Ứng Dụng Enzyme Trong Công Nghiệp

8/10/2019 ng Dng Enzyme Trong Cng Nghip

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TRNG I HC S PHM KTHUT TP.HCM

KHOA CNG NGHHA HC THC PHM

ti:

NG DNG ENZYME TRONG CNG NGHIP

INDUSTRIAL ENZYME APPLICATIONS

Ole Kirk*, Torben Vedel Borchert and Claus Crone Fuglsang

GVHD: Phan Minh Anh Th

SVTH: Hunh Ph Lc 10116033

Phng Hng Mnh 10116035

Nguyn ThXun M 10116036

Trn Hunh Nh 10116044

TP.HCM - 20/04/2013


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MC LC

1. Gii thiu chung: 3

2. Nhng cng nghmi cho nghin cu enzyme: 7

3. ng dng ca enzyme 8

3.1. ng dng trong cng nghip cht ty ra 8

3.2. ng dng trong chuyn ha tinh bt 9

3.3. ng dng trong sn xut cn nhin liu 10

3.4. ng dng trong cng nghip dt 10

3.5. ng dng trong cng nghip sn xut thc n cho vt nui 11

3.6. ng dng trong cng nghip thc phm 13

3.7. ng dng trong chbin du, cht bo 143.8. ng dng trong tng hp cht hu c 15

4. Kt lun v trin vng 15

Ti liu tham kho 16


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NG DNG ENZYME TRONG CNG NGHIP

Khnng xc tc ca enzyme c a ra ng dng vo cc qu

trnh v sn phm cng nghip. Spht trin gn y ca cng nghsinh hc,c bit trong lnh vc k thut protein v tin ha nh hng cung cp

nhng cng cquan trng cho spht trin mnh ca vic ng dng enzyme:

ci thin cc thuc tnh ca enzyme trong nhng ng dng k thut c

thit lp, ng thi sn xut enzyme mi ng dng vo nhng lnh vc mi

trc y cha tng sdng enzyme.

1. Gii thiu chung

Nn cng nghip enzyme c bit n ngy nay l kt quca sphttrin nhanh qua 4 thp k qua nh vo spht trin ca cng ngh sinh hc

hin i. Enzyme c tm thy trong tnhin nh trong ddy b, tri u

hoc c to ra tvi sinh vt trong qu trnh chuyn ha ca chng c

sdng t thi ci trong qu trnh sn xut cc sn phm thc phm nh

ph mai, bnh m, bia, ru, gim v trong cc mt hng nh da, thuc nhum,

vi. Tuy nhin, giai on ny enzyme cha c sdng dng tinh khit

cht lng tt.Trong nhng thp kgn y,vi stin bca cng nghln

men enzyme c sn xut di dng tinh khit, cht lng tt thm ch vi

quy m ln da trn c schn lc. Kt, enzyme c ng dng rng

ri trong nhng qu trnh, sn phm cng nghip thc s, v dnh trong lnh

vc cng nghip cht ty ra, dt v tinh bt. Vic ng dng cng ngh ti t

hp gen ci thin qu trnh sn xut, thng mi ha cc sn phm enzyme

m trc y cha tng c. Hn thna, spht trin gn y ca cng ngh

sinh hc hin i, k thut protein cng nh tin ha nh hng gp phn

vo spht trin ca enzyme cng nghip (Theo Hnh 1). Nhng ci tin ny

to ra nhng enzyme thch hp thhin nhiu hot tnh mi, trong nhng iu

kin mi. V vy m enzyme ngy cng c s dng ph bin trong cng

nghip.


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Hnh 1.Nhng bc tin trong spht trin ca enzyme

Bng 1.Enzyme sdng trong nhng mng cng nghip khc nhau

Ngnh cng

nghip

Lp enzyme Chc nng

Cht ty ra

(bt git v

nc ra chn)

Protease

Amylase

Lipase

Cellulase

Mannanase

Loi bcht b n protein

Loi bcht bn tinh bt

Loi bcht bn du m

Lm sch, loi mu v chng kt bm (vi

cotton)

