1    

   

Guide  to  UNFCCC  Negotiations  on  Agriculture  Toolkit  for  Communications  and  Outreach  

 The  following  document  provides  farmers  and  farming  organisations,  agricultural  development  organisations  and  negotiators  worldwide  with  knowledge  and  communication  tools  to  engage  in  a  broad  range  of  outreach  activities  (dialogues,  initiatives,  networking,  negotiations,  conferences,  and  events)  related  to  the  role  of  agriculture  within  the  climate  change  debate.    

Contents  Contributors  ...........................................................................................................................................................................  2  How  to  use  this  toolkit  ........................................................................................................................................................  3  Tools  ..........................................................................................................................................................................................  4  Key  Messages  ........................................................................................................................................................................  5  

Key  messages  for  the  SBSTA  workshops  for  June  2015:  .........................................................................  5  Update  on  Agriculture  in  the  UNFCCC  ..........................................................................................................................  7  

1-­‐  Under  SBSTA  .....................................................................................................................................................  7  2-­‐  Under  the  ADP:  .............................................................................................................................................  12  Agriculture  at  SBSTA  42,  ADP  9.2  and  COP21  ..........................................................................................  14  

Lesson  to  be  learned  from  REDD+  ...............................................................................................................................  16  FAQs  .......................................................................................................................................................................................  17  Acronyms  .............................................................................................................................................................................  23  Factsheets  ............................................................................................................................................................................  24  Websites  ...............................................................................................................................................................................  30  Infographics  .........................................................................................................................................................................  31  Briefs  and  Papers  ...............................................................................................................................................................  35  Examples  ..............................................................................................................................................................................  38    

   

     

2    

Contributors    

This  is  an  April  2015  update  to  the  Guide  to  UNFCCC  Negotiations  on  Agriculture:  Toolkit  for  Communications  and  Outreach  which  was  first  published  in  2013  by  Farming  First,1  with  the  support  of  contributors:  the   CGIAR  Research  Program  on  Climate  Change,  Agriculture  and  Food  Security  (CCAFS)  and  the  Technical  Centre  for  Agriculture  and  Rural  Cooperation  (CTA).    Farming  First  Farming  First  is  one  of  the  most  diverse  and  active  agricultural  coalitions  in  the  world,  enjoying  the  support  of  over  155  organisations  that  represent  the  world’s  farmers,  scientists,  engineers  and  industry  as  well  as  agricultural  development  organisations.    With  one  shared  voice,  Farming  First  highlights  the  importance  of  improving  farmers’  livelihoods  and  agriculture’s  potential  contribution  to  global  issues  such  as  food  security,  climate  change,  and  biodiversity.  It  also  aims  to  build  synergies  amongst  its  supporters  in  promoting  Farming  First’s  six  guiding  principles.  www.farmingfirst.org    The  CGIAR  Research  Program  on  Climate  Change,  Agriculture  and  Food  Security    The  CGIAR  Research  Program  on  Climate  Change,  Agriculture  and  Food  Security  (CCAFS)  is   a  strategic  partnership  of  CGIAR  and  Future  Earth,  led  by  the  International  Centre  for   Tropical  Agriculture  (CIAT).  CCAFS  brings  together  the  world’s  best  researchers  in   agricultural  science,  development  research,  climate  science  and  Earth  System  science,  to  identify  and  address  the  most  important  interactions,  synergies  and  trade  offs  between  climate  change,  agriculture  and  food  security.  www.ccafs.cgiar.org  CGIAR  is  a  global  agriculture  research  partnership  for  a  food  secure  future.  Its  science  is  carried  out  by  the  15  research  centres  who  are  members  of  the  CGIAR  Consortium  in   collaboration  with  hundreds  of  partner  organizations.  www.cgiar.org    

The  Technical  Centre  for  Agricultural  and  Rural  Cooperation  The  Technical  Centre  for  Agricultural  and  Rural  Cooperation  (CTA)  is  a  joint  international   institution  of  the  African,  Caribbean  and  Pacific  (ACP)  Group  of  States  and  the  European  Union  (EU).  Its  mission  is  to  advance  food  and  nutritional  security,  increase  prosperity  and  encourage  sound  natural  resource  management  in  ACP  countries.  It  provides  access  to  information  and  knowledge,  facilitates  policy  dialogue  and  strengthens  the  capacity  of  agricultural  and  rural  development  institutions  and  communities.  CTA  operates  under  the  framework  of  the  Cotonou  Agreement  and  is  funded  by  the  EU.  www.cta.int  

   

                                                                                                                         1  Available  at  www.farmingfirst.org/unfccc-­‐toolkit-­‐how-­‐to-­‐use/  

     

3    

How  to  use  this  toolkit    

 

 

     

4    

Tools    The  aim  of  the  set  of  tools  below  is  to  provide  knowledge,  information  and  support  to   various  stages  of  engaging  in  policy  discussions  on  agriculture  within   climate  change  negotiations.  The  components  of  an  engagement  plan  include:    

o Key  Messages  o Agriculture  &  the  UNFCCC  o Raising  key  issues  o Examples  

   

 

5    

 

 Key  Messages  Key  messages  for  Farming  First  supporters,  farmers'  organizations,  agriculture  development  organizations  and  negotiators    

1. Now  is  the  time  to  act.  Farmers  are  experiencing  the  impacts  of  climate  change  and  they  need  action  from  policymakers,  NGOs,  politicians  and  businesses  if  they  are  to  adapt  and  to  mitigate.      

2. A  2015  agreement  should  acknowledge  the  importance  of  agriculture  for  food  security  and  livelihoods  and  the  role  it  can  play  to  help  meet  global  adaptation  and  mitigation  goals.    

3. The  ‘Zero  Draft’  of  the  2015  agreement,  released  in  February,  includes  mentions  of  both  the  ‘land  sector’  and  agriculture.  This  is  a  positive  development  and  negotiators  should  keep  agriculture  included  as  the  negotiating  text  evolves.    

4. The  process  set  up  under  the  Subsidiary  Body  for  Scientific  and  Technological  Advice  (SBSTA)  in  June  2014,  for  submissions  and  workshops  over  the  next  two  years,  is  welcome.  It  is  progress  on  adaptation  specifically.  But  it  is  essential  to  specify  how  SBSTA  outcomes  will  feed  into  the  ADP  discussions  so  that  a  global  framework  for  action  from  2020  includes  agriculture.    

5. A  2015  agreement  should  deploy  finance,  technical  inputs  and  capacity  building  to  support  ambitious  actions  by  farmers  and  the  agricultural  sector  to  achieve  food  security  through  adaptation  and  mitigation.  

6. The  Intended  Nationally  Determined  Contributions  (INDCs)  by  countries  represent  a  key  opportunity  to  bring  agriculture  into  climate  change  commitments  and  activities.  Agriculture  must  be  included  in  the  INDCs.  

7. Agriculture  and  food  security  issues  are  likely  to  be  central  to  planning  for  mitigation  (e.g.  NAMAs)  and  adaptation  (e.g.  NAPAs)  in  all  countries.  

8. National  policy  processes  will  work  best  if  they  combine  food  security,  adaptation  and  mitigation  rather  than  keeping  the  three  aspects  in  separate  tracks.  Integration  is  needed  across  landscapes  and  food  supply  chains,  in  order  to  manage  trade-­‐offs  effectively,  particularly  trade-­‐offs  between  food  production  and  mitigation  goals.  

9. Financing  for  both  mitigation  and  adaptation  must  be  part  of  climate  change  policies.  Recent  developments  are  positive:    improvements  in  the  Global  Environment  Facility’s  strategy  and  an  increase  in  financing  stemming  from  ‘fast  start’  finance  are  helping  increase  funding  towards  climate-­‐smart  agriculture.  But  more  needs  to  be  done.  It  is  essential  that  the  new  Green  Climate  Fund  (GCF)  provides  specific,  stable,  and  long-­‐term  support  to  adaptation  and  mitigation  in  agriculture.    

10. There  are  many  existing  solutions  to  some  of  the  known  challenges  of  climate  change  that  can  be  scaled  up.  These  include  improved  soil  and  water  management  practices,  better  climate  information  services,  and  greater  access  to  agricultural  resources  among  women.  Our  most  important  challenge,  as  farmers  and  as  supporters,  is  not  to  invent  new  practices  and  approaches,  but  to  share  what  already  works  as  widely  as  possible  to  create  global  change  for  the  better.  

 

Key  messages  for  the  SBSTA  workshops  for  June  2015:  1. The  work  undertaken  under  SBSTA  is  very  important  but  it  needs  to  feed  back  into  the  ADP  

KEY  MESSAGES  

 

6    

negotiations  to  be  effective  2. On  early  warning  system  and  risk  management:  

a. Extreme  weather  events  undermine  development  progress,  constrain  economic  growth  and  threaten  food  production.  Systematic  risk  management  plays  a  critical  role  in  assuring  future  agricultural  production  and  access  to  food  and  water  by  the  world’s  most  vulnerable  people  

b. Climate  action  depends  on  the  availability  of  high  quality  scientific  information.  Climate  data,  science,  information  and  knowledge  are  critical  contributions  to  all  facets  of  development  under  a  changing  climate.  There  is  an  urgent  need  to  build  the  scientific  and  operational  capability  of  institutions  around  the  world  to  underpin  the  information  and  service  needs  of  policy-­‐makers  and  vulnerable  communities.  

c. Investments  in  the  generation  and  dissemination  of  climate-­‐related  information  tailored  to  farmers  are  critical  to  an  integrated  risk-­‐management  plan.  Supporting  and  investing  in  infrastructure  and  systems  to  share  information  is  crucial  

d. Building  early  warning  and  risk  management  systems  at  national  and  regional  level  should  be  key  to  countries’  adaptation  policies.  

3. On  assessment  of  risks  and  vulnerabilities  a. Improved  localised  knowledge  of  where  risks  and  vulnerabilities  are  in  each  region  

is essential  to  preparing  the  agricultural  sector  to  respond  to  climate  change  b. Knowledge  and  assessments  will  need  to  take  into  account  how  impacts  and  risks  

play  out  in  different  contexts,  based  not  only  on  the  geographic  and  ecological  characteristics  of  particular  landscapes  but  also  taking  into  account  socio-­‐economic  characteristics  

c. Risk  and  vulnerability  assessments  need  to  extend  beyond  direct  impact  on  production  to  consider  impacts  on  biodiversity,  ecosystems,  nutrition  and  food  security.    

 

 

7    

 

   Update  on  Agriculture  in  the  UNFCCC      There  was  no  agenda  item  on  agriculture  for  the  sessions  that  were  held  during  COP  20  in  Lima  in  December  2014,  either  under  SBSTA  or  under  the  ADP.  The  next  major  formal  milestone  for  agriculture  is  the  SBSTA  meeting  in  June  2015,  where  submissions  have  been  requested  and  workshops  will  be  held  on  two  topics:  Development  of  early  warning  systems  and  contingency  plans  and  Assessment  of  risk  and  vulnerability  of  agricultural  systems  to  different  climate  change  scenarios.  However  with  the  negotiating  text  for  the  Ad  Hoc  working  group  on  the  Durban  Platform  (ADP)  taking  shape,  issues  related  to  agriculture  have  also  appeared,  and  so  supporters  need  to  consider  the  two  tracks  –  ADP  and  SBSTA.      

1-­‐  Under  SBSTA  Agriculture  is  currently  under  early  consideration  in  a  subsidiary  body  of  the  UNFCCC  called  SBSTA.    The  Subsidiary  Body  for  Scientific  and  Technological  Advice  (SBSTA)  is  one  of  two  permanent  subsidiary  bodies  to  the  United  Nations  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  Change  (UNFCCC)  established  by  the  Conference  of  the  Parties  (COP)  and  the  Conference  and  Meeting  of  the  Parties  of  the  Kyoto  protocol  (CMP).  It  supports  the  work  of  the  COP  and  the  CMP  through  the  provision  of  timely  information  and  advice  on  scientific  technological  matters  as  they  relate  to  the  Convention  or  the  Kyoto  Protocol.        SBSTA  can  act  as  a  hub  for  agriculture  and  can  handle  the  very  unique  aspects  of  agriculture  in  a  way  that  cannot  be  handled  elsewhere.  SBSTA  can  also  inform  the  various  aspects  of  the  UNFCCC  so  that  agriculture  is  better  incorporated  into  the  various  convention  mechanisms.        During  the  39th  session  of  SBSTA  in  November  2013,  a  workshop  was  held  on  the  state  of  scientific  knowledge.  Discussions  in  the  workshop  were  positive,  but  in  the  following  negotiations  Parties  failed  to  agree  on  a  way  forward.  As  a  result  there  was  no  text  on  agriculture  in  the  SBSTA  conclusions  in  December  2013.      When  SBSTA  resumed  at  its  40th  session  in  June  2014,  there  was  a  lot  of  uncertainty  about  what  could  be  achieved,  given  the  disappointing  outcomes  in  December.  However,  Parties  were  able  to  engage  in  a  useful  exchange  and  agree  to  two  new  series  of  submissions  and  workshops,  in  2015  and  2016  (see  document:  FCCC/SBSTA/2014/L.14  for  the  full  text  of  the  decision).  The  key  points  from  the  decision  are:    • Parties  and  observers  are  invited  to  submit  their  views  by  25  March  2015  to  the  Secretariat  on:  

1)  Development  of  early  warning  systems  and  contingency  plans  in  relation  to  extreme  weather  events  and  its  effects  such  as  desertification,  drought,  floods,  landslides,  storm  surge,  soil  erosion,  and  saline  water  intrusion;  and  2)  Assessment  of  risk  and  vulnerability  of  agricultural  systems  to  different  climate  change  scenarios  at  regional,  national  and  local  levels,  including  but  not  limited  to  pests  and  diseases;  

AGRICULTURE  &  THE  UNFCCC  

 

8    

• Parties  and  observers  are  invited  to  submit  their  views  by  9  March  2016  to  the  secretariat  on  1)  Identification  of  adaptation  measures,  taking  into  account  the  diversity  of  the  agricultural  systems,  indigenous  knowledge  systems  and  the  differences  in  scale,  as  well  as  possible  co-­‐benefits  and  sharing  experiences  in  research  and  development  and  on  the  ground  activities,  including  socioeconomic,  environmental  and  gender  aspects;  and  2)  Identification  and  assessment  of  agricultural  practices  and  technologies  to  enhance  productivity  in  a  sustainable  manner,  food  security  and  resilience,  considering  the  differences  in  agro-­‐ecological  zones  and  farming  systems,  such  as  different  grassland  and  cropland  practices  and  systems.  

