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Queensland University of Technology
CRICOS No. 00213J1
UNESCO MasterClassSustainable Development
Session 3Environmental Issues
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Session 3Environmental Issues
Module 4 :
Climate Change, Global Warming and Low Carbon Development
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Session 3Environmental Issues – Module 4
byDr. Connie Susilawati
Civil Engineering and Built EnvironmentScience and Engineering Faculty
Queensland University of Technology
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Session 3Environmental Issues – Module 4
Assisted by
Ms. Shi Yee WongPhD candidate
Civil Engineering and Built EnvironmentScience and Engineering Faculty
Queensland University of Technology
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Module 4 Outline
Climate Change, Global Warming and Low Carbon Development
• Climate Change and Global Warming• Environmental Policies & Laws, Current
environmental issues and control. • Low Carbon Development, Sustainable housing
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131
• What is climate change for you?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
News - FEBRUARY 19, 2015
Baby boy found dead in back seat of car in Kyneton
• Temperatures reached 31.6°C in the Kynetonarea today. Inside the car much higher temperature.– The heat radiation is trapped by the glass, which
makes the inside much warmer than outside.
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/baby-boy-found-dead-in-back-seat-of-car-in-kyneton/story-e6frg6nf-1227226009130
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
News - FEBRUARY 19, 2015
Baby boy found dead in back seat of car in Kyneton
• Temperatures reached 31.6C in the Kynetonarea today. Inside the car much higher temperature.– The heat radiation is trapped by the glass, which
makes the inside much warmer than outside.
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/baby-boy-found-dead-in-back-seat-of-car-in-kyneton/story-e6frg6nf-1227226009130
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Climate Change and Global Warming
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• Earth’s atmosphere and climate• Greenhouse effect
Climate change and global warming
Cause?• Industrial revolution• Population growth
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Greenhouse Gas
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)• Methane• Nitrious Oxide• Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Burning - Coal, Oil, Gas– Generate electricity
• Clearing forests and bushlands– Population growth need houses– Food production (agricultural – rice/ wheat and cattle)
• Fertiliser (Nitrious Oxide)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131
• What is climate change for you?• How do you contribute to worsen
climate change?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Climate Change
• Ice melting• 1985, Villach conference 29 countries agreed
– Climate change• 1992, Rio – Earth summit (United Nation)
– Agreement of a Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
– IPCC (Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change)• 1997, Kyoto Protocol
– Legally binding treaty to curb emissions of CO2 and Greenhouse gases
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Environmental Policies & Laws• International treaty
– UNFCCC– Kyoto Protocol – COP 15 - 2009
• National– Australia– Malaysia– Indonesia
• State/ Regional• Local/ city
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
International Environmental Policies and Agreements
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• Has near-universal membership - 195 parties• These parties are divided into three main
groups: – Annex I (Industrialised countries that are members of
OECD and EIT parties)– Annex II (OECD members but not EIT parties)– Non-Annex I (Mostly developing countries, including
Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia)15
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Kyoto Protocol
• Adopted in Kyoto, Japan
• Enforced on February 2005
• Purpose: An international agreement linked to the UNFCCC
Source: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Kyoto Protocol
• Aims
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Sets binding obligations on industrialised countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Enhance energy efficiency
Collaborate with other parties in UNFCCC to enhance effectiveness of their policies measures
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
COP 15 (Copenhagen)
• A crucial event in negotiating process in December 2009
• Outcomes:– Developed countries’ promises to fund actions in
reducing GHG emissions– Agreement on the measurement and verification of
developing country actions
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Cop 15 (Copenhagen)
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COP 15: Reflects principle of
common but differentiated
responsibilities
Kyoto Protocol: emphasises the
differentiated rather than the
common aspects of responsibility
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
National Climate Change Adaptation Framework (NCCAF)
• Australian Government provided this framework by working together with The Council of Australian Governments (COAG)
• Two priority areas for potential action:1. Building understanding and adaptive capacity 2. Reducing vulnerability in priority sectors and regions
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
National Environmental Policies and Agreements
• Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999– Australian Government’s environmental legislation– Commenced in 16 July 2000– Aim: Provide a truly national scheme of:
• 1. Environmental protection• 2. Heritage protection• 3. Biodiversity conservation
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Source: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/environment/environment_protection_authority
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
National Environmental Policies and Agreements