Loi bcht bn manan

Tinh bt v

nhin liu

Amylase

Amyloglucosidase

Pullulanase

Ha lng v ng ha tinh bt

ng ha

ng ha

Spht trin ca enzyme hin nay

To sa dng sinh hc

Chn lc s cp

Chn lc thcp

To hthng biu hin thuc tnh

Sa dng tnhin

Spht trin ca enzyme truyn thng

Ci tin m hnh phn t

t bin tnhin

Ln men

Thit lp quy trnhTinh chThit lp quy trnh

Lp cng thcSn xut Sn xut


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Glucose isomerase

Cyclodextrin-

glycosyltransferase

Xylanase

Protease

Sn xut fructose

Sn xut cyclodextrin

Gim nht (nhin liu v tinh bt)

To ngun dinh dng cho nm men (trong

sn xut nhin liu)

Thc phm

(bao gm cc

sn phm sa)

Protease

Lipase

Lactase

Pectin methyl

esterase

Pectinase

Transglutaminase

ng tsa, sn xut sa cho trem (gim d

ng), to mi hng

To mi cho ph mai

Loi bng lactose trong sa

To chc cho cc sn phm ttri cy

Sn xut cc sn phm ttri cy

Thay i do, nht

Bnh nng

Amylase

Xylanase

Lipase

PhospholipaseGlucose oxidase

Lipogenase

Protease

Transglutaminase

iu chnh mm, xp ca bt bnh m

iu chnh bt nho

iu chnh v n nh bt nho (cht to nh).

iu chnh v n nh bt nho (cht to nh)Tng lc ca gluten bt nho

Tng lc ca bt nho, lm trng

Sn xut bnh bch quy

Tng lc bt nho laminate (bt nho dng

cn thnh lp mng).

Thc n cho vt

nui

Phytase

Xylanase

- Glucanase

Tiu ha phytate, chng thiu phospho

Tiu ha thc n

Tiu ha thc n

Nc gii kht

Pectinase

Amylase

- Glucanase

Acetylacetate

Ngm, pectin ha

Xl nc tri cy, bia nng lng thp

Ngm

Lm chn bia


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decarboxylase

Laccase Lc nc tri cy, to mi cho bia, xl nt

chai

Dt

Cellulase

Amylase

Pectate lyase

Catalase

Laccase

Peroxidase

Hon thin vi denim, lm mm vi cotton

Lm gim kch thc si

Ty vi

Lm trng

Lm trng

Loi bthuc nhum

Bt giy v giy

Lipase

Protease

Amlylase

Xylanase

Cellulase

iu chnh snhim bn, nha

Loi blp mng sinh hc

Phtinh bt, tng khnng loi mc, tng tnh

a nc ca si

Ty trng giy

Tng khnng loi mc, tng tnh a nc

ca si, thay i cu trc si

Cht bo, du

thc vt

Lipase

Phospholipase

Ester ha cht bo dng trans

Gim nht, sn xut lyso-lecithin

Tng hp cht

hu c

Lipase

Acylase

Nitrilase

Ha tan cc alcohol v amide bt i xng

Tng hp penicillin c ngun gc tthin

nhin

Tng hp acid carboxylic

Thuc daProtease

Lipase

Xl da

Ty da

Sn ph m

chm sc c

nhn

Amyloglucoxidase

Glucose oxidase

Peroxidase

Chng vi sinh vt, kt hp cng glucose

oxidase

Lm trng, chng vi sinh vt

Chng vi sinh vt.

Nh Bng 1. trnthhin a dng ha sng dng ca enzyme cvs

lng ln mc phc tp. ng dng chnh ca enzyme trong lnh vc cng


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nghip vn l thy phn, phn gii nhng hp cht trong tnhin. Protease v

tr ng u, v c sdng rng ri trong cng nghip cht ty ra v cng

nghip sa.ng thhai l cc carbohydrase, chyu l amylase v cellulase,

s dng trong cng nghip tinhbt, dt, cht ty ra, bnh.

Nh minh ha hnh 2,

cng nghip kthut, chyu l

cht ty ra, tinh bt, dt, cn

nhin liu, t mc tiu th ln

nht ca enzyme cng nghip.

Nhn chung, gi trc tnh caton th gii s dng enzyme

cng nghip c stng trng t

1 t la nm 1995 ln n 1,5 t

la vo nm 2000. Theo s

tng trng ny, cn c s thay

i cn thit trong mt snghnh

cng nghip k thut chnh, u tin phi ni n l cng nghip cht ty ra.