 In  addition,  two  workshops  will  be  organized  at  SBSTA  42  in  June  2015  and  two  more  at  SBSTA  44  in  June  2016  on  the  respective  submission  topics.      Agreement  on  a  set  of  submissions  and  workshops  in  the  next  two  years  under  SBSTA  is  positive  because  it  represents  important  progress  in  getting  substantive  discussions  of  agriculture  on  the  agenda  in  UNFCCC.  Also,  the  outcomes  of  the  submissions  and  workshop  can  provide  information  for  consideration  by  Parties  as  they  prepare  for  implementation  of  the  2015  agreement.  In  doing  so,  it  helps  avoid  the  risk  of  seeing  agriculture  side-­‐lined  from  the  negotiations.      However,  there  is  a  lot  of  concern  about  timing.  The  submission  and  workshops  are  coming  very  late,  when  the  negotiations  for  the  agreement  under  ADP  are  meant  to  conclude  in  December  2015.  This  creates  a  very  possible  risk  that  without  a  clear  mechanism  for  the  SBSTA  outcome  to  feed  back  into  the  ADP,  the  SBSTA  discussions  will  remain  on  a  parallel  track  and  not  inform  the  new  agreement.      The  2015  agreement  signed  in  December  2015  is  however  likely  to  be  a  ‘shell’  or  framework  with  many  issues  and  details  to  be  worked  out  before  it  comes  into  force.  This  period  of  “working  out  the  details”  offers  an  opportunity  to  feed  in  the  SBSTA  outcomes,  but  only  if  agriculture  has  a  strong  and  clear  placeholder  in  the  text  agreed  in  December  2015  and  there  is  mandate  to  flesh  out  the  issue  in  time  for  implementation.    

The  areas  of  work  outlined  in  the  SBSTA  decision  text  from  June  2014  are  a  trade-­‐off  between  different  Parties’  views  and  priorities.  Adaptation  features  clearly  in  the  text,  but  mitigation  is  not  mentioned.  The  concepts  of  ‘resilience’  and  ‘co-­‐benefit’  do  link  adaptation  with  mitigation,  but  adaptation  and  mitigation  are  not  linked  explicitly.    

 Further  reading  on  early  warning  systems:  

CIAT-CCAFS. 2015. Expanding the Contribution of Early Warning to Climate-Resilient Agricultural Development in Africa. Submission to UNFCCC SBSTA 42.

http://unfccc.int/files/documentation/submissions_from_observers/application/pdf/515.pdf

Forum for Agricultural Risk Management in Development. Drought Management Strategies: Information (Seasonal Forecasting and Early Warning and Planning Systems)

https://www.agriskmanagementforum.org/fstory/featured-topic-drought-risk-management

FWES NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network:    

https://www.fews.net/sectors/agroclimatology

 

9    

WMO. Enhanced monitoring and cataloguing of hazard/extreme events and slow onset climatic indicators in support of the UNFCCC Warsaw Mechanism for Loss and Damage, the SDGs and the post-2015 Framework for DRR (2014). Available online at: http://unfccc.int/documentation/submissions_from_observers/items/7482.php

   

Further  reading  on  risks  and  vulnerabilities  to  different  climate  scenarios:    CIAT-CCAFS. 2015. Crops,  crop  pests  and  climate  change  –  why  Africa  needs  to  be  better  prepared    Submission to UNFCCC SBSTA 42 http://unfccc.int/files/documentation/submissions_from_observers/application/pdf/515.pdf

CIAT-CCAFS. 2015. Climate  and  Livestock  Disease:  assessing  the  vulnerability  of  agricultural  systems  to  livestock  pests  under  climate  change  scenarios.  Submission to UNFCCC SBSTA 42 http://unfccc.int/files/documentation/submissions_from_observers/application/pdf/516.pdf    CIAT-CCAFS. 2015. Climate  Change  and  Aquatic  Animal  Disease.  Submission to UNFCCC SBSTA 42. http://unfccc.int/files/documentation/submissions_from_observers/application/pdf/517.pdf    IPCC. 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX_FD_SPM_final.pdf

FAO/OECD Workshop 23 April 2012: Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Agriculture Sector. Proceedings of the workshop available online at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/news-events-bulletins/detail/en/item/134976/icode/?no_cache=1

 

Further  reading  on  adaptation  measures:   Vermeulen SJ. 2014. Climate change, food security and small-scale producers. CCAFS Info Brief. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org

Cooper, P. J.M., S. Cappiello, S. J. Vermeulen, B. M. Campbell, R. Zougmoré and J. Kinyangi. 2013. Large-scale implementation of adaptation and mitigation actions in agriculture. CCAFS Working Paper no. 50. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org

Neate P. 2013. Climate-smart agriculture success stories from farming communities around the world. Wageningen, Netherlands: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). Available online at: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/34042

Nyasimi M, Amwata D, Hove L, Kinyangi J, Wamukoya G. 2014. Evidence of impact: Climate-smart agriculture in Africa. Wageningen, Netherlands: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). Available online at: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/51721

Nelson, Gerald C.; Rosegrant, Mark W.; Koo, Jawoo; Robertson, Richard; Sulser, Timothy; Zhu, Tingju; Ringler, Claudia; Msangi, Siwa; Palazzo, Amanda; Batka, Miroslav; Magalhaes, Marilia; Valmonte-Santos, Rowena; Ewing, Mandy; Lee, David (2009) "Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation," International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Available online at: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr21.pdf

 Further reading on agricultural practices and technologies to sustainably enhance food security and resilience:

 

10    

Campbell BM, Thornton P, Zougmoré R, van Asten P, Lipper L. 2014. Sustainable intensification: What is its role in climate smart agriculture? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 8:39-43. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343514000359# Cenacchi, Nicolas. 2014. Drought risk reduction in agriculture: A review of adaptive strategies in East Africa and the Indo-Gangetic plain of South Asia. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01372. Available online: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp01372.pdf Corbeels M, Sakyi RK, Kühne RF, Whitbread A. 2014. Meta-analysis of crop responses to conservation agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. CCAFS Report No. 12. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Available online: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/publications/meta-analysis-crop-responses-conservation-agriculture-sub-saharan-africa Dror I, Maheshwari S and Mude AG. 2014. Using satellite data to insure camels, cows, sheep and goats: IBLI and the development of the world’s first insurance for African pastoralists. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI. Available online: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/publications/using-satellite-data-insure-camels-cows-sheep-and-goats-ibli-and-development-world%E2%80%99s FAO. 2014. Climate Change Adaptation in Fisheries and Aquaculture: Compilation of initial examples. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1088. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3569e.pdf FAO. 2014. The State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3825e.pdf Gill G. 2014. An Assessment of the Impact of Laser-Assisted Precision Land Levelling Technology as a Component of Climate-Smart Agriculture in the State of Haryana, India. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/65078/CIMMYT%20LLL%20Impact%20Assessment%20May%202014.pdf?sequence=1 Gotor E, Fadda C, Trincia C. 2014. Matching Seeds to Needs - female farmers adapt to a changing climate in Ethiopia. Impact Assessment Briefs no 14. Rome, Italy: Bioversity International. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/36173/Matching_Seeds_to_Needs_Ethiopia.pdf Greatrex H, Hansen JW, Garvin S, Diro R, Blakeley S, Le Guen M, Rao KN, Osgood, DE. 2015. Scaling up index insurance for smallholder farmers: Recent evidence and insights. CCAFS Report No. 14 Copenhagen: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/53101/CCAFS_Report14.pdf Herrero M, MacMillan S, Johnson N, Ericksen P, Duncan A, Grace D, Thornton PK. 2011. Improving Food Production from Livestock. IN: State of the World 2011: Innovations that Nourish the Planet. Washington DC: Worldwatch Institute: 155-163 https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/3086/SOW11_chap14.pdf Hurst M, Jensen N, Pedersen SH, Sharma A. and Zambriski JA. 2012. Changing climate adaptation strategies of Boran pastoralists in southern Ethiopia. CCAFS Working Paper 15. Copenhagen, Denmark: CCAFS. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/21071/ccafs_wp_15.pdf iDE. 2015. Anukulan: Project Overview. London, United Kingdom iDE http://www.ide-uk.org/anukulan/

 

11    

Kangire A, van Asten P, Verhagen J, Koomen I. 2011. Towards climate smart agriculture: lessons from a coffee × banana case. Experiences from research for policy support in Uganda. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands. http://portals.wi.wur.nl/files/docs/Policybrief_coffeexbanana_climate_2012.pdf Montpellier Panel. 2015. Farmers on the climate frontline: six recommendations for addressing agriculture in the UNFCCC negotiations. Agriculture for Impact, London, United Kingdom. http://ag4impact.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/A4I_0133_Climate_Paper_LowRes_Spreads.pdf Ndiaye O, Moussa AS, Seck M, Zougmore R, Hansen J. 2013. Communicating seasonal forecasts to farmers in Kaffrine, Senegal for better agricultural management. Case Study prepared for Hunger • Nutrition • Climate Justice • 2013 | A New Dialogue: Putting People at the Heart of Global Development. Dublin, Ireland: Irish Aid. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/27888/Senegal.pdf One Acre Fund, 2014. Maize Legume Intercropping New York City, USA, One Acre Fund. http://www.oneacrefund.org/uploads/all-files/Report_Ag_Innovations_Intercropping_FINAL.pdf One Acre Fund, 2014. Smallholder Agroforestry New York City, USA, One Acre Fund. http://www.oneacrefund.org/uploads/all-files/Report_Ag_Innovations_Agroforestry_FINAL.pdf Richards M, Sander BO. 2014. Alternate wetting and drying in irrigated rice. CSA Practice Brief. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/35402/info-note_CCAFS_AWD_final_A4.pdf Richards M, Sapkota T, Stirling C, Thierfelder C, Verhulst N, Friedrich T, Kienzle J. 2014. Conservation agriculture: Implementation guidance for policymakers and investors. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Copenhagen. http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/42431/Practice%20brief_Conservation%20Agriculture.pdf Rosegrant, Mark W. (2014). Food security in a world of natural resource scarcity: the role of agricultural technologies / Mark W. Rosegrant, Jawoo Koo, Nicola Cenacchi, Claudia Ringler, Richard Robertson, Myles Fisher, Cindy Cox, Karen Garrett, Nicostrato D. Perez, Pascale Sabbagh. —Edition 1. Available online at: http://www.ifpri.org/publication/food-security-world-natural-resource-scarcity Van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Öborn I, Yatich T, eds. 2011. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) http://www.asb.cgiar.org/PDFwebdocs/PDFwebdocs/How%20trees%20and%20people%20can%20co-adapt%20to%20climate%20change.pdf Venkatasubramanian, K., A. Tall, J. Hansen, P. K. Aggarwal 2014. Assessment of India’s Integrated Agro-meteorological Advisory Service program from a farmer perspective. CCAFS Working Paper no. 54. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/43733/CCAFS%20WP%2054.pdf WorldFish. 2014. Rice-Field Fish Rings. Microhabitats for fish and resilience in rice-field fisheries. Dhaka, Bangladesh: WorldFish https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/51376/Microhabitat%20Tech%20Brief.pdf Zougmoré R, Jalloh A, Tioro A. 2014. Climate-smart soil water and nutrient management options in semiarid West Africa: a review of evidence and analysis of stone bunds and zaï techniques. Agriculture & Food Security 3: 16. http://www.agricultureandfoodsecurity.com/content/3/1/16

 

12    

 

2-­‐  Under  the  ADP:    Parties  are  meant  to  conclude  negotiations  in  2015  for  a  Protocol,  another  legal  instrument  or  agreed  outcome  with  legal  force  under  the  UNFCCC  that  will  set  the  stage  for  all  Parties  from  2020.    This  negotiation  is  taking  place  under  the  Ad  Hoc  Working  Group  on  the  Durban  Platform  for  Action  (ADP).  In  February  2015,  a  negotiating  text  was  published.  It  will  be  the  basis  for  negotiations  throughout  2015.  As  a  ‘zero  draft’  it  collates  together  all  the  views  and  proposals  made  by  Parties  into  one  document  as  a  means  to  offer  a  starting  point  for  negotiations.  It  does  not  reflect  any  consensus  or  agreement  yet.      The  ADP  negotiating  text  is  structured  along  12  (potentially  13)  chapters  and  3  Annexes.  Despite  the  fact  that  agriculture,  like  any  other  sector,  does  not  have  a  dedicated  section  or  chapter,  the  topic  comes  up  several  times  in  the  negotiating  text,  primarily  in  relation  to  mitigation.  The  lack  of  a  specific  mention  of  agriculture  in  the  adaptation  chapter  could  be  contentious,  as  the  issue  of  balance  between  adaptation  and  mitigation  has  been  a  topic  of  debate  throughout  previous  negotiations  cycles,  and  one  of  the  key  hurdles  in  getting  a  work  programme  on  agriculture  agreed  under  SBSTA.      Language  of  relevance  to  agriculture  in  the  current  negotiating  text:    

• Under  mitigation,  there  are  two  ways  in  which  agriculture  is  included:  • The  mention  of  “all  sectors  and  all  greenhouse  gases”  includes  agriculture  and  is  

meant  to  open  up  the  possibility  for  agriculture  to  be  included  in  countries’  mitigation  strategies.  However,  this  may  not  make  inclusion  of  agriculture  compulsory.  The  matter  of  which  agricultural  processes  would  be  included,  and  by  how  many  countries,  would  then  depend  on  how  contributions  to  an  overall  mitigation  goal  are  set.  If  countries  are  to  nationally  determine  what  goes  into  their  plans  and  what  doesn’t,  it  still  leaves  the  door  open  to  some  countries  not  including  agriculture  in  their  plans.  If  a  less  flexible  approach  is  adopted  it  could  mean  that  all  countries  must  include  all  sectors  in  their  mitigation  plans.    