• Australian National Construction Code (NCC)• Minimum standards for building energy
efficiency for detached houses and apartments– Extended from 3 star energy rating (2003) to 6 star
(2010)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
State Environmental Policies and Agreements
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• Environmental Protection Act 1997– Legislation in Australian Capital Territory (ACT)– Aim:
1. Protects environment from pollution and its effects2. Provides regulatory framework to help reduce the
discharge of pollutants
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
State Environmental Policies and Agreements
Australia
Australian Capital Territory
Energy Efficiency Rating (EER)
Statement
Queensland
Sustainability Declaration (2010 -
June 2012)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
City Environmental Policies and Agreements
• Townsville Coastal Hazard Adaptation Strategy– Maps and identifies potential impacts and subsequent
strategies to manage the effects of climate change
– Undertaken by the Local Government Association of Queensland and Queensland Government
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Coastal Hazard Adaptation Strategy (CHAS)
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http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/council/projects/pages/townsvillecoastalhazardadaptationstrategypilotproject.aspx
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
National Environmental Policies and Agreements
• Environmental Quality Act (EQA)1974– Forms the basis of much of the legislation in Malaysia– At least 15 laws under EQA– Aims:
1. Prevents, abates and controls pollution2. Enhances the environment
Source: http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80815e/80815E0x.htm
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
State Environmental Policies and Agreements
• Sarawak Natural Resources and Environment (Amendment) Ordinance 2001– Provides legal basis for the implementation of the
State’s Forest Policy– Provides framework for the forest management
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
National Action Plan on Climate Change (RANPI)
• Also known as ‘Yellow Book’• Contains the initial guidance and multi-sectoral
coordination effort to address climate change• Aims:
1. Strengthen the Long-Term Development Plan (RPJP) 2005-2025
2. Reinforce the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2004-2009 and RPJMN 2010-2014
3. Include inputs for the preparation of RPJMN 2015-2019
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Mainstreaming Climate Change into National Development Agenda
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Bali Action Plan
President’s Statement G20 - 2009
The Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral
Roadmap (ICSR)
Mitigation
Adaptation
Mainstreaming into RPJM
RANPI
GOI’s own budget
Bilateral/multilateral cooperation
( )
Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund
(ICCTF)
Bridges National Action Plan on
Climate Change into 5 years mid term development plan
(RPJM) 2010-2014 & inputs till 2030
Yellow Book
ICCTF – International financing mechanism
channelling investment funds into national CC
initiatives
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Indonesia’s response to climate change
• Integrating sustainable approaches into national development and mainstreaming climate change issues into policies and programs
• Several new laws and regulations introduced to support mitigation and adaptation for addressing climate related disasters: – Law No. 5/1992 on Cultural Heritage – Law No. 28/2002 on Building Development – Law No. 24/2007 on Disasters Management – Law No.26/2007 on Spatial Planning
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Climate Change Impact:Global warming
• Temperature • Rainfall• Sea level• Tropical cyclones• Snow line• Extreme events
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
• Global temperature and sea level
Source: Spratt & Sutton, 2008, p.41
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
• Global sea level gradually rose in 20th century• Major causes of rising sea level:
– Thermal expansion of the oceans– Loss of land-based ice (from increased melting)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
• Five assessment report1. 1st assessment report (1990) Served as the basis of
UNFCCC Emissions resulting from
human activities substantially increasing the atmospheric concentration of GHG emissions
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https://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/far/wg_I/ipcc_far_wg_I_full_report.pdf
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
2. 2nd assessment report (1996) GHG concentration have continued to increase Climate has changed over past century
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https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
3. 3rd assessment report (2001) Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate
change Adaptation has the potential to reduce adverse
effects of climate change
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http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
4. 4th assessment report (2007) Climate system warming is unequivocal Many impacts of climate change can be reduced,
delayed or avoided by mitigation
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https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
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Source: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/figure-1-1.html
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
5. 5th assessment report (2014) Increased magnitudes of global warming increase
the likelihood of severe impacts Policies are needed to mitigate climate change
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http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Climate change uncertainty
• Policies must be based on risk management (probability x magnitude of different scenarios)– Most likely scenario but not worse case scenario