Stng trng mnh nht trong nhng thp kva qua c bit n l cng

nghip bnh v thc nvt nui. Tuy nhin stng trng ny cng bao gm

ctrong tng hp cht hu c, bt giy v giy, sn phm chm sc c nhn.

Bi tng quan ny cp n cng nghenzyme mi v ng dng ca enzyme

trong cc lnh vc khc nhau gn y.

2. Nhng cng nghmi cho nghin cu enzyme

Vi sinh vt tnhin l ngun cung cp nhiu enzyme khc nhau. Spht

trin trong tin sinh hc v chui dliu sn c tng ng khiu quca vic

phn lp nhng gen c bit ttnhin. Kthut protein thch hp v khnng

a ra nhng protein mi vi mt vi thay i nhda trn nn tng cu trc,

Hnh 2. Th trng enzyme cng nghip theo

lnh vc. Trong nm 2000, th trng enzyme

t 1,5 t la. Lnh vc cng nghip k thut

bao gm cht ty ra, tinh bt, dt, cn nhin

liu, da thuc, giy v bt giy


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lin quan n tnh cht l sinh v ha sinh, a ra nhng cng cmi trong

ti u ha enzyme trong nhng thp nin tm mi. Tin ha nh hng l

cng cgn y nht c sdng cho vic ci tin enzyme. Bng cch gy ra

mt hay nhiu t bin gen ngu nhin, ngi ta to ra nhng ngn hng bind; t tin hnh sng lc, chn lc chng enzyme ph hp. Nhng bin dsau

khi c phn lp, ci tin theo mt chu trnh sng lc, sc sdng nh

nguyn liu thcp trong nhng chu trnh ti thp hay thha dng mi.

Gn y, nhiu n lc trong vic a ra nhng thng squan trng trong tin

ha nh hng ni ln v gt hi c nhng thnh cng nht nh; chng

hn nh vic kt hp k thut ti t hp vi tin ha nh hng. Cng ngh

mi c don l sthay thcng nghhin ti, tuy nhin chng ti hy vngrng thi gian strli vic kt hp tin ha nh hng, thit kenzyme v s

a dng ca t nhin nh th no to ra nhng phn t enzyme mi vi

nhng c tnh mong mun v hiu qusdng cao.

3. ng dng ca enzyme

3.1. ng dng trong cng nghip cht ty ra

Enzyme c sdng nhmt cht bsung vo cht ty ra, mng ng

dng ln nht ca enzyme cng nghip, cvs lng cng nh cht lng.

Thnh phn chnh l protease, tuy nhin cng c thbsung mt scht thy

phn khc ty vo cht bn cn c loi b.

Nhng kthut tin tin to ra nhng enzyme ty ra mi da trn nn

tng enzyme ty ra truyn thng nh protease v amylase v ang pht

trin. Nhng enzyme thh thhai, thba c ti u ha, p ng yu

cu ca cht ty ra.c bit, ngoi stng thchca enzyme vi cc thnh

phn ca cht ty ra, cc enzyme cng c khnng hot ng nhit thp

hn c cp trong nhng nghin cu bo co gn y.tit kim in

nng, nhit sdng trong my git, my ra chn c ct gim trong


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nhng nm gn y.Nh vy, enzyme c thgip cho vn dn dp, loi b

cht bn c thc hin hiu quhn.

V dgn y ca enzyme ty ra th th thhai bao gm spht trin

ca amylase hin i, c thtng khnng hot ng c iu kin nhit thp, pH kim. Nhng enzyme ny c pht trin bng vic kt hp chn lc vi

sinh vt v k thut protein thch hp. Protease c khnng hot ng nhit

thp c tch t tnhin, nhng c ci tin phng th nghim bng

phng php ci tin nh hng. Hn thna, tnguyn liu ban uenzyme

26 subtislisin(serine endopeptidase) ca Ness v cng s thay i cu trc

vng DNA to nhng enzyme mi vi sci thin hot tnh ng k.Vic ci

tin da trn nhng c tnh ty ra ca protease (v dnh tng hot tnh xc

tc mnh hn, n nh pH kim).

Nhng sn phm mi gn y a thm nhm enzyme mi mannanase

- kt qu nghin cu pht trin ca Proter v Gramble v hng Novozymes.

Nhng enzyme ny dng loi bcht guar gum (phgia thng dng n

nh v to c cho sn phm thc phm).