• Alternatively  a  more  pointed  approach  is  seen  in  the  specific  paragraphs  that  are  included  about  a  “land  sector”.  The  concept  of  a  “land  sector”  goes  beyond  only  agriculture.  Depending  on  how  a  land  sector  is  defined,  it  could  be  seen  as  positive,  as  it  could  help  ensure  agriculture  is  specifically  included  in  mitigation  plans.  There  is  follow  up  text  in  the  sections  dealing  with  monitoring,  reporting  and  verification  (MRV),  as  well  as  implementation,  that  calls  for  a  specific  accounting  mechanism  to  be  developed  for  the  land  sector.  However,  the  concept  of  a  land  sector  is  not  defined  in  the  text  and  so  agriculture’s  role  and  place  in  that  approach  remains  unclear.    

• Under  adaptation,  there  is  no  language  specifically  on  agriculture  or  a  land  sector.  Food  security  is  mentioned  in  the  preamble  but  the  focus  throughout  the  text  is  more  related  to  ecosystems  and  resilience.  A  wide  range  of  the  measures  discussed  would  be  relevant  to  agriculture,  but  without  its  specific  mention  it  may  not  be  sufficiently  included  in  national  adaptation  plans.    

• In  section  J  -­‐  ‘Transparency  of  Action  and  Support’,  agriculture  indirectly  appears  in  several  text  proposals  in  line  with  the  language  in  the  mitigation  section.    

 

13    

As  noted,  currently  both  ‘the  land  sector’  and  ‘agriculture’  are  mentioned.  The  ‘agriculture’  mention  has  the  benefit  of  being  more  specific,  while  the  land  sector  emphasises  the  interconnections  and  dependency  between  different  elements  of  the  landscape.  A  land  sector  can  be  a  positive  approach,  but  it  could  also  be  overwhelming  for  agriculture,  which  has  not  had  the  benefit  of  dedicated  discussions  and  which  has  challenges  of  its  own  to  address.    The  ADP  &  Nationally  Determined  Contributions  The  Ad  Hoc  Working  Group  on  the  Durban  Platform  for  Enhanced  Action  (ADP),  established  at  COP17  in  Durban  in  2011,  has  the  mandate  to  develop  a  new  protocol  –  an  agreement  with  legal  force  –  that  will  be  adopted  at  COP21  in  Paris  in  2015.    The  new  agreement  or  protocol  will  be  implemented  from  2020  onwards.  The  ADP  was  originally  focused  on  mitigation  and  intended  to  be  the  follow  up  to  the  Kyoto  protocol,  which  is  expiring  (some  countries  agreed  to  sign  on  to  an  extension  of  their  commitment  under  Kyoto,  while  ADP  is  negotiated  to  avoid  a  ‘gap’).  One  of  the  key  features  of  the  ADP  proposed  approach  is  the  emphasis  on  a  global  target  for  emission  reductions,  to  be  fulfilled  through  Intended  Nationally  Determined  Contributions  (INDC).      The  forthcoming  Intended  Nationally  Determined  Contributions  (INDC)  submissions  by  countries  are  an  important  platform  for  advocacy  around  agriculture.  Under  the  ADP,  there  is  no  explicit  ‘hook’  for  discussing  agriculture  but  its  inclusion  rests  on  the  interpretation  Parties  make  of  the  ADP  mandate.  For  example,  the  goal  of  the  ADP  is  to  see  an  agreement  reached  that  would  include  ‘economy-­‐wide’  efforts  to  reduce  emissions,  as  well  as  adaptation  action.  In  many  situations,  given  the  important  role  played  by  agriculture  in  the  economy,  this  can  be  interpreted  to  include  the  sector.        It  is  also  worth  noting  that  there  were  two  ADP  events  held  in  2014  that  tackled  issues  related  to  agriculture:  an  expert  technical  meeting  on  land  use  and  an  expert  technical  meeting  on  addressing  non-­‐carbon  dioxide  (non-­‐CO2)  greenhouse  gases.    

 

14    

Agriculture  at  SBSTA  42,  ADP  9.2  and  COP21    2015  is  an  important  year  for  agriculture.  There  are  several  opportunities  for  outreach  to  Parties  to  ensure  agriculture  is  included  in  the  2015  agreement  and  in  discussions  beyond  2015.      

• The  first  opportunity  is  SBSTA  42  in  June  2015.  It  is  important  that  a  sufficient  number  of  submissions  is  received,  as  it  is  a  valuable  indicator  of  interest  in  the  issue  by  Parties  and  observers.  It  is  also  key  to  providing  input  into  the  workshops.  Attendance  and  participation  in  the  workshops  is  also  important.  Supporters  should  consider  encouraging  their  national  negotiators  to  make  submissions  and  to  attend  themselves  if  possible.  Four  briefing  notes  on  the  topics  chosen  by  SBSTA  for  discussions  are  included  in  this  Guide  and  they  can  be  used  to  help  submissions  and  discussions  

• In  parallel  to  SBSTA  the  second  part  of  the  ninth  meeting  of  ADP  will  take  place  in  June  2015  also.  Parties  will  discuss  the  negotiating  text  issued  earlier  in  the  year.  It  will  be  the  first  formal  text  negotiations,  and  although  the  working  method  for  the  meeting  is  not  yet  known,  it  is  a  crucial  moment  for  supporters  to  work  with  Parties  to  ensure  the  relevant  text  on  agriculture  is  not  limited,  and  where  possible  is  strengthened.  The  key  messages  and  factsheets  can  be  used  to  explain  why  agriculture  needs  to  be  included.    

• Further  meetings  of  ADP  will  take  place  in  August  (31  Aug  -­‐  04  Sep  2015)  and  October  (19-­‐23  Oct),  which  will  also  provide  opportunities  for  outreach.  Depending  on  how  the  ADP  chooses  to  organize  its  work,  perhaps  focusing  on  different  sections  at  each  meeting  or  instead  tackling  the  whole  text  at  each  session  by  dividing  into  working  groups,  the  opportunities  for  outreach  may  vary.  However  it  is  likely  that  the  Chairs  will  seek  to  see  the  text  and  options  streamlined  before  the  meeting  in  Paris  in  December  and  so  engagement  throughout  the  year  is  important  to  avoid  valuable  language  that  includes  agriculture  being  deleted  from  the  options.    

• Finally,  the  final  meeting  of  the  ADP  in  December,  followed  by  the  meeting  of  the  COP,  will  be  crucial  in  determining  the  shape  of  the  2015  agreement.  SBSTA  43  will  also  meet  in  December  but  agriculture  may  not  be  on  the  agenda  as  the  next  round  of  submissions  and  workshops  is  only  in  June  2016.    

   Outreach  objectives:    COP21  in  2015  will  mark  an  important  milestone  for  global  climate  governance  as  Parties  are  meant  to  come  to  an  agreement  to  pave  the  way  for  a  new  legally  binding  protocol  to  be  implemented  from  2020.  The  nature  and  scope  of  the  2015  agreement  are  still  unclear.  Given  agriculture’s  importance  to  national  economies,  food  security  and  adaptation,  and  its  contribution  to  emissions  and  mitigation,  it  should  form  a  key  part  of  actions  post-­‐2020.  But  it  remains  a  sensitive  issue  and  it  is  not  yet  clear  how  agriculture  will  be  linked  to  the  protocol  to  be  agreed  at  COP21  and  to  UNFCCC’s  work  post-­‐2015.      What  would  be  useful  for  agriculture  in  a  post-­‐2015  climate  agreement?    • At  minimum,  it  is  important  that  the  2015  agreement  does  not  preclude  agriculture  from  being  

included  in  activities.    • But  it  would  be  more  useful  to  see  recognition  for  the  role  and  importance  of  agriculture  

inserted  in  the  text  in  the  Preamble  (section  A)  of  the  agreement,  and  a  specific  mandate  and  placeholder  for  further  elements  of  the  inclusion  of  agriculture  to  be  worked  out  between  2016  and  2020.    

 

15    

• In  addition,  the  existing  mentions  of  agriculture  in  sections  D  on  mitigation  are  positive  and  should  remain,  (with  a  clear  definition  of  the  concept  of  a  land  sector  included  if  this  is  the  preferred  approach,  to  ensure  agriculture  is  adequately  represented).  But  agriculture  should  also  be  specifically  mentioned  under  Section  E  –  Adaptation.    

• These  mentions  are  important,  as  they  provide  formal  recognition  of  the  role  and  importance  of  agriculture  and  provide  a  ‘hook’  for  feeding  in  the  work  from  SBSTA    

• It  will  also  be  important  for  countries  to  submit  activities  in  agriculture,  landscapes  and  food  systems  as  part  of  their  Intended  Nationally  Determined  Contributions  (INDC)  as  this  will  determine  how  the  sector  is  impacted  at  national  level.    

 Explanation  of  the  role  of  the  UNFCCC  and  SBSTA,  and  why  this  is  so  important  for  agriculture  http://www.farmingfirst.org/climate/    The  Story  of  Agriculture  and  Climate  Change:  The  Road  We’ve  Travelled  infographic  from  Farming  First  illustrates  the  role  of  agriculture  in  climate  change  discussion  from  their  initiation  at  the  Rio  Earth  Summit  in  1992  to  December  2013.      This  infographic  can  be  used  to  illustrate  the  important  role  of  agriculture  in  addressing  climate  change  so  that  a  new  era  of  agricultural  innovation  and  knowledge  sharing  can  be  achieved.          More  information  on  agriculture  at  the  UN  Climate  Change  talks:    UNFCCC  webpage  on  Issues  Relating  to  Agriculture  http://unfccc.int/land_use_and_climate_change/agriculture/items/8793.php      More  information  on  how  agriculture  could  be  brought  into  a  2015  agreement:  http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/pdf/outputs/EoD/EoD_Consultancy_June14_Climate_Ag_UNFCCC.pdf      

• On  the  Intended  Nationally  Determined  Contributions  (INDC):  http://cdkn.org/resource/intended-­‐nationally-­‐determined-­‐contributions-­‐under-­‐the-­‐unfccc/    

•  • The  Role  of  Agriculture  in  the  UN  Climate  Talks  • http://ccafs.cgiar.org/publications/role-­‐agriculture-­‐un-­‐climate-­‐talks    

         

 

16    

 Lesson  to  be  learned  from  REDD+    Reducing  Emissions  from  Deforestation  and  Forest  Degradation  (REDD)  is  introduced  in  this  guide  as  it  can  be  used  as  a  comparison  to  illustrate  how  an  equivalent  agriculture  programme  under  SBSTA  may  help  with  mitigation  of,  and  adaptation  to,  the  negative  effects  of  climate  change.  It  also  shows  how  a  dedicated  space  and  effort  can  bring  an  issue  firmly  into  the  UNFCCC.      REDD  is  an  effort  to  create  a  financial  value  for  the  carbon  stored  in  forests,  offering  incentives  for  developing  countries  to  reduce  emissions  from  forested  lands  and  invest  in  low-­‐carbon  paths  to  sustainable  development.  Over  time,  more  issues  were  brought  under  REDD  and  are  now  brought  together  under  ‘REDD+’.  REDD+  goes  beyond  deforestation  and  forest  degradation,  and  includes  the  role  of  conservation,  sustainable  management  of  forests,  and  enhancement  of  forest  carbon  stocks.      When  negotiations  started  on  forests,  Parties  were  very  divided  and  there  was  a  lack  of  knowledge  and  understanding,  very  much  as  we  see  today  on  agriculture.  The  establishment  of  a  SBSTA  work  programme  helped  deal  with  some  of  those  questions,  and  it  eventually  contributed  to  REDD  being  included  in  the  Convention.    The  REDD  process  bears  many  resemblances  to  the  agriculture  negotiations,  but  the  scope  and  purpose  of  REDD+  are  very  different.  Essentially,  REDD+  is  a  mitigation  financing  mechanism  that  covers  a  limited  number  of  countries,  without  an  adaptation  component.  Agriculture  is  critical  to  all  countries  and  requires  a  holistic  solution  that  includes  adaptation,  mitigation  and  food  security.  Therefore,  working  solutions  for  agriculture  and  climate  change  should  not  be  considered  only  as  a  mitigation  financing  mechanism.          The  following  infographic,  links  and  videos  provide  a  short  explanation  of  the  REDD+  scheme.        About  REDD+  

• 1997:  Kyoto  Protocol  includes  forestry  in  articles  2  and  3  • 2001:  Forest  conservation  is  excluded  from  the  first  commitment  period  

under  the  Kyoto  Protocol    • 2005:  REDD  is  introduced  as  an  agenda  item  at  COP11    • 2006:  SBSTA  starts  to  note  the  potential  of  REDD  for  mitigation    • 2008:  UN-­‐REDD  is  officially  launched    • 2009:  The  World  Bank  approves  support  for  REDD,  and  the  UN-­‐REDD  

programme  launches  the  initial  readiness  process  (phase  1)  in  nine  pilot  countries    

• 2010:  REDD  officially  adopted  at  COP16    • 2012:  Funding  for  REDD  totals  US  118.9m,  demonstrating  the  effectiveness  

of  a  dedicated  Work  Programme  under  SBSTA  to  build  knowledge  and  consensus  for  taking  action.  

