Authors: Janice HoLung and Sonia Mc CullochPicture credits given. Those without credits are by authors 1

FIVE KINGDOMSFIVE KINGDOMSAll living organisms are divided into five

major groups, called kingdoms.Organisms share many similarities but

can be separated into groups based on differences; with each of the kingdoms and their respective sub-groups (phyla) possessing specific distinguishing features.

Knowledge of the distinguishing features of various sub-groups (phyla, order, family) allows us to easily identify new organisms and make predictions about them.

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In this presentation, you In this presentation, you willwill1. Learn about the five kingdoms

into which are grouped all living things

2. Be able to describe the characteristics of selected groups of living things

3. Be able to compare (similarities and differences) selected animals and plants

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FIVE KINGDOMSFIVE KINGDOMSTwo well known kingdoms of living things are the plant and the animal kingdoms, but they are not the only kingdoms that exist.The five kingdoms of living things are:1.        Bacteria2.        Protists3.        Fungi4.        Plants5.        Animals We will focus on kingdoms 4 and 5 in this presentation.

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How many kingdoms are shown How many kingdoms are shown in this photograph?in this photograph?

How many are probably there, How many are probably there, but you cannot see them?but you cannot see them?

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Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria

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Let’s look at the plant kingdom.Let’s look at the plant kingdom.

It contains a great variety of organisms, from the very small ones to the extremely large ones.

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PLANT KINGDOMPLANT KINGDOM

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Very Small PlantsVery Small PlantsAn example of a very small and simple

plant is the liverwort.It is found only in very damp places,

since it requires water to reproduce and grow

The following photo shows liverworts growing flat on soil.

Did you notice what its structure looks like? Did you notice that smaller, fine leaved plants are growing between the broader liverworts?

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Photograph of LiverwortsPhotograph of Liverworts

Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com9

Photograph of LiverwortsPhotograph of LiverwortsAfter looking at the photo on slide 9

showing the liverworts growing flat on soil:

Did you notice what its structure looks like? Did you notice that smaller, fine leaved plants are growing between the broader liverworts?

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MossesMossesMosses, shown in the photograph below, are somewhat more complex plants than the simple liverworts.

11Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

MossesMossesMosses possess simple structures that look like roots, stems and leaves, but these structures do not contain the same types of tissues that are found in TRUE roots, stems and leaves.The photo on slide 13 shows mosses growing on a rock surface, with those nearer the camera showing leaves only, and those farther away showing their reproductive structures, sticking up into the air.

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Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com 13

The photo shows mosses growing on a rock surface, with those nearer the camera showing leaves only.

MORE

Mosses farther away from the camera show their reproductive structures, sticking up into the air.

FernsFernsFerns are more complex than mosses,

and also grow to much larger sizes.

14Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

FernsFernsFerns reproduce in two ways, one of

which is seen in the photo on the previous slide. On the underside of their leaves (called fronds), are found many groups (aggregates) of their sporangia, that contain their reproductive spores.

Notice that ferns may be found not only in wet places, but also can withstand some dry conditions sometimes.

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16Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

GymnospermsGymnospermsThese are cone bearing plants with

needle like leaves and cones, instead of fruit. Often they are called in Jamaica, fir trees/Christmas trees.

These cones contain the reproductive organs, and the female cones will develop seeds once they are fertilized.

Their seeds do not occur within a seed case, so they are called naked seeds.

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Photo of a Photo of a gymnosperm/”fir” treegymnosperm/”fir” tree

18Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

Photo of another Photo of another gymnosperm/”fir” tree gymnosperm/”fir” tree

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Flowering PlantsFlowering PlantsDICOTYLEDONS These are classified on

the basis that their seeds have two cotyledons or seed leaves

They also show other special characteristics, e.g., their leaves have veins in a net-like pattern, and the arrangement of their transport system (vascular bundles) is different to that of the monocots

Their flowers usually have petals, of numbers 4,5, or 6.

MONOCOTYLEDONS Their seeds do not have

two cotyledons. Their leaves have veins

in a parallel pattern Their flowers usually

have either 3 or 5 petals, and many may not have easily observable petals, as you may notice in the photos of the coconut and the grass flowers.

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This is an example of a dicotyledon flower. It is Pride of Barbados. Can you see the four main parts of the flower – the petals, sepals, pistil and stamens? Clue

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ovary (pistil)

petal

stamen

sepal

This time, can you see the different parts? How many petals does it have? Click here for answer.

Example of a dicotyledon Example of a dicotyledon flower – the Bauhinia or Wild flower – the Bauhinia or Wild Orchid.Orchid.