3.2. ng dng trong chuyn ha tinh bt

Chuyn tinh bt thnh dch high fructose corn syrup (dch ng fructose

nng cao) vi s tc dng ca enzyme c nghin cu hon chnh, l

mt v din hnh ca qu trnh sinh hc, sdng mt chui enzyme lin tip

nhau. Enzyme ng dng trong cng nghip tinh bt l mt ti c nghin

cu, pht trin lin tc.

Bc u tin trong qu trnh l chuyn tinh bt thnh oligomaltodextrins

bng enzyme - Amylase. Qu trnh ny i hi phi c thc hin trong giihn khnng chu nhit ca enzyme. Sdng - Amylase truyn thng, pH phi

iu chnh mc va phi, ng thi canxi phi c thm vo n nh

hot tnh ca enzyme. Dng - Amylase mi pht trin gn y vi nhng tnh

cht u vit hn nh khnng n nh nhit, chu acid, c bit l c khnng


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xc tc m khng cn b sung canxi nng cao li nhun ca ngnh cng

nghip tinh bt mt cch r rt. Nhng nlc nghin cu kthut ci thin hot

tnh ca nhng enzyme s dng sau qu trnh thy phn tinh bt thnh

oligomaltodextrins cng ang c pht trin nh glucoamylase, glucoseisomerase.

3.3. ng dng trong sn xut cn nhin liu

Trong cng nghip sn xut cn, s dng enzyme cho sn xut ng

c phn gii ttinh bt c nghin cu hon chnh. Tri qua nhiu thp

k, nhu cu cn nhin liu tng ln l hquca vic thc ca nhn loi v

mi trng tng ln, cng nhgi du leo cao; v vy gii quyt nhng vn

thc tin trn, ngi ta gii hn lng phgia nht nh trong du m_

methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) bng cch thay thn bng cn. Do , nhng

nghin cu hin ti c thc hin pht trin nhng enzyme ci tin, gi r,

c thtn dng ngun c cht l lignocellulose sn xut cn sinh hc nhiu

u thhn khi so snh vi nhin liu xng du khai thc tm. Gi ca enzyme

cn chuyn lignocellulose thnh vt liu th thch hp cho vic ln men to

cn l vn trng tm, cng vic nghin cu hin nay chyu tp trung vo

vic tng khnng xc tc vtnh n nh sn xut cn c hiu qu. Nhng

chng trnh quc gia ln ca phng nng lng Ma ra htr, khuyn

khch hng nghin cu ny nhm gp phn gim nhim mi trng, hng

n nghnh thKyoto.

3.4. ng dng trong cng nghip dt

Trong cng nghip dt, hot ng xc tc ca enzyme mi c a vo

ng dng gn y. Nn cng nghip ny chu mt sc p ln v vn mitrng bi v n tiu tn nhiu nng lng, nc v nhim mi trng. Mt

trong nhng khu tiu tn nhiu nng lng, nc trong sn xut vi cotton l

khu ty vi loi b nhiu hp cht khc nhau trn thnh t bo trong si

cellulose. Khu ny thng thng c thc hin nhit cao, iu kin kim


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mnh, tuy nhin nu c thc hin bng enzyme stin hnh nhit thp,

tiu tn t nc hn nhhot ng ca pectate lyase. Do tnh thn thin vi mi

trng, kthut mi ny c chnh phMtrao tng gii thng ti nng

ha hc xanh nm 2001.Tip ni thnh cng ca vic ng dng enzyme trongty vi, ngy nay enzyme c sdng trong hu ht cc cng on chnh

ca qu trnh sn xut vi cotton (Hnh 3.)

Hnh 3.Nhng enzyme sdng trong qu trnh sn xut vi Denim

Nh vy sdng enzyme mang li li ch c trong cng nghip dt cng nh

vn mi trng.