• 2013:  Warsaw  Framework  for  REDD+  is  adopted  by  COP19  • 2014:  the  Lima  Information  Hub  for  REDD-­‐plus  is  established  at  COP  20  

 

 

 

17    

Links    

• Farming  First  Agriculture  &  Climate  Change  infographic    • CCAFS  policy  brief:  learning  from  REDD  to  advance  agriculture  • CCAFS  working  paper  on  lessons  learned  from  REDD+  for  smallholders  

Basic  facts  and  FAQs  about  REDD+    

• UN-­‐REDD  programme    • UN-­‐REDD  website  FAQs    • Warsaw  Framework  for  REDD+    • Understanding  REDD+  

 Videos  about  REDD+    • Introduction  to  REDD+    • REDD  As  part  of  the  Solution  

 

   

 FAQs    The  following  are  examples  of  tough  questions  often  asked  by  stakeholders,  negotiators  or   the  media  around  the  role  of  agriculture  in  climate  change.  Answering  them  may  require   selecting  and  combining  more  than  one  set  of  messages,  facts  and  data.  The  suggested  answers  below  provide  examples  of  how  messaging,  data  and  evidence  included  in  this   toolkit  can  be  used.    

i) The  activities  mandated  under  the  SBSTA  decision  of  June  2014  will  only  see  results  in  mid-­‐2015  to  2016.  Isn’t  it  too  late  to  impact  the  2015  agreement?    It  is  very  positive  to  see  Parties  committed  to  work  on  agriculture  under  SBSTA  for  the  next  two  years.  We  have  campaigned  for  many  years  to  get  a  work  programme,  and  while  it  would  have  been  positive  to  have  had  such  engagement  earlier,  it  is  not  too  late.      The  2015  agreement  is  likely  to  be  a  general  framework  with  much  more  work  taking  place  afterwards  to  refine  different  elements.  Crucially,  the  2015  agreement  should  not  be  structured  in  a  way  that  excludes  agriculture,  so  that  the  door  remains  open  to  including  agriculture  in  future  commitments  by  Parties.          Given  the  crucial  role  played  by  agriculture  in  securing  livelihoods  and  food  security,  as  well  as  its  contribution  to  emissions  and  adaptation,  it  is  essential  that  the  sector  be  included  in  global  action  post  2020.      

ii) What  is  happening  to  financing  for  climate-­‐smart  agriculture?    Funding  to  support  mitigation  and  adaptation  activities  in  agriculture  has  been  slow  to  emerge.  Agriculture  would  benefit  in  particular  from  funds  that  support  linked  actions  on  adaptation,  mitigation  and  current  food  security.  This  is  why  it  is  important  to  see  agriculture  more  formally  integrated  in  the  climate  change  negotiations  so  it  can  be  embedded  in  all  the  tools  and  mechanisms  developed  to  support  action  on  climate  change.      In  the  past  two  years,  some  progress  has  been  made  in  channelling  financing  towards  mitigation  and  adaptation  in  agriculture.  Through  the  Global  Environment  Facility,  associated  

 

18    

countries  are  able  to  access  funding  to  support  domestic  activities.  In  addition,  funding  through  ‘fast  start’  finance  has  also  started  to  flow.  Furthermore,  the  Green  Climate  Fund  has  included  agriculture  as  a  key  area  for  action,  linking  adaptation  and  mitigation.    However  the  spread  of  the  funding  is  not  even,  and  not  all  countries  are  able  to  support  their  activities.  We  need  to  do  more.  We  need  funding  that  supports  producers  and  that  builds  on  the  synergies  between  adaptation  and  mitigation,  rather  than  consider  them  separately.    

iii) Fertiliser  will  help  address  the  challenge  of  declining  crop  yields  in  the  face  of  climate  change,  yet  isn’t  an  increase  in  fertiliser  use  just  going  to  exacerbate  the  carbon  emissions  and  climate  change  problem?      Fertiliser  is  an  interesting  example  of  the  important  trade-­‐offs  at  different  scales  of  agriculture.  Between  1961  and  2010,  emissions  from  synthetic  fertilizers  increased  ninefold,  from  0.07  to  0.68  GtCO2  equivalent  per  year  (Tubiello  et  al.,  2013).  At  these  rates,  within  a  decade,  synthetic  fertilisers  will  be  the  second  largest  of  agricultural  emission  categories  after  enteric  fermentation  in  livestock.    But  synthetic  fertilizers  have  also  been  critical  to  improving  farmers’  livelihoods  and  national  food  security.  Furthermore,  synthetic  fertilisers  can  actually  contribute  to  reductions  of  emissions.    This  happens  above  the  farm  scale  at  the  landscape  scale.  If  greater  use  of  fertilisers  means  that  yields  are  higher  and  consequently  less  new  land  is  cleared  for  agriculture,  then  greenhouse  gas  emissions  across  the  landscape  and  across  the  country  can  be  reduced  overall.      For  many  countries,  for  example  in  parts  of  Africa  where  fertiliser  application  rates  are  well  below  international  averages,  there  may  be  good  arguments  for  food  security,  adaptation  and  mitigation  to  increase  rates  of  fertiliser  application.  On  the  other  hand,  for  other  countries  where  fertilisers  may  be  applied  in  quantities  in  excess  of  yield  benefits  (e.g.  China)  farmers  would  reduce  on-­‐farm  costs  and  thus  would  be  more  food  secure  if  they  reduced  application  rates.      Knowledge  and  innovations  around  synthetic  and  organic  fertilisers  are  growing  all  the  time.  For  example,  microdosing  with  fertilisers,  particularly  combined  with  smart  use  of  organic  fertilisers,  can  help  farmers  to  reduce  their  input  costs  and  achieve  gains  in  adaptation  and  mitigation.    

iv) Should  food  security  concerns  now  supersede  the  urgency  for  climate  change  talks?          Food  security  and  climate  change  talks  are  inextricably  interlinked  and  there  must  be  recognition  of  the  important  role  of  agriculture  in  addressing  climate  change.        Agriculture  constitutes  a  crucial  sector  in  the  economies  of  many  countries  and  for  the  livelihoods  of  billions  around  the  world.          Farmers  -­‐  who  are  at  the  heart  of  providing  solutions  to  food  security  -­‐  are  already  experiencing  the  impacts  of  climate  change.    The  2014  IPCC  report,  AR5,  estimates  that  by  2050,  climate  change  impacts  will  result  in  an  average  decline  in  yields  of  8%  for  Africa  and  South  Asia,  for  all  crops.  This  will  contribute  to  driving  up  food  prices  between  3%  and  84%.  The  impact  on  many  households’  food  security  will  be  dramatic.      Farmers  need  action  from  policy  makers,  NGOs,  politicians  and  businesses  if  they  are  to  adapt  

 

19    

and  to  mitigate.    

v) Agriculture  is  one  of  the  largest  emitters  of  greenhouse  gases  both  directly  and  through  land  use  change.  How  much  should  we  focus  on  mitigating  greenhouse  gases  from  the  sector?        Due  to  the  growing  demand  for  agricultural  products  and  with  predictions  that  climate  change  could  reduce  crop  yields,  the  agriculture  sector  faces  a  unique  challenge.        According  to  the  latest  report  by  the  IPCC,  AR5,  together,  agriculture,  forest  and  other  land  use  (known  as  the  AFOLU  sector)  contribute  24%  to  global  emissions.  Agriculture  itself  is  responsible  for  about  half  of  the  AFOLU  sector’s  emissions,  contributing  10-­‐12%  of  global  greenhouse  gas  (GHG)  emissions.    Increasing  agricultural  productivity  and  production  to  ensure  future  food  security  should  be  at  the  centre  of  all  agricultural  policies.  Adaptation  measures  are  crucial  for  securing  food  production,  and  both  adaptation  and  mitigation  efforts  must  be  built  into  comprehensive  agricultural  strategies  that  support  enhanced  productivity,  food  and  nutrition  security,  whilst  being  environmentally  sustainable.      Policies  need  to  be  put  in  place  that  jointly  address  the  objectives  of  food  security,  adaptation  and  mitigation  in  order  to  maximise  benefits  while  recognising  that  there  may  be  trade-­‐offs.      In  fact,  many  adaptation  measures  in  agriculture  provide  mitigation  benefits  and  vice  versa.  For  example  Alternate-­‐Wetting-­‐and-­‐Drying  in  rice  production  requires  less  water,  which  is  helpful  in  times  of  drought.  At  the  same  time,  this  approach  reduces  methane  emissions  from  paddy  rice  (see  Richards  and  Sander  2014).  Improved  livestock  feeding  and  herd  management  can  help  livestock  keepers  and  pastoralists  adapt  to  changing  conditions,  while  reducing  emissions  from  enteric  fermentation.  Improved  soil  fertility  management,  through  microdosing  for  example,  could  reduce  the  need  of  expensive  nitrogen-­‐based  fertilisers,  and  associated  emissions,  without  impacting  food  security.      

vi) Why  do  farmers  keep  talking  about  adaptation  and  mitigation  co-­‐benefits?  Should  we  not  just  focus  on  one?    Due  to  the  growing  demand  for  agricultural  products  and  with  predictions  that  climate  change  could  reduce  crop  yields,  the  agriculture  sector  faces  a  unique  challenge.    Increasing  agricultural  productivity  and  production  to  ensure  future  food  security  should  be  at  the  centre  of  all  agricultural  policies.  Adaptation  measures  are  crucial  for  securing  food  production,  and  both  adaptation  and  mitigation  efforts  must  be  built  into  comprehensive  agricultural  strategies  that  support  enhanced  productivity,  food  and  nutrition  security,  whilst  being  environmentally  sustainable.  Policies  need  to  be  put  in  place  that  jointly  address  the  objectives  of  food  security,  adaptation  and  mitigation  in  order  to  maximise  benefits  while  recognizing  that  there  may  be  trade-­‐offs.      What  is  climate-­‐smart  agriculture?    According  to  the  FAO,  “Climate-­‐smart  agriculture  promotes  production  systems  that  sustainably  increase  productivity,  resilience  (adaptation),  reduces/removes  GHGs  (mitigation),  and  enhances  achievement  of  national  food  security  and  development  goals.”      CSA  integrates  the  three  dimensions  of  sustainable  development  (economic,  social  and  environmental)  by  jointly  addressing  food  security  and  climate  challenges.  It  is  composed  of  

 

20    

three  main  pillars:  • sustainably  increasing  agricultural  productivity  and  incomes;  • adapting  and  building  resilience  to  climate  change;  • reducing  and/or  removing  greenhouse  gases  emissions,  where  possible    CSA  sourcebook:  http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e00.htm    What  is  an  early  warning  system?    Early  Warning  Systems  (EWS)  are  a  critical  part  of  systematic  risk  management  and  play  a  key  role  in  assuring  future  agricultural  production  and  access  to  food  and  water  by  the  world’s  most  vulnerable  people.    Climate  change  is  likely  to  increase  the  frequency  of  extreme  weather  events,  such  as  hurricanes,  floods  and  storms.  These  cannot  be  prevented  but  implementing  early  warning  of  the  impending  events  can  significantly  reduce  damage  associated  with  them.      

vii) An  effective  EWS  includes  four  components:  (1)  detection,  monitoring  and  forecasting  of  hazards;  (2)  analysis  of  risks  involved;  (3)  dissemination  of  timely  and  authoritative  warnings;  and  (4)  activation  of  emergency  preparedness  and  response  plans.  These  need  to  be  coordinated  across  many  agencies  at  the  national  and  community  levels  for  the  system  to  work.  Failure  in  one  component,  or  lack  of  coordination,  can  lead  to  the  failure  of  the  whole.  What  are  the  key  gaps  in  knowledge  about  adaptation  in  agriculture?    The  main  aim  of  the  adaptation  of  agriculture  to  climate  change  impacts  is  to  preserve  the  productivity  of  agricultural  systems  without  increasing  environmental  impacts.  In  other  words,  agricultural  practices  and  technologies  need  to  be  adapted  to  build  more  climate-­‐resilient  agriculture  and  allow  for  sustainable  agricultural  production.      Adaptation  can  occur  at  multiple  levels,  from  changed  agricultural  practices,  to  varietal  change,  to  substitution  or  diversification,  to  moving  out  of  crop  farming,  livestock  rearing  or  aquaculture  altogether.      However,  significant  knowledge  gaps  exist  as  to  what  adaptations  options  are  available,  what  their  likely  benefits  or  costs  are,  where  and  when  they  should  be  deployed,  and  what  the  learning  processes  are  that  can  support  widespread  change  under  uncertainty.      This  is  compounded  by  the  fact  that  significant  uncertainty  exists  regarding  the  direction  and  magnitude  of  climate  change,  which  in  turn  leads  to  uncertainty  in  the  realm  of  food  production  and  its  impact  on  food  systems  and  food  security  across  complex  geographies  and  societies.      Addressing  knowledge  gaps  in  adaptation  will  require  more  site-­‐specific  and  evidence-­‐based  research  on  impacts  and  risks  and  an  improved  understanding  of  uncertainty,  to  allow  more  confident  decision-­‐making  and  allocation  of  limited  resources.  It  also  required  to  invest  in  databases  and  tools  to  inform  policy  and  practice  in  the  spheres  of  agricultural  risk-­‐management,  adaptation  and  mitigation.  

