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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
UNDERSTANDING THE MAIN CONCEPTS FOR THE UPCOMING
TEST
COMPARING CELL ORGANELLE FUNCTIONS
Organelle
Function Location
Chloroplasts
Produces food energy from light
Cytoplasm (Plant Cells Only)
Vacuole
Storage area for water and waste
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Power Source Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Brain of the Cell Inside the nuclear membrane
Lysosome
Cleans up cell and organelles
cytoplasm
Cell Wall
To give the cell rigidity and shape
Located outside of the plant cell
Ribosome
Makes proteins for the cell Cytoplasm
THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS Robert Hooke (1665) – first person to
use the word cell to describe the basic unit of living things.Studied corks under a simple microscope
and noticed it appeared to be made up of tiny little boxes.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1840) – first person to observe living cells.Used a modern, or compound microscope to
observe cells.
CELL THEORYAll living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basis unit of all life functions and structure.
All Cells come from other cells.
Does not explain where the first cells came from.
Does not explain viruses.
COMPARING CELL TYPES
Prokaryote VERY SMALL
Size EukaryoteLarger Cell
BACTERIA/ SINGLE
CELL
lifeforms FUNGI, PROTIST, ANIMALSSINGLED CELL AND MULTI
CELLULAR
None
organelles yes
Yes
capsule None
Yes
Cell wall Plant Cells Only
PROKARYOTE/EUKARYOTE Prokaryotic Cells – Cells that do not
contain a nucleus.Example: Bacteria Cells
Eukaryotic Cells – Cells that do contain a nucleus.Example: Plant Cells, Animal Cells, Protists
and Fungi
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: A process by which plants convert
sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into food energy (sugar), oxygen and water.Sunlight “captured” by chloroplasts.Water taken in by roots of plantCarbon Dioxide taken in by leaf
Energy then used to combine Hydrogen with Carbon Dioxide to create Glucose.
Chemical Equation6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
CELL RESPIRATION: The process by which the chemical energy
of "food" molecules is released and changed into ATP. Mitochondria “convert” glucose into USABLE
energy form Carbon Dioxide and Water are created as waste
products Energy needed to sustain life:
70% = organ function 10%= digestion of food 20% = used in activity or stored as fat
Chemical Formula C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O
ACTIVE/PASSIVE TRANSPORT Active Transport – the movement of
molecules across a cell membrane that require the use of energy.Examples: Photosynthesis; Cellular
Respiration
Passive Transport: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a cell membrane that does not require the use of energy.Examples: Osmosis; Diffusion
OSMOSIS Movement of water across a cell
membrane Moves from high concentration to low
concentrationAn area where there is more water to an
area where there is less water. REQUIRES NO ENERGY; PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
DIFFUSION: Movement of gas across a cell
membrane. Gases moves from high concentration to
low concentration Example: Balloon deflating over time.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT; NO ENERGY REQUIRED
MITOSIS: CELL DIVISION Mitosis – the process by which all cells,
except gametes (sex cells), separate into two identical copies. Interphase – cell prepares itself for cell division.
Not apart of Mitosis.Prophase- nucleus disappears; chromosomes
appear.Metaphase- chromosomes line up in middleAnaphase- chromosomes split apartTelophase- cytokinesis begins, nucleus reforms,
chromosomes disappear Cytokinesis – the cytoplasm of the single
cell is divided to form two daughter cells.
INTERPHASEAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
PROPHASE
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Spindle fibers
Centrioles
METAPHASEAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
ANAPHASEAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
TELOPHASEAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
CYTOKINESISOCCURS AFTER MITOSIS
• Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.
Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
REMEMBER!InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseCytokinesis
IPMATC
ASEXUAL/SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual
Reproduction: The production of a new organism from one parent. Offspring are an identical
copy of the parent. Single-celled organisms
reproduce asexually. Examples: Bacteria, Amoebas
Sexual Reproduction: the production of a new organism from two parents, a male and a female. Specialized cells, known as
gametes, are used for sexual reprodution. Examples: Egg Cells, Sperm
Cells
Gametes are the only cells in the body that go through the process of Meiosis.
WHAT IS MEIOSIS? Meiosis: produces the gametes
(Sperm/Egg Cells) used for sexual reproduction.Process only occurs in these cells
because they are the only cells in each human body that contains 23 chromosomes.
Final Product of MeiosisFour cells, each with half as many
chromosomes as the parent.
NUTRITION AND YOU Three basic food molecules…
Carbohydrates- sugars, plant products and quick energy providers for animals. Starches: Excess starches are broken down and
stored as fats in the body. Examples: Breads, Grains, Rice
Sugars: Provides the quickest burst of energy to your body. Natural sugars, NOT CANDY. Examples: Apples, Peaches, Bananas
Proteins- amino acids used to promote tissue growth and repair:
Examples: meats, eggs, beans Lipids (Oils/Fats)- storage of excess energy
Examples: Oil – Liquid Form; Fats – Solid Form
HOW THEY AFFECT YOU Carbohydrates- give you a quick
energy boostExcess Carbohydrates turned into fat.
Proteins - longer to digest, makes you feel full longer, repairs/rebuilds muscle.
Fats - easily stored away as fat, overides body’s sense of being full making you crave more.