3.5. ng dng trong cng nghip sn xut thc n cho vt nui

ng dng enzyme trong lnh vc ny cng c trin khai thnh cng. V

d, trong sut cc thp kva qua, xylanase v glucanase c trong ng cc

c dng lm thc n cho ng vt ddy n, ngc li i vi ng vt

nhai li c khnng phn gii tt v sdng ngun thc n t thc vt cha

nhiu cellulose v hemicellulose. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhiu nghin cu

- Amylase Pectinase Peroxidase (loi bthucnhum d tha)

Acid cellulose (lm

bng vi sinh hc)

Lm gim kchthc si Ty vi Lm trng Nhum vi Hon thin

Vi th Catalase (lm trng vi)

Lm gim kchthc si

Vi hon thin

Ra vi vi Vi blue jeans hon thin

Lm trng

Laccase/mediatorCellulase trung tnh


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tp trung vo vn sdng ngun hp cht phospho tnhin tacid phytic

trong thc nc ngun gc ng cc cho ng vt ddy n. Chng hp thu tt

hn ngun phospho tnhin (m trong s ckhong 85-90% c lin kt

vi acid phytic) chkhi thm phytase vo thc n cho vt nui. Nhng ch linquan n enzyme ny tng ln ng ktrong nhng nm gn y. Mt squc

gia trc y sdng xng ng vt nghin lm thc n vt nui b

sung ngun phospho v c;iu ny bcm do l nguyn nhn gy nn

bnh b in. ng thi, nhiu quc gia phng Ty chuyn sn xut tht phi

tun ththeo nhng nguyn tc khi loi bphospho ra ngoi mi trng. V vy,

vic thm phytase vo thc n vt nui sgim ng k vic thi phospho ra

khi d dy n, phytase tr thnh mt lnh vc ln enzyme trong cngnghip thc n chn nui. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy vic bsung phytase

khng nhng lm tng khnng hp thu phospho vt nui m cn tng kh

nng hp thu mt s dng cht khc. Nhng tin b gn y nht trong

enzyme dng lm thc n cho vt nui u hng n khnng ng dng cao

v khnng hot ng ca enzyme. Phytase mi tnm c nhn din vi

hot ring tng t 4-50 ln so vi nhng bo co trc y. S ci tin

hng n spht trin nhng enzyme tt hn tng hot tnh xc tc ca

phytase t nm bng t bin nh hng im. V d nh da trn c s

nghin cu cu trc khng gian ba chiu, hot ring ca phytase nm

Asperillus fumigatus tng gp bn ln. enzyme c th c s dng lm

thc n dng vin, th enzyme phi c khnng hot ng nhit cao (trn

800C) trong sut qu trnh to vin mt thi gian ngn. tng hng n to

ra nhng enzyme chu nhit trong cu trc phytase lin hp da trn tnh tng

ng ca cc loi phytase khc nhau. Nhng enzyme ny th hin hot tnh

trong gii hn n nh nhit tng n khong 800C. V vy, s dng phospho

khng chl mt vn c quan tm trong cng nghip thc n chn nui, n

cn c khnngtng khnng hp thu cc ngun dng cht khc, v dnh

tng khnng tiu ha protein trong u nnh. Hin nhin rng trong tng lai,


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chng ta s s dng nhng enzyme thy phn mi khc nhau ng dng

trong cng nghip thc n chn nui nhm tng gi trca nguyn liu, tit kim

nng lng v gim thiu nhim, tc ng c li n mi trng.

3.6. ng dng trong cng nghip thc phmNh ch ra Bng 1, ng dng ca enzyme trong cng nghip thc

phm l rt phong ph v a dng, tcu trc n to hng.Thng thng,

hu nh tt ccc ng dng thc phm, enzyme c ng dng nh tc nhn

xl c cht tchun bnguyn liu n sn phm cui. Nhiu nghin cu

c thc hin ti u enzyme trong sdng sn xut protein ti thp to

ra enzyme tinh khit, khng to sn phm phbt li.

Gn y, nhiu nghin cu c thc hin v ng dng ca

transglutaminase nh tc nhn to cu trc trong qu trnh chbin, v dtrong

xc xch, m, yohurt, trong lin kt ngang ca protein c cung cp tng

nht, do cho sn phm. Tuy nhin, phm vi sdng ca enzyme ny bgii

hn v khnng cung ng ca n trn quy m cng nghip. Hin nay, chc duy

nht transglutaminase tStreptoverticilliumsp. l sn c dng thng mi, v

vic nghin cu vn ang tip tc nhm tng khnng cung ng ca enzyme

bng sn xut ti thp Escherichia coli.