Campbell,  B.M.,  Challinor,  A.J.,  Hansen,  J.,  Ingram,  J.S.I.,  Jarvis,  A.,  Kristjanson,  P.,  Lau,  C.,  Thornton,  P.K,  and  Wollenberg,  E.  2010.  Agriculture,  Food  Security  and  Climate  Change:  Outlook  for  Knowledge,  Tools  and  Action.  CCAFS  Report  3.  Copenhagen,  Denmark:  CGIAR-­‐ESSP  Program  on  Climate  Change,  Agriculture  and  Food  Security.    

 

21    

http://ccafs.cgiar.org/publications/agriculture-­‐food-­‐security-­‐and-­‐climate-­‐change-­‐outlook-­‐knowledge-­‐tools-­‐and-­‐action        

 What  is  the  ‘land’  or  ‘land-­‐use’  sector?    

The  term  land-­‐use  sector  has  been  used  by  the  IPCCC  and  in  the  UNFCCC.  In  recent  ADP  text,  it  also  shows  as    “land  sector”.  It  is  used  to  bring  agriculture  and  forests  together  under  one  umbrella,  with  agriculture  understood  as  the  broad  range  of  activities  which  use  land,  from  livestock  grazing  to  cultivation.  Previously,  agriculture  and  forests  were  generally  conceptualised  separately  and  this  has  been  reflected  in  how  the  UNFCCC  has  handled  the  two  topics  –  forests  have  been  discussed  primarily  through  Land  Use  and  Land  Use  Change  (LULUCF)  and  REDD,  whereas  agriculture  remained  largely  excluded  from  the  negotiations.      The  land  sector  corresponds  to  the  IPCC’s  ‘Agriculture,  Forestry  and  other  Land  Uses’  also  known  as  AFOLU  which  was  brought  together  in  the  latest  IPCC  report  AR5.  The  benefit  of  using  the  ‘land  or  land-­‐use  sector’  as  a  concept  is  that  it  allows  for  better  consideration  of  the  linkages,  co-­‐benefits  and  trade-­‐offs  that  actions  in  forestry  and  agriculture  can  have,  rather  than  if  the  two  sectors  are  considered  separately.      What  are  Intended  Nationally  Determined  Contributions?    Under  the  U.N.  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  Change  (UNFCCC),  countries  across  the  globe  committed  to  create  a  new  international  climate  agreement  by  the  conclusion  of  the  Paris  Climate  Summit  in  December  2015.  During  previous  climate  negotiations,  countries  agreed  to  publicly  outline  what  actions  they  intend  to  take  under  a  global  agreement  in  order  to  meet  the  2°C  goal.    These  voluntary  country  commitments  are  known  as  Intended  Nationally  Determined  Contributions  (INDCs).  The  level  of  ambition  expressed  through  the  INDCs  will  be  an  important  factor  in  determining  whether  the  new  agreement  is  in  line  with  required  greenhouse  gas  (GHG)  emission  reductions  compatible  with  the  2°C  goal.      The  INDCs  are  particularly  novel  because  they  involve  all  countries,  moving  away  from  the  dichotomy  established  under  the  Kyoto  Protocol  between  developed  and  developing  countries.  This  reflects  changes  in  many  countries’  status  since  Kyoto  and  recognition  that  meeting  a  2°C  goal  requires  global  action.  However  the  level  of  contribution  that  each  country  should  make  remains  a  controversial  topic  in  the  negotiations.      The  process  of  INDC’s  raises  some  complex  questions  about  what  constitutes  valid  commitments.  The  rules  for  accounting  and  measuring  have  not  yet  been  set  so  countries  will  need  to  walk  backwards  from  the  commitments  to  the  rules  in  order  to  assess  what  are  valid  commitments.        http://www.wri.org/indc-­‐definition        http://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2015/03/explainer-­‐what-­‐are-­‐intended-­‐nationally-­‐determined-­‐contributions/      What  is  the  global  emission  budget?    The  global  emission  budget  refers  to  the  idea  that  to  achieve  the  2°C  goal,  a  total  amount  of  emissions  need  to  be  cut  and  a  total  amount  of  emissions  can  be  allowed.  The  Global  Emission  

 

22    

Budget  is  the  maximum  amount  of  carbon  dioxide  (CO2)  that  can  be  emitted  into  the  atmosphere  whilst  staying  within  safe  temperature  limits  beyond  2020.  Exceeding  an  estimated  budget  of  just  1,000  gigatonnes  of  carbon  dioxide  (GT  CO2)  would  increase  the  risk  of  severe,  pervasive  and  irreversible  climate  change  impacts.      The  amount  of  emissions  allowed  should  be  divided  among  countries  and  among  sectors,  including  agriculture  and  land  use  change.  Each  party  would  need  to  report  on  how  they  are  using  their  share  of  that  allowable  emission  budget.  This  is  not  a  concept  endorsed  by  all  countries  and  application  of  the  concept  entails  difficult  discussions  about  how  shares  of  that  budget  can  be  allocated  to  different  countries.      What  is  the  Warsaw  International  Mechanism  for  Loss  and  Damage?    At  COP19  (November  2013)  in  Warsaw,  Poland,  the  Conference  of  the  Parties  to  the  UNFCCC  established  the  Warsaw  International  Mechanism  for  Loss  and  Damage  (WIM)  to  address  loss  and  damage  associated  with  impacts  of  climate  change,  including  extreme  events  and  slow  onset  events,  in  developing  countries  that  are  particularly  vulnerable  to  the  adverse  effects  of  climate  change.  WIM  is  part  of  the  Cancun  Adaptation  Framework,  which  was  created  to  help  bolster  adaptation  actions  and  improve  coordination.      The  WIM  provides  a  platform  to  explore  and  identify  effective  responses  to  climate  change  induced  loss  and  damage,  to  expand  the  understanding  of  climate  consequences  and  to  find  an  appropriate  mix  of  tools  to  address  loss  and  damage.  It  represents  an  important  step  forward  on  adaptation  as  it  embeds  the  issue  in  UNFCCC  but  its  implementation  is  complex  and  has  been  tied  to  controversial  debates  about  compensation  and  financial  flows  to  countries  affected  by  loss  and  damage.      http://unfccc.int/adaptation/workstreams/loss_and_damage/items/6056.php          

 

23    

Acronyms  The  following  is  a  list  of  acronyms  of  organisations,  processes  and  mechanisms  related  to   climate  change  negotiations.    Acronym     Acronym    ADP   Ad  Hoc  Working  Group  on  the  Durban  

Platform  for  Enhanced  Action  INDC   Intended  Nationally  Determined              

Contributions  

AFOLU   Agriculture,  Forestry  and  Other  Land  Use  

IPCC   Intergovernmental  Panel  on  Climate  Change  

AWG-­‐LCA   Ad  Hoc  Working  Group  on  Long-­‐term  Cooperative  Action  

LULUCF   Land  Use,  Land  Use  Change  and  Forestry  

AWG-­‐KP   Ad  Hoc  Working  Group  on  Further  Commitments  for  Annex  I  Parties  under  the  Kyoto  Protocol  

NAMA   Nationally  Appropriate  Mitigation  Action  

CMP   Conference  and  Meeting  of  the  Parties  of  the  Kyoto  protocol  

NAPA   National  Adaptation  Programmes  of  Action  

COP   Conference  of  the  Parties   REDD   Reducing  Emissions  from  Deforestation  and  Forest  Degradation  (up  to  2008)  

FAO   Food  and  Agriculture  Organization  of  the  United  Nations  

REDD+   Reducing  Emissions  from  Deforestation  and  Forest  Degradation  +  Conservation,  Sustainable  management  and  enhancement  of  forest  carbon  stocks  (after  2008).  

GHG   Greenhouse  Gas   SBSTA   Subsidiary  Body  for  Scientific  and  Technological  Advice  

ILUC   Indirect  Land  Use  Change   UNFCCC   United  Nations  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  Change  

     

   

24    

 

   

Factsheets  This  section  will  present  ten  factsheets  containing  data  and  facts  extracted  from  the  sources  below  and  others,  then  mapped  to  the  ten  key  messages  or  topics  of  this  guide/toolkit.  Data  will  be  related  to  UNFCCC  negotiations,  food  security  and  nutrition,  small  vs  large  scale  farmers,  as  well  as  specific  topics  such  as:      

1) The  benefits  of  adapting  to,  and  mitigating  the  effects  of,  climate  change;    2) Key  statistics  on  the  impact  agriculture  has  on  climate  change;    3) Impacts  of  climate  change  on  agriculture;  4) Adaptation-­‐mitigation  co-­‐benefits;    5) What  is  the  SBSTA  work  programme?  

   Facts  and  data   Source  

Message  1  

Now  is  the  time  to  act.  Farmers  are  experiencing  the  impacts  of  climate  change  and  they  need  action  from  policymakers,  NGOs,  politicians  and  businesses  if  they  are  to  adapt  and  to  mitigate.      

 

 

The  world  population  is  expected  to  reach  9.6  billion  by  2050.  To  meet  global  food  demand  by  2050,  agricultural  production  must  increase  by  60%.      

Big  Facts  

Population  growth  is  expected  to  be  particularly  dramatic  in  the  least  developed  countries,  which  are  projected  to  double  in  population  from  898  million  inhabitants  in  2013  to  1.8  billion  in  2050  and  to  2.9  billion  in  2100.  

Big  Facts  

Globally,  842  million  people  are  chronically  undernourished,  while  almost  2  billion  suffer  from  micronutrient  deficiencies.  

Big  Facts  

It  is  predicted  that  global  agricultural  production  will  grow  at  an  average  of  1.5%  annually  over  the  next  10  years,  compared  with  2.1%  in  the  previous  decade.  Growth  is  expected  to  be  slower  in  all  crop  sectors  and  in  livestock  production.  These  trends  reflect  rising  costs,  growing  resource  constraints  and  increasing  environmental  pressures,  which  are  expected  to  inhibit  supply  response  in  virtually  all  regions.      

Big  Facts  

Increased  production  must  be  met  through  higher  yields  because  increasing  the  area  of  land  under  agriculture  carries  major  environmental  costs.  Although  there  is  more  land  that  could  be  used  for  agriculture,  most  of  it  is  under  forests,  wetlands  or  grasslands,  and  converting  these  to  cropland  would  greatly  increase  greenhouse  gas  emissions  and  cause  the  loss  of  biodiversity  and  important  ecosystem  services.  

Big  Facts  

Higher  food  prices  generally  make  poverty  worse.  Although  there  are  variations  by  commodity  and  by  country,  poor  people  generally  consume  more  food  than  they  produce  and  so  tend  to  be  hurt  by  higher  food  prices.  

Big  Facts  

Climate  change  will  affect  all  four  dimensions  of  food  security:  food  availability,  stability  of  food  supplies,  access  to  food  and  food  utilisation.  First  and  foremost,  climate  change  affects  food  availability  via  its  impact  on  yield.  

Big  Facts  

If  the  amount  or  quality  of  foods  available  decline,  malnutrition  tends  to  increase,  as  does  incidence  of  infectious  disease.  For  example,  flooding,  especially  flash  flooding  caused  by  a  single  severe  weather  event,  is  likely  to  result  in  an  increase  in  the  number  of  people  exposed  to  diarrheal  and  other  infectious  diseases,  reducing  their  nutrient  absorption  capacity  and  reducing  their  immunity  to  infection.  

Big  Facts  

RAISING  KEY  ISSUES  

   

25    

Women  tend  to  be  more  at  risk  from  climate  change  than  men  because  they  represent  the  majority  of  the  world’s  poor.  This  means  they  often  lack  the  means  to  cope  with  the  harmful  effects  of  climate  change.  

Big  Facts  

More  and  more  agricultural  work  is  being  done  by  women  as  men  move  to  non-­‐farm  jobs.  In  all  parts  of  the  world  except  Europe,  the  proportion  of  women  in  the  total  agricultural  work  force  has  risen  over  the  past  four  decades.  

