkvmgrgb fwvskvegs edEdbek9 jvgg rgpr foois ed \kiesrkd! Edbek! kdb Sve Akdik9 ;= jvgg agkvdedm hkrgvekaed Fkdmakbgs` kdb Edbek9 kdb jvgg scòoa wdejovhs ed Edbek kdb Sve Akdik$ ;0

;: Dor hgdreodgb ed Mvos` gr ka$ (6<<0% fwr dorgb `gvg mezgd ers semdejeckdcg ro r`g ro|ec oj r`g |k|gv$

;= Dor hgdreodgb ed Mvos` gr ka$ (6<<0% fwr dorgb `gvg mezgd ers semdejeckdcg ro r`g ro|ec oj r`g |k|gv$

;0 Dor hgdreodgb ed Mvos` gr ka$ (6<<0% fwr dorgb `gvg mezgd ers semdejeckdcg ro r`g ro|ec oj r`g |k|gv$