Trong cng nghip bnh, nhu cu enzymes lipolytic tng ng k. Nhng

xut gn y v lipase (phospho) c thsdng thay thhoc h trcht

to nh truyn thng, v enzyme ny lm gim cu trc ca lipid bt m, gp

phn tng khnng to nhca bt. Nhng nlc tng bc c nghin cu

gn y hng n vic hiu r hn v cu trc bnh m c v s dng -

amylase v xylanase ngn chn hin tng ny bng. Nghin cu cng i

n kt lun rng kh nng kt hp, gi nc trong tinh bt v nhng on

hemicellulose - ngun c cht tng ng ca dng - amylase v xylanase l

tc nhn nh hng chnh n vic duy tr cu trc mm xp do ca bnh.


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Vic xc nh cu trc khng gian ba chiu gn y ca amylase sdng

chng h bnh (Novamyl) cung cp ci nhn khch quan v tnh cht hot

ng ca enzyme. Nhng amylase ny c thphn gii amylopectin n mt

nht nh ngn chn ti kt tinh sau khi hha m khng lm gim cu trcmng ca amylopectin nh hng xu n cu trc ca bnh m.

Bn cnh nhng bc tin c cp trn, nhiu ng dng mi trong

cng nghip thc phm cng c cp vi nhiu ti liu trn cng cng. S

dng laccase lm trong nc p tri cy (laccase phn gii lin kt ngang ca

polyphenols, kt qu l d dng loi b polyphenols bng cch lc), v tng

hng trong bia gn y c ng dng trong cng nghip nc gii kht. Hin

nhin rng nhng hiu bit vchc nng ca cc lp enzyme khc nhau sa

ra nhng ng dng mi trong cng nghip thc phm tng lai.

3.7. ng dng trong chbin du, cht bo

Trong cng nghip du v cht bo, nhiu qu trnh ch bin da vo

enzyme gn y c a ra. Mc d lipases c nh trong ester ha

triglyceride c m tnhng nm 1980, qu trnh ny vn khng mang li

hiu qung ktrong tit kim chi ph khi a vo ng dng thc ttrn quym ln, v d trong sn xut margarine. Mc d sn xut enzyme trnn hiu

qu hn, tuy nhin gi cnh enzyme vn l mt tr ngi ln. Tuy nhin

nhng tin bgn y trong lnh vc enzyme gii quyt c vn ny, v

dnh cnh lipase da trn to ht silica lm gim gi thnh ng k, v

qu trnh sn xut lipase da trn vt liu mi ny hin nay trthnh mt cng

ccho sn xut du, cht bo thng mi khng cha acid bo dng trans. Mt

qu trnh mi khc gn y c a ra l loi bphospholipids trong du thc

vt, gim gum, sdng phospholipase tchng vi khun c chn lc. V

vy, vic sdng enzyme trong nhng cng on khc nhau ca chbin du,

cht bo stit kim cvnng lng v nc mang li li ch cho cng nghip

v mi trng.


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3.8. ng dng trong tng hp cht hu c

Tng hp cht ha hc l mt lnh vc sdng enzyme xc tc c bit

n t lu nh mt trin vng tuyt vi. Mc d vy nhng trong ngnh cng

nghip ny, vic sdng enzyme vn cn thp so vi cc ngnh khc. Hin ti,chng ta thy rng s tng trng ng k trong lnh vc ny v nhng giai

on sdng enzyme hin nay c a ra rng ri sn xut nhng hp

cht ha hc khc nhau. Mt v din hnh l sn xut cht trung gian ng

dng trong sn xut thuc v ha cht dng trong nng nghip. Thtrng ny

bphn chia thnh nhiu phn khc, v rt t enzyme c thng dng c trong

phm vi rng ca nhng qu trnh khc nhau. Qu trnh sdng enzyme gn

y c a ra bao gm sdng lipase cho sn xut amids v cn tinh khit,nitrilase trong sn xut acid carboxylic, acylase trong sn xut penicillin bn tng

hp. Nhiu cng ty bc u tn dng cht xc tc c bn cht enzyme, nhiu

tin trin mi trong lnh vc ny vn ang c mong chlnh vc ny trong

nhng nm ktip.

4. Kt lun v trin vng

Nh nhng cp trn, enzyme ang c sdng trong nhiu sn phm

quy trnh cng nghip khc nhau v nhng lnh vc mi. Nhvo nhng tin b

ca cng ngh sinh hc hin i, enzyme ngy nay c thc pht trin v

ng dng trong nhng qu trnh k thut m trc y khng ngn. Trong

hu ht cc ng dng, vic a ra nhng enzyme c hot tnh xc tc hiu qu

di nhng iu kin n ha s tit kim ng k ngun nng lng, nc

mang li li ch c trong cng nghip cng nh vn mi trng. Trong mt

th gii vi s tng nhanh dn s v cn kit ngun ti nguyn d tr, cng

nghenzyme ha hn smang li mt tim nng ln gii quyt nhng thch

thc m cc nn cng nghip phi i mt trong nhng nm sp ti.