Big  Facts  

Message  2  

A  2015  agreement  should  acknowledge  the  importance  of  agriculture  for  food  security  and  livelihoods  and  the  role  it  can  play  to  help  meet  global  adaptation  and  mitigation  goals.  

 

 Agriculture,  Forestry,  and  Other  Land  Use  (AFOLU)  plays  a  central  role  for  food  security  and  sustainable  development.  The  sector’s  mitigation  potential  is  derived  from  both  an  enhancement  of  removals  of  greenhouse  gases  (GHG),  as  well  as  reduction  of  emissions  through  management  of  land  and  livestock.    Opportunities  for  mitigation  include  supply-­‐side  and  demand-­‐side  options:  • Supply  side:  forestry,  land-­‐based  agriculture,  livestock,  integrated  systems  and  bioenergy    • Demand  side:  reduced  losses  in  the  food  supply  chain,  changes  in  human  diets  and  in  demand  for  

wood  and  forestry  products      The  nature  of  the  sector  means  that  there  are  potentially  many  barriers  to  implementation  of  available  mitigation  options,  including  accessibility  to  AFOLU  financing,  poverty,  institutional,  ecological,  technological  development,  diffusion  and  transfer  barriers.    There  is  significant  mitigation  potential  from  agriculture,  forestry,  and  bioenergy  mitigation  measures,  e.g.:  • Reductions  in  CH4  or  N2O  emissions  from  croplands,  grazing  lands,  and  livestock.    • Conservation  of  existing  carbon  stocks  and  soil  carbon  that  would  otherwise  be  lost.    • Enhancement  of  carbon  sequestration    Changing  land-­‐use  practices,  technological  advancements  and  varietal  improvements  have  enabled  world  grain  harvests  to  double  from  1.2  to  2.5  billion  tonnes  per  year  between  1970  and  2010.    Adaptation  options  for  agriculture  include  technological  responses,  enhancing  smallholder  access  to  credit  and  other  critical  production  resources,  strengthening  institutions  at  local  to  regional  levels,  and  improving  market  access  through  trade  reform.      Responses  to  decreased  food  production  and  quality  include  developing  new  crop  varieties  adapted  to  changes  in  CO2,  temperature,  and  drought;  enhancing  the  capacity  for  climate  risk  management;  and  offsetting  economic  impacts  of  land-­‐use  change.  Improving  financial  support  and  investing  in  the  production  of  small-­‐scale  farms  can  also  provide  benefits.  Expanding  agricultural  markets  and  improving  the  predictability  and  reliability  of  the  world  trading  system  could  result  in  reduced  market  volatility  and  help  manage  food  supply  shortages  caused  by  climate  change.      In  agriculture,  the  most  cost-­‐effective  mitigation  options  are  cropland  management,  grazing  land  management  and  restoration  of  organic  soils.  

IPCC  

Using  income-­‐dependent  dietary  choices,  it  is  estimated  that  global  demand  for  crop  calories  will  increase  by  100%  ±  11%  and  global  demand  for  crop  protein  will  increase  by  110%±7%  from  2005  to  2050.  

Big  Facts  

   

26    

Deforestation  and  land-­‐use  change  accounts  for  2,200–6,600  million  tonnes  of  carbon  dioxide  (CO2)  equivalent  per  year,  or  30–50%  of  agricultural  emissions  and  about  4–14%  of  global  emissions.  Agriculture  makes  the  greatest  contribution  to  total  food  system  emissions—7,300–12,700  million  tonnes  of  CO2  equivalent  each  year,  equivalent  to  80–86%  of  food  systems  emissions  and  14–24%  of  total  global  emissions.  

Big  Facts  

One  reason  why  agricultural  growth  is  likely  to  generate  income  for  the  poor  is  that  in  many  countries  where  poverty  is  high,  poor  people  are  often  concentrated  in  rural  areas,  and  agricultural  growth  more  directly  affects  the  rural  economy  than  other  types  of  growth  do.  

FAO  

The  role  of  agriculture  in  driving  overall  economic  growth  is  generally  more  important  in  poorer  countries  where  it  accounts  for  more  than  30%  of  economic   activity,  and  in  the  least-­‐developed  countries  as  a  group,  it   accounts  for  27  %  of  GDP  (2009  figures).  By  contrast,  in  OECD  economies,  agriculture  accounts  for  less  than  1.5  %  of  overall  economic  output.  

FAO  

In  the  least  developed  countries,  agriculture  typically  accounts  for  50%  of  GDP  and  over  80%  of  the  labour  force  (2010).  

Montpellier  Panel  

Message  3  • The  ‘Zero  Draft’  of  the  2015  agreement,  released  in  February,  includes  mentions  of  both  the  

‘land  sector’  and  agriculture.  This  is  a  positive  development  and  negotiators  should  keep  agriculture  included  as  the  negotiating  text  evolves.  

 

265  million  people  will  face  a  5%  decrease  in  growing  season  in  the  next  40  years.      

Big  Facts  

Every  one  US  dollar  invested  in  anticipatory  measures  for  climate  adaptation  initiatives  is  estimated  to  save  up  to  7  US  dollars  in  future  relief  costs.    

UNFCCC      

The  cumulative  cost  of  adaptation  in  agriculture  up  to  2050  is  $250  billion  globally.   Big  Facts  

About  70%  of  the  mitigation  potential  is  in  low-­‐  and  middle-­‐income  countries.   Big  Facts  

Crop  yield  improvement  has  saved  34%  of  total  human  carbon  emission.    Since  the  1960s,  this  has  meant  a  savings  of  around  13  billion  tonnes  each  year.  Every  dollar  invested  in  agricultural  yields  has  resulted  in  68  kgC  fewer  emissions.  

Burney  et  al      

Sequestering  carbon  in  the  soils  of  croplands,  grazing  lands  and  rangelands  offers  agriculture’s  highest  potential  for  climate  change  mitigation.  These  soils  can  store  between  1.5  and  4.5  GtCO2  per  year.  

Big  Facts  

Improved  crop  management  will  be  key  to  mitigating  emissions  in  the  agricultural  sector.  Agricultural  practices  that  reduce  greenhouse  gas  emissions  and  increase  carbon  storage  could  reduce  carbon  emissions  by  1,500–1,600  million  tonnes  of  CO2  equivalents  per  year.  [At  a  carbon  price  of  $20/tCO2e]    

Big  Facts  

Total  costs  for  adaptation  in  agriculture  have  been  estimated  at  USD  7  billion  per  year  up  to  2050,  USD  11.3–12.6  billion  per  year  in  the  year  2030  and  a  cumulative  USD  225  billion  up  to  2050.  

Big  Facts  

USD  83  billion  per  year  of  additional  investments  in  food,  agriculture  and  rural  development  are  required  for  the  world  to  feed  its  growing  population  in  2050  –  in  other  words,  yearly  investment  needs  to  rise  by  more  than  50%.      

agricultural investment in developing countries needs to increase by at least 50 percent to meet projected increased demand by a world population that is expected to pass 9 billion in 2050

   

FAO      

Globally,  fewer  new  climate  policies  are  being  introduced,  but  many  countries  are  currently  mainstreaming  earlier  climate  change  policies  across  sectoral  programmes.  

Big  Facts  

   

27    

The  Green  Climate  Fund  was  designated  at  the  sixteenth  session  of  the  Conference  of  the  Parties  (COP)  to  the  United  Nations  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  Change  (UNFCCC),  2010,  as  an  operating  entity  of  the  financial  mechanism  of  the  UNFCCC,  in  accordance  with  Article  11  of  the  Convention.  Later  established  in  December  2011  at  Durban,  South  Africa.      

GCFund      

Message  4  The  process  set  up  under  SBSTA  in  June  2014  for  submissions  and  workshops  over  the  next  two  years  is  welcome.  It  is  progress  on  adaptation  specifically.  But  it  needs  to  feed  into  the  ADP  discussions  so  that  a  global  framework  for  action  from  2020  includes  agriculture.  

 

Adaptations  to  climate  change  that  address  food  availability  range  from  improving  storage  facilities  to  securing  formal  credit,  land  rights,  tenure  and  market  access  (input  and  output  markets)  for  small-­‐scale  farmers.  These  farmers  also  need  to  be  better  able  to  manage  the  risks  associated  with  climate  change  (for  example,  through  index-­‐based  crop  insurance),  support  for  traditional  land  management  and  knowledge  systems  and  better  access  to  climate  information.  

Big  Facts  

Agricultural  practices  that  are  GHG-­‐intensive  include  irrigation  and  the  use  of  fertilisers  and  pesticides.  Integrated  nutrient,  water  and  pest  management  practices,  including  practices  like  microdosing  and  drip  irrigation,  can  reduce  GHG  emissions  and  increase  resource  efficiency.  

Big  Facts  

Most  adaptation  options  build  on  existing  practices  and  sustainable  agriculture,  rather  than  new  technologies.  

Big  Facts  

Some  plants  and  livestock  breeds  that  are  currently  underutilised  may  become  more  attractive  to  farmers  as  a  result  of  climate  change.  Many  neglected  and  underutilised  species  that  are  currently  maintained  through  in  situ  conservation  could  become  important  crops  in  the  future.  Empowering  farming  communities  is  essential  for  effective  in  situ conservation  as  this  encourages local  decision  making  on  genetic-­‐resources  management        making  on  genetic-­‐resources  management.  

Big  Facts  

Information  and  communication  technologies  (ICTs)  have  the  potential  to  help  monitor  climate  change  and  to  help  farmers  adapt  to  it  and  mitigate  its  effects.  ICTs  can  help  in  the  timely  provision  of  climate-­‐related  information,  which  may  allow  vulnerable  societies  and  individuals  to  prepare  for  extreme  weather  events.  This  can  reduce  losses  during  bad  years  but  also  allow  farmers  to  take  advantage  of  favourable  climatic  conditions.  

Big  Facts  

Message  5  • A  2015  agreement  should  deploy  finance,  technical  inputs  and  capacity  building  to  support  ambitious  

actions  by  farmers  and  the  agricultural  sector  to  achieve  food  security  through  adaptation  and  mitigation.  

•  

   

 

The  World  Bank  estimates  that  mitigation  measures  in  developing  countries  could  cost  between  US$140  –  $175  billion  per  year  for  the  next  twenty  years  

World  Bank  

FAO  estimates  that  investment  needs  for  sub-­‐Saharan  Africa,  the  Near  East,  and  North  Africa  for  climate  adaptation  in  agriculture  will  need  to  be  around  US$3  billion  per  year.  

Ecoagriculture  partners  

Putting  a  global  price  on  adaptation  and  mitigation  in  the  agricultural  sector  is  however  very  difficult.  The  wide  differences  in  situations,  needs  and  impacts  between  countries  mean  that  local  estimates  can  vary  widely.  A  series  of  case  studies  by  IIED  showed  that  a  national  programme  to  protect  partoral  systems  in  Tanzania  could  cost  more  than  $280  million,  whereas  a  programme  to  help  adapt  cash  crops  for  smallholder  in  Rwanda  would  cost  around  $14.2  million.  

IIED  

Message  6    The  Intended  Nationally  Determined  Contributions  (INDC)  by  countries  represent  a  key  opportunity  to  bring  agriculture  into  climate  change  commitments  and  activities.  Agriculture  must  be  included  in  the  INDCs.  

 

   

28    

INDCs  put  forward  by  countries  will  form  a  key  input  to  the  preparation  processes  of  negotiations  leading  towards  the  2015  Paris  climate  agreement.  

Ecofys  

Message  7    Agriculture  and  food  security  issues  are  likely  to  be  central  to  planning  for  mitigation  (e.g.  NAMAs)  and  adaptation  (e.g.  NAPAs)  in  all  countries.  

 

265  million  people  will  face  a  5%  decrease  in  growing  season  in  the  next  40  years.      

Big  Facts  

Every  one  US  dollar  invested  in  anticipatory  measures  for  climate  adaptation  initiatives  is  estimated  to  save  up  to  7  US  dollars  in  future  relief  costs.    

UNFCCC      

The  cumulative  cost  of  adaptation  in  agriculture  up  to  2050  is  $250  billion  globally.    

Big  Facts  

About  70%  of  the  mitigation  potential  is  in  low-­‐  and  middle-­‐income  countries.   Big  Facts  

Crop  yield  improvement  has  saved  34%  of  total  human  carbon  emission.    Since  the  1960s  investments  in  agricultural  yields  have  made  it  possible  to  save  249  kg  CO2eq  emissions  relative  to  1961  technology,  avoiding  13.1  Gt  CO2-­‐eq  per  year.  

Burney  et  al      

Sequestering  carbon  in  the  soils  of  croplands,  grazing  lands  and  rangelands  offers  agriculture’s  highest  potential  for  climate  change  mitigation.  These  soils  can  store  between  1.5  and  4.5  GtCO2  per  year.    

Big  Facts  

Improved  crop  management  will  be  key  to  mitigating  emissions  in  the  agricultural  sector.  Agricultural  practices  that  reduce  greenhouse  gas  emissions  and  increase  carbon  storage  could  reduce  carbon  emissions  by  1,500–1,600  million  tonnes  of  CO2  equivalents  per  year.  

Big  Facts  

Message  8    National  policy  processes  will  work  best  if  they  combine  food  security,  adaptation  and  mitigation  rather  than  keeping  the  three  aspects  in  separate  tracks.  Integration  is  needed  across  landscapes  and  food  supply  chains,  in  order  to  manage  trade-­‐offs  effectively,  particularly  trade-­‐offs  between  food  production  and  mitigation  goals.  