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petal

sepal

pistil

stamen

SHOW ME

Flowers of CoconutFlowers of Coconut

23Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

Flower withoutpetals

Flowers of grass plantsFlowers of grass plants

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Notice there are no petals, only the actual stamens and pistil.

Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

stamen

feathery stigmas - part of pistil

SHOW ME

Leaf with net veinsLeaf with net veinsNotice the main large vein in the centre. See the several side veins that branch out from it. And finally, notice the network of veins coming from these.

25Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

Midrib/main vein

side veins

network of veins

SHOW ME

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Grass leaf with parallel Grass leaf with parallel veinsveins

Notice how many veins there are.

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Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

RootsRootsNotice the two patterns of root

growth shown in the next two diagrams.

Generally, monocotyledon plants show one type (often fibrous type), and generally dicotyledonous plants show the other type (tap root pattern)

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Tap roots and fibrous Tap roots and fibrous rootsrootsTap Fibrous

28Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

ANIMAL KINGDOMANIMAL KINGDOM

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ANIMAL KINGDOMANIMAL KINGDOMKey features of animals include the fact that they are multi-cellular, heterotrophic, (they rely on other organisms as a food source; food is ingested before it is digested) and motile (they move about).

There are many different groups of animals, but there are two broad groups: vertebrates (having backbones) and invertebrates (no backbones)

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InvertebratesInvertebratesInteresting groups of invertebrate animals are the ringed worms, the molluscs, the arthropods.

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Ringed WormsRinged Worms

Examples of these are the earthworms, which live in the soil. 1.Does the worm have limbs? Why?2.Do they fall into the invertebrates? Or the vertebrates?3.What are the characteristics of these ringed worms?

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CHECK

Answers 1. No limbs. Their bodies have muscular rings used for moving through soil. 2. They are invertebrates, for they have no internal skeleton, or backbone. 3. Ringed worms do not have a head with sense organs, they have ring-like segments and have bristles.

MolluscsMolluscsMolluscs have protection, usually in the form of an outside tough shell.1.Why do they need a shell?2.Do these animals have eyes? Ears? Mouth?3.Many of the molluscs live in the water. Can you think of a reason?

Look at the next photo which shows a native Jamaican mollusc. 33

CHECK

Answers

1. They need the tough shell for protection against predators. Their bodies are very soft, and they have no defenses.

2. They usually have eyes and a mouth, but no ears.

3. Because their body is soft and has mucous, they prefer to live in damp places where they will not become dehydrated.

Photograph by M.L.Gentles, 2006

Photo of a MolluscPhoto of a MolluscNotice the features:1. See the tough outer

shell (dark brown)2. The muscular “foot”

– really the body, with the head and its eyes on stalks

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ArthropodsArthropodsThese are the most numerous animals on earth. Can you think why?They have a tough outside ‘skeleton’ or skin made of thick chitin, and jointed limbs.There are several different groups of arthropods, from lobsters and shrimp to bees, wasps and cockroaches.They live on land, in the water and in the air.

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Photograph by M. Earle 2008

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bee

VertebratesVertebrates

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VERTEBRATESVERTEBRATESInteresting groups of vertebrate

animals are the fish, the birds and the mammals.

These all have backbones !Consider their features – what do

lizards, birds, humans and elephants have in common? Write it down!

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CHECK

All of them have backbones, they all have four appendages, and all have heads with sense organs.

Photograph by M. Earle 2008

Photo of a mammal – an Photo of a mammal – an elephantelephant

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Common FeaturesCommon FeaturesNow then, what do humans and

elephants have in common? Write that down!

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CHECK

Both are vertebrates, have hair on their skin, feed young from mammary glands, have a diaphragm and a four chambered heart.

Photograph by M. Earle 2008

Photo of a lizard – a Photo of a lizard – a vertebrate & a reptilevertebrate & a reptile

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Photograph by J. Earle 2008

Photo of a duck – a Photo of a duck – a vertebrate & a birdvertebrate & a bird

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Any more common Any more common features?features?Finally, how can we separate humans

from elephants? Which features do we have that elephants do not have? Write that down!

If you have looked carefully, and considered, you will have found out some important features of the major groups of vertebrates.

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CHECK

Humans walk on two legs, not four! Humans have five fingers and five toes with joints, elephants don’t. Elephants have a long trunk instead of a small nose.

Classification & Classification & BiodiversityBiodiversityYou have just made a quick survey of the

major groups of living things – plants and animals,

You have also looked at the different groups of plants, and the different groups of animals

This survey showed you the great numbers of different living things – that is, the bio-diversity that exists here on earth.

This diversity must be cared for and kept, so that the earth will continue to nourish all living things.

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