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INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
Unit 1
LAB SAFETY
I. RULES
Dress appropriately for labGogglesApronClose toed shoesGloves (when needed)Hair tied back No loose clothing No loose jewelry
I. RULES Act appropriately
Read all direction carefullyNever preform experiments without the teachers permissionNotify the teach andclean up a spill immediately NO FOOD OR DRINK INTHE LABDon’t leave books/bags in the isle way
I. RULES Act appropriately
When heating objects, point the test tube away from yourself and partnerNever reach across the flameNever mix chemicals Never use broken or chipped glassHandel live specimens as directed by the teacher
I. RULES After the lab
CLEAN YOUR STATION Wash your handsPut all materials away
II. SYMBOLS
II. SYMBOLS
II. SYMBOLS
II. SYMBOLS
II. SYMBOLS
II. SYMBOL
II. SYMBOLS
II. SYMBOLS
II. SYMBOLS
II. SYMBOLS
II. SYMBOLS
THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
I. WHAT IS SCIENCE An attempt to describe the universe
based on basic rules Scientists form experiments to
learn something new test current theories and predictions
I. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Make an Observation
Made using your five sensesLeads to asking a questionMay be direct or indirect
I. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Do background research
Who else has studied this?What has been discovered relating to this?How can I add to the research already
done?
I. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Construct a hypothesis
Based on the research you have done, what do you think is going to happen?
I. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Develop and conduct an experiment
Write down each step with great detailMake sure you only test 1 variable
Variables are parts of the experiment that can be changed
Two types Independent – the variable YOU changeDependent – the variable nature changes
(reacts to what you changeBe sure to have a control group
Do not add or remove any thing from this groupMake sure all surrounding conditions are
constant
Designing an experimentWhat are the variables?Which group is the control?What do we need to keep constant?
I. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Analyze your data and draw a
conclusionData can be classified two ways
Qualitative data – descriptive data (colors) Quantitative data – numerical data (counting)
Create graphs to show your data Bar graphs have no relation between the
categories as the experiment progressed Line graphs show how the tested variable
changed as the experiment progressed
I. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Communicate your results
Communicating your results allows other scientists to repeat your experiment If there is a discrepancy in the
results then your experiment can be reviewed and repeated.
II. THE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE Three main branches
Life science Botany, zoology, ecology
Physical science Chemistry and physics
Earth science Geology and meteorology
II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Scientists do experiments to learn about
the worldPure science
Engineers look for ways to apply scienceTechnology
Scientists use technology to enhance their experiments
III. THEORIES AND LAWS Theories are
Supported by observationsExplanations that have been tested by
repeated observationsSome theories cannot be tested
Continental drift
A valid theory mustExplain observations simply and clearlyBe shown by repeatable experimentsBe able to allow the scientist to make
predictable hypotheses
III. THEORIES AND LAWS
Theories and Laws are not absoluteOvertime some theories have been changed
or replaced to help people better understand the natural world Read about the caloric theory in your text books. Page 9
IV. MODELS AND SCIENCE Scientists use models to represent an
object or event being studied Models can represent both large and small
objects/events
SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS
I. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT SI units
The scientific measurement scaleUsed throughout the world to record
measurements Makes sharing data easier We call this system the metric system
I. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Base units
Seven units used to describe measurements Measurement are numbers followed by a unit
In Biology we typically use the measurements for length, mass, and volume. Quantity Unit Abbreviation
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Electric current Ampere A
Amount of substance
Mole mol
Luminous intensity Candela cd
I. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Derived Units
Combination of base units Created by multiplying and dividing base
units Density (mass/volume) Area, volume, pressure, weight, force, speed
II. SI PREFIXES Prefixes are used to express very large
and very small numbersAll are multiples of 10
Prefixes used for large measurements
Prefix Symbol Meaning Multiple of base unit
Kilo k Thousand 1,000
Mega M Million 1,000,000
Giga G Billion 1,000,000,000
III. MAKING MEASUREMENTS Observations rely on quantitative
measurementsHow much? How many?How long?How big?
In order to answer these questions we must take measurements using appropriate tools!
III. MAKING MEASUREMENTS Length – the straight-line distance
between any two pointsShort distances are measured with
centimeters (cm) or millimeters (mm) long distances are measured with
kilometers. (km)
III. MAKING MEASUREMENTS Mass – how much matter something has
III. MAKING MEASUREMENTS Volume – the amount of space an object
takes upLarge objects are going to be measure in
liters or kilolitersSmall objects are going to be measured in
milliliters If an object is a square you find the volume
by using length X width X height
IV. PRECISE VS ACCURATE While taking measurements it is very
important to be both precise and accurate
PreciseBeing able to get near the same
measurement each and every time
AccurateBeing able to get the correct measurement
IV. PRECISE VS ACCURATE
IV. PRECISE VS ACCURATE Now you try
ORGANIZING DATA
I. PRESENTING DATA Graphs are used to make complicated
data easier to read By looking at a graph scientists can make
predictions and inferences about data All graphs have to
Have a title Have the X axis labeled with the independent
variable Have the Y axis labeled with the dependent
variable Have appropriate increments for numbers Take up as much space as possible
II. PRESENTING DATA Line graphs
Used to show data with trends
I. PRESENTING DATA Bar graphs
Used to compare data for several individual items or events
I. PRESENTING DATA Pie charts
Used to present data that are parts of a whole
II. WRITING NUMBERS IN SCI NOT. Scientific notation is used to express
very large numbers and very small numbers
By writing numbers in scientific notation we are able to remove excess zeroes by multiplying by a factor of ten
II. WRITING NUMBERS IN SCI NOT. Steps to writing numbers in scientific notation
Find the decimal If there is not a decimal assume the decimal is at the
end of the number Move the decimal so that the number before the
decimal is between 1 and 9 This could be either left or right
Count the number of spaces you moved the decimal
If you moved the decimal right, then write X 10number
If you moved the decimal left, then write X 10-number
II. WRITING NUMBERS IN SCI NOT. Lets practice
0.00158.00235670.000624