 

Countries  have  introduced  a  range  of  policy  vehicles  to  coordinate  and  mainstream  climate  policy  and  to  include  the  UNFCCC  elements.  Government  mechanisms  include  climate  action  plans,  low  emissions  development  plans  and  climate  change  adaptation  plans.  

Big  Facts  

Message  9    Financing  for  both  mitigation  and  adaptation  must  be  part  of  climate  change  policies.  Recent  developments  are  positive:    improvements  in  the  Global  Environment  Facility’s  strategy  and  an  increase  in  financing  stemming  from  ‘fast  start’  finance  are  helping  increase  funding  towards  climate-­‐smart  agriculture.  But  more  needs  to  be  done.  It  is  essential  that  the  new  Green  Climate  Fund  (GCF)  provides  stable,  long-­‐term  support  to  adaptation  and  mitigation  in  agriculture.  

 

   

29    

The  Global  Environment  Facility  (GEF)  is  piloting  an  Integrated  Approach  Program  on  Sustainability  and  Resilience  for  Food  Security  in  Sub-­‐Saharan  Africa.  The  program  addresses  the  need  to  safeguard  ecosystem  services  in  smallholder  agriculture,  based  on  the  recognition  that  production  practices  in  these  systems,  which  underpin  food  security  for  more  than  70%  of  the  population,  are  largely  dependent  on  assets  provided  by  nature.  

GEF  

The  International  Fund  for  Agricultural  Development  (IFAD)’s  Adaptation  for  Smallholder  Agriculture  Programme  (ASAP)  channels  climate  finance  to  smallholder  farmers,  so  they  can  access  the  information  tools  and  technologies  that  help  build  their  resilience  to  climate  change.  

IFAD  

Message  10    There  are  many  existing  solutions  to  some  of  the  known  challenges  of  climate  change  that  can  be  scaled  up.  These  include  improved  soil  and  water  management  practices,  better  climate  information  services,  and  greater  access  to  agricultural  resources  among  women.  Our  most  important  challenge,  as  farmers  and  as  supporters,  is  not  to  invent  new  practices  and  approaches,  but  to  share  what  already  works  as  widely  as  possible  to  create  global  change  for  the  better.  

 

Alternate  wetting  and  drying  (AWD)  is  a  rice  management  practice  that  reduces  water  use  by  up  to  30%,  methane  emissions  by  48%,  maintains  yields,  and  can  save  farmers  money  on  irrigation  and  pumping  costs.    

CGIAR  

Information  and  communication  technologies  (ICTs)  have  the  potential  to  help  monitor  climate  change  and  to  help  farmers  adapt  to  it  and  mitigate  its  effects.  ICTs  can  help  in  the  timely  provision  of  climate-­‐related  information,  which  may  allow  vulnerable  societies  and  individuals  to  prepare  for  extreme  weather  events.  This  can  reduce  losses  during  bad  years  but  also  allow  farmers  to  take  advantage  of  favourable  climatic  conditions.  

Big  Facts  

Weather  index-­‐based  insurance  is  an  attractive  approach  to  managing  weather  and  climate  risk  because  it  uses  a  weather  index,  such  as  rainfall,  to  determine  payouts.  These  can  be  made  more  quickly  and  with  less  argument  than  is  typical  for  conventional  crop  insurance.    

CCAFS  

If  women  had  the  same  access  to  productive  resources  as  men,  they  could  increase  yields  on  their  farms  by  20–30%.  This  could  raise  total  agricultural  output  in  developing  countries  by  2.5–4%,  which  could  in  turn  reduce  the  number  of  hungry  people  in  the  world  by  12–17%.  

FAO  

Many  options  are  available  for  adapting  livestock  production  systems  to  a  changed  climate.  These  include:  technological  options  (e.g.  using  species  with  greater  drought  tolerance);  behavioural  modifications  (e.g.  changes  in  dietary  choices,  such  as  consuming  less  meat);  managerial  choices  (e.g.  different  farm  management  practices);  and  policy  alternatives  (e.g.  planning  regulations  and  infrastructural  development).  Some  options  may  be  appropriate  for  the  short  term,  others  for  the  long  term  and  some  for  both.  

Big  Facts  

Agroforestry  (trees  on  farms)  can  increase  soil  fertility,  reduce  soil  erosion  and  provide  other  environmental  benefits,  helping  farmers  deal  with  increased  climate  variability.  

Big  Facts  

There  is  huge  potential  to  expand  aquaculture  (the  raising  of  fish  in  captivity  in  the  sea  or  freshwater)  even  in  the  face  of  climate  change.  

Big  Facts  

Ethiopia’s  Productive  Safety  Net  Programme  and  Household  Asset  Building  Programme  have  improved  the  food  security  and  resilience  to  climate  change  of  nearly  8  million  households  across  the  country.  

CGIAR  

   

30    

One  good  adaptation  option  is  to  reuse  wastewater  for  irrigation,  instead  of  disposing  of  it  untreated  in  surface  water.  This  is  especially  true  for  rice  crops.  Using  wastewater  in  this  way  not  only  helps  adaptation  to  climate  change,  but  can  also  contribute  to  food  security  in  areas  with  rapid  growing  populations.  

Big  Facts  

Water  productivity  can  be  increased  by  15%–20%  in  smallholder  rainfed  agriculture.  Small  investments  in  supplemental  irrigation  (providing  1,000  cubic  metres  of  extra  water  per  hectare  per  season)  in  combination  with  improved  soil,  nutrient  and  crop  management  can  more  than  double  water  productivity  and  yields  in  small-­‐scale  rainfed  agriculture.    

Big  Facts  

Conservation  agriculture  (CA)  can  increase  resilience  to  climate  change  and  has  the  potential  to  contribute  to  climate  change  mitigation.  

CGIAR  

 

       Websites  

ELDIS  Climate  Change  Knowledge  Navigator  and  Widget  

• The  ELDIS  Knowledge  Navigator  guides  users  through  to  appropriate  climate  change  websites,  helping  them  to  access  knowledge  that  best  suits  their  needs  or  share  their  own  experiences  and  resources.  

CCAFS  Big  Facts  website  

• The  Big  Facts  website  is  a  resource  of  the  most  up-­‐to-­‐date  and  robust  facts  relevant  to  the  nexus  of  climate  change,  agriculture  and  food  security.  It  is  intended  to  provide  a  credible  and  reliable  platform  for  fact  checking.  The  website  contains  over  285  peer-­‐reviewed  facts,  links  to  more  than  340  research  resources,  over  150  downloadable  infographics  and  33  downloadable  facts  sheets.  

FAO  Climate-­‐Smart  Agriculture  website  

• The  website  of  the  climate-­‐smart  agriculture  approach  is  an  entry  point  for  essential  information  on  how  to  make  agriculture,  forestry  and  fisheries  part  of  the  solution  to  the  negative  impacts  of  climate  change.  It  also  offers  a  space  for  those  who  work  on  climate-­‐smart  practices  to  share  documents,  exchange  information  and  views  on  what  works  and  what  does  not  when  adapting  to  climate  change  and  mitigating  greenhouse  gases  in  the  agriculture  sector.  

CGIAR  Climate  change  websites  

• The  Bioversity  International  Climate  Change  website  covers  the  latest  news  regarding  research  on  the  role  agricultural  biodiversity  in  improving  resilience  to  climate  change.  

   

31    

• The  CCAFS  website  has  a  wide  range  of  content,  including  the  latest  publications  on  climate  change  and  food  security,  climate-­‐related  models,  maps  and  data,  as  well  as  up-­‐to-­‐date  blogs  from  CCAFS  scientists.  

• The  CIAT  Climate  Change  website  has  the  latest  news,  research  updates  and  publications  concerning  developments  in  tropical  agriculture  related  to  climate  change.  

• The  CIFOR  Climate  Change  website  provides  information  on  the  key  role  of  forests  in  climate  change  adaptation  and  mitigation,  by  sharing  the  latest  news,  projects,  and  publications.  

• The  CIMMYT  Climate  Change  blog  provides  an  up-­‐to-­‐date  news  feed  on  maize  and  wheat.  • The  CIP  Climate  Change  newsfeed  shares  stories  potato-­‐related  developments  in  terms  of  

climate  change  adaptation  and  mitigation.  • The  ICRAF  Climate  Change  website  shares  the  latest  publications,  events  and  blog  stories  

showing  the  growing  importance  of  agroforestry  in  climate  change  resilience.  • The  IFPRI  Climate  Change  website  brings  together  various  content  —  including  blogs,  research  

outputs  and  project  updates  —that  catalogues  the  research  related  climate  change  and  agriculture  being  conducted  by  the  International  Food  Policy  Research  Institute  (IFPRI)  and  its  various  partners.  

• The  IRRI  Climate  Change  website  covers  not  only  the  latest  news,  and  information  related  to  current  projects  on  climate  change  adaptation  and  mitigation  in  rice  production  systems.  

• The  IWMI  Climate  Change  website  shares  key  facts,  projects,  publications,  as  well  as  solutions  for  both  adaptation  and  mitigation,  pertaining  to  water-­‐related  challenges  brought  forth  by  climate  change.  

• The  WorldFish  Climate  Change  website  provides  publications  and  news  updates  related  to  the  improvement  of  resilience  in  fisheries  and  aquaculture.  

Infographics    Farming  First  • Food  and  Farming  in  2030:  Looking  ahead  on  the  post-­‐2015  development  agenda  • The  story  of  agriculture  and  the  sustainable  development  goals  • The  story  of  agriculture  and  climate  change:  the  road  we've  travelled  • Agriculture  and  the  green  conomy  • Resilience  in  action  • The  female  face  of  farming    CCAFS  

• Big  Facts  website  • Climate  change,  food  and  farming:  what  you  need  to  know    about  the  IPCC  report  • How  farmers  around  the  world  are  making  decision  based  on  weather  and  climate  

information  • Farmers  answer:  how  have  you  changed  the  way  you  grow  your  food?  

 IFPRI  

• 2014  Global  Hunger  Index  by  Severity  • Start  your  engines  • Family  Farmers:  %  of  farmland  cultivated  by  family  farmers  • Perceived  food  security  after  political  uprisings  in  the  Arab  world  

   

32    

• 2013  Food  Policy  Timeline  • Food  Security  in  a  World  of  Natural  Resources  Scarcity:  Promising  Agricultural  Technologies  

for  Feeding  the  World’s  Poorest  • Climate  Change  and  African  Agriculture  • Why  Ethiopian  Farmers  Need  Weather  Insurance  • Economic  Growth  and  Malnutrition  • Ethiopia:  on  the  path  from  famine  to  food  security  • 3  Measures  of  Hunger  • Estimates  and  projections  of  undernourished  people  worldwide,  1990-­‐2015    • 2012  Food  Policy  Timeline  • Women's  Empowerment  in  Agriculture  • Meat:  the  good,  the  bad  and  the  complicated  • Meat  consumption:  how  many  kilos  of  meat  per  person,  2000-­‐2050  • Accelerated  Spending  in  Agricultural  Research  • 2012  Global  Hunger  Index  by  Severity  • Conservation  Agriculture:  Farming  for  the  Long  Haul  • Timeline:  Food  Policy  Actions  and  Events  in  2011  • Map:  Food  Security  and  Food  Safety:  Where  Disasters  Struck  in  2011  • Milk  It  for  All  It’s  Worth  • Rising  Food  Prices  • Global  Hunger  Index  2011  by  Severity  • Horn  of  Africa  • Rooting  Out  Hunger:  improving  nutrition  with  Vitamin-­‐A  rich  orange  sweet  potato  

 Bioversity  International  • Ecosystem  services  and  resilience  • Spaciotemporal  lags  and  ecosystem  services  • The  importance  of  wild  crop  relative  • Biodiversity  for  family  farming    CIAT  • Cassava  –  A  Resilient  Crop  with  Great  Potential  • Coffee  Facts  • Crop  Wild  Relatives  • Degraded  pastures  • Earth  is  a  Ticking  Timebomb  • Eco-­‐efficiency  • Is  Cassava  the  Answer  to  African  Climate  Change  Adaptation?  • Land  and  Soil  Degradation  • Mealybug  Threat  to  Cassava    CIFOR  • Southeast  Asia  Burning    CIMMYT  • The  World  of  Maize    FAO  

   

33    

• Equal  Access  to  Resources  for  Food  Security  in  the  Face  of  Climate  Change  • Climate-­‐Smart  Agriculture  • Child  and  Maternal  Nutrition  • Gender:  The  Female  Face  of  Farming  • The  Impact  of  Climate  on  Food  • Forests  and  Family  Farms  Together  Sustaining  Livelihoods  and  Landscapes  • The  State  of  the  World's  Forests  2014    • Somalia:  population  and  crisis  • Wheat:  the  Largest  Primary  Commodity  • The  African  Solidarity  Trust:  by  Africans  for  Africans  • Family  Farmers:  feeding  the  world,  caring  for  the  earth  • Our  Food  and  Agriculture  in  Numbers  • The  State  of  the  World's  Fisheries  and  Aquaculture  • The  State  of  Food  Insecurity  in  the  World  in  2012  • Genetic  Resources  and  Biodiversity  for  Food  and  Agriculture  • Pumpkins,  Squash  and  Gourds  • Cash  Transfers:  Promoting  Sustainable  Livelihoods  in  Sub-­‐Saharan  Africa  • Youth  and  Aquaculture  in  Africa  • Youth  and  Livestock  in  Africa  • Forests  and  Land-­‐use  • Greenhouse  Gas  Emissions  from  Agriculture,  Forestry  and  Other  Land  Use  • The  Impact  of  the  Quinoa  Boom  on  Bolivian  Family  Farmers  • Understanding  Hunger  and  Malnutrition  • The  State  of  the  World's  Forest  Genetic  Resources  2014  • Conservation  Agriculture:  Step-­‐by-­‐Step  • Conservation  Agriculture:  The  Three  Principles  • Conservation  Agriculture:  An  Overview  • The  Role  of  Livestock  Data  in  Africa:  The  Tanzanian  Case  Study  • The  State  of  Food  and  Agriculture  • Priority  Themes  for  Climate  Change  Adaptation  • The  World  is  Thirsty  because  it  is  Hungry  • Understanding  Water  Scarcity  • Water  Needed  for  Food  Production  • How  Much  Water  is  Needed  to  Produce...?    