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Ti liu tham kho

1. Godfrey T, West SI: Introduction to industrial enzymology. Industrial

Enzymology, edn 2. Edited by Godfrey T, West S. London:Macmillan Press;

1996:1-8.2. McCoy M: Novozymes emerges. Chem Eng News2000, 19:23-25.

3. Tobin MB, Gustafsson C, Huisman GW: Evolution: the rationalbasis

for irrational design. Curr Opin Struct Biol2000, 10:421-427.

4. Voigt CA, Kauffman S, Wang ZG: Rational evolutionary design: the

theory of in vi t roprotein evolution.Adv Protein Chem2000, 55:79-160.

5. Altamirano MM, Blackburn JM, Aguayo C, Fersht AR: Directed

evolution of a new catalytic activity using the /-barrel scaffold. Nature2000, 403:617-622. The elegant combination of rational engineering and directed

molecular evolution are used for the introduction of a new catalytic activity in an

enzyme.

6. Bisgaard-Frantzen H, Svendsen A, Norman B, Pedersen S, Kjrulff

S,Outtrup H, Borchert TV: Development of industrially important -amylases.

J Appl Glycosci1999,46:199-206.

7. Wintrode PL, Miyazaki K, Arnold FH: Cold adaptation of amesophilic

subtilisin-like protease by laboratory evolution. J Biol Chem 2000,

275:31635-31640.

8. Ness JE, Welch M, Giver L, Bueno M, Cherry JR, Borchert TV, Stemmer

WPC, Minshull J: DNA shuffling of subgenomicsequences of subtilisin. Nat

Biotechnol1999, 17:893-896. This work describes the shuffling of a large family

of homologous genes and analysis of the resulting functional diversity. Screening

of a rather smalllibrary resulted in improvements for five different properties.

9. McCoy M: Soaps & detergents. Chem Eng News2001, 20:19-32. An

update on the latest developments within the detergent industry alsointroducing

the latest new detergent enzyme, a mannanase.


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10. Shaw A, Bott R, Day AG: Protein engineering of -amylases forlow

pH performance. Curr Opin Biotechnol1999, 10:349-352.

11. Declerck N, Machius M, Wiegand G, Huber R, Gaillardin C: Probing

structural determinants specifying high thermostability inBaci l lus l icheni formis-amylase. J Mol Biol2000, 301:1041-1057. The elegant

use of suppressors aided the construction and analysis of thermo-stability of 175

amylase variants. Several stabilizing mutations were identified.

12. Sauer J, Sigurdskjold BW, Christensen U, Frandsen TP,Mirgorodskaya

E, Harrison M, Roepstorff P, Svensson B:Glucoamylase: structure/function

relationships and protein engineering. Biochem Biophys Acta 2000,

1543:275-293.13. Hartley BS, Hanlon N, Jackson RJ, Rangrajan M: Glucose

isomerase:insight into protein engineering for increased thermostability.

Biochem Biophys Acta2000, 1543:294-335.

14. Jolly L: The commercial viability of fuel ethanol from sugar cane. Int

Sugar J2001, 103:117-143.

15. Taylor F, Mcaloon AJ, Craig JC, Yang P, Wahjudi J, Eckhoff SR:

Fermentation and costs of fuel ethanol from corn with quick-germprocess.

Appl Biochem Biotechnol2001, 94:41-49.

16. Taylor F, Kurantz MJ, Goldberg N, Mcaloon AJ, Craig JC: Dry-grind

process for fuel ethanol by continuous fermentation andstripping.

Biotechnol Prog2000, 16:541-547.

17. Zaldivar J, Nielsen J, Olsson L: Fuel ethanol production from

lignocellulose: a challenge for metabolic engineering and process

integration.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol2001, 56:17-34.

18. Wheals AE, Basso LC, Alves DMG, Amorim AV: Fuel ethanol after 25

years. Trends Biotechnol1999, 17:482-487.