• Business as usual too big challenges for target 20
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Impacts of Climate Change
• Agriculture• Forestry• Water resources• Natural environment• Human health
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Impacts of Climate Change
• Coastal zones– Sea level rises, cyclone and rainfall– Flooding, sediment, erosion, salt water intrusion,
shoreline retreat– Loss of coral reefs, migration pathways– Rising water tables– Infrastructure – low land
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131
• What is climate change for you?• How do you contribute to worsen climate
change?• How could you contribute in
responding to climate change?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Cooling the earth
• Zero carbon emission• Remove carbon • Pump Sulphate aerosols into stratosphere• Beyond business as usual
• Biofuels• Carbon Trading – total emission target
(decrease quantity and increase price)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Response to Climate Change
• Renewable energy – Solar, Wind, geothermal• Public transportation – rail not fly• Recycle• Rain water collection – reuse• Fan not air condition• Trees – re-afforestation)• Energy efficiency materials (less) and
appliances
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Development with minimal output of greenhouse gas emissions
• Also known as 1. Low-emission development strategies (LEDS)2. Low-carbon growth plans
• Describe forward-looking national economic development plans
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development• Exploring Sustainable Low Carbon Development
Pathways Project– Aim: discover how to combine both sustainable
development and climate protection– Funded by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Bread for
the World (BftW), World Wide Fund (WWF), Climate Action Network International (CAN-I) and ACT Alliance of Churches
– Started in 2013 in four pilot countries: Peru, Kazakhstan, Vietnam and Tanzania
– Supports campaigns that promote low carbon sustainable development strategies in Asia as well
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Exploring Sustainable Low Carbon Development Pathways Project– Form the ground of understanding based on five key
areas:• Low carbon• Ecologically sustainable• Human rights-based• Socially inclusive• Nationally appropriate
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Good connection to sustainable housing• Sustainability – focused on environmental, social
and economic dimensions
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin– A living community in the late 1990s– Owners and builders need to meet specific building
codes– A project that encourage sustainable building
practices by:1. Improve quality of life 2. Reduce on-going operation costs
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin– Home to over 200 people– Several small businesses– Active community – weekly events– Contains 147 lots over 270 acres of land
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Sustainable housing
• Discussion with Shi Yee Wong (PhD candidates QUT)– Why we need sustainable housing?– What are the characteristics of sustainable housing?– Why we do not build sustainable housing?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Why we need sustainable housing?
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Greenhouse gas emissions from human activity in houses
Changing climate and triggered more extreme weather
Increased occurrences of
natural disasters Housing damage
Potential loss of housing value
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
What are the characteristics of sustainable housing?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Why do we not build sustainable housing?
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Owners/End Users
Constructors
Developers
Investors
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Why do we not build sustainable housing?
• Market misconception– Sustainable house incurs additional costs– Additional benefits are not reflected in market value– Lack of financial justification
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Research house
• The Queensland Government’s initiative towards healthy and sustainable housing
• Location: Rockhampton• Reason for choosing this location:
– Faced challenges in terms of climate changes (experienced both hot and humid summer days)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Research house
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Research house
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Research House
• Building shape and orientation:– Maximise northern exposure for moderating homes
internal climate• Ventilation
- Ventilation in ceiling cavity- Aligning windows and doors for good cross ventilation
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Research house
• Building material– Subject to consistent high temperatures– Lightweight building materials (timber and steel)– Enable heat to be released quickly to the cooler night
air• Insulation
– Bulk insulation (external walls)– Using reflective foil insulation (roof)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Action Plan
• Awareness • Policies and laws, guidelines,
subsidies/incentives• Voluntary/mandatory• Earth Hour
– Saturday, 28 March 2015 @ 8:30pm local time (96 countries) – including Australia, Indonesia and Malaysia
• What next?
65
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131
• What is climate change for you?• How do you contribute to worsen climate
change?• How could you contribute in
responding to climate change?
66
CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Module 4 Outline
Climate Change, Global Warming and Low Carbon Development
• Climate Change and Global Warming• Environmental Policies & Laws, Current
environmental issues and control. • Low Carbon Development, Sustainable housing
67
Queensland University of Technology
CRICOS No. 00213J
Thank you
Questions and Answers
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