IRRI    

• From  Genes  to  Farmers’  Fields    The  Institute  of  International  and  European  Affairs  

• Waste  Not,  Want  Not:  The  Problem  of  Food  Waste  • The  Global  Supermarket:  Whose  Buying  What  and  Whose  Stocking  the  Shelves  • Integrating  Agriculture  and  Land  Use  into  the  Climate  Picture  • Feeding  the  World  in  2050  • Global  Food  Demand:  Flavor  of  the  Future  • The  Path  to  Pairs:  Key  Players  and  Dates  in  the  Climate  Change  Negotiations  • Major  Economies  and  the  Global  Carbon  Budget  • Fuelling  the  Future:  Biofuels  Infographic    

   

34    

CGIAR  • More  Crop  Per  Drop  • How  Carbon  Forestry  is  Helping  to  Climate-­‐Proof  the  Philippines  • Facts  about  Forests  and  Tree  Genetic  Diversity  and  Why  it  Matters  • Better  Beans  for  Africa    • The  Price  of  Nature:  Linking  Ecosystem  Services  and  Livelihoods  • Millet  and  Sorghum:  climate-­‐smart  grains  • Wheat:  how  ‘one  degree  more’  is  10%  less  • Say  Yes  to  Banana  • Global  Fish  Challenges  • Feeding  the  World:  the  Role  of  Forests,  Trees  and  Agroforestry    WorldFish  • Fish  for  Nutrition  and  Food  Security  • Climate  Change  and  Our  Ailing  Oceans  • Who  has  the  Fish?  • Polarities  in  the  Fish  Food  System      Various  • What  Climate  Change  Means  for  Africa  and  Asia  • Forests  are  Key  to  Global  Sustainability  • Choose  Your  Future:  4  Emissions  Pathways  • Climate  Impacts  and  Investments  in  Latin  America  • Adaptation  Fund  at  a  Glance  • Climate  Change:  Implications  for  Fisheries  and  Aquaculture  • Climate  Change:  Implications  for  Agriculture  • Building  Resilience  Under  a  Changing  Climate  • The  Low-­‐Carbon  Economy  • Carbon  Crossroads:  the  pathway  to  two  degrees  • Are  Global  CO2  Emissions  Still  Rising  • Investing  in  Small  Island  Developing  States  • Exploring  Africa’s  Agricultural  Potential  • Development  miracle  or  environmental  disaster?  A  look  behind  the  oil  palm  controversy    • Power  and  political  interest  pervade  Peru’s  land  sector  • New  study  on  drivers  of  illegal  tropical  deforestation  • Forests,  markets  and  demand  • Cities:  opportunities  for  sustainable  landscapes?  • Landscapes  in  climate  and  development  policy  • Agricultural  biodiversity  is  key  for  resilient  family  farms  • Spatiotemporal  Lags  of  Ecosystem  Services  • The  Importance  of  Crop  Wild  Relatives  • Ecosystem  Services  and  Resilience  

   

35    

   Briefs  and  Papers  Below are references for a careful selection of high-impact peer-reviewed papers or policy briefs. Beddington J, Asaduzzaman M, Clark M, Fernandez A, Guillou M, Jahn M, Erda L, Mamo T, Van Bo

N, Nobre CA, Scholes R, Sharma R, Wakhungu J. 2012. Achieving food security in the face of climate change: Final report from the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/35589/climate_food_commission-final-mar2012.pdf?sequence=1

Campbell BM, Thornton P, Zougmoré R, van Asten P, Lipper L. 2014. Sustainable intensification: What is its role in climate smart agriculture? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 8:39-43. DOI:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.07.002

FAO. 2012. Developing a Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy at the Country Level: Lessons From Recent Experience, Background Paper for the Second Global Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change, 2012. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap401e/ap401e.pdf

FAO. 2013. Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook. Rome: FAO. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e.pdf

Foresight. 2011. The future of food and farming. Final project report. Futures. London: Government Office for Science. Available online at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/288329/11-546-future-of-food-and-farming-report.pdf

Foster K, Neufeldt H, Franks P, Diro R, Munden L, Anand M, Wollenberg E. 2013. Climate finance for agriculture and livelihoods. ICRAF Policy Brief 15. Nairobi, Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Available online at: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFs/PB13035.PDF

Garnett T, Appleby MC, Blamford A, Bateman IJ, Benton TG, Bloomer P, Burlingame B, Dawkins M, Dolan L, Fraser D, Herrero M, Hoffmann I, Smith P, Thornton PK, Toulmin C, Vermeulen SJ, Godfray CJ. 2013. Sustainable intensification in agriculture: premises and policies. Science 341: 33-34.

Harvey CA, Chacón M, Donatti CI, Garen E, Hannah L, Andrade A, Bede L, Brown D, Calle A, Chará J, Clement C, Gray E, Hoang MH, Minang P, Rodríguez AM, Seeberg-Elverfeldt C, Semroc B, Shames S, Smukler S, Somarriba E, Torquebiau E, van Etten J, Wollenberg E. 2014. Climate-smart landscapes: opportunities and challenges for integrating adaptation and mitigation in tropical agriculture. Conservation Letters 7(2):77-90. DOI:10.1111/conl.12066

HLPE, 2012. Food Security and Climate Change. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012. Available online at: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/HLPE-Report-3-Food_security_and_climate_change-June_2012.pdf

Kissinger G, Lee D, Orindi VA, Narasimhan P, King’uyu SM, Sova C. 2013. Planning climate adaptation in agriculture. Meta-synthesis of national adaptation plans in West and East Africa and South Asia. CCAFS Report No. 10. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Available online at: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/publications/planning-climate-adaptation-agriculture

Lipper L, Thornton P, Campbell BM, Baedeker T, Braimoh A, Bwalya M, Caron P, Cattaneo A, Garrity D, Henry K, Hottle R, Jackson L, Jarvis A, Kossam F, Mann W, McCarthy N, Meybeck A, Neufeldt H, Remington T, Sen PT, Sessa R, Shula R, Tibu A, Torquebiau EF. 2014. Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change 4:1068–1072. DOI:10.1038/nclimate2437

BRIEFS  AND  PAPERS  

   

36    

Mutamba M, Mugoya M. 2014. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Farmers' Perspectives. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen. Available online at: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/42433/Farmers%27%20Perspectives%20for%20web.pdf

Porter JR, Xie L, Challinor AJ, Cochrane K, Howden SM, Iqbal MM, Lobell DB, Travasso MI. 2014. Food security and food production systems. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field CB, Barros VR, Dokken DJ, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD, Bilir TE, Chatterjee M, Ebi KL, Estrada YO, Genova RC, Girma B, Kissel ES, Levy AN, MacCracken S, Mastrandrea PR, White LL (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 485-533. Available online at http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap7_FINAL.pdf

Pretty J, Sutherland WJ, Ashby A, Auburn J, Baulcombe D, Bell M, Bentley J, Bickersteth S, Brown K, Burke J, Campbell H, Chen K, Crowley E, Crute I, Dobbelaere D, EdwardsbJones G, Funes-Monzote FH, Godfray CJ, Griffon M, Gypmantisiri P, Haddad L, Halavatau S, Herren H, Holderness M, Izac A, Jones M, Koohafkan P, Lal R, Lang L, McNeely J, Mueller A, Nisbett N, Noble A, Pingali P, Pinto Y, Rabbinge R, Ravindranath NH, Rola A, Roling N, Sage C, Settle W, Sha JM, Shiming L, Simons T, Smith P, Strzepeck K, Swaine H, Terry E, Tomich TP, Toulmin C, Trigo E, Twomlow S, Kees Vis J, Wilson J and Pilgrim S. (eds). 2011. Sustainable intensification in African agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9(1): 5-24. Available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3763/ijas.2010.0583

Smith P, Bustamante M, Ahammad H, Clark H, Dong H, Elsiddig EA, Haberl H, Harper R, House J, Jafari M, Masera O, Mbow C, Ravindranath NH, Rice CW, Robledo Abad C, Romanovskaya A, Sperling F, Tubiello F. 2014. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU). In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, Seyboth K, Adler A, Baum I, Brunner S, Eickemeier P, Kriemann B, Savolainen J, Schlömer S, von Stechow C, Zwickel T, Minx JC (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Available online at: http://report.mitigation2014.org/drafts/final-draft-postplenary/ipcc_wg3_ar5_final-draft_postplenary_chapter11.pdf

Streck C, Campbell B, Mann W, Meléndez-Ortiz R, Tennigkeit T, Vermeulen S, Bellmann C, Meijer E, Wilkes A. 2011. Addressing agriculture in climate change negotiations: a scoping report. Meridian Institute, Dillon, Colorado, USA. Available online at: http://www.climatefocus.com/downloads/Agriculture%20and%20Climate%20Change%20Scoping%20Report%2012%20July%202011.pdf

Thornton PK, Ericksen PJ, Herrero M, Challinor A. 2014. Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review. Global Change Biology 20(11):3313-3328. DOI:10.1111/gcb.12581

Thornton P. 2012. Recalibrating Food Production in the Developing World: Global Warming Will Change More Than Just the Climate, CCAFS Policy Brief, October 2012. Available online at: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/24696

Verhagen J, Vellinga T, Neijenhuis F, Jarvis T, Jackson L, Caron P, Torquebiau E, Lipper L, Fernandes E, Entsua-Mensah REM, Vermeulen S. 2014. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Scientists' perspectives. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Copenhagen. Available online at: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/42434/CSA%20Scientists%20perspectives.pdf?sequence=1

Vermeulen SJ. 2014. Climate change, food security and small-scale producers. CCAFS Info Brief. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/35215/IPCC_info_note-3April14.pdf?sequence=7

   

37    

Vermeulen SJ, Campbell BM, Ingram JSI. 2012. Climate Change and Food Systems, The Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2012. Available online at: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608

World Bank. 2012. Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4 degree Warmer World Must be Avoided, November 2012. Available online at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/11/17097815/turn-down-heat-4%C2%B0c-warmer-world-must-avoided

Wreford A, Moran D, Adger N. 2010. Climate Change and Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation, OECD, 2010. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/rome2007/docs/Climate%20Change%20and%20Agr.pdf

   

38    

 Examples  Examples  of  the  challenges  that  farmers  are  facing  worldwide  in  both  developed  and  developing  countries,  and  the  ways  they  are  adapting  to  the  negative  effects  of  climate  change  are  available  at:    Neate  P.  2013.  Climate-­‐smart  agriculture  success  stories  from  farming  communities  around  the  

world.  Wageningen,  Netherlands:  CGIAR  Research  Program  on  Climate  Change,  Agriculture  and  Food  Security  (CCAFS)  and  the  Technical  Centre  for  Agricultural  and  Rural  Cooperation  (CTA).  Available  from:  https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/34042/Climate_smart_farming_successesWEB.pdf  

 Nyasimi  M,  Amwata  D,  Hove  L,  Kinyangi  J,  Wamukoya  G.  2014.  Evidence  of  impact:  Climate-­‐smart  

agriculture  in  Africa.  Wageningen,  Netherlands:  CGIAR  Research  Program  on  Climate  Change,  Agriculture  and  Food  Security  (CCAFS)  and  the  Technical  Centre  for  Agricultural  and  Rural  Cooperation  (CTA)  

  http://ccafs.cgiar.org/publications/evidence-­‐impact-­‐climate-­‐smart-­‐agriculture-­‐africa-­‐0      FAO.  2013.  Climate-­‐smart  agriculture  sourcebook.  Rome,  Italy:  Food  and  Agriculture  Organization  of  

the  United  Nations  (FAO).  Available  from:  http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e.pdf      

 Cooper,  P.  J.M.,  S.  Cappiello,  S.  J.  Vermeulen,  B.  M.  Campbell,  R.  Zougmoré  and  J.  Kinyangi.  2013.  Large-­‐scale  implementation  of  adaptation  and  mitigation  actions  in  agriculture.  CCAFS  Working  

Paper  no.  50.  CGIAR  Research  Program  on  Climate  Change,  Agriculture  and  Food  Security  (CCAFS).  Copenhagen,  Denmark.  http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/33279/WorkingPaper50.pdf    

 FAO’s Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH): http://www.fao.org/resilience/areas-of-work/food-chain-crisis/en/ IFAD’s drought early-warning system and contingency plan support communities in Niger and Mali.: http://www.ifad.org/lrkm/range/drought.htm

 

EXAMPLES