19. Tzanov T, Calafell M, Guebitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A: Biolpreparation

of cotton fabrics. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001, 29:357-362. This work


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describes the successful substitution of traditional chemical processes by the

introduction of pectinases for biopreparation of cotton fabrics.

20. Lei XG, Stahl CH: Nutritional benefits of phytase and dietary

determinants of its efficacy. J Appl Anim Res 2000, 17:97-112. The paperdiscusses the beneficial gains of utilizing phytase for animal feed,in a fair and

critical manner, and provides a nice overview on this particularusage of phytase.

21. Kies AK, van Hemert KHF, Sauer WC: Effect of phytase on

proteinand amino acid digestibility and energy utilization. Worlds Poult Sci J

2001, 57:109-126.

22. Lei XG, Stahl CH: Biotechnological development of

effectivephytases for mineral nutrition and environmental protection. ApplMicrobiol Biotechnol2001, 57:474-481.

23. Lassen SF, Breinholt J, stergaard PR, Brugger R, Bischoff A, Wyss

M, Fuglsang CC: Expression, gene cloning and characterization of five

novel phytases from four Basidiomycetefungi: Peniophora lycii, Agrocybe

pediades, a Ceriporia sp. And Trametes pubescens. Appl Environ Microbiol

2001, 67:4701-4707. Describes an entirely new group of fungal phytases and

their properties.One of these phytases has recently been commercialized for

application inanimal feed.

24. Tomschy A, Tessier M, Wyss M, Brugger R, Broger C, Schnoebelen

L,van Loon APGM, Pasamontes L: Optimization of the catalytic properties of

Aspergi l lus fumigatus phytase based on the three-dimensional structure.

Protein Sci2000, 9:1304-1311.

25. Lehmann M, Kostrewa D, Wyss M, Brugger R, DArcy A, Pasamontes

L, van Loon APGM: From DNA sequence to improvedfunctionality: using

protein sequence comparisons to rapidly design a thermostable consensus

phytase. Protein Eng2000,13:49-57. An interesting new approach for designing

enzymes with improved properties. A significant thermal stabilization is obtained

compared with the parent phytase backbones.


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26. Kuraishi C, Yamazaki K, Susa Y: Transglutaminase: its utilization in

the food industry. Foods Rev Int 2001, 17:221-246. Industrial application of

transglutaminase is still in its infancy. This paper provides a nice overview of

some of the first applications of this enzyme inthe food industry.27. Yokoyama K, Nakamura N, Seguro K, Kubota K: Overproduction

ofmicrobial transglutaminase in Escherich ia col i , in vitro refolding, and

characterization of the refolded form. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000,

64:1263-1270.

28. Collar C, Martinez JC, Andreu P, Armero E: Effect of enzyme

associations on bread dough performance. A response surface study. Food

Sci Technol Int2000, 6:217-226.29. Monfort A, Blasco A, Sanz P, Prieto JA: Expression of LIP1 and LIP2

genes from Geotr icum species in bakers yeast strains and their

application to the bread-making process. J Agric Food Chem1999, 47:803-

808.

30. Andreu P, Collar C, Martnez-Anaya MA: Thermal properties

ofdoughs formulated with enzymes and starters. Eur Food ResTechnol1999,

209:286-293.

31. Dauter Z, Dauter M, Brzozowski AM, Christensen S, Borchert TV,

Beier L, Wilson KS, Davies GJ: X-ray structure of Novamyl, the five-domain

maltogenic -amylase from Baci l lus stearothermophi lus: maltose and

acarbose complexes at 1.7 resolution. Biochemistry 1999, 38:8385-8392.

Describes the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a maltogenic -

amylase widely applied for providing antistaling effects in white bread. Structural

insight into the unique specificity and performance of this enzyme is also

provided.

32. Christensen MW, Andersen L, Kirk O, Holm HC: Enzymatic

interesterification of commodity oils and fats: approaching the tonnes

scale. Lipid Technol News2001, 7:33-37.


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33. Clausen K: Enzymatic oil-degumming by a novel microbial

phospholipase. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2001, 103:333-340. The use of

phospholipases for oil-degumming is described with focus on the introduction of

the first enzyme of microbial origin for this application.34. Schmidt A, Dordick JS, Hauer B, Kiener A, Wubbolts M, Witholt B:

Industrial biocatalysis today and tomorrow. Nature2001, 409:258-268.

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